Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences are growers, technical advisors, nursery, and researchers. Field days will be organized to deliver science-based knowledge to the categories of stakeholders. The trial result will be published in scientific journals and specialist magazines. Scientific and Outreach oral presentations at meetings will be part of this activity. Changes/Problems:No major problems arise in the project. Dr. Per McCord a cherry breeder has been added to this project. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two Ph.D. students, Nadia Valverdi and Erica Casagrande Biasuz, are working in Lee Kalcsits' Lab to better understand the physiology of nutrient uptake in apple rootstocks. Two Master students, Claudia Baldassi and Andrew Griffin work in Musacchi's lab on apple crop load management. One post-doc Dr. Teh, is working in Evans' lab. Stefano Musacchi and Lee Kalcsits participate in the Annual meeting of the NC140 group held last November 2019 in Geneva, New York. Several participants of the project present the research results andattend public meetings as it is possible to notice from the long list of activities reported. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?All the project participants are involved in disseminating their research by presenting in international, national, and local meetings. The list of published papers in scientific journals emphasizes the achievement of this project. Some coPDs produced videos that will help reach out to people in different locations around the US and internationally. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?All the project participants will continue to collect the data from the initial scheme presented in the main project.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
(1) To evaluate the influence of rootstocks on temperate-zone fruit tree characteristics grown under varying environments and training systems using sustainable management practices. (1a) 2014 Apple rootstock trial coordinated by Cline (Musacchi-Serra) - Fruit quality analyses on Honeycrisp apples harvested in 2019 reported significant differences between rootstocks. Red overcolor percentage was reported 1 month after harvest 2019, ranging from 32% for HC/V5 to 89% for HC/G4214. The two combinations mentioned above also represented the soluble solid content range's extremes: 13.4° Brix for HC/V5 versus 15.1° Brix for HC/G4214. Pruning data confirmed that the most vigorous rootstock was V5 with 2.14 kg/tree wood removed, while as lowest in vigor and most dwarfing in this growing condition, we reported M9T337 and G11 (0.30 and 0.40 kg/tree, respectively). The most productive combinations in the last 6 years were HC/V1, HC/G30, and HC/V7, the least productive HC/G41, HC/G202, HC/M9T337. (1b) 2019 Gala Apple Rootstock Evaluation (Musacchi-Serra) Within one year after planting, one Gala tree grafted on each of the following rootstocks G4010, G41, IFO#2, G11, and IFO#5 died (the first 3 broke at the graft union) for a total of 190 trees left in trial. The number of bearing trees in 2020 was 137, with the highest percentage of fruiting trees for G214, IFO#5, M9T337. Gala/IFO#5 emerged as the most vigorous combination based on TCSA 2019 and pruned wood 2020, while Gala/G41 the most dwarfing one. As the first yield (considering only the bearing trees), we identified Gala/IFO2 as the most productive (2.78 kg/tree) and Gala/IFO1 as the least productive combinations (0.57 kg/tree). (1c) 2015 Honeycrisp Apple Rootstock Evaluation (Kalcsits) - In collaboration with the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Lee Kalcsits has been evaluating growth and productivity, bitter pit incidence, and mineral nutrient content of fruit and leaves. Honeycrisp was planted in 2015 on 10 rootstock genotypes that are commercially available in Washington State in a completely randomized design with four replications and between 6 and 10 trees per replication. In 2015, 2016, and 2017, leaf samples were collected and analyzed for mineral nutrient concentrations and carbon isotope discrimination. In 2017 and 2018, Fruit samples were collected from both sites to evaluate fruit yield and bitter pit incidence. Rootstocks such as G969 and B9 show less bienniality than other rootstocks. This research will form the basis of a publication that will be submitted in 2021. (1d) 2017 WA-38 Apple Rootstock Evaluation (Kalcsits) - In collaboration with Cornell University and the USDA-ARS, Lee Kalcsits evaluates 10 different apple rootstocks that were planted in a completely randomized design with three replications and 10-20 trees per replication in a commercial orchard in George, Washington in 2017. These rootstocks are advanced