Progress 05/01/18 to 04/30/23
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project over the course of the project was scientists that work with and advise the fresh beef industry and scientists that work in Beef Cattle nutrition and in meat science. Our data has been shared at meetings that reach an international audience, including industry professionals that can implement the new knowledge in fresh beef; an abstract was presented in 2022. This abstract was reviewed before acceptance for presentation and subsequent publication in the abstract proceedings. Reviewers included prominent fresh meat scientists and beef cattle research scientists. A Ph.D. dissertation defended and publication in the spring of 2022. One peer-reviewed paper was published in 2022 and two peer-reviewed papers were published in 2023 from work done on this project. One more primary research article is in preparation to be submitted. An invited review paper that draws on the project's findings is being prepared for submission in 2023. This paper also will serve as the basis of an invited talk at the International Congress of Meat Science and Technology in August of 2023. All these outlets have major impacts on leaders in the beef industry and in the meat science sector that can make decisions regarding beef cattle management and meat quality. Over the full course of the grant, there were four primary research articles published. There is an additional primary research article submitted and a review paper for a total of six peer reviewed papers from the work done on this grant. Changes/Problems:There were no changes to the approach. The timeline of the project had to be extended due to Covid. During Covid, access to both meat plants and to the core facilities on campus (proteomics and metabolomics) were severely restricted. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two graduate students have been associated with the project, a Master of Science student and a Ph.D. student. They both have gained extensive experience in project management, feedlot/ nutrition trial data collection, fresh beef quality evaluation, and basic protein chemistry. The Ph.D. student also gained experience in working with big and complex data sets. They have also summarized the current data, prepared reports, given seminars, and submitted abstracts to national meetings over the results collected to date. The M.S. student has graduated and is pursuing her Ph.D. in feedlot nutrition. This project was the stimulus to continue her education in that area. The other student defended his Ph.D. in March of 2022 and now working for a major livestock genetic company and is responsible for their meat quality breeding innovations. Both students are poised to majorly impact the livestock and fresh meat sectors. This work was also a springboard for PI Huff-Lonergan to be able to apply for and achieve a professional development sabbatical at Colorado State University to work with world leaders in the proteomic and metabolomic analysis of food products. This new collaboration would not have been possible without the accomplishments of the current grant. This new collaboration will provide even more opportunities to improve the sustainability of beef production. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Numerous abstracts, presentations, invited talks, and peer-reviewed papers were generated due to the work done over the period ofthis grant. This resulted in the findings being disseminated to hundreds of domestic and international scientific professionals. The feedlot work is continuing to be built upon and is helping to educate working professionals in the feedlot industry through PI Hansen's work. The beef product work is being expanded upon and provides the backbone for continued work to refine the discovery of new markers for meat tenderness. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The work done on this project is important for improving the sustainability of the beef chain. Efficiently producing high-quality beef for human consumption is critical to ensure both the beef industry's viability and the adequate supply of high-quality, desirable protein for human nutrition. The product must be produced in a way that supports less impact on resources AND results in human food that will be consumed. We have discovered a low-cost, easy-to-implement feeding regime for beef feedlot cattle that will support feedlot cattle's enhanced growth and improve the tenderness of the resulting meat products very soon after harvest. The industry would realize significant efficiencies with this increase in tenderness early postmortem. By consistently producing a product acceptable in tenderness within 1-2 days of harvest, the industry can reduce the amount of inventory because the product does not need to be stored to achieve maximum palatability. We may also have identified some biochemical markers in the purge that can assist in identifying a more tender product. This can aid packers and producers in more consistently producing tender beef. Consistent production of more tender, desirable beef will aid in lessening food waste, improve the profitability of the beef industry, and contribute significantly to improving the sustainability of the beef industry.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Schulte, M., Steadham, E., Prusa, K., Lonergan, S., Hansen, S., Huff-Lonergan, E. Relationship of the sarcoplasmic phosphoproteome to variations in tenderness from steers fed supranutritional zinc and ractopamine hydrochloride. 2022 Reciprocal Meat Confernece, Des Moines, IA June 2022. Meat and Muscle Biology 7(2), 1-124. doi: https://doi.org/10.22175/mmb.15450
