Progress 03/15/18 to 09/14/22
Outputs
Target Audience:Farmers and Consumers: 1.VSU program helps farmers extend season, find new markets (4/25/2019)-https://newsadvance.com/business/vsu-program-helps-farmers-extend-season-find-new-markets/article_c158cc70-4c95-11e3-bbfa-0019bb30f31a.html 2. Virginia Cooprative extension posted recipes for consumption of papaya: https://www.ext.vsu.edu/recipes Students: 1.Research in Nutrition Science and Agriculture- Petersburg High School Career & Technical Education (June 4, 2018). 2.Introduction to Sustainable Agriculture and Society, College of Agriculure, Virginia State University (09/10/2019) 3.Research at Food chemistry and Nutrition Science laboratory, Dietetics Class, College of Agriculture (09/27/2019) Scientific Community: Ovalle-Cisnero A, Rafie AR, Siddiqui RA. Agricultural Characterization of Green and Yellow papaya (Carica papaya) for antioxidation and glucose uptake stimulatory activity in HepG2 Liver cells. ARD Symposium, April 2-5, 2022, Atlanta, GA. Beg O, Siddiqui R, Li H, Hamama A Rafie R. Characterization of Green and Yellow Papaya for Antioxidation and Glucose Uptake Stimulatory Activity in HepG2 Liver Cells. Annual meeting of American Nutrition Society (Virtual presentation) April, 2020). Talbi H, Li H, Siddiqui RA. Anticancer Effect of Leaves, Skin, Pulp, and Seeds of Green Papaya on Colon Cancer Cells. Plant Biology, Honolulu, HI, June 24 - 28, 2017. Allqmani Z, Rafie R, Li W, Siddiqui RA. Anticancer Effect of Green Papaya on Jurkat Leukemic Cells. Research Day-Virginia State University, April 20, 2017. (Awarded Third Place for Graduate Student's poster competition). Hadadi S, Li H, Rafie R, Siddiqui RA. Extract from Green Papaya Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation. 1890-ARD Biennial Research Symposium. Atlanta, GA. April 1-4, 2017. (Awarded Second place for Graduate Student's poster competition). Allqmani Z, Rafie R, Li W, Siddiqui RA. Anticancer Effect of Green Papaya on Jurkat Leukemic Cells. 1890-ARD Biennial Research Symposium. Atlanta, GA. April 1-4, 2017. Talbi H, Rafie R, Li H, Siddiqui RA. Anti-Cancer Effect of Leaves, Skin, Pulp, and Seeds of Green Papaya on Colon Cancer Cells. 1890-ARD Biennial Research Symposium. Atlanta, GA. April 1-4, 2017. Alotaib K, Li H, Siddiqui RA., Seed Extract from Green Papaya Stimulates Growth of PC-3 Prostate Cancer Cells. 1890-ARD Biennial Research Symposium. Atlanta, GA. April 1-4, 2017. * Activitie were limited during 3/2020- 07/2021 due to COVID 19 restrictions. Changes/Problems:We further expanded this objective to compare the composition of Green (unripened) and Yellow (Ripped) papaya, which was not initially proposed. The concertation of polyphenols was highest in both water and methanol extracts of seeds from yellow papaya compared to that in seeds from green papaya. Leaves and skin fractions contained a modest concentration of polyphenols, whereas pulp contained the lowest concentration of polyphenols. Both water and methanol extracts of leaves, skin, pulp, and seeds from yellow papaya exhibited higher antioxidation activity compared to that of green papaya. Leaves and skin from green and yellow papaya showed modest to high antioxidation activity, whereas pulp from green and yellow papaya contained low antioxidation activity. Methanol extracts of green and yellow papaya pulp showed glucose stimulatory activity in liver cells. However, the effect of yellow papaya was superior to that of green papaya. The data suggest that pulp contained compounds that potentially exert antidiabetic effects. The stimulation of glucose uptake by pulp appears to be mediated by their effects on increased glucosetransporter, Glut-2, expression. We also determined the effect of green and yellow papaya extracts on human smooth muscle cells (HSMCs) in wound healing. Our data indicate that green papaya skin and leaves have the best effects on HSMCs in wound healing compared to yellow papaya. Note: We have performed additional experiments to investigate the effects of papaya on breast, colon, prostate, and leukemic cancer cell lines. Our data indicate that methanol- and ethanol extracts of papaya leaves, skin, pulp, and seeds have no effect on any breast cancer cell lines. In contrast, water extract of leaves and seeds caused low to modest cytotoxic effects only on ER-negative breast cancer cell lines. In colon-26 cells, both water and methanol extracts from leaves showed anticancer activity. Similarly, methanol and water extracts from leaves and skin potently inhibited the proliferation of leukemic Jurkat Tcells and Daudi B-cells. However, the effect was more potent on Jurkat T-cells, and the leaf extracts were more effective than that of skin extracts. None of the pulp or seed extracts showed inhibitory activity on the colon or leukemic cell proliferation. Interestingly, the black seeds from papaya reduce the growth of prostate cancer cells. Our data suggest that different fractions of papaya have anticancer activities. Among different fractions, papaya leaves appear to be potent against breast, colon, and leukemic cancer. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Students Time Name Project Dept Student Rotations 1 01/25/2016-02/21/2016 Faten Alsolmei* Screening of Ethanolic-extract of papaya's skin, pulp, seed and leaves for the anticancer activity in MDA-MB-231 cell lines Biology 2 01/25/2016-02/21/2016 Shrefa Handadi Screeingn of Methanolic-extract of papaya's skin, pulp, seed and leaves for the anticancer activity in MDA-MB-231 cell lines Biology 3 01/25/2016-02/21/2016 Zainab Allgmani Screening of Aqueous-extract of papaya's skin, pulp, seed and leaves for the anticancer activity in MDA-MB-231 cell lines Biology 4 03/07/2016-03/28/2016 Rana Alrafaei Screeingn of papaya pulp's aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extract on antioxidation activity in MDA-MB-231 cell lines Biology 5 03/07/2016-03/28/2016 Zainab Allgmani* Screening of papaya skin's aqueous,nethanolic and methanolic extract antixodation activity in MDA-MB-231 cell lines Biology 6 03/07/2016-03/28/2016 Faten Alsolmei Screening of papaya seed's aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extract antioxidation activity in MDA-MB-231 cell lines Biology 7 03/07/2016-03/28/2016 Shrefa Handadi* Screening of papaya leaves's aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extract antixodation activity in MDA-MB-231 cell lines Biology 8 03/28/2016-04/25/2016 Dorna Z. Kondorni Screening of Methanolic-extract of papaya's skin, pulp, seed and leaves for the anti-oxidation activity in MCF-7 cell lines Biology 9 03/28/2016-04/25/2016 Noura Alzahrani Screening of Aqueous-extract of papaya's skin, pulp, seed and leaves for the anti-oxidation activity in MCF-7 cell lines Biology 10 03/28/2016-04/25/2016 Ashwaq Matuq Screening of Ethanolic-extract of papaya's skin, pulp, seed and leaves for the anti-oxidation activity in MCF-7 cell lines Biology 11 08/22/2016-09/16/2016 Mariam Bushlaibi Determination of Papaya's leaves extract anticancer activity in Leukemic cancer cell Biology 12 08/22/2016-09/16/2016 Huda AI Shaya Determination of Papaya's leaves extract anticancer activity in colon cancer cell Biology 13 03/03/2017-04/27/2017 Aber Alahmde Extraction and evaluation of polyphenolic content in 2015 and 2016 samples of skin and leaves of papaya Biology 14 03/03/2017-04/27/2017 Handi Almehmadi* Extraction and evaluation of polyphenolic content in 2015 and 2016 samples of seed and pulp of papaya Biology M.Sc Thesis 15 02-01-2016 - 04-30-2017 Khalid Alotaibi A study to Determine the Effects of Papaya Seeds on PC-3 Prostate Cancer cells Biology 16 02/1/2017-5/15/2018 Hind Talibi Anti-Cancer Effect of Leaves, Skin, Pulp, and Seeds of Green Papaya on Colon Cancer Cells Biology 17 07-01-2017-05/10/2018 Shrefa Hadadi Effect of Green Papaya Extracts on Breast Cance Cell Lines Biology 18 07-01-2018-05/05/2019 Zainab Allgmani Determination of Anticancer Effect of Green Papaya on Jurkat Leukemic Cells Biology Fall Intern 19 01/10/2011-4//30/2022 Alex Ovalle-Cisneros* Characterization of Green and Yellow papaya (Carica papaya) for antioxidation Biology and glucose uptake stimulatory activity in HepG2 Liver cells * Presented at ARD 2019 & 2022 Synposium How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Farmers and Consumers: 1.VSU program helps farmers extend season, find new markets (4/25/2019)-https://newsadvance.com/business/vsu-program-helps-farmers-extend-season-find-new-markets/article_c158cc70-4c95-11e3-bbfa-0019bb30f31a.html 2. Virginia Cooprative extension posted recipes for consumption of papaya: https://www.ext.vsu.edu/recipes Students: 1.Research in Nutrition Science and Agriculture- Petersburg High School Career & Technical Education (June 4, 2018). 