rootstock genotypes that are part of the USDA-ARS Geneva Rootstock breeding program. In 2017 and 2018, leaf samples were taken and analyzed for mineral nutrient composition and carbon and oxygen isotope discrimination. Fruit yield, shoot vigor, and crop load has been monitored for 2019 and 2020 to look at the relationships between fruit mineral nutrient concentration and rootstock vigor. Green spots occurred more on rootstocks with lighter crop loads and with more vigor. Although the overall incidence is lower, green spot appears to be stimulated by similar horticultural conditions as bitter pit in Honeycrisp apple. (1e) Increasing Precocity and Reducing Extraneous variation of Sweet Cherry Seedlings (McCord)- Dr. Per McCord evaluates methods to increase precocity in sweet cherry seedling scions to shorten the breeding cycle. In the winter of 2020, approximately 100 Gisela-12 rootstocks were budded, using greenhouse-grown 2019 seedlings as scions. The more mature wood from the base of the seedling was used as budwood. Separately, in March 2020, approximately 85 Gisela-6 rootstocks were budded in the field, using budwood from field-planted 2018 seedlings as scions. None of the greenhouse-grown scions took, most likely due to the buds being too immature. In the field-budding experiment, bud take was low (9%). Additional practice should increase our bud take, and we will also attempt to produce more mature budwood on greenhouse-grown seedlings by giving them a cold treatment after approximately three months' growth. Once a sufficient number of budded seedlings is obtained, they will be compared with their own-rooted counterparts. The hypothesis is those budding seedlings onto a rootstock will result in greater precocity and will eliminate the phenotypic variation caused by each seedling being on its own-roots. (2). To develop improved rootstocks for temperate-zone fruit trees, including breeding, using phenomic and genomic tools, and acquisition of new rootstocks from global sources. Over 1000 Pyrus seedlings have been planted at WSU Columbia View orchard as the first wave of new seedlings for selection in the pear rootstock breeding program (Evans, Teh). Pyrus rootstock seedlings were budded with a standard scion (d'Anjou) to enable phenotyping for rootstock potential (Evans, Teh). Of the 1000 seedlings, 190 were genotyped with Axiom™ Pear 70 K Genotyping Array. A genetic map for one population was constructed (Evans, Teh, York). Additional 1000 Pyrus seedlings (that germinated in winter 2020) are being maintained in green/hoop house at WSU-TFREC (Evans, Teh). 20 clones each from 50 aneuploid Pyrus seedlings were advanced through rapid cycling aimed at achieving the correct caliper for chip budding (Dhingra, Evans). Initiation and multiplication of 65 diverse Pyrus selections in vitro. Establishment of 10 clones each in the greenhouse for future chip budding with two scions (Dhingra, Evans) (3) To investigate physiological processes, biotic and abiotic stresses and scion/rootstock interactions on tree growth and productivity. (3a) NC140 Apple Rootstock Elemental Analysis In collaboration with Terence Robinson (Cornell) and other NC140 members across the United States, Lee Kalcsits has completed two years of analysis on more than 2000 fruit peel samples for elemental analysis. There are clear patterns indicating that rootstocks affect fruit nutrient composition and disorder incidence. This collaboration spans many participating states in the NC-140 and will provide clear recommendations to the industry on suitable rootstocks for apple cultivars that are susceptible to nutrient-related disorders. An abstract was submitted to the International Society of Horticultural Sciences Symposium on Integating Canopy, Rootstock, and Enivironmental Physiology in Orchard Systems occurring in 2021 and the publication will be submitted in 2021. (3b) Physiological mechanisms driving nutrient uptake and water flow in dwarfing apple rootstocks (Kalcsits) - Two Ph.D. students, Nadia Valverdi and Erica Casagrande Biasuz are working in Lee Kalcsits' Lab to better understand the physiology of nutrient uptake in apple rootstocks. Nadia completed her Ph.D. in 2019 and has published one manuscript and has two more currently in review. Erica Casagrande Biasuz joined the group in 2017 and is using a new Honeycrisp rootstock planting at Sunrise research orchard and the WA-38 apple rootstock planting in George, WA to look at the physiological performance in apple rootstocks. She is using carbon and oxygen isotope discrimination to better understand how rootstocks influence the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere continuum in apple and how that might be related to dwarfing capacity of rootstocks. She has presented this research in industry and scientific meetings. Erica will defend her Ph.D. in late 2021.