Progress 09/01/17 to 08/31/21
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project is organic and conventional apple producers in Washington. Changes/Problems:Due to the Co-vid19 epidemic field days in 2020 were limited to small group visits of less than five people per time slot employing social distancing measures. As such field day participation was less than 20% of anticipated. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The following presentations and workshops were conducted: • February 9, 2021. 2021. Alternative Controls for Apple Replant Disease. Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Conference. Hershey, PA. - 236 participants. • January 28, 2021. Implementation of Alternative Methods to Control Replant Disease. Apple Crop Protection Research Review. Virtual. - 119 participants. • October 27, 2020. Field Day: Alternative Controls to Replant Disease. Tonasket, WA. - 9 participants (5 person or less groups due to COVID-19). • October 28, 2020. Field Day: Alternative Controls to Replant Disease. Rock Island, WA. - 15 participants (5 person or less groups due to COVID-19). • October 29, 2020. Field Day: Alternative Controls to Replant Disease. Othello, WA. - 5 participants (5 person or less groups due to COVID-19). • June 16, 2020. Alternative Controls for Replant Disease. APAL Australian Growers Association. Webinar. - 40 participants. • IPM Methods to Control Replant Disease of Tree Fruit. DuPont, S.T., Mazzola, M., Hewavitharana, S. Western Integrated Pest Management Center. Annual Meeting. Webinar. - 10 participants. • January 21, 2020. Orchard Biorenovation. GS Long Organic Grower Meeting. Yakima, WA. - 150 participants. • January 30, 2020. Implementation of Alternative Methods to Control Replant Disease. Apple Crop Protection Research Review. Yakima, WA. - 80 participants. • February 6, 2020. Replant Disease Project. Northwest Wholesale Grower Meeting. Royal City. WA. - 60 participants. • August 7, 2019. Field Day. Rock Island, WA. - 110 producers and consultants. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Field scale experiments were executed to test the efficacy of bio-renovation and anaerobic disinfestation as alternatives to soil fumigation for the control of apple replant disease at three field sites in Washington, United States, including a 5 ha commercial orchard block in Othello, WA, a 0.6 ha orchard block at the Washington State University Sunrise research orchard at Rock Island, WA and a 0.4 ha commercial orchard block in Tonasket, WA. At each of three field sites four treatments: mustard seed meal bio-renovation, anaerobic soil disinfestation, a fumigated control and a non-fumigated control were applied in randomized strips in each of four to five replicated blocks. A preliminary assessment of treatment effect on composition of the soil microbial community was conducted three to four weeks post-treatment application at each site using T-RFLP analysis of bulk soil. Trees were established the spring after previous year summer and fall treatments in April 2018 Othello, and March, May 2019 in Rock Island and Tonasket. Plant response to treatments was assessed by measuring trunk cross sectional area in October of each year after planting. Root and rhizosphere soil sampling was conducted at the end of the first growing season for all orchard trials. Pratylenchus nematode populations were measured from root samples one year after tree planting. Profiles of the rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities were generated using high-throughput DNA sequencing protocols of rhizosphere soil sampled one year after trees were planted. Yield measurements were conducted beginning when trees reached commercial productivity, when trees were two years old (Othello) and three years old (Rock Island and Tonasket). Brassica seedmeal (BSM) treatments successfully altered soil microbial communities and were associated with apple tree growth that was as great or greater than fumigated controls across all three study locations. BSM soil amendment lowered P. penetrans numbers recovered from apple seedling roots and shifted post treatment microbial composition of field soil as assessed by T-RFLP analysis. In field trials, changes to the microbial community and lower P. penetrans populations in apple roots were maintained one-year post-treatment. Significant differences in the apple rhizosphere microbiome and P. penetrans root populations were evident between BSM and both the no-treatment and fumigated controls one year post treatment in Tonasket and Rock Island and two years post-treatment in Othello1. Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) resulted in significant changes in composition of the rhizosphere microbiome, and tree growth that was greater than the no-treatment control in three of four experiments but not always greater than the fumigated control. At Rock Island, Tonasket and Othello2, but not Othello1, ASD treated soils attained 50,000 mVh oxidation reduction potential indicating anaerobic conditions. Post treatment bioassays showed low (comparable to pasteurized control) P. penetrans levels g-1 root in plants grown in ASD treated soil for Rock Island and Tonasket. At Othello1 and Othello2 sites P. penetrans were still present at levels (167 g-1 root and 285 g-1 root, respectively) significantly higher than the pasteurized control. Bulk soil microbial communities assessed by T-RFLP analysis were transformed significantly in response to ASD at the Rock Island and Tonasket orchards but not Othello1. One-year post-treatment, rhizosphere microbial communities from ASD treated plots possessed fewer OTUs that differed in relative abundance from the fumigated and no-treatment control than did BSM treated soil. Field scale experiments demonstrated the basic steps to bio-renovation and anaerobic soil disinfestation. Each step was documented with photos and videos that were used in outreach materials including the web-based factsheet https://treefruit.wsu.edu/article/replant_trials/ and videos of anaerobic soil disinfestation and brassica seedmeal application methods that were used in presentations to growers. Large scale plots allowed the team to work with field scale equipment (eg rototillers, hay swather, seed drill). Through field scale application the team worked out application methods. For example, we learned that the initial method of wetting soil for anaerobic soil disinfestation using sprinklers on hand lines did not keep the soil wet enough. The team was able to use drip irrigation under the totally impermeable film plastic in subsequent experiments. A step-by-step sequence for application was recorded and incorporated into extension materials https://treefruit.wsu.edu/article/replant_trials/. These materials include costs and supplier information. Final return on investment will be calculated after yield is recorded for three years at all sites. Project outreach included field days, presentations to grower conferences as well as articles and videos. Four field days were conducted in 2019 and 2020 reaching 139 participants. The team gave seven presentations at grower conferences reaching 695 participants. Three factsheets, three handouts, three newsletter and trade articles and two videos were produced reaching more than 2,000 subscribers. 100% of 2020 field day participants reported that they learned a good or great deal about orchard biorenovation as a result of trainings (N=20). 37% of participants said they were very likely and 53% of participants said they were likely to try bio-renovation in the future. Participants stated that they learned: about changes in soil structure with brassicas, efficacy of chemicals versus fumigation, causes of replant disease, relationships between soil and nematodes, need for fumigation in old soil, application methods, fumigation lasts a shorter time, and the possibility for use with replacement trees and more. One participant said, 'Brassica fumigation has great potential.'
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
DuPont, S. T., S. S. Hewavitharana and M. Mazzola (2021). "Field scale application of Brassica seed meal and anaerobic soil disinfestation for the control of apple replant disease." Applied Soil Ecology 166.
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Progress 09/01/19 to 08/31/20
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project is organic and conventional apple producers in Washington. Changes/Problems:Due to the Co-vid19 epidemic field days were limited to small group visits of less than five people per time slot employing social distancing measures. As such field day participating was less than 20% of anticipated. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? October 27, 2020. Field Day: Alternative Controls to Replant Disease. Tonasket, WA. - 9 participants (5 person or less groups). October 28, 2020. Field Day: Alternative Controls to Replant Disease. Rock Island, WA. - 15 participants (5 person or less groups). October 29, 2020. Field Day: Alternative Controls to Replant Disease. Othello, WA. - 5 participants. June 16, 2020. Alternative Controls for Replant Disease. APAL Australian Growers Association. Webinar. - 40 participants IPM Methods to Control Replant Disease of Tree Fruit. DuPont, S.T., Mazzola, M., Hewavitharana, S. Western Integrated Pest Management Center. Annual Meeting. Webinar. - 10 participants. January 21, 2020. Orchard Biorenovation. GS Long Organic Grower Meeting. Yakima, WA. - 150 participants. January 30, 2020. Implementation of Alternative Methods to Control Replant Disease. Apple Crop Protection Research Review. Yakima, WA. - 80 participants. February 6, 2020. Replant Disease Project. Northwest Wholesale Grower Meeting. Royal City. WA. - 60 participants. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Tree growth measurements. In each orchard plot 10 to 36 trees were marked at 20 cm above the graft union. Diameter measurements were conducted in October of each year using a tree caliper (2 perpendicular measurements). Yield measurements. In Othello yield was recorded for each 1-acre block in bins per hectare. In Tonasket trees were harvested for yield measurements and fruit weight recorded. Plot Maintenance: Best management practices for tree maintenance were employed using standard (Rock Island) and organic methods (Tonasket, Othello1&2). Rock Island: April 20, 2020 fertility applications included 500 lbs/A gypsum, 10 kg ha-1 N, 52 kg ha-1 P, 212 kg ha-1 S from composite fertilizer, plus 100 kg ha-1 N from urea. Additional 100 kg ha-1 N from urea to M.9 trees in a split application in May, 2020. Tree training included tying main trunk to vertical bamboo and vigorous vertical group had tip bending to slow vertical growth of side shoots and divert vigor to main-trunk growth. Tonasket: A spring application of compost (Perfect Blend 6-3-3) was applied at 250 kg ha-1 at 50% availability provided 8 kg ha-1 available N. Late spring and early summer applications of liquid fish fertilizer (Organic Gem 3-3-0.3) were applied at 935 L ha-1 of a 10% solution providing 27 kg ha-1 available N. White Dutch clover cover crops from drive rows were mown and blown into tree rows. Weed control was with organic herbicide (Weed Slayer). Tree training was single tall leader. Othello1&2: Maintenance fertilizer included 28 kg ha-1 N in the form of feather meal plus bone meal (Pro Natural Dry) applied in both May and June 2020 and a fall application of chicken compost was applied at 1 T ha-1 (analysis 6-36-34 kg/T, est. 50% available N) and incorporated via rototiller. Outreach: Three field days, four newsletter articles and handouts, and five presentations were conducted.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
DuPont, S.T., S. S. Hewavitharana, M. Mazzola. Field scale application of Brassica seed meal and anaerobic soil disinfestation for the control of apple replant disease. Applied Soil Ecology. Submitted September 26, 2020.
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Progress 09/01/18 to 08/31/19
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:The mustardmeal product from Farm Fuels has reached an impasse in the labeling process with the EPA. Due to lack of product registration we can not legally recommend the product and will be constricted to sharing research results versus extension recommendations. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?110 producers and consultants were reached in a field day in Rock Island on August 7, 2019. In January 2019 results were presented at the Apple Tree Fruit Research Commission annual meeting to approximately 120 participants. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Goal 2: Results and economic data will be formulated into Extension materials during winter 2019. Goal 3: Implementation and decision-making materials including return on investment analysis, equipment lists including multiple sources, and prices will be shared during winter talks with the Apple Tree Fruit Research Commission, Northwest Wholesale and GS Long grower groups. Goal 4: Three field days will be held in North, Central and South-Central Washington to share the second year results of this project. Goal 5: Research results will be shared at 3 winter meetings in January and February of 2020 Tree Fruit Research Commission, Northwest Wholesale Royal City and GS Long Chelan. Goal 6: Extension articles will be shared with WSU Fruit Matters, Good Fruit Grower and PSU Fruit Times in February and November of 2020 respectively. A factsheet will be submitted to publications in December of 2020. The video will be uploaded to treefruit.wsu.edu in April 2020.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal 1. Conduct field scale experiments. Othello 2 Plot Experimental site and design: Three hundred and twelve feet of tree row within the Othello site was designated as the experimental area. Three replicates of two treatments ASD and no-treatment Control were designated in a randomized complete block pattern with 52 feet of tree row per plot. ASD treatment: Timothy hay was applied to the ASD plots at 8 tons/A, flailed to chop into small particles and sampled for particle size and nutrient levels. Biomass was incorporated into soil with a rototiller in two passes (August 20, 2018). Totally impermeable plastic film (TIF, 1.2 ml; clear, Vaporsafe, Trical, Gilroy, CA) was applied using a plastic layer (Mechanical Transplanter) covering ASD plots. Soil moisture was then brought to and maintained above 30% VMC using a double drip line running constantly under the impermeable film (0.55 gph). Treatments were maintained for 3 weeks. At the end of 4 weeks plastic was removed and irrigation turned off. Plots were allowed to aerate to reduce phytotoxicity for 4 weeks before samples were taken. Tree Establishment Tonasket Lucy Rose (TC2) on Bud 10 Rootstock were planted on May 1, 2019 at a spacing of 10 by 2 ft by planting into a furrow created by a moldboard plow. All treatments received 1200 lb/A compost banded on a row and incorporated with a rototiller. Organic management commenced including mowing weed management. A small amount of damage from deer affected plots before deer fence was installed. Central WA38 on M9 and G41 rootstock trees were planted March 17, 2019 using hand planting on a 3 by 12 foot spacing. Trees were immediately clipped to trellis wires for support. Grass drive rows were established on May 7, 2019. Pre-plant fertilizer application was 360 lb per acre of a 15-15-7-3 K-S-Ca-Mg product (Wilbur Ellis Sieler Siding) supplying 55 lbs/A potassium, 56 lb/A Sulfur, 28 lb/A calcium and 14 lb/A Magnesium. Initial pruning, stubbing all branches to 20 to 15 cm was done May 20 to 30, 2019. 