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Schulte, M.D., Hochmuth, K.G., Steadham, E.M., Lonergan, S.M., S.L. Hansen, E. Huff-Lonergan. 2023. Early postmortem muscle proteome and metabolome of beef longissimus thoracis muscle classified by pH at 6 hours postmortem. Journal of Proteomics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104756
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Schulte, M. D. & Hochmuth, K. G. & Steadham, E. M. & Prusa, K. J. & Lonergan, S. M. & Hansen, S. L. & Huff-Lonergan, E. J., (2023) Carcass Characteristics and Quality Attributes of Beef from Cattle Supplemented Zinc and Ractopamine Hydrochloride, Meat and Muscle Biology 7(1): 14457, 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.22175/mmb.14457
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Schulte, M. D. & Hochmuth, K. G. & Steadham, E. M. & Prusa, K. J. & Lonergan, S. M. & Hansen, S. L. & Huff-Lonergan,
E. J., (2021) The Influence of Supranutritional Zinc and Ractopamine Hydrochloride Supplementation on Early
Postmortem pH Decline and Meat Quality Development of Beef , Meat and Muscle Biology 5(1), p.37, 1 15. doi:
https://doi.org/10.22175/mmb.12250
|
Progress 05/01/21 to 04/30/22
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project in the current reporting period was scientists that work with and advise the fresh beef industry and scientists that work in the area of Beef Cattle nutrition. Our data has been shared at meetings that reach an international audience, including industry professionals that can implement the new knowledge in fresh beef quality(Reciprocal Meats Conference). Two abstracts were presented in 2021. These abstracts were reviewed before acceptance for presentation and subsequent publication in the abstract proceedings. Reviewers included prominent fresh meat scientists and beef cattle research scientists. A Ph.D. dissertation was being written for defense and publication in the spring of 2022. One peer-reviewed paper was published in 2021 from work done on this project. Four primary research articles are in preparation to be submitted. An invited review paper that draws on the project's findings is being prepared for submission in 2022. All of these outlets have major impacts on leaders in the beef industry that can make decisions regarding beef cattle management. Changes/Problems:We have requested and been granted a final one-year extension of the project. It is now set to expire on 4/30/2023. This extension was needed due to a significant loss of momentum because of facility shutdowns during Covid restrictions on campus. We were not able to access some key core facilities in a timely fashion. We also had to acquire new software to analyze proteomic data as our current software was no longer being supported. There was a significant loss of time as we acquired the new software and trained our personnel on the proper use of the software. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?There have been two graduate students associated with the project. They have gained extensive experience in project management, feedlot/ nutrition trial data collection, fresh beef quality evaluation, and basic protein chemistry. They have also summarized the current data, prepared reports, given seminars, and submitted abstracts to national meetings over the results collected to date. One student has graduated with her MS. The other student defended his Ph.D. in March of 2022 and is finalizing papers and studies from the project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?In this reporting period, there have been 3 abstracts accepted for international meetings (two have been presented and one is accepted and will be presented in June of 2022), one Ph.D. dissertation has been accepted, one journal article has been published, and four more journal articles are being submitted for publication. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the next reporting period, we plan to finalize the submitted papers. We are also conducting final analysis of the proteomic and metabolomic data across postmortem aging times to determine if there are more robust markers of tenderness that can be identified.