Progress 05/01/18 to 04/30/23
Outputs
Target Audience:The research outcomes were disseminated to the lignin and biofuel research community across both academia and industry by presenting the project at international and national conferences. The audiences also include school-aged children from elementary all the way through high school; especially those interested in learning more about science and engineering. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?During this reporting period, one graduate student and one postdoc scholarcarried out research on this project. The PhD student in biosystems engineerng department had worked on development of new lignin derived hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents and endocarp lignin fractionation method (Objective 2). In addition, one postdoc scholarhad worked on C/Sicomposite synthesis made from lignin derived from almond shells and test electrochemical and mechanical properties of the electrode materials (Objective 3). The projectalso covered some effort of a gradaute student in chemical and materials engineeringwho had worked onmolecular simulations of water-DES interactions to elucidate the lignin fractionation mechanism. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?During last year, three peer-reviewed journal articles have been published including one research article and two review articles. The research outcomes were disseminated to the research community across both academia and industry by presenting at professional annual conferences,including American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers annual meetings and Symposium on Biomaterials, Fuelsand Chemicals. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 2 and 3: Solvent innovation has become a central task for improving the sustainability of chemical processes. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) emerge as environmentally friendly alternatives to toxic and volatile organic solvents. One appealing aspect for DESs is that they can use naturally occurring compounds from biomass. Herein, we prepared novel hydrophobic DESs based on lignin derivatives and characterized their physicochemical properties including density, viscosity, and thermal behavior. The results showed that five lignin-derived hydrophobic DESs made from menthol, thymol, and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol were promising as green solvents due to their low viscosities and environmentally friendly constituents. Those newly synthesized DESs showed good lignin solubility of biomass feedstocks.We also tested lignin extracted from almond shells, another abundant endocarp feedstock. These studies demonstrates the utilization of endocarp derived lignin in electrochemical energy storage applications. A preliminary technoeconomic analysis was conducted to evaluate the cost factors associated with this technology.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Y Zhang, Q Qiao, UL Abbas, J Liu, Y Zheng, C Jones, Q Shao, J Shi (2023) Lignin derived hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents as sustainable extractants, Journal of Cleaner Production, 388, 135808
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
W Li, J Shi (2023) Lignin-derived carbon material for electrochemical energy storage applications: insight into the process-structure-properties-performance correlations, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11:1121027
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
A Ullah, Y Zhang, C Liu, Q Qiao, Q Shao, J Shi (2022) Process intensification strategies for green solvent mediated biomass pretreatment, Bioresource Technology, 128394
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
MC Vin-Nnajiofor, W Li, S Debolt, YT Cheng, J Shi,
(2022) Characterization, fractionation and upgrading of endocarp lignin to carbon-silicon nanocomposites as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries. ASABE Energy Conference, San Jose, Costa Rica, Oct 26-28, 2022
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
T. Barzee and J Shi (2023) Finding common ground in upgrading Ag processing byproducts: from renewable battery materials to stillage mushrooms, 45th Symposium on Biomaterials, Fuels and Chemicals, Portland, OR, April 30-May3, 2023
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Progress 05/01/21 to 04/30/22
Outputs
