Progress 09/11/17 to 06/30/22
Outputs
Target Audience:Targeted audiences for dissemination included producers, horticulturists, pest management specialists, regulatory and land management agency staff, pesticide applicators, agricultural industry professionals, extension staff, arborists, and home gardeners. Changes/Problems:Over the 5-year reporting cycle, there were several notable problems that changed the course of this work. Most notably, the COVID-19 pandemic limited our ability to carry out the typical demonstration and dissemination activities that are typically associated with the IPM efforts. Field days and grower meetings beginning in March 2020 and continuing through January 2022 were either cancelled or converted to virtual format. This meant that growers could not visit the sites to see results firsthand. However, we were still able to disseminate information through virtual presentations and field days. During the fall of 2020, a storm brought 100 mph wind gusts that caused extensive damage to several of the orchards used in this project. One of the apple orchards needed to be removed as a result of this damage. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Project results and outcomes were shared at the Utah State Horticultural Association annual convention; the annual Utah Urban and Small Farms conference; the Great Lakes Fruit and Vegetable Expo; the Northwest Michigan Horticulture Show; the national Entomological Society of America and the American Society for Horticulture Science annual meetings. Five undergraduate students and three graduate students (2 MS, 1 PhD) were trained in tree fruit pest management research and outreach skills. Three undergraduate student interns, and two graduate students were trained in horticultural methods, including measurements of fruit quality, tree training and pruning, and orchard irrigation and tree water status monitoring. Direct consultation with agricultural industry specialists on new insecticide and pheromone technologies, and orchard irrigation practices provided additional professional development opportunities. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results of the Integrated Fruit Management Systems Project were disseminated to Utah fruit industry stakeholders at annual training events in 2017-2022: 1) Utah State Horticultural Association Annual Convention, Spanish Fork, UT; 2) Utah Pest Control and Lawncare Association Annual Convention (various locations); 3) Northern Utah Fruit Growers Meeting, Brigham City, UT; 4) Master Gardener Entomology Classes (various locations); 5) Diagnostic Network Webinar Series; 6) Utah Urban and Small Farms Conference (various locations); 7) Tree Fruit Grower Summer Meetings (sponsored by Mountainland Packing Co.), Santaquin, UT; 8) Utah Tree Fruit Field Day (various locations); 9) Utah Fruit School, Spanish Fork, UT; and 11) Utah Public Radio Green Thumb Show (monthly radio broadcast), Logan, UT. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?This marks the conclusion of this project. However, some aspects of this project will be continued into a new 5 year project, including fire blight research, orchard entomology, precision fertility and irrigation, and orchard establishment strategies.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Entomology Obj. 1. Test and demonstrate reduced-risk pest management technologies.During the 5-year project, novel insecticides have been tested for management of western cherry fruit fly and woolly apple aphid, two challenging fruit orchard pests in Utah. Lower risk and longer-lasting insecticides (diamides, tetramic acids) were found to be effective for these pests and have been recommended to Utah fruit producers as alternatives to higher risk and shorter-efficacy insecticides. Additionally, long-lasting insecticide netting was shown to have applications for cherry fruit fly management. Bright yellow mesh fabric treated with deltamethrin was effective in attracting and killing fruit flies. A novel pheromone mating disruption product for codling moth with a dramatically reduced application rate (Cidetrak CMDA Combo Meso) showed great promise and has been adopted in Utah orchards. Entomology Obj. 2. Test and demonstrate novel insect monitoring tools.Timing of control actions for the key insect pest of apple and pear, codling moth, is based on setting an accurate biofix, or first catch of adult moths each season. A study to compare a new formula- vs trap-based biofix model found that the formula based on latitude and elevation was as effective as the pheromone trap method in predicting codling moth generation times and egg hatch periods. The USU Extension IPM Program has incorporated the formula-based biofix model into its online Temperature Resource and Alerts for Pests (TRAPs) pest decision tool (https://climate.usurf.usu.edu/traps/). The added efficacy of acetic acid (AA) lures was compared to CMDA lures alone for monitoring codling moth populations in the CMDA Combo Meso mating disruption trial. Total moth trap capture was higher where AA lures were added. Three types of trap designs paired with an effective lure (Pherocon BMSB Dual Lure) were evaluated for attraction of brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), a new invasive insect pest, in agricultural and residential landscapes of northern Utah. In residential ornamental landscapes, the majority of BMSB adults and nymphs were caught in Dead-Inn Pyramid Traps; however, in orchards, more adults were caught on the Pherocon Dual Panel Clear Sticky Trap, and few nymphs were detected. The Pherocon Dual Funnel Tube Trap was tested in residential sites, but had much lower efficacy than the pyramid trap. Peak BMSB capture in residential sites was in July, while highest capture in orchard and vegetable sites was during August. These results suggest that different types of traps will be the most useful in different habitat types. Survey for native and exotic parasitoid wasps of the invasive insect pest, brown marmorated stink bug, were compared with yellow and blue sticky cards. Blue cards attracted fewer target wasps and non-target arthropods than yellow cards, while representing a similar target wasp species complex. These results support the potential for increased screening efficiency with blue cards, and their use in parasitoid wasp surveys. Yellow and blue sticky cards detected the samurai wasp (Trissolcus japonicus), and adventive parasitoid of brown marmorated stink bug from its native range in Asia. Entomology Obj. 3. Integrated fruit management systems. Spray coverage was compared in conventional and high-density orchard during the 2017 season as part of a graduate thesis. High density orchards tend to have higher density canopies that restrict spray distribution. Pathology Obj. 1 Fire blight. In springs of 2020 - 2022, a trial on apples was conducted to test treatments for their efficacy against the bacterial disease, fire blight. Treatments were selected that have shown promise in other states but are not used widely in Utah. In 2020 and 2022, each treatment was tested on 12 trees and in 2021, treatments were tested on 4 trees. In 2020 there were 8 treatments of a single product each and in 2021 and 2022, there were 10 and 12 treatments of product mixes or rotations. In each year, branches were inoculated with the fire blight bacteria during full bloom, and treatments were applied on a schedule thereafter. The percent infection was determined from the number of infected flowers out of total flowers at 4-weeks' post-inoculation. In all 3 years, the best-performer was the standard antibiotic, streptomycin, at an average of 16% infection. The least-performing treatments were the water-treated control (average of 59% infection) and copper products (52% infection). We tested a new product, AgriPhage, which is a virus that attacks bacteria, and found poor control, at 43% infection. Most growers rely on antibiotics for fire blight, and we found promising results when using an antibiotic in rotation with other materials. For example, an early Blossom Protect (a beneficial yeast) spray followed by an antibiotic, and then another organic spray (Serenade) performed better than the antibiotic alone, with an average of 20% infection. For growers wanting to be fully organic, we found several combinations/rotations that provided similar protection to an antibiotic, at an average of 29% infection. Pomology Obj. 1. Irrigation. Drought stress studies were conducted in the apple orchards at Kaysville focusing on rootstock drought tolerance and on environmental instrumentation for remote sensing of tree water status. Rootstock studies indicated that the scion cultivar appeared to have a greater influence on apple tree response to deficit irrigation than did the rootstock. Instrumentation studies indicated that band dendrometers that measure diurnal fluctuations in trunk diameter are a good measure of tree water status. Results from the instrumentation studies were compiled and submitted for publication in 2021. These results were initially rejected from the target journal and are being revised for resubmission. Pomology Obj. 2. Windbreaks. A long-term comparison of windbreak species was conducted during the project period. Several species that were thought to be good windbreak candidates proved to be too slow growing. One of the fast growing species also proved to be too brittle for the wind conditions present at the site. A progress report on the first 5 years of this study were published in a peer-reviewed research journal in 2020. Evaluations continued on the site through the end of the project in 2022.