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Impact: We have discovered a low-cost, easy to implement feeding regime for beef feedlot cattle that not only will support enhanced growth of feedlot cattle, but also improve the tenderness of the resulting meat products very soon after harvest. With this increase in tenderness early postmortem, the industry would realize significant efficiencies. By consistently producing a product that is acceptably tender within 1-2 days of harvest, the industry can reduce the amount of inventory because the product does not need to be stored to achieve maximum palatability. We may also have identified some biochemical markers that may be present in the purge that can assist in identifying a product that is more tender. This can aid packers and producers in more consistently producing tender beef. Objective 1: Determine how steer growth rate and Zn nutrition affect the muscle proteome and phosphoproteome, with particular emphasis on phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1) abundance and phosphorylation state. Zn supplementation can augment the gains of rapidly growing cattle. We have also shown that the longissimus muscle area may be increased with zinc supplementation. This is an important finding that needs to be followed up on. A potential mechanism through which Zn may act is by influencing protein phosphorylation signaling pathways that are involved in skeletal muscle metabolism. We hypothesize that in rapidly growing cattle, alterations in the phosphorylation status of the metabolic enzyme, PGM1, are affected by supranutritional Zn supplementation. We have identified that several phosphorylated proteins are differentially abundant in the different treatment groups. Some of these include key metabolic enzymes. We are conducting the follow-up studies needed to confirm our initial results. Objective 2: Determine how phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1) abundance, phosphorylation state, and activity contribute to variation in beef tenderness. Our team and numerous other labs have observed that the abundance of specific phosphorylated isoforms of PGM1 is associated with meat tenderness. We hypothesize that alteration in PGM1 phosphorylation influences early postmortem metabolism and fresh meat quality. We have identified that PGM1 is differentially abundant in several treatment groups. We have also achieved a novel finding that PGM1 may not only be differentially phosphorylated - it may also be differentially glycosylated. This could lead to new knowledge regarding energy management in the muscles of cattle that are fed high levels of zinc. We have identified that PGM1 appears to be differentially phosphorylated. It, however, is not the only protein that is impacted. We have shown that several glycolytic enzymes are impacted. Objective 3: Identify novel targets for protein phosphorylation that may influence muscle growth and beef tenderness. Protein phosphorylation pathways are suggested to be linked to differences in animal growth and meat quality. We hypothesize that supranutritional Zn supplementation in rapidly growing beef cattle has the capacity to impact protein phosphorylation and protein expression pathways other than PGM1 that are critical to muscle growth and meat tenderness. We have identified that several proteins are differentially phosphorylated in response to the feeding regimes. The live animal portion of the project has been completed. The proteomic results are as follows: Differences were noted in the abundance of proteins involved in glycolytic, retinol, and fatty acid metabolism. A shift from slow to fast muscle fiber type was suggested by decreased abundance of myoglobin and slow skeletal troponin 1 in steers fed ractopamine compared to steers not fed ractopamine within the control group (P ≤ 0.04), while these proteins also tended to be lesser due to being fed high levels of zinc within steers not fed ractopamine (P ≤ 0.09). There was no difference in myosin heavy chain. However, we hypothesize that the muscle in the ractopamine and possibly the zinc-fed steers is shifting its metabolism to mimic a fast fiber type. This is supported by the shift in expression of several glycolytic enzymes in muscle. Vimentin tended to be less abundant in RAC steers (P ≤ 0.09), providing one example of the shifts suggesting cell remodeling. Proteins involved in immune function were also affected; for instance, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein was more abundant in ractopamine fed steers not fed zinc than the steers fed the combination of high levels of zinc and ractopamine (P = 0.001), and the control group (P = 0.02). Supplemental Zn and ractopamine hydrochloride, independently and collectively, affect muscle metabolism and immune function in cellular remodeling in beef steers. For the fresh meat portion of the study, our data indicate that the longissimus thoracis (ribeye muscle) from cattle fed the high levels of zinc had a lower pH at 3 and 6 h postmortem than the longissimus thoracis (ribeye muscle) from beef steers fed