Target Audience:The research outcomes were disseminated to the lignin and biofuel research community across both academia and industry by presenting the project at international and national conferences. The audiences also include school-aged children from elementary all the way through high school; especially those interested in learning more about science and engineering. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?During this reporting period, two graduate students (2PhD) carried out research on this project. The PhD student in biosystems engineerng departmenthadworked ondevelopment of new deep eutectic solvents and endocarp lignin fractionation method (Objective 2). In addition, one Ph.D. student in chemical and materials engineering hadworked on C/Si composite synthesis and test electrochemical and mechanical properties ofthe electrode materials (Objective 3). The project also covered some effort of a postdoc scholar who had worked on molecular simulations of lignin-DES interactions to elucidate the lignin fractionation mechanism. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?During last year, four peer-reviewed journal articles have been published. The research outcomes were disseminated to the research community across both academia and industry by presenting at professional annual conferences, includingAmerican Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers annual meetings and Symposium on Biomaterials, Fuels and Chemicals. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?During the next reporting period, the team will finish testing the composition and mechanical properties properties of different endocarps such asalmond shell and english walnut shellusing a nanoindentation system. With the knowledges of lignin slow pyrolysis and development of a pyro-GC-MS based method, we will further investigate the formation mechanism of the C/Si NPs composite and correlate that with the electrochemical properties of the synthesized electrode material for Lithium-ion battery application. Furthemore, we will continue to investigate the interactions between deep eutectic solvent and lignin using molecularsimulations.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 2 and 3:A holistic use of lignocellulosic biomass by converting lignin to high-value products and cellulose and hemicelluloses to biofuel will greatly enhance the economic viability of a biorefinery. We have successfullysynthesizeda 3-dimensional, interconnected carbon/silicon compositefrom silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) with either deep eutectic solvent (DES) or alkaline pretreatment-extracted walnut endocarp lignin. The endocarp lignin derived composite electrodes exhibited superior electrochemical performance in a half-coin cell lithium-ion battery setup. DES lignin derived C/Si NPs composite reached a discharging capacity of 1563 mAh g-1; while alkaline lignin derived C/Si NPs composite reaching a discharging capacity of 1605 mAh g-1at a current density of 0.72 A g-1. Despite the comparable electrochemical performance, DES pretreatment led to a higher overall sugar yield from the liquid stream after pretreatment. Ongoing work also tested lignin extracted from almond shells, another abundant endocarp feedstock. These studies demonstrates the utilization of endocarp derived lignin in electrochemical energy storage applications.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Vin-Nnajiofor, M. C., Li, W., Debolt, S., Cheng, Y. T., & Shi, J. (2021). Characterization of the Composition, Structure, and Mechanical Properties of Endocarp Biomass. Journal of the ASABE. 65(1): 67-74. (doi: 10.13031/ja.14866)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Li, W., Qian, D., Kim, D. Y., Cheng, Y. T., & Shi, J. (2022). Engineering Lignin-Derived CarbonSilicon Nanocomposite Electrodes: Insight into the Copyrolysis Mechanism and ProcessStructurePropertyPerformance Relationships. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 10, 2, 868879
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
MC Vin-Nnajiofor, W Lino, S Debolt, YT Cheng, J Shi (2022). Fractionation and Upgrade of Endocarp Lignin to Carbon-Silicon Nanocomposites as an Anode Material In Lithium-Ion Batteries, Applied Engineering in Agriculture. (in press). (doi: 10.13031/aea.14937)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Qiao, Q., Shi, J., & Shao, Q. (2021). The multiscale solvation effect on the reactivity of ?-O-4 of lignin dimers in deep eutectic solvents. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 23(45), 25699-25705.