Publications
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Progress 10/01/20 to 09/30/21
Outputs
Target Audience:Targeted audiences for dissemination included producers, horticulturists, pest management specialists, regulatory and land management agency staff, pesticide applicators, agricultural industry professionals, extension staff, arborists, and home gardeners. Changes/Problems:There are no other changes/problems to report for this period. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Project results and outcomes were shared, and new project initiatives discussed at the Utah State Horticultural Association annual convention (virtual); the Urban and Small Farms annual conference (virtual); and the national Entomological Society of America annual meeting (Denver, CO). Five undergraduate students and three graduate students (2 MS, 1 PhD) were trained in tree fruit pest management research and outreach skills. Direct consultation with agricultural industry specialists on new insecticide and pheromone technologies provided additional professional development opportunities. One undergraduate student was trained in measuring tree water status and in orchard irrigation techniques. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Targeted audiences for dissemination included producers, horticulturists, pest management specialists, regulatory and land management agency staff, pesticide applicators, agricultural industry professionals, extension staff, arborists, and home gardeners. Results were disseminated via the presentations, publications, and discussions with colleagues described above. In 2021, project results were published in 3 refereed journal articles and 2 extension newsletter articles. Project results were disseminated to 300 face-to-face contacts and over 168,000 radio show listeners. Six presentations were delivered at conferences, workshops, and field days. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Ongoing studies to evaluate novel reduced-risk pest management technologies and insect monitoring/management decision tools are planned for 2022. Ongoing studies to evaluate fertility management in tart cherry orchards will continue in 2022.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Entomology Obj. 1. Test and demonstrate reduced-risk pest management technologies.A novel systemic insecticide from FMC was tested at three rates alone, in combination with a soy-oil non-ionic adjuvant, and as compared to label rates of Movento and Versys, registered insecticides, for efficacy in suppressing woolly apple aphid (WAA). The number of WAA colonies per tree rose steadily throughout the trial period for all treatments, except the Movento + Adjuvant. Movento kept WAA colony counts fairly flat following the first application on May 13, and then more substantially following the second application on May 24. The Versys + Adjuvant treatment dropped below the Untreated Control and V6Z92 treatments on the final sampling date of Jun 7 (14-days post-2nd application); however, none of the rates of the novel compound, V6Z92, with or without the adjuvant lowered WAA colony counts. Mean WAA colony severity ratings followed a similar trend to colony counts with only the Movento treatment lowering colony size/severity as compared to the untreated control and all other treatments. Low densities of multicolored Asian and convergent ladybeetles, lacewing eggs and larvae, and spiders were observed in the trees during the trial. Observations of tree foliage on June 7 revealed no indications of phytotoxicity. Entomology Obj. 2. Test and demonstrate novel insect monitoring tools.Egg Mass Surveys for Parasitoid Wasp Detection. Egg mass surveys in 2020 and 2021 have identified two main parasitoid species parasitizing BMSB in northern Utah: the native Trissolcus euschisti and the exotic Trissolcus japonicus (samurai wasp). T. euschisti and T. japonicus have shown dramatic differences in emergence rates from parasitized egg masses with a mean successful emergence of 1.8% and 77.6% respectively, for egg masses that were parasitized. The first confirmation of T. japonicus parasitizing wild BMSB egg masses in an orchard setting in Utah occurred in Davis County in June, 2021. All previous parasitized BMSB egg mass observations have been in urban settings. Sticky Card Surveys for Parasitoid Wasp Detection. In 2020, four species of Trissolcus were identified from sticky card trapping: T. euschisti (65.5% of parasitoid specimens collected), T. utahensis (16.3%), T. strabus (5.7%), and T. japonicus (4.8%). Unidentifiable species made up 7.7%. T. japonicus was detected in Weber, Davis, Salt Lake, and Utah counties in four new site locations since the original detection of T. japonicus in 2019. In 2021, preliminary results found six Trissolcus species: T. euschisti, T. utahensis, T. strabus, T. japonicus, T. hullensis, and T. ruidus. T. japonicus was found in the same counties as 2020 with detections at three new orchard locations. Overall, surveys have detected T. japonicus at more locations and in higher densities for urban versus agricultural sites. Pathology Obj. 1 Fire blight. In spring 2021, a trial on apples was conducted to test organic treatments for their efficacy against the bacterial disease, fire blight. Due to poor flower production (from alternate bearing and cold damage), we were only able to select 40 branches from the entire orchard for testing, without regard for variety. There were ten treatments, with some being a single product, some being product mixtures, and some being sequential sprays. Branches were inoculated with the fire blight bacteria during full bloom, on April 29, where each of the 10 treatments had 4 reps. Percent infection was determined from the number of infected flowers out of total flowers, 4-weeks' post-inoculation. The least-performing treatments were the water-treated control (at 63% infection), Cueva (a copper product, at 66% infection), the combination of Double Nickel (beneficial bacteria) and Kasumin (an antibiotic), at 60% infection, and the combination of Serenade (beneficial bacteria) and Cueva, at 58% infection. AgriPhage (beneficial virus) also had poor control, at 41% infection. The remaining five treatments had similar efficacy. The Kasumin alone had 37% infection, and three treatments using using various sequential sprays of Blossom Protect (beneficial yeast), Serenade (beneficial bacterial), Cueva, and Kasumin, had 20 to 29% infection. Surprisingly, the combination of Serenade and Garden Phos (phosphorus acid) had better control than the Kasumin, with 25% infection. This combination can be used by both commercial and backyard growers. Pomology Obj. 1. Irrigation. The drought stress studies conducted in the apple orchards at Kaysville that focused on remote sensing of irrigation water stats were concluded in 2020, and the research results were compiled and submitted for publication in 2021. These results were initially rejected from the target journal and are being revised for resubmission. No additional irrigation studies were conducted in 2021. However, the tart cherry orchard was used to compare fertilizer type and timing under uniform irrigation. Data on tree growth and yield were collected for this experiment during the 2021 reporting period. Pomology Obj. 2. Windbreaks. Data were collected on windbreak survival and growth in 2021. Data for the first 5 years of this study were published in a peer-reviewed research journal in 2020. Outreach Obj. 1. Disseminate results to the fruit industry. Results of the Integrated Fruit Management Systems Project were disseminated to Utah fruit industry stakeholders at the following events in 2021: 1) Utah State Horticultural Association Annual Convention, January 21 and 22 (virtual, 75 contacts); 2) Utah Urban and Small Farms Conference, March 2-4 (virtual, 50 contacts); 3) Utah State University Extension Annual Conference, March 18-19, Logan (25 contacts); 4) Tree Fruit Grower Summer Meetings (sponsored by Mountainland Packing Co.), May-August, Santaquin, UT (50 contacts); 5) Utah State University Extension CEU Pesticide Education Course (online and ongoing); 6) Utah State University Extension Gardening Experts Facebook Live (online; 35 contacts); and 7) Utah Public Radio Green Thumb Show, January-December (once per month radio broadcast; approx. 