ractopamine. The longissimus thoracis (ribeye muscle) from cattle fed the high levels of zinc also had a lower WBS value at 1 d aging compared with all other treatments. Collectively, these data indicate that there could be a significant positive effect on beef tenderness of supplementing a higher level of zinc than currently recommended. We have conducted metabolomic studies on the early postmortem tissue samples and have discovered a differential effect on the metabolome of the product. We specifically have noted a significant increase in the content of sorbitol and glucose in the early postmortem muscle of the zinc fed steers. This may indicate a differential accumulation and use of glycogen and glucose in the muscle. We are currently verifying the meaning of the shifts in the metabolome that we have identified.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Schulte, M. D. & Hochmuth, K. G. & Steadham, E. M. & Prusa, K. J. & Lonergan, S. M. & Hansen, S. L. & Huff-Lonergan, E. J., (2021) The Influence of Supranutritional Zinc and Ractopamine Hydrochloride Supplementation on Early Postmortem pH Decline and Meat Quality Development of Beef , Meat and Muscle Biology 5(1), p.37, 1 15. doi: https://doi.org/10.22175/mmb.12250
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Schulte, M., Hochmuth, K., Steadham,E., Lonergan, S., Hansen,S., and Huff-Lonergan, E. Early postmortem beef muscle proteome and metabolome variations due to supranutritional zinc and ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation. Journal of Animal Science (submitted)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Hochmuth, K., Schulte, M., Messersmith, E., Huff-Lonergan, and Hansen, S. The influence of supplemental zinc and ractopamine hydrochloride on the performance and longissimus proteome of finishing beef steers. Meat and Muscle Biology (submitted)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Schulte, M., Hochmuth, K., Steadham, E., Prusa, K., Lonergan, S., Hansen, S., Huff-Lonergan, E. Impact of Zinc and Ractopamine Hydrochloride Supplementation on Beef Carcass Characteristics and Quality Attributes of Extended Postmortem Aging of Longissimus Thoracis Steaks. Journal of Animal Science
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Schulte, M., Hochmuth, K., Steadham, E., Prusa, K., Lonergan, S., Hansen, S., Huff-Lonergan, E. Early Postmortem Muscle Proteome and Metabolome Variations Between Beef Longissimus Thoracis Muscle Classified by pH at 6 Hours Postmortem. Journal of Proteomics (invited)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
162. Schulte, M. D., E. M. Steadham, S. M. Lonergan, S. L. Hansen, and E. Huff-Lonergan. 2021. Differences in the metabolome of beef longissimus thoracis muscle from steers supplemented supranutritional zinc and ractopamine could explain early postmortem pH decline and tenderness variations. 2021 Reciprocal Meat Conference, Reno, NV. August 2021. doi: 10.22175/mmb.13203
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
163. Schulte, M. D., E. M. Steadham, S. M. Lonergan, S. L. Hansen, and E. Huff-Lonergan. 2021. Differences in early postmortem pH and tenderness values of beef longissimus thoracis muscle are influenced by metabolism and apoptotic pathways. 2021 Reciprocal Meat Conference, Reno, NV. August 2021. doi: 10.22175/mmb.13203
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Schulte, M., Steadham, E., Prusa, K., Lonergan, S., Hansen, S., Huff-Lonergan, E. Relationship of the sarcoplasmic phosphoproteome to variations in tenderness from steers fed supranutritional zinc and ractopamine hydrochloride. 2022 Reciprocal Meat Confernece, Des Moines, IA June 2022.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Schulte, M. Metabolic and proteomic pathways in muscle involved in beef tenderness development. Iowa State University, Ames IA PhD dissertation
|
Progress 05/01/20 to 04/30/21
Outputs
Target Audience:During this reporting period, the target audience was scientists in the area of beef cattle nutrition and in fresh meat science. Our data has been shared in both departmental seminars and at national and international meetings. Two abstracts were presented at an National/International meetings during this reporting period. This meetings were the International Congress of Meat Science and Technology that was held virturally in August 2020 and the American Society of Animal Science (ASAS) National meetng held virtually in July 2020. The abstracts were reviewed by prominant scientists in the fields of beef feedlot nutrition and meat science. The ASAS abstract was an invited presentation. Two manuscripts have been prepared. One manuscript has been submitted to a peer reviewed journal and is awaiting a decision. A second manuscript is nearing completion and will be submitted in the summer of 2021. A Master of Science thesis on the subject of the grant was written, defended and published during this reporting period. Changes/Problems:We plan to request an additonnal one year extension due to significant loss of momentum because of faciltiy shutdowns during Covid restrictions on campus. We were not able to to access some key core facilites in a timely fashion. We also had to aquire new software to analyze proteomic data as our current software was no longer being supported. There was a significant loss of time as we aquired the new software and trained our personnel on the proper use of the software. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?There have been two graduate students associated with the project. They have both gained extensive expereince in project management, feedlot/ nutrition trial data collection, fresh beef quality evaluation and basic protein chemistry. They have also summarized the current data, prepared reports, given seminars and submitted abstracts to national meetings over the results collected to date. One student has graduated with her MS. The other student is working on his PhD. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?There have been 2 abstracts that were presented at national/international meetings. One was presented at the International Congress of Meat Science and Technology which was held virtually in August 2020 and one at the annual meeting of the American Society of Animal Science (ASAS) that was held virtually in July 2020. The ASAS presentation was an invited abstract/talk. One manuscript has been submitted for publication. One MS thesis was defended and published in 2020. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?During the next reporting period, we will focus on a more detailed analysis of the metabolomic and proteomic data that relates to Objectives 1, 2 and 3 and will examine how the phosphoproteome and the metabolic profile of the longissimus muscle was impacted by the zinc dietary treatment. We will be taking a global look at protein phosphorylation as well as targeting a key enzyme in glycolysis - phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1). We will analyze the state of the phosphoproteome and specifically the phosphorylation state of PGM1 in respect to the observed differences in meat quality that were observed. We are also currently in the process of examining other key proteins that are differentially phosphorylated in response to the treatments. We are working to align the differences in the metabalome with the differences in the protein profile that we have observed.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
IMPACT: We may have discovered a low cost feeding regime that not only will support enhanced growth of feedlot cattle, but also improve the tenderness of the resulting meat products very soon after harvest. This increase in tenderness early postmortem the industry would realize significant effectiencies. By consistently producing product that is acceptably tender within 1-2 days of harvest, the industry can reduce the amount of inventory because the product does not need to be stored to achieve maximum palatability. Objective 1: Determine how steer growth rate and Zn nutrition affect the muscle proteome and phosphoproteome, with particular emphasis on phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1) abundance and phosphorylation state. Zn supplementation can augment the gains of rapidly growing cattle. A potential mechanism through which Zn may act is by influencing protein phosphorylation signaling pathways that are involved in skeletal muscle metabolism. We hypothesize that in rapidly growing cattle, alterations in the phosphorylation status of the metabolic enzyme, PGM1, is affected by supranutritional Zn supplementation. We have identified that several phosphorylated proteins are differentially abundant in the different treatment groups. We are currently analyzing the information we have and conducting the follow-up studies needed to confirm our initial results. Objective 2: Determine how phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1) abundance, phosphorylation state, and activity contribute to variation in beef tenderness. Our team and numerous other labs have observed that the abundance of specific phosphorylated isoforms of PGM1 is associated with meat tenderness. We hypothesize that alteration in PGM1 phosphorylation influences early postmortem metabolism and fresh meat quality. We have identified that PGM1 is differentially abundant in several treatment groups. We have also achieved a novel finding that PGM1 may not only be differentially phosphorylated - it may also be differentially glycosylated. This could lead to new knowledge regarding energy management in the muscles from cattle that are fed high levels of zinc. We have identifed that PGM1 appears to be differentially phosphorylated. Objective 3: Identify novel targets for protein phosphorylation that may influence muscle growth and beef tenderness. Protein phosphorylation pathways are suggested to be linked to differences in animal growth and meat quality. We hypothesize that supranutritional