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Progress 05/01/20 to 04/30/21
Outputs
Target Audience:The research outcomes were disseminated to the lignin and biofuel research community across both academia and industry by presenting the project at international and national conferences. The audiences also include school-aged children from elementary all the way through high school; especially those interested in learning more about science and engineering. Changes/Problems:We experienced delay in recruiting a graduate student who will work on Objective 3 of the project: electrochemical and mechanical properties of the lignin-silicon nanoparticle composites as electrode materials. The student finally joined co-PI Dr. Cheng's lab in spring 2021. He will need more time to conduct experiment and collect data for the Objective3. Therefore, we expect to see delays in progresses against the milestones initially set for Year 3. We will actively monitor the situation and provide an update to NIFA. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?During this reporting period, two graduate students (1 MS and 1 PhD) carried out research on this project. The MS student has worked on endocarp characterization and feedstock logistics (Objective 1), while the PhD student has worked on development of new deep eutectic solvents and endocarp lignin fractionation(Objective 2). In addition, one Ph.D.student was recruited and started Jan 2021 to work onC/Si composite synthesis and test electrochemical and mechanical properties of theelectrode materials (Objective 3). The project also covered some effortof a postdoc scholarwho had worked on molecular simulations of lignin-DES interactions to elucidate the ligninfractionation mechanism. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?During last year, two peer-reviewed journal articles have been published. The research outcomes were disseminated to the research community across both academia and industry by presenting at professional annual conferences, including American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers annual meetings and American Chemical Society. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Duringthe next reporting period, the team will finishtesting the composition andmechanical properties properties ofraw endocarps using a nanoindentation system. The mechanical properties will be correlated to the millingpower in order to evaluate energy consumption during pre-processing of endocarps. With the knowledges of lignin slow pyrolysis and development of a pyro-GC-MS based method, we willinvestigate the formation mechanism ofthe C/Si NPs composite and correlate that with the electrochemical properties of the synthesizedelectrode material for Lithium-ion battery application.Furthemore, we will investigate the interactions between deep eutectic solvent and lignin using molecular simulations.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Wecharacterized the lignin-rich endocarp biomass and identified features of this unique feedstock that are relevant to feedstock preprocessing and logistics. The chemical composition and cellular structure of the endocarps were characterized using HPLC and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. Mechanical properties of walnut and peach endocarps were investigated using nanoindentation. Mechanical tests revealed hardness values of up to 0.48 and 0.40 GPa for walnut and peach endocarps, respectively. At screen sizes of 1 and 2 mm, specific energy consumption was 9.21 and 1.86 MJ/kg for walnut, and 12.6 and 2.72 MJ/kg for peach, respectively, as determined using a knife mill. Milling energy consumption was correlated to screen size, lignin content, bulk density, and mechanical properties. Results from this study suggest a structure-property-processing relationship between lignin content, microstructure, mechanical properties and energy consumption of processing endocarps.This study provided critical information on feedstock supply logistics necessary to implement a novel feedstock in biorefineries and evaluate the economic feasibility for co-production of biofuels and lignin derived products. Objective 2 and 3: Weused kraft lignin in synthesizing a 3-dimensional, interconnected carbon/silicon nanoparticles (C/Si NPs) composite material as a low-cost replacement to conventional anode materials synthesized using expensive and toxic solvent and binder such as polyvinylidene in today's lithium-ion battery (LIB) manufacturing process. In order to understand how lignin pyrolysis chemistry and processing conditions affect the structure, mechanical property and electrochemical performance of the synthesized electrode materials, the thermochemical conversion process was, for the first time, quantitatively investigated using analytical pyrolysis-GC-MS along with a suite of other analytical tools. Results suggest that surface bonding interaction of the C/Si NPs was evolved from pristine Si, to -Si-O-C-, to -O=Si=O-, with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. The -Si-O-C- bond plays a key role in enhancing cohesive strength, and thus improving electrochemical performance of Si composite electrode. The pyrolysis-GC-MS can serve as a useful tool to predict the optimal pyrolysis temperature or tailor the properties of the synthesized composite electrodes by controlling the pyrolysis temperature.This study elucidates the long-neglected interconnecting processing-structure-property-performance relationships among lignin pyrolysis chemistry, carbon materials structure and properties, and the electrochemical performance of the resulting electrode materials. Such knowledge serves as a basis for designing lignin-derived composite materials for electrochemical energy storage applications. We extended the research to synthesize a 3-dimensional, interconnected carbon/silicon composite from silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) with either deep eutectic solvent (DES) or alkaline pretreatment-extracted endocarp lignin. The endocarp lignin derived composite electrodes exhibited superior electrochemical performance in a half-coin cell lithium-ion battery setup. DES lignin derived C/Si NPs composite reached a discharging capacity of 1563 mAh g-1; while alkaline lignin derived C/Si NPs composite reaching a discharging capacity of 1605 mAh g-1 at a current density of 0.72 A g-1. Despite the comparable electrochemical performance, DES pretreatment led to a higher overall sugar yield from the liquid stream after pretreatment. This study demonstrates the utilization of endocarp derived lignin in electrochemical energy storage applications.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Li, W., Wanninayake, N., Gao, X., Li, M., Pu, Y., Kim, D. Y., ... & Shi, J. (2020). Mechanistic insight into lignin slow pyrolysis by linking pyrolysis chemistry and carbon material properties. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 8(42), 15843-15854.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Ai, B., Li, W., Woomer, J., Li, M., Pu, Y., Sheng, Z., ... & Shi, J. (2020). Natural deep eutectic solvent mediated extrusion for continuous high-solid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Green Chemistry, 22(19), 6372-6383.