2.Introduction to Sustainable Agriculture and Society, College of Agriculure, Virginia State University (09/10/2019) 3.Research at Food chemistry and Nutrition Science laboratory, Dietetics Class, College of Agriculture (09/27/2019) Scientific Community: Beg O, Siddiqui R, Li H, Hamama A Rafie R. Characterization of Green and Yellow Papaya for Antioxidation and Glucose Uptake Stimulatory Activity in HepG2 Liver Cells. Annual meeting of American Nutrition Society (Virtual presentation) April, 2020). Talbi H, Li H, Siddiqui RA. Anticancer Effect of Leaves, Skin, Pulp, and Seeds of Green Papaya on Colon Cancer Cells. Plant Biology, Honolulu, HI, June 24 - 28, 2017. Allqmani Z, Rafie R, Li W, Siddiqui RA. Anticancer Effect of Green Papaya on Jurkat Leukemic Cells. Research Day-Virginia State University, April 20, 2017. (Awarded Third Place for Graduate Student's poster competition). Hadadi S, Li H, Rafie R, Siddiqui RA. Extract from Green Papaya Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation. 1890-ARD Biennial Research Symposium. Atlanta, GA. April 1-4, 2017. (Awarded Second place for Graduate Student's poster competition). Allqmani Z, Rafie R, Li W, Siddiqui RA. Anticancer Effect of Green Papaya on Jurkat Leukemic Cells. 1890-ARD Biennial Research Symposium. Atlanta, GA. April 1-4, 2017. Talbi H, Rafie R, Li H, Siddiqui RA. Anti-Cancer Effect of Leaves, Skin, Pulp, and Seeds of Green Papaya on Colon Cancer Cells. 1890-ARD Biennial Research Symposium. Atlanta, GA. April 1-4, 2017. Alotaib K, Li H, Siddiqui RA., Seed Extract from Green Papaya Stimulates Growth of PC-3 Prostate Cancer Cells. 1890-ARD Biennial Research Symposium. Atlanta, GA. April 1-4, 2017. * Activitie were limited during 3/2020- 07/2021 due to COVID 19 restrictions. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: To perform a comparative analysis of papaya extracts from leaves, seeds, pulp, and skin peel fractions. Five green papaya fruits (3 -5 lbs.) and 5 papaya tree leaves were collected from each papaya tree (3 sites) with the help of Dr. Reza Rafie from VSU-Cooperative Extension. The skin, seeds, and pulp were carefully removed and dried at 30° C in a vacuum oven to a constant weight to ensure complete dehydration. The dried material of each component was ground using a Micro-Mill (Ben-Art Products, NJ). A known amount (10 g) of a fine powder of each fraction was extracted in distilled water, Ethanol (60%), and Methanol (80%) by shaking at 25° C for 24 hours. Each extract was dried, weighed, and stored at -80° C. I.Determination of Total Phenolic Contents (TPC).The extracts of seed, leaves, skin, and pulp was used to determine the TPC as described previously using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The data indicate that the highest amounts of polyphenols were present in seed fractions containing 14-16 mg/g dry weight (DW). Leaves contained 2-4 mg/g DW, whereas skin and pulp contained the lowest amounts (< 1 mg/g DW). There was no significant difference in polyphenolic content between methanol and ethanol extraction. II. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC). The total flavonoid content of papaya extract was determined by the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. The alcoholic extract from leaves and water from seeds contained the highest amounts of flavonoids (> 5mg/g DW). The skin fraction of alcoholic extracts contained about 3 - 4 mg/g DW of flavonoids, whereas the pulp had the least amount of flavonoids (1 - 2 mg/g DW). It appears that leaves, skin, and pulp contained more alcohol-soluble flavonoids, whereas the seeds fractions contained more water-soluble flavonoids. Again we did not find any significant difference in TFC between ethanol and methanol extractions. III. Determination of scavenging capacity: The Scavenging Capacity of papaya extract was performed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay as described earlier, with some modifications. The data indicate that leaves and seeds possessed the 2 fold more free radical scavenging activity than that of skin and pulps, and the scavenging activity in the ethanol and methanol extracts was not significantly different. IV. Determination of batch-to-batch variation in papaya samples: The chemical composition of fruits and vegetables is often influenced by many factors such as cultivation position, harvest time, and storage conditions. We have tried to minimize these influences on batch-to-batch variation by using papaya harvested at Randolph that were cultivated under controlled conditions. We tested samples of papaya harvested in 2017 and 2018 for their total phenolic contents in order to test the batch to batch variation. Data show that TPC in pulp and seeds was not significantly different, whereas leaves harvested and analyzed in 2017 contained 20% (p<0.05) more TPC than those harvested and analyzed in 2018. On the other hand, TPC in skin harvested and analyzed in 2017 was 65% less than that harvested and analyzed in 2018. Although seeds and pulp maintained a comparable TPC composition, skin and leave TPC may be influenced by environmental factors and harvest time. Note: We further expanded this objective to compare the composition of Green (unripened) and Yellow (Ripped) papaya, which was not initially proposed. The concertation of polyphenols was highest in both water and methanol extracts of seeds from yellow papaya compared to that in seeds from green papaya. Leaves and skin fractions contained a modest concentration of polyphenols, whereas pulp contained the lowest concentration of polyphenols. Both water and methanol extracts of leaves, skin, pulp, and seeds from yellow papaya exhibited higher antioxidation activity compared to that of green papaya. Leaves and skin from green and yellow papaya showed modest to high antioxidation activity, whereas pulp from green and yellow papaya contained low antioxidation activity. Objective 2: To determine the antidiabetic activity of papaya extracts We performed the effect of green papaya (unripe) extract on alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase activity. We found that none of the papaya fractions have significant activity for inhibiting alpha-glucosidase or alpha-amylase. It is possible that papaya regulates blood glucose through other mechanisms involving glucose uptake, glucose metabolism, and stimulation of insulin secretion. In our previous year 2 report, we suggested that it may bepossible that golden papaya (ripe) may be more effective than that of green papaya. We, therefore, alsoinvestigate the antidiabetic activities of Green(unripened) andyellowpapaya (ripped). Methanol extracts of green and yellow papaya pulp showed glucose stimulatory activity in liver cells. However, the effect of yellow papaya was superior to that of green papaya. The data suggest that pulp contained compounds that potentially exert antidiabetic effects. The stimulation of glucose uptake by pulp appears to be mediated by their effects on increased glucose transporter, Glut-2, expression. Although the seeds from yellow papaya contained the highest concentration of polyphenols and exhibited the highest antioxidation activity, pulp from green papaya showed significantly higher stimulation of glucose uptake in liver cells. Our data indicate that polyphenolic content and/or antioxidation activity in papaya may not be related to their glucose uptake stimulatory activity in liver cells. This study concludes that regular consumption of green papaya may be beneficial for preventing diabetes. Objective 3: To determine the wound-healing activity of papaya extracts We created an in vitro wound by scratching a monolayer of human dermal fibroblasts and monitored movement of fibroblasts in the wounded area to assay the wound healing activity of papaya extracts. Our data show that the aqueous seeds extract closed the wounded area by 70% (P<0.05), whereas control and other extracts (pulp, skin, and leaves) were only able to close 25-45% of the wounded area. We also determined the effect of green and yellow papaya extracts on human smooth muscle cells (HSMCs) in wound healing. Our data indicate that green papaya skin and leaves have the best effects on HSMCs in wound healing compared to yellow papaya. Note: We have performed additional experiments to investigate the effects of papaya on breast, colon, prostate, and leukemic cancer cell lines. Our data indicate that methanol- and ethanol extracts of papaya leaves, skin, pulp, and seeds have no effect on any breast cancer cell lines. In contrast, water extract of leaves and seeds caused low to modest cytotoxic effects only on ER-negative breast cancer cell lines. In colon-26 cells, both water and methanol extracts from leaves showed anticancer activity. Similarly, methanol and water extracts from leaves and skin potently inhibited the proliferation of leukemic Jurkat T-cells and Daudi B-cells. However, the effect was more potent on Jurkat T-cells, and the leaf extracts were more effective than that of skin extracts. None of the pulp or seed extracts showed inhibitory activity on the colon or leukemic cell proliferation. ?Interestingly, the black seeds from papaya reduce the growth of prostate cancer cells. Our data suggest that different fractions of papaya have anticancer activities. Among different fractions, papaya leaves appear to be potent against breast, colon, and leukemic cancer.