Zn supplementation in rapidly growing beef cattle has the capacity to impact protein phosphorylation and protein expression pathways other than PGM1 that are critical to muscle growth and meat tenderness. We have identified that several proteins are differentally phosphorylated in response to the feeding regimes. The live animal portion of the project has been completed. The proteomic results are as follows: Differences were noted in the abundance of proteins involved in glycolytic, retinol and fatty acid metabolism. A shift from slow to fast muscle fiber type was suggested by decreased abundance of myoglobin and slow skeletal troponin 1 in steers fed ractopamine compared to steers not fed ractopamine within the control group (P ≤ 0.04), while these proteins also tended to be lesser due to being fed high levels of zinc within steers not fed ractopamine (P ≤ 0.09). Vimentin tended to be less abundant in RAC steers (P ≤ 0.09), providing one example of the shifts suggesting cell remodeling. Proteins involved in immune function were also affected; for instance, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein was more abundant in ractopamine fed steers not fed zinc compared to the steers fed the combination of high levels of zinc and ractopamine (P = 0.001) and the control group (P = 0.02). Supplemental Zn and ractopamine hydrochloride, independently and collectively, affect muscle metabolism and immune function in cellular remodeling in beef steers. For the fresh meat portion of the study, Our data indicate that the longissimus thoracis (ribeye muscle) from cattle fed the high levels of zinc had a lower pH at 3 and 6 h postmortem than the longissimus thoracis (ribeye muscle) from beef steers fed ractopamine. The longissimus thoracis (ribeye muscle) from cattle fed the high levels of zinc also had a lower WBS value at 1 d aging compared with all other treatments. Collectively, these data indicate that there could be a significant positive effect on beet tenderness of supplementing a higher level of zinc than currently recommended. We have conducted metabolomic studies on the early postmortem tissue samples and have discovered that there is a differential effect on the metabalome of the product. We are currently working to decipher the meaning of the shifts in the metabalome that we have identifed.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
M.D. Schulte, K.G. Hochmuth, E.M. Steadham, K.J. Prusa, S.M. Lonergan, S.L. Hansen, and E. Huff-Lonergan. The influence of supranutritional zinc and ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation on early postmortem pH decline, carcass characteristics, and meat quality development. (Submitted)
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Hochmuth, K.G., 2020. Exploring the effects of supranutritional zinc and ractopamine hydrochloride on the proteome and phosphoproteome of the Longissimus dorsi in beef steers. MS Thesis.
https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/18139
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Genther-Schroeder, O., R. Carmichael, E. Messersmith, K. Hochmuth, E. Lonergan, S. Hansen. 2020. Interactions between zinc, copper, and growth promoting technologies in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. Volume 98, Issue Supplement_4, November 2020, Pages 168-169
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
M.D. Schulte, K.G. Hochmuth, E.M. Steadham, S.M. Lonergan, S.L. Hansen, and E. Huff-Lonergan. Influence of zinc and ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation on the proteome of early postmortem beef longissimus thoracis muscle. The 66th International Congress of Meat Science and Technology and 73rd Reciprocal Meat Conference; Orlando, FL (virtual) 2020. Meat and Muscle Biology. doi: Https://10.22175/mmb.11683
|
Progress 05/01/19 to 04/30/20
Outputs
Target Audience:During this reporting period, the target audience was scientists in the area of beef cattle nutrition and in fresh meat science. Our data has been shared in both departmental seminars and at national/international meetings. Three abstracts were presented at these national/international meetingsduring this reporting period. These abstracts were reviewed by prominant scientists in the fields of beef feedlot nutrition and meat science. There are also two manuscripts for full papers that are being prepared for submission to relevant scientific journals. Changes/Problems:We will need to request an extra year on the project because our work has been halted since March 2020 due to the mandatory shutdown of research due to COVID-19 in the United States. While we are able to work on reports of completed work, there is still a significant amount of work that needs to be done in the laboratory that cannot be done as we are not allowed to work in the lab and key service labs we are working with are also shut down. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? There have been two graduate students associated with the project. They have both gained extensive expereince in project management, feedlot/ nutrition trial data collection, fresh beef quality evaluation and basic protein chemistry. They have also summarized the current data, prepared reports, given seminars and submitted abstracts to national meetings over the results collected to date. ? How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? There have been three abstracts submitted to international meetings. One was presented at the Reciprocal Meats Conference, June 23-26, Ft. Collins/Loveland Colorado, one at theInternational Congress of Meat Science and Technology twhich was held August 4-9, 2019 in Pottsdam, Germany, and one at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Section of the American Society of Animal Science March 2-4, 2020. ? What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? During the next reporting period, we will focus on a more detailed analysis of the proteomic data that relates toObjectives 1,2 and 3and will examine how the phosphoproteome of the longissimus muscle was impacted by the zinc dietary treatment. We will be taking a global look at protein phosphorylation as well astargeting a key enzyme in glycolysis - phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1). We will analyze the state of the phosphoproteome and specifically the phosphorylation state of PGM1 in respect to the observed differences in meat quality that were observed,
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
IMPACT:We may have discovered a low cost feeding regime that not only will support enhanced growth of feedlot cattle, but also improve the tenderness of the resulting meat products very soon after harvest. By consistently producing product that is acceptably tender within 1-2 days of harvest, the industry can reduce the amount of inventory because the product does not need to be stored to achieve maximum palatability. Objective 1: Determine how steer growth rate and Zn nutrition affect the muscle proteome and phosphoproteome, with particular emphasis on phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1) abundance and phosphorylation state. Zn supplementation can augment the gains of rapidly growing cattle. A potential mechanism through which Zn may act is by influencing protein phosphorylation signaling pathways that are involved in skeletal muscle metabolism. We hypothesize that in rapidly growing cattle, alterations in the phosphorylation status of the metabolic enzyme, PGM1, is affected by supranutritional Zn supplementation. We have identified that several phosphorylated proteins are differentially abundant in the different treatment groups. We are currently analyzing the information we have and conducting the follow-up studies needed to confirm our initial results. Objective2: Determine how phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1) abundance, phosphorylation state, and activity contribute to variation in beef tenderness. Our team and numerous other labs have observed that the abundance of specific phosphorylated isoforms of PGM1 is associated with meat tenderness. We hypothesize that alteration in PGM1 phosphorylation influences early postmortem metabolism and fresh meat quality. We have identified that PGM1 is differentially abundant in several treatment groups. We have also achieved a novel finding that PGM1 may not only be differentially phosphorylated - it may also be differentially glycosylated. This could lead to new knowledge regarding energy management in the muscles from cattle that are fed high levels of zinc. Objective3: Identify novel targets for protein phosphorylation that may influence muscle growth and beef tenderness. Protein phosphorylation pathways are suggested to be linked to differences in animal growth and meat quality. We hypothesize that supranutritional Zn supplementation in rapidly growing beef cattle has the capacity to impact protein phosphorylation and protein expression pathways other than PGM1 that are critical to muscle growth and meat tenderness. The live animal portion of the project has been completed. The proteomic results are as follows: Differences were noted in the abundance of proteins involved in glycolytic, retinol and fatty acid metabolism. A shift from slow to fast muscle fiber type was suggested by decreased abundance of myoglobin and slow skeletal troponin 1 in steers fed ractopamine compared to steers not fed ractopaminewithin the control group(P ≤0.04), while these proteins also tended to be lesser due to being fed high levels of zincwithin steers not fed ractopamine (P ≤0.09). Vimentin tended to be less abundant in RAC steers (P ≤0.09), providing one example of the shifts suggesting cell remodeling. Proteins involved in immune function were also affected; for instance, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein was more abundant in ractopamine fed steersnot fed zinccompared to the steers fed the combination of high levels of zinc and ractopamine(P =0.001) and