14,000 listeners per show), Logan, UT. Outreach Obj. 2. Publish findings. The project resulted in 3 research publications and 2 Extension publications during the reporting period. These are detailed in the dissemination portion of the report. Outreach Obj. 3. Present results at professional meetings. Results were shared with professional audiences at the following conferences in 2021: 1) Entomological Society of American Annual Meeting, October 31 - November 3, Denver, CO; and 2) Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America, April 5-7 (virtual).
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Hansen, S., Black, B. L., Alston, D. G., Lindstrom, T., & Olsen, S. (2021, April 29). A comparison of nine primocane fruiting raspberry cultivars for suitability to a high-elevation, arid climate. International Journal of Fruit Science / Taylor and Francis, 21(1), 500-508.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Caron, M. S., Beddes, T., Pace, M., & Black, B. L. (2021). Evaluation of Cold-Hardy Grapes on the Wasatch Front. (vol. Horticulture/2021/Grapes/01). USU Extension.
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Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20
Outputs
Target Audience:Targeted audiences for dissemination included producers, horticulturists, pest management specialists, regulatory and land management agency staff, pesticide applicators, agricultural industry professionals, extension staff, arborists, and home gardeners. Changes/Problems:Due to Covid-19 travel restrictions not all disease survey sites could be visited in 2020. Previously, the program purchased a used trunk shake cherry harvester. For the past several years, this unit was not operational. During 2020, the research farm staff completed a rebuild of the motor, and this unit was again functional. We were able to use this in 2020 to machine harvest select trees as part of the fertility study. We plan to make several modifications to this machine in 2021 and continue to complete machine harvests. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Four undergraduate students and three graduate students (2 MS, 1 PhD) were trained in tree fruit pest management research and outreach skills. Direct consultation with agricultural industry specialists on new insecticide and pheromone technologies provided additional professional development opportunities. One graduate student (MS) and one undergraduate student were trained in measuring tree water status and in orchard irrigation scheduling techniques. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results were disseminated via the presentations, publications, and discussions with colleagues. In 2020, project results were published in 6 refereed journal articles (3 entomology, 3 pomology), 6 extension fact sheets (3 entomology, 3 pomology), and 3 newsletter articles. Project results were disseminated to 350 face-to-face contacts and over 168,000 radio show listeners. Project results and outcomes were shared, and new project initiatives discussed at the Utah State Horticultural Association annual convention (Spanish Fork, UT); the Urban and Small Farms annual conference (West Valley City, UT); the Northern Utah Fruit Growers meeting (Brigham City, UT), the national Entomological Society of America annual meetings (Virtual), and the American Society for Horticultural Science What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Ongoing studies to evaluate novel reduced-risk pest management technologies and insect monitoring/management decision tools are planned for 2021. The collected leafhoppers associated with Western X spread will be sequenced to confirm identity. The fire blight trials will continue in spring and summer of 2021, using different products and product combinations. Evaluation of the windbreak, irrigation and orchard fertility studies will continue in 2021.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Entomology Obj. 1. Test and demonstrate reduced-risk pest management technologies.A novel systemic insecticide from FMC was tested at three rates alone, in combination with a soy-oil non-ionic surfactant, and as compared to label rates of Movento and Versys, registered insecticides, for efficacy in suppressing woolly apple aphid (WAA). The number of WAA colonies per tree rose steadily throughout the trial period for all treatments, except the Movento + surfactant. Movento reduced WAA colony counts following the first application on May 13, and then again more substantially following the second application on May 27, and kept colony counts low through the completion of the trial. None of the rates of the novel compound with or without the surfactant lowered WAA colony counts, and neither did the Versys + surfactant treatment. Mean WAA colony severity ratings followed a similar trend to colony counts with only the Movento treatment lowering colony size/severity as compared to the untreated control and all other treatments. Low densities of multicolored Asian and convergent ladybeetles were observed in the trees during the trial. Entomology Obj. 2. Test and demonstrate novel insect monitoring tools.Survey for native and exotic parasitoid wasps of the invasive insect pest, brown marmorated stink bug, were compared with yellow and blue sticky cards. Preliminary results show blue cards attract fewer target wasps and non-target arthropods than yellow cards, while representing a similar target wasp species complex. These results support the potential for increased screening efficiency with blue cards, and their use in parasitoid wasp surveys. Yellow and blue sticky card traps deployed in 2019 and 2020 detected the samurai wasp (Trissolcus japonicus) in Davis, Salt Lake, Utah, and Weber counties. Pathology Obj. 1 Fire blight.In spring and summer 2020, two fire blight trials were conducted: one for products to protect flowers in spring and one for a product to protect pruning cuts in summer. The spring trial tested seven treatments including Agri-Mycin, Kasumin, Serenade, Blossom Protect, Previsto, AgriPhage, Agrifos, and the summer trial tested one, Actigard. Water was used for both trials as a control. We found that the conventional antibiotic, Agri-Mycin, provided the best control (23% of flower clusters were infected), followed by the organic options, Blossom Protect (35% infection) and Serenade (40% infection). The water-treated control branches had 61% infection. By variety, Gala had the greatest infection rate (54%), followed by Fuji (39%), and Golden Delicious (30%). In the summer experiment, previous fireblight strikes were pruned out and Actigard was applied right after pruning, directed at the pruning cuts, along the branch bark to the trunk, and along the trunk bark for about two feet. We found good results with the use of Actigard. On treated trees, just 4% of the cut branches started growing fire blight again. On trees treated with water, 9% of branches started growing fire blight again, and on three of those branches, the