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Ovalle-Cisneros A, Li H, Rafie AR, Siddiqui RA. Characterization of Green and Yellow papaya (Carica papaya) for antioxidation and glucose uptake stimulatory activity in HepG2 Liver cells. ARD Symposium, April 2-5, 2022, Atlanta, GA
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Beg O, Siddiqui R, Li H, Hamama A Rafie R. Characterization of Green and Yellow Papaya
for Antioxidation and Glucose Uptake Stimulatory Activity in HepG2 Liver Cells. Current Developments in Nutrition, Volume 4, Issue Supplement_2, June 2020, Page 739.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Li H, Beg OU, Rafie AR, Siddiqui RA. Characterization of Green and Yellow Papaya (carica papaya) for antioxidation and glucose uptake stimulatory activity in HEPG2 cells. (revision submitted; pending approval).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Allqmani Z, Greene A, Li H, Reza R, Bayer, AR, Witiak SM, Kaseloo PA, Siddiqui RA. (2020). Antiproliferative Effect of Green Papaya on Lymphocytic Leukemic Cells. Nutri Food Sci Int J 10(2).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Hadadi S, Li H, Rafie R, Kaseloo P, Witiak S, Siddiqui RA (2018). Anti-oxidation
properties of leaves, skin, pulp, and seeds extracts from green papaya and their anticancer activities in breast cancer cells. J Cancer Metastais Treat 4:25.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Alotaibi KS, Li H, Rafi R, Siddiqui RA. Papaya black seeds have beneficial anticancer effects on PC-3 prostate cancer cells. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2018;3:161-8.
|
Progress 03/15/21 to 03/14/22
Outputs
Target Audience:Farmers and Consumers: 1.VSU program helps farmers extend season, find new markets- https://newsadvance.com/business/vsuprogram- helps-farmers-extend-season-find-new-markets/article_c158cc70-4c95-11e3-bbfa-0019bb30f31a.html 2. Virginia Cooprative extension posted recipes for consumption of papaya: https://www.ext.vsu.edu/recipes Students: 1. AlexOvalle-Cisnero A. (Grduate Student-Biology) Scientific Community: 1. Beg O, Siddiqui R, Li H, Hamama A Rafie R. Characterization of Green and Yellow Papaya for Antioxidation and Glucose Uptake Stimulatory Activity in HepG2 Liver Cells. Annual meeting of American Nutrition Society (Virtual presentation) April, 2020). 2.Ovalle-Cisnero A, Rafie AR, Siddiqui RA. AgriculturalCharacterization of Green and Yellow papaya (Carica papaya) for antioxidation and glucose uptake stimulatory activity in HepG2 Liver cells.ARD Symposium, April 2-5, 2022, Atlanta, GA. Changes/Problems:We further expanded this objective to compare the composition of Green (unripened) and Yellow (Ripped) papaya, which was not initially proposed. The concertation of polyphenols was highest in both water and methanol extracts of seeds from yellow papaya compared to that in seeds from green papaya. Leaves and skin fractions contained a modest concentration of polyphenols, whereas pulp contained the lowest concentration of polyphenols. Both water and methanol extracts of leaves, skin, pulp, and seeds from yellow papaya exhibited higher antioxidation activity compared to that of green papaya. Leaves and skin from green and yellow papaya showed modest to high antioxidation activity, whereas pulp from green and yellow papaya contained low antioxidation activity. Methanol extracts of green and yellow papaya pulp showed glucose stimulatory activity in liver cells. However, the effect of yellow papaya was superior to that of green papaya. The data suggest that pulp contained compounds that potentially exert antidiabetic effects. The stimulation of glucose uptake by pulp appears to be mediated by their effects on increased glucose-transporter, Glut-2, expression. We also determined the effect of green and yellow papaya extracts on human smooth muscle cells (HSMCs) in wound healing. Our data indicate that green papaya skin and leaves have the best effects on HSMCs in wound healing compared to yellow papaya. Note: We have performed additional experiments to investigate the effects of papaya on breast, colon, prostate, and leukemic cancer cell lines. Our data indicate that methanol- and ethanol extracts of papaya leaves, skin, pulp, and seeds have no effect on any breast cancer cell lines. In contrast, water extract of leaves and seeds caused low to modest cytotoxic effects only on ER-negative breast cancer cell lines. In colon-26 cells, both water and methanol extracts from leaves showed anticancer activity. Similarly, methanol and water extracts from leaves and skin potently inhibited the proliferation of leukemic Jurkat Tcells and Daudi B-cells. However, the effect was more potent on Jurkat T-cells, and the leaf extracts were more effective than that of skin extracts. None of the pulp or seed extracts showed inhibitory activity on the colon or leukemic cell proliferation. Interestingly, the black seeds from papaya reduce the growth of prostate cancer cells. Our data suggest that different fractions of papaya have anticancer activities. Among different fractions, papaya leaves appear to be potent against breast, colon, and leukemic cancer. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?01/10/2011-4//30/2022 Alex Ovalle-Cisneros.Characterization of Green and Yellow papaya (Carica papaya) for antioxidation (Graduate Student). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Farmers and Consumers: 1.VSU program helps farmers extend season, find new markets.- https://newsadvance.com/business/vsuprogram- helps-farmers-extend-season-find-new-markets/article_c158cc70-4c95-11e3-bbfa-0019bb30f31a.html 2. Virginia Cooprative extension posted recipes for consumption of papaya: https://www.ext.vsu.edu/recipes Students: 1.Alex Ovalle-Cisneros.Characterization of Green and Yellow papaya (Carica papaya) for antioxidation(Graduate Student). Scientific Community: 1. Beg O, Siddiqui R, Li H, Hamama A Rafie R. Characterization of Green and Yellow Papaya for Antioxidation and Glucose Uptake Stimulatory Activity in HepG2 Liver Cells. Annual meeting of American Nutrition Society (Virtual presentation) April, 2020). 2.Ovalle-Cisnero, H. Li, A. R. Rafie, R. A. Siddiqui. Characterization of Green and Yellow papaya (Carica papaya) for antioxidation and glucose uptake stimulatory activity in HepG2 Liver cells. ARD Symposium, April 2-5, 2022, Atlanta, GA 3. Li H, Beg OU, Rafie AR, Siddiqui RA. Characterization of Green and Yellow Papaya (carica papaya) for antioxidation and glucose uptake stimulatory activity in HEPG2 cells. (revision submitted; pending approval). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?1. Finalizethe publication. 2. Complete the Final report for submission to NIFA.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: To perform a comparative analysis of papaya extracts from leaves, seeds, pulp, and skin peel fractions. Five green papaya fruits (3 -5 lbs.) and 5 papaya tree leaves were collected from each papaya tree (3 sites) with the help of Dr. Reza Rafie from VSU-Cooperative Extension. The skin, seeds, and pulp were carefully removed and dried at 30° C in a vacuum oven to a constant weight to ensure complete dehydration. The dried material of each component was ground using a Micro-Mill (Ben-Art Products, NJ). A known amount (10 g) of a fine powder of each fraction was extracted in distilled water, Ethanol (60%), and Methanol (80%) by shaking at 25° C for 24 hours. Each extract was dried, weighed, and stored at -80° C. I. Determination of Total Phenolic Contents (TPC). The extracts of seed, leaves, skin, and pulp was used to determine the TPC as described previously using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The data indicate that the highest amounts of polyphenols were present in seed fractions containing 14-16 mg/g dry weight (DW). Leaves contained 2-4 mg/g DW, whereas skin and pulp contained the lowest amounts (< 1 mg/g DW). There was no significant difference in polyphenolic content between methanol and ethanol extraction. II. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC). The total flavonoid content of papaya extract was determined by the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. The alcoholic extract from leaves and water from seeds contained the highest amounts of flavonoids (> 5mg/g DW). The skin fraction of alcoholic extracts contained about 3 - 4 mg/g DW of flavonoids, whereas the pulp had the least amount of flavonoids (1 - 2 mg/g DW). It appears that leaves, skin, and pulp contained more alcohol-soluble flavonoids, whereas the seeds fractions contained more water-soluble flavonoids. Again we did not find any significant difference in TFC between ethanol and methanol extractions. III. Determination of scavenging capacity: The Scavenging Capacity of papaya extract was performed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay as described earlier, with some modifications. The data indicate that leaves and seeds possessed the 2 fold more free radical scavenging activity than that of skin and pulps, and the scavenging activity in the ethanol and methanol extracts was not significantly different. IV. Determination of batch-to-batch variation in papaya samples: The chemical composition of fruits and vegetables is often influenced by many factors such as cultivation position, harvest time, and storage conditions. We have tried to minimize these influences on batch-to-batch variation by using papaya harvested at Randolph that were cultivated under controlled conditions. We tested samples of papaya harvested in 2017 and 2018 for their total phenolic contents in order to test the batch to batch variation. Data show that TPC in pulp and seeds was not significantly different, whereas leaves harvested and analyzed in 2017 contained 20% (p<0.05) more TPC than those harvested and analyzed in 2018. On the other hand, TPC in skin harvested and analyzed in 2017 was 65% less than that harvested and analyzed in 2018. Although seeds and pulp maintained a comparable TPC composition, skin and leave TPC may be influenced by environmental factors and harvest time. Note: We further expanded this objective to compare the composition of Green (unripened) and Yellow (Ripped) papaya, which was not initially proposed. The concertation of polyphenols was highest in both water and methanol extracts of seeds from yellow papaya compared to that in seeds from green papaya. Leaves and skin fractions contained a modest concentration of polyphenols, whereas pulp contained the lowest concentration of polyphenols. Both water and methanol extracts of leaves, skin, pulp, and seeds from yellow papaya exhibited higher antioxidation activity compared to that of green papaya. Leaves and skin from green and yellow papaya showed modest to high antioxidation activity, whereas pulp from green and yellow papaya contained low antioxidation activity. Objective 2: To determine the antidiabetic activity of papaya extracts We performed the effect of green papaya (unripe) extract on alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase activity. We found that none of the papaya fractions have significant activity for inhibiting alpha-glucosidase or alpha-amylase. It is possible that papaya regulates blood glucose through other mechanisms involving glucose uptake, glucose metabolism, and stimulation of insulin secretion. In our previous year 2 report, we suggested that it may be possible that golden papaya (ripe) may be more effective than that of green papaya. We, therefore, also investigate the antidiabetic activities of Green (unripened) and yellow papaya (ripped). Methanol extracts of green and yellow papaya pulp showed glucose stimulatory activity in liver cells. However, the effect of yellow papaya was superior to that of green papaya. The data suggest that pulp contained compounds that potentially exert antidiabetic effects. The stimulation of glucose uptake by pulp appears to be mediated by their effects on increased glucosetransporter, Glut-2, expression. Although the seeds from yellow papaya contained the highest concentration of polyphenols and exhibited the highest antioxidation activity, pulp from green papaya showed significantly higher stimulation of glucose uptake in liver cells. Our data indicate that polyphenolic content and/or antioxidation activity in papaya may not be related to their glucose uptake stimulatory activity in liver cells. This study concludes that regular consumption of green papaya may be beneficial for preventing diabetes. Objective 3: To determine the wound-healing activity of papaya extracts We created an in vitro wound by scratching a monolayer of human dermal fibroblasts and monitored movement of fibroblasts in the wounded area to assay the wound healing activity of papaya extracts. Our data show that the aqueous seeds extract closed the wounded area by 70% (P<0.05), whereas control and other extracts (pulp, skin, and leaves) were only able to close 25-45% of the wounded area. We also determined the effect of green and yellow papaya extracts on human smooth muscle cells (HSMCs) in wound healing. Our data indicate that green papaya skin and leaves have the best effects on HSMCs in wound healing compared to yellow papaya. Note: We have performed additional experiments to investigate the effects of papaya on breast, colon, prostate, and leukemic cancer cell lines. Our data indicate that methanol- and ethanol extracts of papaya leaves, skin, pulp, and seeds have no effect on any breast cancer cell lines. In contrast, water extract of leaves and seeds caused low to modest cytotoxic effects only on ER-negative breast cancer cell lines. In colon-26 cells, both water and methanol extracts from leaves showed anticancer activity. Similarly, methanol and water extracts from leaves and skin potently inhibited the proliferation of leukemic Jurkat Tcells and Daudi B-cells. However, the effect was more potent on Jurkat T-cells, and the leaf extracts were more effective than that of skin extracts. None of the pulp or seed extracts showed inhibitory activity on the colon or leukemic cell proliferation. Interestingly, the black seeds from papaya reduce the growth of prostate cancer cells. Our data suggest that different fractions of papaya have anticancer activities. Among different fractions, papaya leaves appear to be potent against breast, colon, and leukemic cancer.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Li H, Beg OU, Rafie AR, Siddiqui RA. Characterization of Green and Yellow Papaya (carica papaya) for antioxidation and glucose uptake stimulatory activity in HEPG2 cells. (revision submitted; pending approval).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Ovalle-Cisnero, H. Li, A. R. Rafie, R. A. Siddiqui. Characterization of Green and Yellow papaya (Carica papaya) for antioxidation and glucose uptake stimulatory activity in HepG2 Liver cells. ARD Symposium, April 2-5, 2022, Atlanta, GA
|
Progress 03/15/20 to 03/14/21
Outputs
