STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE FOOD-BORNE PATHOGEN, CAMPYLOBACTER, ON POST-HARVEST POULTRY PRODUCTS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1014273
• Project Start Date: Oct 3, 2017
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2022
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Project Director
Owens, CA, M..

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS
(N/A)
FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72703

Performing Department
Poultry Sciences

Non Technical Summary
Foodborne illnesses continue to be a significant public health concern globally. In the United States, an estimated 48-million illness, 128,000 hospitalizations and 3000 deaths occur annually due to consumption of contaminated food products. The annual healthcare cost for treating these infections could be as high as $77 billion USD. Among the major bacterial foodborne pathogens, Campylobacter is the leading cause of diarrheal illness in the United States with an estimated 1.3 million cases of Campylobacteriosis occurring each year. Most of these cases are sporadic in nature, however, the incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis cases have increased in the United States in the last 10 years. Similar increase has been recorded in Europe, Australia, and other parts of the world.The food industry employs a plethora of preharvest and postharvest intervention strategies for controlling Campylobacter but human infections continue to occur. This increasing antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter spp. and limited efficacy of currently employed containment strategies has fueled significant interest in exploring the potential of novel approaches for controlling Campylobacter contamination at the postharvest stage in poultry to combat foodborne Campylobacteriosis in humans.Phytochemicals have been used as natural preservatives, flavor enhancers and dietary supplements in many cultures. The major groups of phytochemicals that have been used in food safety research in the last two decades include polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, lectins, and tannins. Some of the phytochemicals that possess significant antimicrobial efficacy include trans-cinnamaldehyde (extracted from cinnamon bark), eugenol (from clove oil), thymol, carvacrol (components in oregano oil), caprylic acid (medium chain fatty acid from coconut oil) and Beta-resorcylic acid (from Brazilian wood and berries). In addition, extracts from lemon grass, turmeric, ginger have also been investigated for their antimicrobial efficacy. Many phytochemicals with significant antimicrobial efficacies are also classified as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) by the FDA with low cytotoxicity and quick environmental biodegradability, thus making them safe and environmentally friendly antimicrobials. The long-term goal of this proposal is to provide poultry producers with natural, effective, and safe strategies for improving the post-harvest microbiological safety and shelf life of organic poultry products.

Animal Health Component

60%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

20%

Applied

60%

Developmental

20%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
712	3260	1100	85%
712	3280	1100	15%

Knowledge Area
712 - Protect Food from Contamination by Pathogenic Microorganisms, Parasites, and Naturally Occurring Toxins;

Subject Of Investigation
3260 - Poultry meat; 3280 - Other poultry products;

Field Of Science
1100 - Bacteriology;

Keywords

campylobacter

organic

chicken

food safety

post-harvest

Goals / Objectives
The goals/ opbjecives of this proposal are:Utilize novel treatments (e.g., natural plant extracts) as post-harvest antimicrobial wash to reduce Campylobacter on post-harvest poultry products.Determine the quality, shelf life and consumer actability of poultry products subjected to the aforementioned interventions.