64 units of N (10 gal Calcium Ammonium Nitrate, 17% N per application) were applied in three applications 7 to 10 days apart (July and August) to all rows with the exception of mustard meal treatments (mustardmeal contained 306 T N/A). Thirty-eight trees (M9) had low tree quality at planting resulting in death or the need for severe pruning and were excluded from data collection. Othello WA38 on G41 rootstock trees were planted in April, 2018 using hand planting on a 4 by 10 spacing. 2 Tons per acre of a 50/50 blend of mint compost (Soil Suplimint) and chicken compost (Nature's Nutrients) were applied. (Trees were clipped to wires for support within 2 weeks. Othello 2 WA38 on G41 were planted in April 2019 on a 4 by 10 spacing. Site Maintenance Othello Maintenance fertilizer included 25# N in the form of feather meal plus bone meal (Pro Natural Dry) in both May and June. A fall application of mint plus chicken compost was applied at 1 Ton/A and incorporated via rototill. Field Measurements Northern Site: Tonasket Tree growth measurements: In each plot containing approximately 75 trees ten trees were marked at 20 cm above the graft union (every fifth tree with 5 buffer trees on each end of the row). Diameter measurements were conducted on June 28, 2019 using a tree caliper (2 perpendicular measurements) to establish baseline size. Central Site: Rock Island Tree growth measurements: In each plot containing 30 trees ten trees were marked at 20 cm above the graft union (every other tree with 4 buffer trees on each end of the row). Diameter measurements were conducted on May 22, 2019 using a tree caliper (2 perpendicular measurements) to establish baseline size. Southern Site: Othello Tree growth measurements: A total of 36 trees were selected per plot in a checkerboard pattern in the central 2 rows of each acre block (15 inner trees in control plots). Diameter was measured at 20 cm above the graft union on October 25, 2018. Root and Rhizosphere soil sampling: Five of 36 trees were randomly designated for root and rhizosphere soil sampling. Two to 4 sections of fine roots at a depth of 5-20 cm at a distance of 20 to 40 cm from the tree base were harvested with sanitized tools on October 20 to 25, 2018. Rhizosphere soil (approximately 4 to 6 grams) from immediately around roots sampled was gently removed from sampled root segments. Root samples were kept at 4 C until processing. Lab Analysis Assessment of lesion nematode root populations: Pratylenchus penetrans root densities were determined in October of the year. Nematodes were extracted from a 0.5-g fine root sample obtained from each sampled tree. Root tissue was placed in a 150-ml flask containing 70 ml sterile distilled water and incubated on a rotary shaker at 140 rpm for 5 days. Nematodes were collected by passing the suspension twice through a 500 μm-mesh sieve and then backwashing into a counting dish. Number of P. penetrans were counted using a light microscope (×40 magnification). T-RFLP analysis: Rhizosphere soil samples collected October of the year were removed from root samples and extraction of DNA was conducted using the MO BIO PowerMax Soil DNA Isolation Kit from 4 to 6 grams of soil. Terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis was utilized to profile bacterial and fungal communities in these soil samples. Fluorescently labeled PCR products were generated by using labeled ITS1F/ITS4 primers for amplifying the fungal ITS region, and 8f/907r primers for amplification of the bacterial 16S rDNA region. Amplification reactions and T-RFLP analysis was conducted following the protocol as previously described (Weerakoon et al., 2012). High throughput sequencing: Alternatively, the microbial profiles were generated using high-throughput DNA sequencing protocols. DNA was extracted from rhizosphere soil samples as noted above. PCR amplification, purification, library preparation and fungal/bacterial sequencing were conducted at an external facility (Molecular Research, Shallowater, TX) on a MiSeq platform. Post-processing statistical analysis of sequencing derived OTU data was conducted using Explicet software (Robertson et al., 2013) and visualization through ordination of microbiome data was conducted PAST software package ver 3.16 (Hammer et al., 2001).Goal 4. Outreach 110 producers and consultants were reached in a field day in Rock Island on August 7, 2019.