Target Audience:Consumers, farmers, students, and scientists have an interest in the development of crops that can improve heath and prevent chronic diseases. Consumers and Farmers: The Virginia Cooperative Extenson Newsletter has published an article about papaya research at VSU to disseminate the scientific knowledge to the general public and to farmers about the potential antidiabetic benefits of papaya. Students: The dietitics interns at Virginia State University were targeted to deliver formal classroom instructions and laboratory demonstration for the health benefits of papaya. In addition, oneundergraduate students was trained in nutrition research during this period. Scienists: We have publishedonescientific research papers and presented our finding in the American Nutrition Society scientific meetings to target the scientific community. Changes/Problems:We found one unexpected observation of green papaya on lipid accumulation in liver cells. We will, therefore, further investigate antiobesity properties of green papaya. Working during 2020 was challanging as Virginia State University operation was shut down from March, 2020 to June 2020. Thereafter, we restarted working in two groups on alternate weeks. This has slowed down our progressto complete some experiments under objective 3. We have requested an extension of six months to complete the overall study. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This study has provided an excellent opportunity to train graduate and undergraduate students at VSU in Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science. In 2017- 2018, we have three graduate biology-major students for laboratory research rotations (3 weeks duration), five graduate students from biology enrolled for M.S. thesis andthree undergraduate students are worked as interns. In 2018 - 2019,three undergraduate student andtwo dietetics interns worked in research project related to papaya, ginger and hemp extracts. During 2019-2020, we were only able to train one undergraduate student as the students were not allowed to be present in our building since March, 2020. This grant has provided opportunities for students training in Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science Laboratory. Students performed research on the health benefits of papaya, plums, ginger, tomatoes, green beans, and sweet potatoes. The experience from these project will help us to explore other important agriculture produce from Virginia for health and economical benefits. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?1. The details of recent research is posted at PI website. 2. The data was presented at the 1890 ARD Conferences in Atlanta (April 1- 5, 2017) and in Jacksonville (March 30 - April 3, 2019). One graduate student was awarded 2nd placein poster presentation. The data was also presented to the American Nutrition Society Meeting (virtual) in May, 2020. 3. Information of current research is presented in VSU-Agriculture Research newsletter that is widely distributed to farmers, researchers, and food businesses. 4. To date (2017-2021), we have published sevenmanuscripts in peer-reviewed scientific journals and presented 15abstracts to the national conferences. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to perform further investigation on the molecular mechanism of the antidiabetic activity of green and yellow papayas. We will also carry out further studies for objective 3 to determine wound healing properties of green and yellow papayas.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We have made progress in accomplishing our goals during 2019-2020. We have performed an additional investigation to include yellow ripped papaya (not proposed initially) and compared its phytochemical analysis with green papaya (proposed initially). We have completed the following task towards objective 1-3: Objective 1: To perform phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities of papaya extracts from leaves, seeds, pulp, and skin peel fractions. We have completed the experiments under this objective as repored in our last report (2019). Objective 2: To determine the antidiabetic activity of papaya extracts. We performed the effect of green papaya extract on alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase activity. We found that none of the papaya fractions has significant activity for inhibiting alpha-glucosidase or alpha-amylase. Papaya may regulate blood glucose through other mechanisms involving glucose uptake, glucose metabolism, and stimulation of insulin secretion. We, therefore, investigated the effect of yellow and green papaya fractions on glucose uptake in liver HepG2 cells. As mentioned above, yellow papaya fractions contained higher TPC and antioxidation activity. However, green papaya extracts significantly stimulated glucose uptake in HepG2 liver cells compared to that of yellow papaya extracts. Both water and methanol extract of pulp from green papaya showed the significant stimulation of glucose uptake followed by leaves and skin. Furthermore, methanol extract of green papaya also showed inhibition of lipid droplet accumulation in liver cells. Our recent investigation indicated that green and yellow papaya pulp stimlated expression of Glut-2 receptors on liver cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that papaya pulp stimulated glucose uptake in HepG2 liver cells by inducing expression of Glut-2, a glucose transport protein. Objective 3: To determine the wound-healing activity of papaya extracts. We created an in vitro wound by scratching a monolayer of human dermal fibroblasts and monitored the movement of fibroblasts in the wounded area to assay wound healing activity of papaya extracts. Data presented show that the aqueous seeds extract from green papaya closed the wounded area by 70% (P<0.05), whereas control and other extracts (pulp, skin, and leaves) were only able to close 25-45% of the wounded area. The data indicate that seeds from green papaya have the potential for its use in diabetic wound healing. At present, we are investigating fractions from yellow papaya for their wound healing activities. Not much progress is made under this objective as the university was closed from March - June, 2020 and then we experienced several intermittent closures due to exposure of few people in our building. We have requested a six month extension to complete the proposed experiments to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism for papaya extracts on wound healing activity. Discussion and Conclusions: Our data suggest that leaves and seeds from papaya contained higher amounts of phenolic and flavonoids and possess greater antioxidation activity than those of pulp and skin fractions. However, these fractions appear to have almost no inhibitory activity on carbohydrate digestion in the intestine. In contrast, pulp from green papaya exhibited strong glucose uptake activity in liver cells, whereas skin fraction from green papaya inhibited lipid droplet formation in liver cells. The data indicated that pulp from green papaya has insulinogenic effect and can effectively lower blood glucose concentration by stimulating glucose uptake in liver. In addition, green papaya skin fraction inhibited lipid deposition in liver cells. This indicates that green papaya skin can potentially prevent diabetes associated obesity. Further experiments to accomplish goals of objective 3 to determine green papaya effect on wound healing (Objective 3) are in progress, which are to be completed in the extension period of the grant. Implications: These results will potentially have a positive financial impact on producers of green papaya and may provide an excellent source of income for growers in Virginia. The regular use of papaya may also provide an inexpensive preventive/therapeutic treatment for populations who are at a greater risk of developing diabetes and cancer, particularly older people and African Americans.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Allqmani Z, Greene A, Li H, Rafie R, Beyer, AR, Witiak SM, Kaseloo PA, Siddiqui RA. (2020). Antiproliferative Effect of Green Papaya on Lymphocytic Leukemic Cells. Nutri Food Sci Int J 10(2)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Obaid Beg, Rafat Siddiqui, Haiwen Li, Reza Rafie. Characterization of Green and Yellow Papaya for Antioxidation and Glucose Uptake Stimulatory Activity in HepG2 Liver Cells. Current Developments in Nutrition, Volume 4, Issue Supplement_2, June 2020, Page 739,
|
Progress 03/15/19 to 03/14/20
Outputs