the control group(P =0.02). Supplemental Zn and ractopamine hydrochloride, independently and collectively, affect muscle metabolism and immune function in cellular remodeling in beef steers. For the fresh meat portion of the study,Our data indicate that the longissimus thoracis (ribeye muscle) from cattle fed the high levels of zinc had a lower pH at 3 and 6 h postmortem than the longissimus thoracis (ribeye muscle) from beef steers fed ractopamine. The longissimus thoracis (ribeye muscle) from cattle fed the high levels of zinc also had a lower WBS value at 1 d aging compared with all other treatments. Collectively, these data indicate that there could be a significant positive effect on beet tenderness of supplementing a higher level of zinc than currently recommended.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Hochmuth, K.G.*, Schulte,M.D., Huff-Lonergan, E., Hansen, S.L. 2020. The effects of supplemental zinc and ractopamine hydrochloride on the Longissimus dorsi proteome of finishing beef steers. Midwestern Meeting of the American Society of Animal Science. March 8-10, 2020, Omaha, Nebraska
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Schulte, M.D.*, Hochmuth, K.G., Steadham, E.M, Prusa, K.J., Lonergan, S.M., Hansen, S.L., and Huff-Lonergan, E. 2019. INFLUENCE OF ZINC AND BETA AGONIST SUPPLEMENTATION ON BEEF CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS, EARLY POSTMORTEM pH, AND LONGISSIMUS THORACIS WARNER-BRATZLER SHEAR FORCE. International Congress of Meat Science and Technology. August 4-9, 2019. Potsdam, Germany
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Schulte, M.D.*, Hochmuth, K.G., Steadham, E.M, Prusa, K.J., Lonergan, S.M., Hansen, S.L., and Huff-Lonergan, E. 2019. INFLUENCE OF ZINC AND RACTOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE SUPPLEMENTATION ON BEEF CARCASS
CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF AGED RIBEYE STEAKS. Reciprocal Meats Conference. Loveland/Ft. Collins, CO. June 23-26, 2019
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Progress 05/01/18 to 04/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:For the current reporting period, the target audience that was reached was other scientists in the area of beef cattle nutrition and meat science. Preliminary data has been presented in departmental seminars in which the audience consisted of faculty scientists and graduate students in beef nutrition and meat science at Iowa State. Two abstracts have been submitted to international meetings and the abstracts were reviewed by prominant scientists in the field of meat science. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?There have been two graduate students associated with the project. They have both gained extensive expereince in project management, feedlot/nutrtion trial data collection, fresh beef quality evaluation and basic protein chemisty. They have also summarized the current data, prepared reports, given seminars and submitted abstracts to national meetings over the results collected to date. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?There have been two abstracts submitted to international meetings. One has been accepted for presentation (Reciprocal Meats Conference, June 23-26, Loveland Colorado). The other is awaiting conformation of acceptance (submitted to the International Congress of Meat Science and Technology to be held August 4-9, 2019 in Pottsdam, Germany) What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?During the next reporting period, we will focus on Objectives 1 and 2 and will examine how the phosphoproteome of the longissimus muscle was impacted by the zinc dieteary treatment. We will be taking a global look at protein phosphorlylation as well ast targeting a key enzyme in glycolysis - phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1). We will analyze the state of the phosphoproteome and specifically the phosphorylation state of PGM1 in respect to the observed differences in meat quality that were observed,
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The live animal portion of the study has been completed and analyses are underway. All meat and muscle samples have been collected. Our preliminary data indicates that the longissimus thoracis (ribeye muscle) from cattle fed the high levels of zinc had a lower pH at 3 and 6 h postmortem than the longissimus thoracis (ribeye muscle) from beef steers fed ractopamine. The longissimus thoracis (ribeye muscle) from cattle fed the high levels of zinc also had a lower WBS value at 1 d aging compared with all other treatments.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Schulte,M.D., K.G. Hochmuth, E.M. Steadham, K.J. Prusa, S.M. Lonergan, S.L. Hansen*, E.J. Huff-Lonergan. Influence of Zinc and Ractopamine Hydrochloride Supplementation on Beef Carcass Characteristics and Quality Attributes of Aged Ribeye Steaks. Reciprocal Meats Conference. June 23-26, 2019
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