Publications
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Progress 09/01/17 to 08/31/18
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:Initial methodology for the application of the anaerobic soil disinfestation treatment was not effective due to inability to keep the soil wet. The treatment was modified and in 2018 ASD treatments the soil was kept moist by laying two lines of drip underneath plastic film and running the water continuously. This modification was successful in keeping soil moist and creating anaerobic conditions. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Spring 2018 Plant trees Winter 2018 Draft outreach materials including price lists, equipment lists, video, etc. Spring 2019 Tree growth measurements (Tree Cross Sectional Area) Spring 2019 Tree root sampling Spring 2019 Microbial analysis Summer 2019 Tree growth measurements (Tree Cross Sectional Area) Fall 2019 Tree growth measurements (Tree Cross Sectional Area) Fall 2019 Tree root sampling Fall 2019 Microbial analysis Fall 2019 Write newsletter article; draft budget decision tool; update price lists and outreach materials Fall 2019 Field days Fall 2019 Evaluation at field day
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal 1. Conduct field scale experiments. Experimental site and design: The experiment was implemented at three field sites including a 12-acre grower field in Othello WA (46.933876, -119.392096), a 1.5-acre field at Washington State University Sunrise research orchard at Rock Island, WA (47.31988,-120.0663747) and a grower field in Tonasket WA (48.810692, -119.505724). All sites had a history of replant disease. Soil type at the Rock Island site is a Pogue fine sandy loam, at the Tonasket site is a Nighthawk loam, and Adkins is a very fine sandy loam, 0-5 percent slope. Sites were split into experimental blocks of 40 ft by 200 ft with 5 experimental blocks in Rock Island and 4 in Tonasket and Othello. In Tonasket and Rock Island each of four soil treatments including anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD), brassicaceae seed meal (BSM), fumigation, and no-treatment control were randomly assigned to 10 ft by 200 ft plots within each 8,000 square foot experimental block. In Othello BSM, ASD and fumigated treatments were assigned to 0.8 acre plots (3,300 to 3,600 tree row ft) in each block. The non-fumigated control treatment was assigned to an 80 by 5-foot plot nested within the fumigated control. Plots in Rock Island were further split based on the rootstock that will be planted into the soil (M9 or G41). Site preparation: All sites were prepared by deep ripping, rock removal and three discing events. Soils in Othello were amended per soil test recommendations with 169 units of N, 30 units of sulfur and 1 unit of boron (urea, ammonium sulfate and borax). The field site was planted to triticale (Triticosecale) cultivar Tritical 141 at 100 lbs per acre using a Great Plains seed drill on April 19, 2017 seeded to moisture (~1"). At anthesis on June 26, 2017 triticale was 4.5 to 5.5 feet tall with an average of 3.5 ton/A dry biomass. Triticale was swathed and baled removing material from mustard seed meal and control plots. Treatments: ASD treatment Rock Island and Tonasket: Soil moisture of the ASD plots was brought up to 17% volumetric moisture content (VMC) and 20.3% gravimetric moisture content using sprinkler irrigation system and big gun irrigation prior to biomass application. Timothy hay was applied to the ASD plots at 8 tons/A, flailed into chop into small particles and sampled for particle size and nutrient level determination. Biomass was incorporated into soil with a rototiller in two to four passes (July 5, 2018 Rock Island; August 8, 2018 Tonasket). Totally impermeable plastic film (Rock Island: TIF, 1.2 ml; clear, Vaporsafe, Trical, Gilroy, CA; Tonasket: TIF, Tri Est, Black, 1.2 ml) was applied using plastic layer (Mechanical Transplanter) covering ASD plots. Soil