Target Audience:Consumers, farmers, Students, and scientists have an interest in the development of crops that can improve heath and prevent chronic diseases. Consumers and Farmers: The Virginia Cooperative Extenson Newletter has published article about papaya research at VSU to disseminated the scientific knolwedge to the general public and to farmers about the potential antidiabetic benefits of papaya. Students: The Dietitics Interns at Virginia State University were targeted to deliver formal Class room instructions and laboratory demonstration for the health benefits of papaya. In addition, 3 undergrduate and 1 graduate students were ttrained in nutrition research. Scienists: We have published 3 scientific research papers and presented our finding in various scientific meetings to target the scientific community. Changes/Problems:In addition to antidiabetic and wound healing properties of green papaya, we have also performed research on yellow papaya. We found that pulp of yellow papaya has insulinogenic activity. We have also investigated anticancer activities of green papaya in breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and leukemia. We found that green papaya has moderate anticancer activity against breast, colon, and prostate cancer but showed strong anticancer activity against leukemia. We also found one unexpected observation of green papaya on lipid accumlation in liver cells. We will, therefore, further investigate antiobesity properties of green papaya. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This study has provided an excellent opportunity to train graduate and undergraduate students at VSU in Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science. In 2017- 2018, we have 3 graduate biology-major students for laboratory research rotations (3 weeks duration). 5 graduate students from biology enrolled for M.S. thesis and 3 undergraduate students are worked as interns. During 2018 - 2019, 3 undergraduate student and 2 dietetics interns worked in research project related to papaya, ginger and hemp extracts. This grant has provided opportunities for students taining in Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science Laboratory. Students performed research on the health benefits of papaya, plums, ginger, tomatoes, green beans and sweet potatoes. The experience from these project will help us to explore other important agriculture produce from Virginia for health and economical benefits How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?1. The details of recent research is posted at PI website 2. The data was presented at the 1890 ARD Conferences in Atlanta (April 1- 5, 2017) and in Jacksonville (March 30 - April 3, 2019). One graduate student was awarded 2nd price on poster presentation. 3. Information of current research is presented in VSU-Agriculture Research newsletter that is widely distributed to farmers, researchers, and food businesses. 4. To date (2017-2020), we have published 6 manucripts in peer-reviewed scientific journals and presented 12 abstracts to the national conferences. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to perform further investigation on the molecular mechnaism of the anti-diabetic activity of green and yellow papayas. We will also carry out further studies for objective 3 to determine wound healing properties of green and yellow papayas.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We have made progress in accomplishing our goals during 2018-2019. We have performed an additional investigation to include yellow ripped papaya (not proposed initially) and compared its phytochemical analysis with green papaya (proposed initially). We have completed the following task towards objective 1-3: Objective 1: To perform phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities of papaya extracts from leaves, seeds, pulp, and skin peel fractions. Five green papaya fruits (3 -5 lbs.) and five papaya tree leaves (New and Old leaves) were collected from each papaya tree (3 sites) with the help of Dr. Reza Rafie from VSU-Cooperative Extension. Five yellow papayas (clear of any sign of bruise or discoloration) were obtained from a local market. The skin, seeds, and pulp were carefully removed, and freeze-dried. The dried material of each component was ground using a mortal and pastel. A known amount (10 g) of a fine powder of each fraction was extracted in distilled water or methanol (80%) by shaking at 25° C for 24 hours. Each extract was dried, weighed, and stored at -80° C. I. Determination of Total Phenolic Contents (TPC). Polyphenols are one of the major ingredients responsible for the antioxidation and biological activities of papaya. The extracts of seed, leaves, skin, and pulp were used to determine the TPC as described previously. The concertation of polyphenols was highest in both water and methanol extracts of seeds from yellow papaya (50 -80 mg Gallic acid Eq./g Dry weight (DW)) compared to that in seeds from green papaya ( 3- 20 mg Gallic acid eq./g DW). The polyphenolic contents in other fractions yellow and green papaya were very similar. The water and methanol fractions of leaves and skin contained a modest concentration of polyphenols (20 - 30 mg Gallic acid eq./g DW), whereas water and methanol extracts of pulp contained the lowest level of polyphenols (3 -5 mg Gallic acid eq./g DW). II. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC). The flavonoids in papaya are the secondary metabolites that are not only important in plant physiology but also have health-promoting activities. The total flavonoid content of papaya extract was determined by the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Consistent with TPC, Yellow papaya contained a higher concentration of flavonoids than green papaya. The methanolic extract from leaves contained the highest amounts of flavonoids (> 5mg/g DW). The skin and seed fraction of methanolic extracts contained about 3 - 4 mg/g DW of flavonoids, whereas the pulp contained the least amount of flavonoids (1 - 2 mg/g DW. III. Determination of scavenging capacity: Polyphenols, flavonoids, and other secondary metabolites are responsible for much of the papaya antioxidation activities. The Scavenging Capacity of papaya extract was performed using Ferric Reducing Activity of Plasma (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. FRAP assay indicates that both water and methanol extracts of leaves, skin, pulp, and seeds from yellow papaya exhibited higher antioxidation activity compared to that of green papaya. A similar antioxidation activity pattern was observed by the DPPH assay. The data indicates that leaves and seeds possessed the higher free radical scavenging activity than that of skin and pulps. IV. Determination of batch-to-batch variation in papaya samples: The chemical composition of fruits and vegetables is often influenced by many factors such as cultivation position, harvest time, and storage conditions. We have tried to minimize these influences on batch-to-batch variation by using papaya harvested at Randolph that was cultivated under control conditions. We tested samples of papaya collected in 2015 and 2016 for their total phenolic contents to check the batch to batch variation. Data show that TPC in pulp and seeds were not significantly different, whereas leaves harvested and analyzed in 2015 contained 20% (p<0.05) more TPC than that collected and analyzed in 2016. On the other hand, TPC in skin harvested and analyzed in 2015 was 65% less than that harvested and analyzed in 2016. Although seeds and pulp maintained a comparable TPC composition, skin and leave TPC may be likely influenced by environmental factors and the time of harvest. V. Phytochemical Composition: We are currently investigating the phytochemical constituents of yellow and green papayas. This work is being done through a collaborator at Chapman University, Irvine, CA. Objective 2: To determine the antidiabetic activity of papaya extracts We performed the effect of green papaya extract on alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase activity. We found that none of the papaya fractions has significant activity for inhibiting alpha-glucosidase or alpha-amylase. Papaya may regulate blood glucose through other mechanisms involving glucose uptake, glucose metabolism, and stimulation of insulin secretion. We, therefore, investigated the effect of yellow and green papaya fractions on glucose uptake in liver HepG2 cells. As mentioned above, yellow papaya fractions contained higher TPC and antioxidation activity. In contracts, green papaya extracts significantly stimulated glucose uptake in HepG2 liver cells compared to that of yellow papaya extracts. Both water and methanol extract of pulp from green papaya showed the significant stimulation of glucose uptake followed by leaves and skin. Furthermore, methanol extract of green papaya also showed inhibition of lipid droplet accumulation in liver cells. At present, we are investigating the molecular mechanism for the effect of green papaya on stimulation of glucose uptake and inhibition of lipogenesis in liver cells. Objective 3: To determine the wound-healing activity of papaya extracts We created an in vitro wound by scratching a monolayer of human dermal fibroblasts and monitored the movement of fibroblasts in the wounded area to assay wound healing activity of papaya extracts. Data presented show that the aqueous seeds extract from green papaya closed the wounded area