Project Methods
Procedures:Objective A. Five different strains of C. jejuni isolated from chickens will be used for this objective. Each isolate will be cultured in Campylobacter Enrichment Broth (Difco) and incubated microaerophilically (85% N, 10% CO2, 5% O2) for 24 h at 42ºC. Equal portions from each of the strains will be combined to make a five-strain mixture of the pathogen. The bacterial population in the five-strain mixture will be determined by plating 0.1-mL portions of appropriate dilutions on Campy Line Agar (Line, 2001) plates, and incubating the plates microaerophilically at 42°C for 24 h.Whole chicken carcasses will be purchased from specialized stores selling organic poultry and poultry products. Two hundred microliters of a 5-strain mixture of C. jejuni in PBS (108 CFU/mL) will be used to spot inoculate the carcass. The inoculum will be spotted (~ 10 spots, 20 µL each) evenly on the surface, and air-dried for 30 min at 23°C to facilitate bacterial attachment (Nannapaneni et al. 2009). The treatments will include 0, 0.5 or 1% eugenol, carvacrol and β-resorcylic acid or 200 ppm chlorine/peracetic acid (industry control). Batches of 5 carcasses will be submerged in 20 L of sterile water (with or without plant compounds) maintained at 4oC in a plastic tub for a period of 30 min or until the carcass temperature reaches 4oC to mimic the FDA-recommended chill tank treatment (CFR 2014, title 9) (http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/ pkg/CFR-2014-title9-vol2/xmL/CFR-2014-title9-vol2-sec381-66.xmL). After treatment, carcasses will be removed and stored in a refrigerator. Carcasses will be sampled at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of refrigerated storage to determine surviving Campylobacter counts (Hanning et al. 2009). Five carcasses (n = 5) will be used per treatment/time point and the study will be repeated twice. For enumerating the surviving pathogen populations on carcass at each time point, the carcass will be immersed in 4 L of neutralizing broth and rinsed as recommended in ISO 6887-2. From the chicken carcass rinse, duplicate 10-fold serial dilutions will be prepared and 100 µL portions will be plated on Campy-line agar plates followed by aerobic incubation at 37oC and microaerophilic incubation at 42oC for enumeration of Campylobacter respectively (Aguiar et al., 2013). In addition, 1 mL portion of carcass rinse water will be enriched in Cysteine Selenite broth and Campylobacter enrichment broth followed by plating on selective media as described above.The above experimental template will be used to test plant compound efficacy in scald tanks (McKee et al. 2008). In this case, the treatments will be applied at a temperature of 60oC for 1 min. Birds used for these experiments will be electric stunned and bled prior to use in the experiments. Sample size, treatments, sampling points, and replications will be same as described for the chill tank studies.Objective B. Quantitative quality and sensory testing will be conducted only on products from treatments that have shown to be effective for reducing pathogens. The following are the assessments that will be made on meat.Sensory analysis of meat: Trained sensory panels will be used to assess consumer acceptability and intensity of overall impression, flavor, juiciness and tenderness using 9 point hedonic and 5-point just about right scales. Two panels/treatment will be used, which include 1. Boneless, skinless breast meat cooked using a baking method (serve ½ inch cubes), and 2. Boneless, skinless thighs. The panelists (n=75) will be presented with one treatment at a time which will consist of three 0.5 in2 cubes of breast meat or thigh identified by a random 3 digit code. All breast fillets and thighs will be cooked to an internal endpoint temperature of 76°C. Samples will be sectioned into cubes (0.5 in2 cubes) for sensory evaluation. All the cubed samples from each cook cycle will be pooled together by treatment and placed in a food heat holding cabinets until they are served with a maximum holding period of 30 min. Consumers will be given a questionnaire/ballot and asked to record their scores for aroma, overall impression, flavor, flavor aftertaste, texture and juiciness.Sensory panel testing: The consumer tests will be conducted at the University of Arkansas Sensory Laboratory and the Sensory Testing Facility. The sensory testing facility has individual testing booths with controlled lighting and positive airflow. Trained panelists will be recruited from the Sensory Lab database that consists of people of all ages from the local community. Treatments for sessions and serving order will be randomly chosen using a Williams design.Quality of chicken: The effect of aforementioned post-harvest treatments on the chicken meat quality during refrigerated storage will be determined as reported by Dawson et al. (2013). Chicken breasts (boneless, skinless) subjected with or without (control) the proposed treatments will be refrigerated for 10 days. The pH, lipid oxidation, and spoilage bacterial load of breast meat will be determined on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 of storage. Duplicate samples of meat will be used for each test on each sampling day, and the experiment will be replicated three times.pH measurement: Five grams of breast meat will be homogenized in 45 mL of sterile deionized water in a small meat grinder for 1 min, subjected to centrifugation (2000g x g for 10 min) and pH of the solution will be measured (Rahman et al., 2012).Determination of color: At 24 h postmortem, color (L*, a*, b* values) of the right breast fillets and thighs will be measured using a Minolta colorimeter. Color was measured on the medial surface of the muscles in three locations which were then averaged.Determination of water holding capacity (drip loss and cook loss): Fillets will be weighed at time of deboning and at 24 h postmortem for drip loss analysis. Samples from the right breast fillets will be collected and then cooked in aluminum lined and covered pans to an internal temperature of 76 C at 48 h postmortem. Fillet weights will be recorded before and after cooking to determine cook loss.Determination of lipid oxidation: The lipid oxidation of control and treated breast meat will be determined by thiobarbituric acid assay (TBA), as reported by Jo and Ahn (1998). Briefly, 5 g of meat will be homogenized in 15 mL of sterile deionized water for 1 min. A volume of 1 mL of the supernatant will be transferred to a tube, and 2 mL of 20 mM TBA/15% trichloroacetic acid (TBA/TCA) solution will be added. The mixture will be vortexed and boiled in a water bath for 15 min, and cooled at room temperature for 10 min. Following centrifugation for 15 min at 2000 × g, the absorbance of resulting supernatant solution will be determined at 531 nm. TBARS values will be calculated from a standard curve and expressed as mg malonaldehyde/kg sample.Determination of spoilage bacteria on poultry meat: Total spoilage bacteria will be determined as described by Hinton et al. (2004) with modification. Portions of 10 grams of breast meat will be transferred to sterile stomacher bags containing 50 mL of 0.1% Bacto peptone (Difco), and subjected to stomaching for 1 minute. The meat homogenate will be serially diluted (1:10) in PBS, and 0.1 mL portions of appropriate dilutions will be surface plated on duplicate plate count agar (Difco) plates. The plates will be incubated at 37oC for 24-48 h before counting colonies.

Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Fellow scientists, veterinarians, animal and poultry industry professionals. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Train post-doctoral associates and support staff. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Peer reviewed publications, webinars and presentations at scientific meetings and conferences. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan on continuing our studies and screen additional GRAS status compounds and/or their combinations to reduce the environmental persistence and survival of pathogens on poultry carcasses. We plan on completing the meat quality and consumer acceptability of poultry products subjected to the proposed treatments.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? During the past year we continued our on-going research and conducted several experiments testing the efficacy of natural, FDA approved food grade compounds to reduce Campylobacter on poultry products. Our on-going studies includes testing phytochemicals and probiotics for their anti-Campylobacter efficacy targeting three main areas (poultry production, post-harvest contamination, and limiting survival of pathogens in the processing environment) in a multi-hurdle approach from farm to fork. Below are some of the specific studies and their progress during the current reporting period. Study 1: We conducted studies evaluating the efficacy of cell-free supernatents of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium in reducing the biofilm formation of Campylobacter jejuni. These studies were completed and the manuscript is under preparation. Study 2: We completed a study evaluating the efficacy of in-water supplementation of two generally recognized as safe (GRAS) compounds, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde as nanoemulsion in reducing C. jejuni colonization in broiler chickens. In addition, the effect of eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsions on C. jejuni colonization factors and cecal microbiome were also investigated. These studies were completed and the manuscript is under preparation.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Upadhyaya, I., K. Arsi, A. Fanatico, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha, A. Upadhyay, C. N. Coon, M. Schlumbohm, J. Trushenski, C. Owens-Hanning, M. N. Riaz, M. B. Farnell, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Bigheaded Carp-based Meal as a Protein Feed in Ecological and Organic Poultry Production. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 28(4):1131-1142.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wagle, B. R., D. Marasini, I. Upadhyaya, S. Shrestha, K. Arsi, A.M Donoghue, F. Carbonero, D. J. Donoghue, K. Maas and A. Upadhyay. 2020. Draft Genome sequences of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from poultry. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 9:e01272-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.01272-19.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. M. Donoghue, S. Shrestha, I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, A. Gupta, R. Liyanage, N. C. Rath, D. J. Donoghue and A. Upadhyay. 2020. Carvacrol attenuates Campylobacter jejuni colonization factors and proteome critical for persistence in the chicken gut. Poultry Science. 99(9):4566-4577.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Acharya, M., K. Arsi, A. M. Donoghue, R. Liyanage and N. C. Rath. 2020. Production and the characterization of avian crypt-villus enteroids and the effect of chemicals. BMC Veterinary Research. 16:179. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02397-1.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Acharya, M., R. Liyanage, A. Gupta, K. Arsi, A. M. Donoghue, J. O. Lay Jr., and N. C. Rath. 2020. Thymosin B4 dynamics during chicken enteroid development. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-020-04008-x.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shrestha, S., B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. The efficacy of Carvacrol, a phytochemical derived from oregano oil as an antimicrobial wash for reducing Campylobacter jejuni and aerobic bacteria in postharvest poultry. 2nd International Conference on Energy Applications, Biotechnology, Applied Science and Engineering Research (EBAE 2019). December 11-12, Phuket, Thailand.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Donoghue, A. M., B. R. Wagle, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha and A. Upadhyay. 2019. A multi-hurdle approach using phytochemicals as natural alternatives to antibiotics for controlling Campylobacter in poultry. 3rd International Symposium on Alternatives to Antibiotics (ATA). December 16-18, Bangkok, Thailand.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Arsi. K., G. R. Huff, W. E. Huff and A. M. Donoghue. 2020. Application of bacteriophages for prevention and control of pathogens in poultry. Phage Futures Congress. Washington D.C., USA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Arsi, K., and Joshua M. Lyte. 2020. Antibiotic Alternatives for Controlling Foodborne Pathogens in Poultry. USDA ARS AMR/ATA webinar, June 9, 2020.

Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Train both graduate students and post-doctoral fellows. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Peer reviewed publications and presentations at scientific meetings and conferences. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue utilizing additional natural plant extracts and/or their combinations to reduce the environmental persistence and survival of pathogens on poultry carcasses.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Substantial progress was made on this project. We have tested numerous phytochemicals for their anti-Campylobacter efficacy targeting three main areas (poultry production, post-harvest contamination, and limiting survival of pathogens in the processing environment) in a multi-hurdle approach from farm to fork. Our results indicate that plant-based, generally recognized as safe status (GRAS) compounds [eg. trans-cinnamaldehyde (obtained from cinnamon bark), eugenol (from clove oil), and carvacrol (from oil of thyme)] are very effective in reducing C. jejuni in the poultry gut, on carcasses as well as inhibiting C. jejuni biofilms on common food processing surfaces. Follow up mechanistic studies (using real-time quantitative PCR and proteomics analysis) revealed that phytochemicals modulate key genes and proteins essential for intestinal colonization, persistence in the environment, and survival of C. jejuni in meat products. Results from these studies are being disseminated to fellow scientists and poultry producers by presentations at national and international scientific and industry meetings and publications in scientific journals.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Arsi, K., A. M. Donoghue, J. H. Metcalf and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Essential Oils, Eugenol or Trans-cinnamaldehyde, on Enteric Colonization of Campylobacter in Broiler Chickens. International Journal of Advances in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJASEAT). 7(1), Spl. Iss-2:30-32.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, S. Shrestha, S., K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Pectin or chitosan coating fortified with eugenol reduces Campylobacter jejuni on chicken wingettes and modulates expression of critical survival genes. Poultry science. 98(3):1461-1471
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shrestha, S., B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Edible coatings fortified with carvacrol reduce Campylobacter jejuni on chicken wingettes and modulate expression of select virulence genes. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10:583
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, S. Shrestha, K. Arsi, K. Venkitanarayanan, A. M. Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and carvacrol reduce Campylobacter jejuni biofilms and modulate expression of select genes and proteins. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10:1837.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, K. Bhargava, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Eugenol as an antimicrobial dip treatment reduces Campylobacter jejuni in postharvest poultry. Journal of Food Safety. 39(6):e12704.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shrestha, S., B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Carvacrol antimicrobial wash treatments reduce Campylobacter jejuni and aerobic bacteria on broiler chicken skin. Poultry Science Journal. 98(9):4073-4083
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Upadhyay, A., K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, A. M. Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Natural and Environmentally Friendly Strategies for Controlling Campylobacter jejuni colonization in poultry, survival in poultry products and infection in humans. In: Food Safety in Poultry Meat Production, pp. 67-93. Springer, Cham.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Arsi, K., D. J. Donoghue, K. Venkitanarayanan, and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Reducing Foodborne Pathogens in Organic Poultry: Challenges and Opportunities. In: Food Safety in Poultry Meat Production, pp. 25-46. Springer, Cham.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, R. Liyanage, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Plant-derived antimicrobials reduce biofilm formation and inactivates mature biofilms of Campylobacter jejuni. International Conference on Dynamics of Engineering Technology Applied Science and Networking. January 7-8, Phuket, Thailand.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, R. Liyanage, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Plant-derived antimicrobials modulate Campylobacter jejuni proteome essential for biofilm formation. International Plant & Animal Genome XXVII, January 12-16, 2019, San Diego, USA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Arsi, K., A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Invasive Asian Carp Fish species, a Natural and Sustainable Source of Methionine for Organic Poultry Production. 21st International Conference on Poultry Diseases and Nutritional Strategies (ICPDNS 2019). January 17-18, Bangkok, Thailand.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shrestha, S., A. M. Donoghue, K. Arsi, B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Efficacy of Carvacrol as an Antimicrobial Wash Treatment for Reducing both Campylobacter jejuni and Aerobic Bacterial Counts on Chicken Skin. International Conference on Sustainable Food Safety, Quality and Management System in Food Science (ICSFSQMSFS 2019). February 14-15, London, United Kingdom.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., S. Shrestha, K. Arsi, D. Marasini, I. Upadhyaya, A. Upadhyay, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Effect of eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde on Campylobacter jejuni cecal colonization, proteome and gut microbiome profile in broiler chickens. American Society for Microbiology (ASM) Microbe 2019. Jun 20 - 24, San Francisco, California.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Donoghue, A. M., B. R. Wagle, K. Arsi, A. Upadhyay, S. Shrestha, and R. Liyanage. 2019. Phytochemicals reduce Campylobacter jejuni biofilms on common food contact surfaces. 20th Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Microorganisms conference (CHRO 2019). September 8-11, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shrestha, S., B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. The efficacy of Carvacrol, a phytochemical derived from oregano oil as an antimicrobial wash for reducing Campylobacter jejuni and aerobic bacteria in postharvest poultry. 2nd International Conference on Energy Applications, Biotechnology, Applied Science and Engineering Research (EBAE 2019). December 11-12, Phuket, Thailand.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Donoghue, A. M., B. R. Wagle, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha and A. Upadhyay. 2019. A multi-hurdle approach using phytochemicals as natural alternatives to antibiotics for controlling Campylobacter in poultry. 3rd International Symposium on Alternatives to Antibiotics (ATA). December 16-18, Bangkok, Thailand.