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Progress 05/01/19 to 04/30/20
Outputs
Target Audience:The research outcomes were disseminated to the lignin and biofuel research community across both academia and industry by presenting the project at international and national conferences. The audiencesalso include school-aged children from elementary all the waythrough high school; especially those interested in learning more about science and engineering. Changes/Problems:Affected by the pandemic of COVID-19, all of the lab work has been suspended since March 2020 at the University of Kentucky. Furthermore, due to hiring freeze and cancelation of visa interviews, we may not be able to recruit the additional PhD student that has been offered to work on this project. Therefore, we expect to see delays in progresses against the milestones initially set for Year 3. We will actively monitor the situation and provide an update to NIFA. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?During this reporting period, one PhD student has successfully passed final defense and receive PhD degree in December 2019 based on the studies sponsored by this project. Two graduate students (1 MS and 1 PhD) were recruited and started in Aug 2019. The MS student will work on endocarp characterization and feedstock logistics, while the PhD student will work on endocarp lignin fractionation and C/Si composite synthesis and test electrochemical and mechanical properties of the electrode materials. In addition, one undergraduate student intern has been hired to work on this project during the summer of 2019. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?During last year, two peer-reviewed journal articles have been prepared, one of which have been submitted and currently is under peer-reviewed, while the other is under internal review among coauthors. The research outcomes were disseminated to the research community across both academia and industry by presenting at professional annual conferences, including American Carbon Society, and American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers annual meetings and American Chemical Society. As one of the most popular projects in the 2019 UKY Engineering Day (E-day), this year graduate students continues to demonstrate the endocarps lignin-based carbon materials in front of school-aged children audiences at the UKY E-day. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the next reporting period, the team willcontinue to test the hardness and elastic modulus of the transverse and longitudinal cross-section of raw endocarps using a nanoindentation system. The mechanical properties will be correlated to the milling power in order to evaluate energy consumption during pre-processing of endocarps.With the knowledges of lignin slow pyrolysis and mechanistic insight into the C/Si NPs composite acquired in Year 2, C/Si NPs composite derived from DES extracted endocarp lignin will be synthesized and tested as negative electrode material for Lithium-ion battery application. Furthemore, a techno-economic analysis toward the developed lignin valorization strategy will be evaluated based on the experimental data to aid the process design and optimization of biorefinery scheme that coproduces biofuel and lignin-derived electrode materials.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 3: As a preliminary study to mechanistically understand the synthetic process of lignin-derived carbonaceous material, slow pyrolysis of kraft lignin was investigated with a commercial pyrolysis-GC/MS system through evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometer (EGA-MS) and heart-cutting-GC/MS (HC-GC/MS) analysis.The results demonstrate that the vinylphenols are the primary products corresponding to cleavage of the b-O-4 linkages and the variation in lignin chemical structure led to a distinction of the primary products distribution during lignin pyrolysis. At the same time, the vinylphenols will go through a series of secondary reactions to form a variety of H, G and S type phenolic compounds. The results of morphology, pore structure, and interfacial chemical properties associated with the effect of temperature on so lignin-derived solid residues suggest that the specific surface area increase in respect of temperature. Besides, although the overall content of elemental C increases and O decreases with temperature, the oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of solids increase significantly when pyrolysis temperature is higher than 600 °C due to coke formation from repolymerization of the phenolic free radicals and PAHs. In a separate study, a lignin-derived carbon/silicon nanoparticles (C/Si NPs) composite was synthesized through slow pyrolysis. As tested as negative electrode of lithium-ion battery, the C/Si NPs electrode displayed an impressive initial specific capacity of 2932 mAh/g. After 100 charging/discharging cycles at a current density of 0.72A/g, the capacity still retained 1760 mAh/g. Instead of direct Si-C bond, characterizations of morphology and physicochemical property on the C/Si NPs suggested that the elemental Si and C of the C/Si NPs were actually linked via O. Results acquired from pyrolysis-GC/MS analysis further suggest that there is a balance existing in the interaction of the Si, O and C, which can be tailored by controlling pyrolysis conditions. The lignin-derived carbon overlayer on the surface of Si NPs may serve to alleviate the mechanical degradation stemming from substantial volume changes during insertion and extraction of lithium ions. In addition, the enriched carbonaceous framework bridges the Si NPs to assure an improved electronic conductivity, while the porous carbonaceous layer promises an excellent ionic conductivity of the C/Si composite electrode.