infection spread into a large branch or into the main stem. Pathology Obj. cherry disease. Western X survey was completed in tart cherry and peaches. Vectors for the phytoplasma disease were found in Utah county in five orchards. The vectors were Colladonus montanus, Paraphlepsus irroratus, Fiebriella florii and Euscelidius variegatus. Western X phytoplasma was detected in three symptomatic tart cherry trees in Davis county. Pomology Obj. 1. Irrigation. Studies continued to determine the response of apples and cherries to drought stress. An experimental apple orchard at the Kaysville farm was subjected to prolonged drought and trees were monitored for stem water potential. This orchard consists of a two scion x two rootstock factorial. Drought cycles have been induced each of the last four seasons. Results so far indicate that the scions influence drought tolerance more than the rootstocks for the combination used in this study. Trees in this orchard were also used to evaluate instrumentation for sensing drought stress. Data on stem water potential, sap flow rate and fluctuations in trunk circumference were compared during the dry down cycles. Results for this work will be published in 2021. Pomology Obj. 2. Windbreaks. Data were collected on windbreak survival and growth in 2020. Data for the first 5 years of this study were published in a peer-reviewed research journal during this reporting period. Pomology, other activites - Sucker suppression. We examined four different treatments at four different timings during the spring to control sucker growth on apple trees planted on M.7 rootstocks for sucker suppression in 2019. Results were included in a M.S. thesis that was completed in 2020. Outreach Obj. 1. Disseminate results to the fruit industry. Results of the Integrated Fruit Management Systems Project were disseminated to Utah fruit industry stakeholders at the following events in 2020: 1) Utah State Horticultural Association Annual Convention, January 23-24, Spanish Fork, UT (75 contacts); 2) Utah State University Extension Annual Conference, February 26, Logan (20 contacts); 3) Utah Urban and Small Farms Conference, March 4-5, West Valley City, UT (50 contacts); 4) Tree Fruit Grower Summer Meetings (sponsored by Mountainland Packing Co.), May-August, Santaquin, UT (50 contacts); 5) Utah State University Kaysville Farm Field Day, June 30, Kaysville, UT (40 contacts); 6) Utah State University Extension CEU Pesticide Education Course (online and ongoing); 7) Utah State University Extension Gardening Experts Facebook Live, October 23 (online; 35 contacts); and 8) Utah Public Radio Green Thumb Show, January-December (once per month radio broadcast; approx. 14,000 listeners per show), Logan, UT. Outreach Obj. 2. Publish findings. The project resulted in 3 entomology research publications and 3 pomology research publications. Extension publications included 3 entomology fact sheets and 3 pomology fact sheets. There were also 3 newsletter articles published during the reporting period. These are detailed in the dissemination portion of the report. Outreach Obj. 3. Present results at professional meetings. Results were shared with professional audiences at the following conferences in 2020: 1) USDA-NIFA Specialty Crop Research Initiative on Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Management, February 19-21, Davis, CA (50 contacts); and 2) Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, November 16-19, Virtual (100 contacts); 3) and two presentations to the American Society for Horticulture Science (virtual in 2020)
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Hansen, S., Gunnell, J., Whaley, A., Dai, X., Harding, C., & Black, B. L. (2020, June). Adaptability of tree species as windbreaks for urban farms in the U.S. Intermountain West. Horticulturae, 6(17).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Promchote, P., Wang, S., Black, B. L., & Johnson, P. G. (2020, August). Sub-seasonal prediction for bloom dates of tart cherries in Utah and Michigan, USA: merging phenological models with CFSv2 forecast. International Journal of Biometeorology, 64(12), 2141-2152.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Stott, L., Black, B. L., & Bugbee, B. G. (2020, January). Quantifying tree hydration using electromagnetic sensors. Horticulturae, 6(2).
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Black, B. L., & Seeley, E. (2020). Calibrating your orchard sprayer. (vol. SmallAcreage/2020-01pr). Logan: USU Extension.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Hansen, S., Black, B. L., Alston, D. G., Maughan, T., & Heflebower, R. F. (2020). Selecting summer-bearing raspberry cultivars for northern Utah. Logan: Utah State University Extension.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Hansen, S., Maughan, T., & Black, B. L. (2020). Training and Pruning Tart Cherries. (vol. 2020-01pr). Logan: USU Extension.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Presentations
Wheeler, W. (Presenter & Author), Bugbee, B. G. (Author Only), Black, B. L. (Author Only), Annual Meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science, "Approaches to automated measurement of fruit tree hydration for precision irrigation," American Society for Horticultural Science, Virtual. (August 9, 2020 - August 13, 2020)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Presentations
Black, B. L. (Presenter & Author), Harding, C. (Author Only), Cardon, G. (Author Only), Yost, M. (Author Only), Allen, N. (Author Only), Annual Meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science, "Using GPS-linked ceptometry to develop refined crop coefficients for tart cherry trees," American Society for Horticultural Science, Virtual. (August 9, 2020 - August 13, 2020)
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Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Targeted audiences for dissemination included producers, horticulturists, pest management specialists, regulatory and land management agency staff, pesticide applicators, agricultural industry professionals, extension staff, arborists, and home gardeners. Changes/Problems:There are no other changes/problems to report for this period. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Project results and outcomes were shared, and new project initiatives discussed at the Utah State Horticultural Association annual convention (Spanish Fork, UT); the Urban and Small Farms annual conference (West Valley City, UT); the Northern Utah Fruit Growers meeting (Brigham City, UT) and the national Entomological Society of America annual meetings (St. Louis, MO). Four undergraduate students and two graduate students (1 MS, 1 PhD) were trained in tree fruit pest management research techniques. One graduate student was trained in integrated orchard management. Two undergraduate students were trained in Western X phytoplasma and leafhopper identification techniques. One undergraduate student was trained in stem water potential readings and collected data for the apple irrigation project. One pomology graduate student was trained in remote sensing, GIS data collection and tree water stress as related to precision orchard management. Direct consultation with agricultural industry specialists on new insecticide and pheromone technologies provided additional professional development opportunities. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?In 2019, project results were published in 3 refereed journal articles, 2 extension fact sheet, and 1 newsletter article. Project results were disseminated to 255 face-to-face contacts and over 168,000 radio show listeners. Three presentations were delivered at conferences, workshops, and field days. The following publications were produced based at least in part on activities in this project. Refereed research publications: - Barbour, J., D. Alston, D. Walsh, and M. Pace. 2019. Mating disruption for Prionus californicus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in sweet cherry and hop. Journal of Economic Entomology 112 (3): 1130-1137. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy430 - Culumber, C. M., J. Reeve, B. Black, C. Ransom, and D. Alston. 2019. Organic orchard floor management influence on soil quality indicators: nutrient fluxes, microbial biomass and activity. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 115 (1): 101-115 DOI 10.1007/s10705-019-10007-2. https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s10705-019-10007-2?author_access_token=tsDEcI1jeY6z6eV7Seabtve4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY76irvoreYOhLlK6-C263LpMtj0zsotubaVsIQzVkA975tmhZnVoXFlsdbtG0GwfwKGj2P8J1sdp_Y4We1SJzh0gsjnroMw0v8aibg7Hw-PrA%3D%3D - Thomsen, E., J. Reeve, C. M. Culumber, D. Alston, R. Newhall, and G. Cardon. 2019. Simple soil tests for on-site evaluation of soil health in orchards. Sustainability 11, 6009; doi:10.3390/su11216009. file:///C:/Users/A00015856/Downloads/sustainability-11-06009.pdf. Extension publications: - Rodman, T., L. Spears, D. Alston, C. Cannon, K. Watson, and J. Caputo. 2019. Velvet longhorned beetle, Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann). Utah Pests Fact Sheet ENT-208-19-PR. Utah State University Extension, Logan, UT. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2976&context=extension_curall - Whaley, A., J. Reeve, B. Black, C. Ransom, D. Alston, C. M. Culumber, and L. Coyle. 2019. Orchard floor management practices for establishing organic peaches in the Intermountain West. eOrganic. https://eorganic.org/node/33459 Newsletter articles: - Alston, D. and C. Nischwitz. 2019. Vegetable leafminer survey. Utah Pests News 13: 4 (Summer), Utah State University Extension, Logan, UT. http://utahpests.usu.edu/files/up-newsletter/2019/UtahPestsNews-summer19-2.pdf What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Ongoing studies to evaluate novel reduced-risk pest management technologies and insect monitoring/management decision tools are planned for 2020. The Western X disease survey will be conducted for one more year. A new fire blight trial is planned for 2020. Orchard irrigation research will continue, with an emphasis on precision (variable rate) irrigation, and a combination of irrigation and fertility management. The scion x rootstock study will continue through 2020, with results summarized for publication in late 2020 or early 2021. The IPM tart cherry block will be incorporated into a multi-state study evaluating the "4Rs of fertilizer", the right time, right rate, right source and right placement. The treatments included here will focus on the 4Rs of nitrogen.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Entomology Obj. 1. Test and demonstrate reduced-risk pest management technologies. 1) A new mating disruption dispenser for codling moth, Cidetrak CMDA Combo Meso (Trece Incorp., Adair, OK) was tested for the 2nd year at the USU horticultural research farm. Reduction of codling moth populations as measured in pheromone traps (see Obj. 2) was effective with the Meso dispenser; however low levels of fruit injury (1-4%) were detected following 1st and 2nd generations of codling moth. 2) Two systemic insecticides were tested individually and in combination for their efficacy in suppressing woolly apple aphid. Treatments with moderate and high label rates of MOVENTO performed the best in keeping WAA colony counts low during the post-treatment period. EXIREL HI had significantly more WAA colonies than all other treatments. All treatments with MOVENTO, except for MOVENTO LO alone had significantly fewer WAA colonies on the final two or three dates of the trial (1-, 2-, and 3-weeks post-treatment after the second application) than the UNTREATED. The treatments with EXIREL alone were either greater (EXIREL HI) or no different (EXIREL LO and EXIREL MOD) than the UNTREATED in post-treatment counts. Entomology Obj. 2. Test and demonstrate novel insect monitoring tools. The added efficacy of acetic acid (AA) lures was compared to CMDA lures alone for monitoring codling moth populations in the CMDA Combo Meso mating disruption trial. Total moth trap capture was higher where AA lures were added. More female moths were caught in traps with added AA lures. Pomology Obj. 1. Irrigation. Studies continued to determine the response of apples and cherries to drought stress. An experimental apple orchard at the Kaysville farm was subjected to prolonged drought and trees were monitored for stem water potential. This orchard consists of a two scion x two rootstock factorial. Drought cycles have been induced each of the last three seasons. Results so far indicate that the scions influence drought tolerance more than the rootstocks, for the combination used in this study. Research is also underway to develop a system for precision orchard management. During the 2019 reporting period, multiple orchards were mapped for canopy characteristics using both a ground-based ceptometer and aerial imagery (UAV-based camera). Data from these technique were collected periodically throughout the season, in an effort to track leaf area development, which is directly related to irrigation crop coefficients. These data are currently being analyzed. For several of these orchards, variable rate irrigation treatments were initiated in replicated blocks within these commercial orchards and the effects monitored for a second season. These data are currently being analyzed. Pomology Obj. 2. Windbreaks. Data were collected on windbreak survival and growth in 2019. The GIS-based ceptometry system developed for the precision orchard irrigation experiment was also used to measure light interception by the windbreak plots in order to quantify canopy density. Data for the first 5 years of this study were analyzed, summarized and submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed research journal during this reporting period. Pomology, other activites - Sucker suppression. We examined four different treatments at four different timings during the spring to control sucker growth on apple trees planted on M.7 rootstocks. Suckers were cut using a hedge trimmer prior to beginning treatments. The first treatment data was when suckers had grown to between 8 and 15 cm. Treatments applied were paraquat, NAA, urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), flame, and water as a control. Evaluations were made on June 10 and July 1, 2019. Based on the July 1 evaluation date, treatments made at the later dates provided better control than those at the earlier dates. All of the treatments provided some control compared to the water control. Across timings, paraquat and UAN provided better control than flame or NAA. No sucker suppression product provides season long control. UAN has the added benefit of providing some nitrogen for crop growth and this should be factored into the fertilizer program. Outreach Obj. 1. Disseminate results to the fruit industry. Results of the Integrated Fruit Management Systems Project were disseminated to Utah fruit industry stakeholders at the following events in 2019: 1) Utah State Horticultural Association Annual Convention, January 24-25, Spanish Fork, UT (75 contacts); 2) Utah Urban and Small Farms Conference, February 20-21, West Valley City, UT (60 contacts); 3) Tree Fruit Grower Summer Meetings (sponsored by Mountainland Packing Co.), May-August, Santaquin, UT (50 contacts); and 4) Utah Public Radio Green Thumb Show, January-November (once per month radio broadcast; approx. 14,000 listeners per show), Logan, UT. Results of the Western X disease survey from 2018 were presented to Utah fruit industry stakeholders at the Utah State Horticultural Association Annual Convention, January 24-25, Spanish Fork, UT (75 contacts) and the Tree Fruit Grower field day, July 9, Santaquin, UT (20 contacts). Outreach Obj. 2. Publish findings. The project resulted in 3 research publications, 2 Extension publications and 1 newsletter article during the reporting period. These are detailed in the dissemination portion of the report. Outreach Obj. 3. Present results at professional meetings. Results were shared with professional audiences at the following conferences in 2019: Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, November 16-29, St. Louis, MO (100 contacts)