Progress 10/03/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Fellow scientists, veterinarians, animal and poultry industry professionals. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Train both graduate students and post-doctoral fellows. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Peer reviewed publications and presentations at scientific meetings and conferences. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue utilizing additional natural plant extracts as post-harvest washes to try and further reduce Campylobacter counts on poultry carcasses and ensure there is consumer acceptance of the treated product.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Substantial progress was made on this project. Various combinations of natural plant extracts were tested on poultry carcasses and produced a greater than 2 log reduction in Campylobacter counts. Furthermore, sensory panel testing of treated products determined there was no adverse effect on consumer acceptance. Results from these studies are being disseminated to fellow scientists and poultry producers by presentations at national and international scientific and industry meetings and publication in scientific journals.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Woo-Ming, A., K. Arsi, J. R. Moyle, H. R. Arambel, P. J. Blore, V.B. Gaunsalis, C.M. Owens, F. D. Clark, A. Fanatico, D. J. Donoghue, and A. M. Donoghue. 2018. Growth performance of fast-growing broilers reared under different types of pasture management: Implications for organic and alternative production systems - Part II. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 27(2):215-222. Woo-Ming, A., K. Arsi, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha, A. M. Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Probiotic Cultures of Lactobacillus Spp. Isolates Reduce the Foodborne Pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni on Post-Harvest Chicken. International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology. 6(2):40-44. Fanatico, A. C., K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, J. Morales Ramos, D. Donoghue, and A. M. Donoghue. 2018. Sustainable Fish and Invertebrate Meals for Methionine and Protein Feeds in Organic Poultry Production, Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 27(4):437-448. Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, S. Shrestha, S., K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Pectin or chitosan coating fortified with eugenol reduces Campylobacter jejuni on chicken wingettes and modulates expression of critical survival genes. Poultry science. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey505.