Publications
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Li, Wenqi, "LIGNIN-DERIVED CARBON AND NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS" (2019). Theses and Dissertations--Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering. 68.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Li, W., Wanninayake, N, Gao, Gao, X, Li, M, Pu, Y, Kim, D, Ragauskas, A, Shi, J, Mechanistic Insight into Lignin Slow Pyrolysis by Combining Analytical PY-GC/MS and Properties of Carbon Materials
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Li, W., Cheng, Y.-T., Shi, J., 2019 Carbon conference, " Characterization and investigation of lignin derived silicon-carbon nanocomposite anode for lithium-ion battery," Lecture, International, Lexington, KY, United States. (July 14, 2019)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Li, W., Cheng, Y.-T., Shi, J., 2019 Annual International Meeting of American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, "Understanding co-pyrolysis of lignin with silicon nanoparticles," Lecture, International, Boston, MA, United States. (July 7, 2019)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Li, W., Cheng, Y.-T., Shi, J., 2019 American Chemical Society Spring National Meeting, "Understanding co-pyrolysis of lignin with silicon nanoparticles," Lecture, International, Orlando, FL, United States. (March 31, 2019)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Vin-Nnajiofor. M.C., Shi, J., 2019 AIChE Annual Meeting, "Evaluating endocarp biomass as potential feedstocks for biorefinery, " Orlando, FL. (November 10, 2019)
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Progress 05/01/18 to 04/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Graduate students who work on this project had drawn acrowdby demonstrating their lignin based carbon material projectat the 2019 UKY Engineering Day (E-day). The audiences areschool-aged children from elementary all the way through high school; especially those interested in learning more about science and engineering. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two graduatestudents (1 MS and 1 PhD) including one underrepresented minority student have been recruited to work on this project.At the same time, 1 undergraduate student intern has been hired to work on this project during summer. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Two peer-reviewed journal articles have been published. The research outcomes were also disseminated to the research community at professional conferences such as AIChE and ASABE annual meetings.Graduate studentsdemonstrated lignin-based carbon material projectat the 2019 UKY Engineering Day (E-day). The audiences areschool-aged children from elementary all the way through high school; especially those interested in learning more about science and engineering. The research team reached out to peer researchers at USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station about potential research ideas and collaborations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?During the next reporting period, the team will extend to characterize additional set of endocarp feedstocks.We will perform a texture analysis in order to evaluate the contribution of lignin content to its mechanical properties and determine the force and energy input required in processing the endocarps. Based on the experimental data, a cost and economic analysis will be conducted on the logistics, distribution and processing of drupe endocarps as a feedstock for biorefineries.We will continue investigate the effect of slow pyrolysis conditions on carbon materials properties and formation mechanisms of lignin-derived C/Si NPs composites which can be used as high-performance anode of LIBs.