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Black, B. L., Maughan, T., Nolasco, C., & Christensen, B. (2019, March). Advancing primocane-fruiting raspberry production in the Intermountain West using spring protection. HortScience, 54(3), 476-479.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Culumber, M., Reeve, J., Black, B. L., Ransom, C., & Alston, D. G. (2019, June 25). Organic orchard floor management influence on soil quality indicators: nutrient fluxes, microbial biomass and activity. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 115(1), 101-115.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Maughan, T., Drost, D. T., & Black, B. L. (2019). High Tunnel Site Selection. (Horticulture/High Tunnel/2019-04 ed.). Logan, UT: USU Extension.
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Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:Targeted audiences for dissemination included producers, horticulturists, pest management specialists, regulatory and land management agency staff, pesticide applicators, agricultural industry professionals, extension staff, arborists, and home gardeners. Changes/Problems:Due to the extreme fire blight pressure the research trees will be given a year to recover. There are no other changes/problems to report at this time. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Project results and outcomes were shared, and new project initiatives discussed, with tree fruit pest management colleagues at the annual Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference (Portland, OR); the Utah State Horticultural Association annual convention (Spanish Fork, UT); the Urban and Small Farms annual conference (West Jordan, UT); the Box Elder Fruit Growers meeting (Brigham City, UT) and the regional and national Entomological Society of America annual meetings (Reno, NV; Vancouver, BC, Canada). Two undergraduate students and two graduate students (1 MS, 1 PhD) were trained in tree fruit pest management research techniques. One graduate student was trained in integrated orchard management. Direct consultation with agricultural industry specialists on new insecticide and pheromone technologies provided additional professional development opportunities. As fire blight occurred in commercial fields recommendations and suggestions were provided in one-on-one meetings during field visit. Commercial orchard managers were consulted in irrigation management strategies and the relationship between orchard irrigation and tree health and productivity. One undergraduate student was trained in pruning infected branches from apple trees and how to evaluate the research trial. One undergraduate student was trained in stem water potential readings and collected data for the apple irrigation project. An MS graduate student is carrying out the precision orchard irrigation project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?In 2018, Entomology results were published in 1 refereed journal article, 2 extension fact sheet, 3 newsletter articles, and one news release to Utah and neighboring states. Project results were disseminated to 545 face-to-face contacts and over 800,000 radio show listeners. Three presentations were delivered at conferences, workshops, and field days. The pathology results for the trial were presented at the following venues: a. Utah State Horticultural Association Annual Convention, January 18-19, 2018 in Spanish Fork, UT (75 attendees) b. Master gardener classes in Southern Utah (80 attendees), January 24-26, 2018 c. Utah State University Kaysville Fruit and Vegetable Field Day, June 20, 2018 in Kaysville, UT (40 attendees). The apple irrigation study was a featured stop at the Kaysville Fruit and Vegetable Field Day mentioned above. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Additional and ongoing studies to evaluate new reduced-risk pest management technologies and insect monitoring/management decision tools are planned for 2019. Fire blight trial will continue in 2020 if funding can be obtained. Orchard irrigation research will continue, with an emphasis on precision (variable rate) irrigation. Treatments initiated in 2018 will be monitored for two years. Windbreak comparison will continue through 2019, with initial growth and survival data submitted for publication.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Entomology Obj. 1. Test and demonstrate reduced-risk pest management technologies. A new mating disruption dispenser for codling moth, Cidetrak CMDA Combo Meso (Trece Incorp., Adair, OK) was tested at the USU horticultural research farm. The Meso dispensers are large and require a dramatically reduced application rate (only 18 per acre compared to 200-400 per acre for small dispensers). Reduction of codling moth populations as measured in pheromone traps (see Obj. 2) was effective with the Meso dispenser, and no fruit injury following 1st and 2nd generations of codling moth was detected. Data are still under analysis. Entomology Obj. 2. Test and demonstrate novel insect monitoring tools. The added efficacy of acetic acid (AA) lures was compared to CMDA lures alone for monitoring codling moth populations in the CMDA Combo Meso mating disruption trial. Total moth trap capture was higher where AA lures were added. Moths are undergoing sexing (male vs female) and dissection to evaluate effects of AA lures on increasing capture of female moths, and mated vs unmated female moths. A study to compare the efficacy of the traditional method for setting codling moth biofix (first activity in the season) through use of traps baited with female sex pheromone (trap-biofix) vs an equation based on latitude and elevation (Jones' equation; fixed-biofix) was compared in fruit growing regions of northern and southern Utah in 2016-18. A convenient and accurate method to set codling moth biofix is critical to effective codling moth management. Our target error rate for differences between the two methods was < 5 days. The predictions for 1st- and 2nd-generation start and end of egg hatch for most locations fell within the target range using the fixed-biofix date. The results of this Utah study support the validity of using the Jones' equation to set biofix, with a March 1 start date. This alternative biofix-setting option will help balance issues with spring temperature variation, low codling moth populations, and trap operation errors that lead to challenges in setting accurate biofix dates with pheromone traps. The fixed-biofix model was included in the Utah Temperature Resource and Alerts for Pests (TRAPs) website in 2018, and tested that season for accuracy. This site is used by growers and crop consultants to time codling moth management actions. Training of Utah's