by 70% (P<0.05), whereas control and other extracts (pulp, skin, and leaves) were only able to close 25-45% of the wounded area. The data indicate that seeds from green have the potential for its use in diabetic wound healing. At present, we are investigating fractions from yellow papaya for their wound healing activities. Further experiments are underway to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism for papaya extracts on wound healing activity, as proposed in Objective 3. Discussion and Conclusions: Our data suggest that leaves and seeds from papaya contained higher amounts of phenolic and flavonoids and possess greater antioxidation activity than those of pulp and skin fractions. However, these fractions appear to have almost no inhibitory activity on carbohydrate digestion in the intestine. In contrast, pulp from green papaya exhibited strong glucose uptake activity in liver cells, whereas skin fraction from green papaya inhibited lipid droplet formation in liver cells. The data indicate that pulp from green papaya has insulinogenic effect and can effectively lower blood glucose concentration by stimulating glucose uptake in liver. In addition, green papaya skin fraction inhibited lipid deposition in liver cells. This indicates that green papaya skin can potentially prevent-diabetes-associated obesity. Further experiments to accomplish goals of objective 3 to determine green papaya effect on wound healing (Objective 3) are in progress, which are to be completed in the 3rd year of the grant. Implications: These results will potentially have a positive financial impact on producers of green papaya and may provide an excellent source of income for growers in Virginia. The regular use of papaya may also provide an inexpensive preventive/therapeutic treatment for population who are at a greater risk of developing diabetes and cancer, particularly older people and African Americans.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Rafat Siddiqui, Zainab Allqmani, Alexus Greene, Haiwen Li, Rafie Reza, Andrea Beyer, Sarah Witiak, Paul Kaseloo. Anti-proliferative Effect of Green Papaya on Lymphocytic Leukemic Cells. Food Science and Nutrition (Submitted).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Obaid U Beg, Rafat A. Siddiqui, Haiwen Li and Reza Rafie. Characterization of Green and Yellow papaya for antioxidation and glucose uptake stimulatory activity in HepG2 Liver cells. Current Developments in Nutrition (Submitted)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Kalu A, Li H, Rafei R, Siddiqui RA. Characterization of Anti-oxidation Properties of Turmeric at Different Harvest time. 1890-ARD Biennial Research Symposium. Jacksonville, FL March 30 - April 3, 2019
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Thompson B, Li H, Rafie R, Siddiqui RA. Characterization of Anti-oxidation and Anti-obesity Properties of Ginger Grown in Virginia. 1890-ARD Biennial Research Symposium. Jacksonville, FL March 30 - April 3, 2019
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Synsmir F, Li H, Siddiqui RA. Plum Extracts Attenuate Alpha-Glucosidase and Alpha-Amylase Activities: A Potential Role in Preventing Diabetes. 1890-ARD Biennial Research Symposium. Jacksonville, FL March 30 - April 3, 2019 (Talk presented by F. Synsmir)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Al-Shaya H, Li H, Siddiqui RA. Characterization of Skin, Pulp, and Seeds of Annona fruit for Polyphenolic Content and Anti-oxidation activity and Determination of their Effects on Lymphoma Cancer Cells Proliferation. 1890-ARD Biennial Research Symposium. Jacksonville, FL March 30 - April 3, 2019
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
McShane S, Hanif M, Siddiqui RA. Use of Bioinformatics Approach Finds Turmeric can Attenuate Tamoxifen Resistance in Breast Cancer. 1890-ARD Biennial Research Symposium. Jacksonville, FL March 30 - April 3, 2019.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Siddiqui RA, Li H. Harvest Time influences Phenolic Content and Anti-oxidation properties of Ginger: an effective produce for preventing obesity. 1890-ARD Biennial Research Symposium. Jacksonville, FL March 30 - April 3, 2019. (Talk presented by R. Siddiqui)
|
Progress 03/15/18 to 03/14/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience: Consumers, farmers, Students, and scientists have an interest in the development of crops that can improve heath and prevent chronic diseases. Consumers and Farmers: This study has provided scientific knowledge to be disseminated to the general public and to farmers about the potential antidiabetic benefits of papaya. This will help encourage the public to consume papaya on a regular basis to reduce or slow down the progression of diabetes in Virginia. The increased use of papaya will encourage farmers to grow this niche crop for additional income. In coordination with VSU's College of Agriculture, farmers will be able to grow this crop in Virginia, thus alleviating dependence on its import from other countries. Furthermore, this study will be helpful in developing products to help manage and treat diabetic complications, leading to the reduction of costs associated with diabetes management. Students and Scientist: In addition, the proposed project is serving as a platform for training students in Nutrition Science and Food Chemistry research. Students from the College of Agriculture and College of Natural and Health Sciences are recruited and provided with hands-on training throughout this project. This integrated research and teaching program is therefore providing ample training opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students. Therefore, the current research is not only enhancing the agricultural research program at Virginia State University, but it is also fulfilling the University's tripartite 20/20 mission to integrate research, extension, and teaching. Changes/Problems:In addition to antidiabetic and wound healing properties of green papaya, we have also performed experiments for anticancer activities of green papaya in breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and leukemia. We have found that papaya has some moderate anti-cancer activity.Furthermore, we found that prune extract has strong inhibitory activities for alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase. We will, therefore, also explore the antidiabetic and antiobesity properties of prune extract. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This study has provided an excellent opportunity to train graduate and undergraduate students at VSU in Nutrition Science and Food Chemistry research. We have 3 graduate biology-major students for laboratory research rotations (3 weeks duration). 5 graduate students from biology enrolled for M.S. thesis and 3 undergraduate students are worked as interns. During 2017-2018, students in Nutrition science laboratory had an opportunity to research on the health benefits of papaya, plums, tomatoes, green beans and sweet potatoes. The experience from these project will help us to explore other important agriculture produce from Virginia for health and economical benefits. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The details of recent research is posted at PI website. The preliminary data on papaya effects on cancerwas presented at the 1890 ARD Conference in Atlanta (April 1- 5, 2017). One graduate student was awarded 2nd price on poster presentation. Information of current research is presented in VSU-Agriculture Research newsletter that is widely distributed to farmers, researchers, and food businesses. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to perform further investigation as proposed in objective 2 for determining the anti-diabetic activity of green papaya. The future experiments include to determine papaya effects on glucose uptake by skeletal, hepatic, and adipose cells, and to determine papaya effects on insulin secretion by pancreatic cells.We plan to use golden papaya to see if the ripe papaya is more effective than un-ripe papaya. We will also carry out further studies for objective 3 to determine wound healing properties of green papaya. The equipment for obtaining live imagesfor cell movement duringwound healing is on order now. Once the equipment is installed, additional experimentswill be performed to validate wound-healing properties of papaya. In addition, we will also explore anti-cancer properties of green papaya to further understand the benficial effects of papaya on human health..