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: During this reporting period, the structural and compositional features of peach and walnut endocarp cells were characterized examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Compared to typical woody and herbaceous biomass, endocarp biomass exhibits significantly higher bulk density and hardness due to its high cellular density. Unlike other plant materials, lignin contents were much higher, 45.4% and 45.0 % for walnut and peach endocarp, respectively. The xylan contents for both endocarps were about 15%, comparable to other biomass feedstock, however, the cellulose contents were lower than woody and herbaceous biomass. Only trace amount (<1%) of galactan, mannan, and arabinan were detected in endocarps, indicating that the plants inherit the hardwood characteristics of peach and walnut trees. Glucan and xylan in total accounting about 30-35%, despite low, still represent a substantial portion of the endocarp biomass.The high lignin content endocarps have unique cell wall characteristics when compared to the other lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks. Objective 2:DES (1:2 choline chloride: lactic acid) was used to pretreatpeach pit (Prunus persica) and walnut shell (Juglans nigra) and the impacts of DES pretreatment on the physical and chemical properties of extracted lignin were characterized. Enzymatic saccharification of DES pretreated walnut and peach endocarps gave high glucose yields (over 90%); meanwhile, compared with dilute acid and alkaline pretreatment, DES pretreatment led to significantly higher lignin removal (64.3% and 70.2% for walnut and peach endocarps, respectively). The molecular weights of the extracted lignin from DES pretreated endocarp biomass were significantly reduced. 1H-13C HSQC NMR results demonstrate that the native endocarp lignins were SGH type lignins with dominant G-unit (86.7% and 80.5% for walnut and peach endocarps lignins, respectively). DES pretreatment decreased the S and H-unit while led to an increase in condensed G-units, which may contribute to a higher thermal stability of the isolated lignin. Nearly all b-O-4' and a large portion of b-5' linkages were removed during DES pretreatment.DES pretreatment was highly effective in fractionating high lignin content endocarps to produce both sugar and lignin streams while the DES extracted lignins underwent significant changes in SGH ratio, interunit linkages, and molecular sizes. Objective 3:As a prelimenary study prior to testing out endocarp derived lignin, activated carbons (AC) were synthesized from three different lignin sources: poplar, pine derived alkaline lignin and commercial kraft lignin under identical conditions. The poplar lignin-derived ACs exhibited a larger surface area and total mesopores volume than softwood lignin-derived AC, which contribute to a larger electrochemical capacitance over a range of scan rates. The presence of oxygen-containing functional groups in all lignin-derived ACs, which participated in redox reaction and thus contributed to an additional pseudo-capacitance. By delineating the carbonization and activation parameters, results from this study suggest that lignin structure and composition are important factors determining the pore structure and electrochemical properties of the derived carbon materials. This lead to an on-going investigation on lignin slow pyrolysis mechanism using a commercial pyrolysis-GC/MS system for the first time to link pyrolysis chemistry and carbon material properties.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
W Li, K Amos, M Li, Y Pu, S Debolt, AJ Ragauskas, J Shi (2018). Fractionation and characterization of lignin streams from unique high-lignin content endocarp feedstocks, Biotechnology for Biofuels, 11: 304
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
W Li, Y Zhang, L Das, Y Wang, M Li, N Wanninayake, Y Pu, DY Kim, YT Cheng, AJ Ragauskas, J Shi (2018). Linking lignin source with structural and electrochemical properties of lignin-derived carbon materials, RSC Advances, 6 (8): 10408-10420
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Li, W., Amos, K., Li, M., Pu, Y., Ragauskas, A. J., Debolt, S., Shi, J., "Characterization of Deep Eutectic Solvent Extracted Lignin Streams from Endocarp Biomass," 2018 AIChE Annual Meeting, Pittsburg, PA, United States. (October 28, 2018).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Li, W., Cheng, Y.-T., Shi, J., "Lignin derived carbon-silicon nanocomposite materials for energy storage applications," 2018 Annual International Meeting of American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, Detroit, MI, United States. (July 31, 2018).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Li, W., DeBolt, S., Shi, J., "Fractionation and characterization of lignin from endocarp biomass using deep eutectic solvent," 2018 Annual International Meeting of American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, Detroit, MI, United States. (July 30, 2018).
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