tree fruit industry in the efficiency and accuracy of the equation-based biofix-setting model (fixed-biofix) is underway. A fact sheet was written to educate stakeholders on the new biofix-setting method: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2933&context=extension_curall Pathology Obj. 1. Fireblight A fire blight trial was conducted in Spring 2018 at the Kaysville research farm. Fire blight pressure was extremely high this year. We had nine treatments in the trial: 1. Untreated control, 2. Streptomycin control (200ppm), 3. Kasugamycin control (64 fl.oz/100gal), 4. Lifegard, 5. Blossom Protect, 6. Blossom Protect followed by streptomycin, 7. Blossom Protect followed by kasugamycin, 8. Experimental product 1 (0.35% w/v), 9. Experimental product 2 ( 0.25% w/v). The analysis across all cultivars for May 24, 2018 showed all treatments had significantly lower incidence than the untreated control with the exception of the two biological control products, Lifegard and Blossom Protect. Numerically, streptomycin showed the best control with 30% infection followed by kasugamycin (32% infection), Experimental product 2 (35%) and Experimental product 1 (40%). The untreated control was at 63% infected flower clusters. At the second evaluation May 31, 2018 streptomycin (46%), kasugamycin (40%) and Experimental product 2 (41%) were still significantly better than the untreated control (68%). Pomology Obj. 1. Irrigation. Studies continued to determine the response of apples and cherries to drought stress. An experimental orchard at the Kaysville farm was subjected to prolonged drought and trees were monitored for stem water potential. This orchard consists of a two scion x two rootstock factorial. Results from 2018 indicate that the scions influence drought tolerance more than the rootstocks, for the combination used in this study. Research is also underway to develop a system for precision orchard management. A sensing device was developed and tested on commercial tart cherry harvesters to map yield variability within the orchard. During the 2018 year, we mapped soil and canopy variability across multiple orchards. The Kaysville IPM orchards were used for mapping canopy density. Commercial orchards in Utah County were mapped for canopy density, soil texture and for yield variability. Variable rate irrigation treatments were initiated in replicated blocks within the commercial orchards and the effect will be monitored for two years. Pomology Obj. 2. Windbreaks. Data were collected on windbreak survival and growth in 2018.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Adams, S., Lordan, J., Fazio, G., Bugbee, B. G., Francescatto, P., Robinson, T. L., & Black, B. L. (2018, January 03). Effect of scion and graft type on transpiration, hydraulic resistance and xylem hormone profile of apples grafted on Geneva41 and M.9-NIC29 rootstocks. Scientia Horticulturae, 227(2018), 213-222.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Black, B. L., Lindstrom, T., Hunter, B., Olsen, S. H., Hansen, S., & Maughan, T. (2018). Selecting blackberry cultivars for Utah. (Fruit/2018-01pr ed., vol. Horticulture/Fruit). USU Extension.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Maughan, T., Olsen, S. H., & Black, B. L. (2018). Blackberry management in Utah. (Fruit/2018-01pr ed., vol. Horticulture/Fruit). USU Extension.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Thomsen, E., Culumber, C. M., Reeve, J., Cardon, G., Alston, D. G., Black, B. L., & Ransom, C. (2018). Strategies for managing soil fertility and health in organic orchards. (Orchards/2018-01pr ed.). USU Extension.
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Progress 09/11/17 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Targeted audiences for dissemination included producers, horticulturists, pest management specialists, regulatory and land management agency staff, pesticide applicators, agricultural industry professionals, extension staff, arborists, and home gardeners. Changes/Problems:Due to heavy crop load in 2016 and a late frost in 2017 there were insufficient flowers in the apple block designated for fire blight, and so research was postponed to 2018. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Project results and outcomes were shared, and new project initiatives discussed, with tree fruit pest management colleagues at the annual Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference (Portland, OR); the Utah State Horticultural Association annual convention (Spanish Fork, UT); the Urban and Small Farms annual conference (West Jordan, UT); the Box Elder Fruit Growers meeting (Brigham City, UT) and the regional and national Entomological Society of America annual meetings (Portland, OR; Denver, CO). Two undergraduate students were trained in tree fruit pest management research techniques. One graduate student was trained in integrated orchard management. Direct consultation with agricultural industry specialists on new insecticide and pheromone technologies provided additional professional development opportunities. As fire blight occurred in commercial fields recommendations and suggestions were provided in one-on-one meetings during field visit. Commercial orchard managers were consulted in irrigation management strategies and the relationship between orchard irrigation and tree health and productivity. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Targeted audiences for dissemination included producers, horticulturists, pest management specialists, regulatory and land management agency staff, pesticide applicators, agricultural industry professionals, extension staff, arborists, and home gardeners. Results were disseminated via the presentations, publications, and discussions with colleagues described above. In 2017, project results were published in 2 refereed journal articles, 5 extension fact sheets, 2 newsletter articles, and one newspaper article in the Salt Lake Tribune. Project results were disseminated to 495 face-to-face contacts and over 800,000 radio show listeners. Eleven presentations were delivered at conferences, workshops, and field days. Information on the 2016 fire blight trial was provided at the 2017 Utah State Horticulture Association meeting. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Additional and ongoing studies to evaluate new reduced-risk pest management technologies and insect monitoring/management decision tools are planned for 2018. A fire blight trial will be conducted in 2018, and chemistries for control of other apple diseases will be tested as needed. High density tart cherry plantings will be evaluated for productivity, and pest and disease incidence. Drought stress studies will continue in high density apple orchards.