moisture was then brought to and maintained above 30% VMC using a double drip line running constantly under the impermeable film. Treatments were maintained for 4 weeks. At the end of 4 weeks plastic was removed and irrigation turned off. Plots were allowed to aerate to reduce phytotoxicity for 4 weeks before samples were taken. ASD treatment Othello: On June 28, 2017 triticale was cut and swathed into four-foot windrows using a John Deere R450 swather where swaths were lined up on future tree rows. Swathing concentrated plant biomass produced on a ten-foot width into a four-foot width area. As such 3.5 T/A field grown biomass averaged 10 ton/A applied biomass to the tree row. Six days (July 3) after cutting at 20% moisture, triticale was flail chopped using a Pak flail which left a six-foot wide swath of chopped biomass. A hay rake was used to re-concentrate chopped material into the four-foot wide treatment areas. Biomass was incorporated with a Celli rototiller to an eight-inch depth. Three-acre inches of irrigation (0.28 in/hr) were applied using hand lines with 6 gal/ min sprinkler heads to thoroughly wet the soil. Four to eight hours after irrigation, plastic was laid to seal the treatment area. Soil moisture averaged 24% in the top 5 cm and 25% at 15 to 20 cm at the time plastic laying began and 24 % (0-5cm) and 19% (15-20 cm) by the time plastic laying was finished in reps A&B. Soil moisture averaged 30% (0-5cm) and 32% (15-20 cm) as plastic laying commenced in reps C&D. Plots were irrigated with an additional 3 acre inches of water (11 hrs) resulting in soil moistures averaging 26% (0-5cm) and 34% (15-20 cm). One week after initial irrigation plots were re-wetted with an additional 1.7 acre inches of water. Mustard meal treatment (BSM) Rock Island and Tonasket: Initial soil moisture in mustard treatment was 25% and temperature was 81 ?F (27 ?C) in Rock Island. Soil moisture was brought up by using both big gun and sprinkler irrigation systems on July 2-4, 2018. At soil moisture was appropriate for tractor operation, Pescadero Gold Mustard meal (1:1 formulation of B. juncea and S. alba) (Farm Fuels Inc., Watsonville, CA) was applied using a Whatcom spreader at 1.7 lb per tree-row-foot (1.6 lb per tree-row-foot target) and spread by hand with rakes to form 4-foot-wide strip (July 6, 2018 Rock Island; August 9, 2018 Tonasket). Mustardmeal was incorporated and mixed thoroughly into the soil using a rototiller to an 8 to 10-inch depth. The plots were sealed with totally impermeable film using the plastic layer within 20 minutes of incorporation. Mustard meal treatment (BSM) Othello On July 15, 2017, 3.4 inches of irrigation water was applied (0.28 in/hr). On July 19 and 20, 2017 when soils had drained and dried to moisture appropriate for tractor implements Pescadero Gold Mustard seed meal (Farmfuels) was applied using a Whatcom compost spreader at 1.6 lbs per tree-row-foot in a four-foot swath (6.8 T/treated acre, or 3.4 T/orchard acre). Mustard seed meal was incorporated into soil using a Celli rototiller within a maximum of 3 hours of spreading (average 30 minutes) and sealed with Totally Impermeable Film (TIF, Vaporsafe, Trident Inc) within ten to thirty minutes of incorporation. Soil temperature averaged 24? C (75 ?) at the time of treatment application. Goal 2: Use Field Scale Experiments to Demonstrate Implementation of treatments was documented via photos and videos at all three locations. Video clips were compiled into three videos with narration which show the details of application. Videos were shown at Industry research review panels to more than 50 participants. Goal 3. Create implementation and decision-making materials. Supply costs, hours to implement treatments and equipment sources were compiled. These numbers will be used to create a partial budget analysis to share with growers once benefits (or losses) are documented.
Publications
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