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: To perform comparative analysis of papaya extracts from leaves, seeds, pulp and skin peel fractions. Five Green papaya fruits (3 -5 lbs.) and 5 papaya tree leaves were collected from each papaya tree (3 sites) with the help of Dr. Reza Rafie from VSU-Cooperative Extension. The skin, seeds, and pulp were carefully removed and dried at 30° C in a vacuum oven to a constant weight to ensure complete dehydration. The dried material of each component was ground using a Micro-Mill (Ben-Art Products, NJ). A known amount (10 g) of a fine powder of each fraction was extracted in distilled water, Ethanol (60%), and Methanol (80%) by shaking at 25° C for 24 hours. Each extract was dried, weighed, and stored at -80° C. I. Determination of Total Phenolic Contents (TPC). Polyphenols are one of the major ingredients responsible for the anti-oxidation and biological activities of papaya. The extracts of seed, leaves, skin, and pulp was used to determine the TPC as described previously. The dataindicate that the highest amounts of polyphenolswere present in seeds fractions containing 14 -16 mg/g dry weight (DW). Leaves contained 2-4 mg/g DW whereas skin and pulp contained the lowest amounts (< 1 mg/g DW). There was apparently no significant difference in polyphenolic content between methanol and ethanol extraction. II. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC). The flavonoids in papaya are the secondary metabolites that are not only important in plant physiology, but also have health promoting activities. The total flavonoid content of papaya extract was determined by the aluminum chloride colorimetric method.The alcoholic extract from leaves and water extract from seeds contained the highest amounts of flavonoids (> 5mg/g DW). The skin fraction of alcoholic extracts contained about 3 - 4 mg/g DW of flavonoids whereas the pulp contained the least amount of flavonoids (1 - 2 mg/g DW). It appears that leaves, skin and pulp contained more alcohol-soluble flavonoids whereas the seeds fractions contained more water soluble flavonoids. Again we did not find any significant difference in TFC between ethanol and methanol extractions. III. Determination of scavenging capacity: Polyphenols, flavonoids, and other secondary metabolites are responsible for much of the papaya anti-oxidation activities to determine the anti-oxidation potential of the different parts of papaya extracts. The Scavenging Capacity of papaya extract was performed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay as described earlier, with some modifications. The dataindicate that leaves and seeds possessed the 2 fold more free radical scavenging activity than that of skin and pulps and the scavenging activity in the ethanol and methanol extracts was not significantly different. IV. Determination of batch-to batch variation in papaya samples: The chemical composition of fruits and vegetables is often influenced by many factors such as cultivation position, harvest time, and storage conditions. We have tried to minimize these influences on batch-to batch variation by using papaya harvested at Randolph that were cultivated under control conditions. We tested samples of papaya harvested in 2017 and 2018 for their total phenolic contents in order to test the batch to batch variation. Datashow that TPC in pulp and seeds were not significantly different whereas leaves harvested and analyzed in 2017 contained 20% (p<0.05) more TPC than that harvested and analyzed in 2018.On the other hand, TPC in skin harvested and analyzed in 2017 were 65% less than that harvested and analyzed in 2018. Although seeds and pulp maintained a comparable TPC composition, skin and leaves TPC may be likely influenced by environmental factors and the time of harvest. Objective 2: To determine antidiabetic activity of papaya extracts We performed effect of green papaya (un-ripe) extract on alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase activity. We found that none of the papaya fractions have significant activity for inhibiting alpha-glucosidase or alpha-amylase. It is possible that papaya regulates blood glucose through other mechanism involving glucose uptake, glucose metabolism, and stimulation of insulin secretion. In addition, it is possible that golden papaya (ripe) may be more effective than that of green papaya. We will explore other mechanism for green papaya effect for its anti-diabetic properties and also investigate the antidiabetic activities of golden papaya (ripe) in our future experiments. The future experiments include to determine papaya effects on glucose uptake by skeletal, hepatic, and adipose cells, and to determine papaya effects on insulin secretion by pancreatic cells. Objective 3: To determine the wound-healing activity of papaya extracts We created an in vitro wound by scratching a monolayer of human dermal fibroblasts and monitored movement of fibroblast in the wounded area to assay wound healing activity of papaya extracts. Our data show that the aqueous seeds extract closed the wounded area by 70% (P<0.05) whereas control and other extracts (pulp, skin and leaves) was only able to close 25-45% of wounded area. The data indicates that seeds has the potential for its use in diabetic wound healing. The equipment for obtaining live imagesfor cell movement duringwound healing is on order now. Once the equipment is installed, additional experimentswill be performed to validate wound-healing properties of papaya. Discussion and conclusion: Our data suggest that leaves and seeds from papaya contained higher amounts of phenolic and flavonoids and also possess greater antioxidation activity than those of pulp and skin fractions. However, these fractions appears to have almost no inhibitory activity on carbohydrate digestion in intestine. As proposed in the original grant, papaya may have antidiabetic activity through acting at cellular glucose uptake and metabolism, and insulin signaling pathways. These effects are yet to be determined. Further experiments to accomplish goals of objective 3 to determine green papaya effect of wound healingwill also be conducted in the year 2 and 3 of the proposed study. We have also further explored the anticancer activities of green papaya in colon, breast and leukemic cancers.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Hadadi S, Li H, Rafie R, Kaseloo P, Witiak S, Siddiqui RA (2018). Anti-oxidation properties of leaves, skin, pulp, and seeds extracts from green papaya and their anti-cancer activities in breast cancer cells. J Cancer Metastasis and Treatment 4:25. https://doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2018.22
|