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Research Obj. 1. Test and demonstrate reduced-risk pest management technologies. A new reduced-risk diamide insecticide, cyclaniliprole (Harvanta) was evaluated for its control of the key insect pest of tart cherry, western cherry fruit fly (WCFF, Rhagoletis indifferens) in large orchard plots (0.1 acre; 0.04 ha). Harvanta was tested at low and high rates in rotation with an industry standard, spinetoram (Delegate), and compared to the same rotation with another diamide, cyantraniliprole (Exirel). All insecticide treatments completely prevented fruit injury as compared to 5.5% infestation in the untreated control. All insecticide treatments reduced adult WCFF caught on yellow sticky traps; the rotation with Harvanta at the high rate (22 oz per acre) reduced adult populations the most. None of the treatments stimulated pest mite or insect densities in tree canopies. Long-lasting insecticide netting (LLIN) in bright yellow color (Vestergaard Frandsen; 0.4% deltamethrin incorporated in polyethylene mesh fabric) was tested for its potential to attract and kill WCFF in cherry orchards. Although fly mortality was not directly assessed as they fly off before death, addition of ammonium carbonate (AC) bait to sheets of the netting was highly attractive to the fruit flies (an average of 4 WCFF per trap per day with AC bait as compared to 0.5 flies per day with addition of GF-120 bait and 0.2 flies per day with no bait). LLIN nets show promise for suppression of crop insect pests, such as WCFF. Research Obj. 2. Test and demonstrate novel insect monitoring tools. Timing of control actions for the key insect pest of apple and pear, codling moth (Cydia pomonella) is based on setting an accurate biofix, or first catch of adult moths each season. A study to compare a new formula- vs trap-based biofix model found that the formula based on latitude and elevation was as effective as the pheromone trap method in predicting codling moth generation times and egg hatch periods. The model variance was 0-3 days in 2016, and 1-6 days in 2017. More variable spring temperatures in 2017 affected codling moth flight activity and determination of first flight. The USU Extension program will incorporate the formula-based biofix model into its online Temperature Resource and Alerts for Pests (TRAPs) pest decision tool (https://climate.usurf.usu.edu/traps/). Three types of trap designs paired with an effective lure (Pherocon BMSB Dual Lure) were evaluated for attraction of brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), a new invasive insect pest, in agricultural and residential landscapes of northern Utah. In residential ornamental landscapes, the majority of BMSB adults and nymphs were caught in Dead-Inn Pyramid Traps; however, in orchards, more adults were caught on the Pherocon Dual Panel Clear Sticky Trap, and few nymphs were detected. The Pherocon Dual Funnel Tube Trap was tested in residential sites, but had much lower efficacy than the pyramid trap. Peak BMSB capture in residential sites was in July, while highest capture in orchard and vegetable sites was during August. These results suggest that different types of traps will be the most useful in different habitat types. Research Obj. 3. Integrated fruit management systems. Graduate student Sheriden Hansen conducted a study on mechanical pruning of high density tart cherry orchards, and how these treatments affected disease incidence and coverage uniformity of crop protectants. Results indicate that combinations of vigorous cherry rootstocks and mechanical hedging result in tree canopies that are too dense for appropriate disease and insect management. However, hedging treatments coupled with appropriately dwarfing rootstocks provided uniform canopy densities that were appropriate for good light distribution, reduced disease incidence, and uniform distribution of crop protectants. Ms. Hansen successfully defended her thesis in December 2017, and results will be published in 2018. Research Obj. 4 and 5. Fire blight trial had to be cancelled, and there were no other disease problems in apples. Research Obj. 6. Studies continued to determine the response of apples and cherries to drought stress. An experimental orchard at the Kaysville farm was subjected to prolonged drought and trees were monitored for stem water potential. The orchard is still young and not fully established, but differences were noted in stem water potential between both scion and rootstock cultivars. Research was carried out under a preceding project to compare the hydraulic conductance of these same scion - rootstock combinations. This work showed no difference in hydraulic conductance, but results from this study would indicate that there may still be differences in drought tolerance under field conditions. The hydraulic conductance results were accepted for publication in the journal Scientia Horticulturae in early 2018. Research obj. 7. We continue to monitor growth and canopy density of windbreak species. Outreach Obj. 1. Disseminate results to the fruit industry. Results of the Integrated Fruit Management Systems Project were disseminated to Utah fruit industry stakeholders at the following events in 2017: 1) Utah State Horticultural Association Annual Convention, January 18-20, Spanish Fork, UT; 2) Utah Pest Control and Lawncare Association Annual Convention, January 31, Kaysville, UT; 3) Northern Utah Fruit Growers Meeting, February 3, Brigham City, UT; 4) Master Gardener Entomology Class, February 7-10, Kanab, St. George and Cedar City, UT; 5) Great Plains Diagnostic Network Webinar Series, February 15, Electronic webinar; 6) Utah Urban and Small Farms Conference, February 22-23, West Jordan, UT; 7) Tree Fruit Grower Summer Meetings (sponsored by Mountainland Packing Co.), March 28-June 29, Santaquin, UT; 8) Utah Tree Fruit Field Day, June 29, Payson, UT; 9) KSL Radio Interview, October 27, Salt Lake City, UT; 10) Utah Fruit School, November 16 and 28, Spanish Fork, UT; and 11) Utah Public Radio Green Thumb Show, May 3-November 29 (once per month radio broadcast), Logan, UT. Outreach Obj. 3. Present results at professional meetings. Results were shared with professional audiences at the following conferences in 2017: 1) 91st Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference, January 11-13, Portland, OR; and 2) 101st Annual Meeting of the Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America, April 2-5, Portland, OR.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Black, B. L., Bugbee, B. G., Johnson, R. S. (2017). Infra-red temperature sensors for automated monitoring of orchard tree water status (vol. 1177, pp. 289-293). Acta Horticulturae
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Reeve, J., Culumber, M., Black, B. L., Ransom, C., Tebeau, A., Alston, D. G. (2017). Establishing organic and integrated peach orchards in Utah. Scientia Horticulturae, 214, 242-251. 1081, 0312, 1086, 01275,
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Tebeau, A. S., Alston, D. G., Ransom, C., Black, B. L., Reeve, J., Culumber, C. M. (2017). Effects of floor vegetation and fertility management on weed biomass and diversity in organic peach orchards. Weed Technology, 31(3), 404-415. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/weed-technology/article/effects-of-floor-vegetation-and-fertility-management-on-weed-biomass-and-diversity-in-organic-peach-orchards/2825B089ABB0B24FFDF66A98A76FE4CB
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Maughan, T., Pace, M., Black, B. L. (2017). Grape trellising and training basics (vol. Horticulture/Grapes/2017-02pr). USU Extension. digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2772&context=extension_curall
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Maughan, T., Black, B. L., Allen, L., Drost, D. T., Cardon, G. Grape Irrigation (vol. Horticulture/Grapes/2017-03.pr). USU Extension
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Maughan, T., Drost, D. T., Black, B. L., Day, S. (2017). Using Shade for Fruit and Vegetable Production (pp. 1-8). Logan UT: Utah State University Extension. digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2673&context=extension_curall
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Maughan, T., Pace, M., Black, B. L. (2017). Grape vine management for Utah (vol. Horticulture/Grapes/2017-01pr). USU Extension.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Olsen, S. H., Black, B. L. (2017). Growing blackberries. garden.usu.edu website.
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