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Anthony B.M., Serra S., Musacchi S.* (2020). Optimization of Light Interception, Leaf Area and Yield in WA 38: Comparisons among Training Systems, Rootstocks and Pruning Techniques . Agronomy, 10(5), p.689.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Valverdi N, Kalcsits L. 2020. Rootstock Affects Plant Nutrition and Fruit Quality During Orchard Establishment of Honeycrisp Apple. HortScience. Pending Revisions.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Valverdi N, Kalcsits L. 2020. Differential leaf-level physiological responses to water limitations in apple induced by rootstock genotype under field and controlled environment conditions. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. Pending Revisions.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Valverdi N, Cheng L, Kalcsits L. 2019. Apple scion and rootstock contribute to nutrient uptake and partitioning under different belowground environments. Agronomy 9(8): 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080415.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Kalcsits L, Valverdi N, Reid M. 2020. Timing of water limitations affects source to sink differences in ?13C composition in apple. Acta Horticulturae. International Society for Horticultural Sciences Symposium on Irrigation in Horticultural Crops; Matera, Italy; In Press.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Guzman, D. & Dhingra, A. (2019) Challenges and Opportunities in Pear Breeding. In Achieving sustainable cultivation of temperate zone tree fruits and berries, Vol. 2(Ed G. Lang). Cambridge, UK: Burleigh Dodd Science Publishing Limited.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Montanari, S., Bianco, L., Allen, B., Mart�nez-Garc�a, P., Bassil, H., Postman, J., Kn�bel, M., Kitson, B., Deng, C., Chagn�, D., Crepeau, M., Langley, C., Evans, K., Dhingra, A., Troggio, M., and Neale, B. (2019) Development of a highly efficient Axiom" 70 K SNP array for Pyrus and evaluation for high-density mapping and germplasm characterization. BMC Genomics. doi: 10.1186/s12864-019-5712-3.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Maldonado, J., Dhingra, A., Carrasco, B., Meisel, L., Silva, H. (2019) Transcriptome datasets from leaves and fruits of the sweet cherry cultivars Bing, Lapins and Rainier. Elsevier Data in Brief Volume 23. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.01.044.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Alioto, T., Alexiou, K., Bardil, A., Barteri, F., Castanera, R., Cruz, F., Dhingra, A., Duval, H., Fernandez i Mart�, A., Frias, L., Gal�n, B., Garcia, J., Howad, W., G�mez-Garrido, J., Gut, M., Julca, I., Morata, J., Puigdom�nech, P., Ribeca, P., Rubio Cabetas, M., Vlasova, A., Wirthensohn, M., Garcia-Mas, J., Gabald�n, T., Casacuberta, J., Ar�s, P. (2019) Transposons played a major role in the diversification between the closely related almond and peach genomes: Results from the almond genome sequence. The Plant Journal. doi:10.1111/tpj.14538.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Kaiser N, Douches D, Dhingra A, Glenn KC, Herzig PR, Stowe EC, Swarup S (2020) The role of conventional plant breeding in ensuring safe levels of naturally occurring toxins in food crops. Trends in Food Science & Technology 100:51-66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.042
|
Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences are grower, technical advisor, nursery and researcher. Field days will be organized to deliver the science based knowledge to the categories of stakeholders. The trials result will be published in scientific journal and specialist magazine. Scientific and Outreach Oral Presentations at meetings will be part of this activity. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Stefano Musacchi and Lee Kalcsitsparticipate tothe Annual meeting of the NC140 group held last November2018 in North Carolina. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?WA 38 Field Visit - Rootstock trial Sunrise (Rock Island) - August 7,2019(Stefano Musacchi, Kate Evans, Sara Serra andLee Kalcsits). 150 people attended the field day. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Collect data from the different trials.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
(1) To evaluate the influence of rootstocks on temperate-zone fruit tree characteristics grown under varying environments and training systems using sustainable management practices. 2014 Apple rootstock trial(Musacchi-Serra) Fruit quality analyses on Honeycrisp apples harvested in 2018 from this trial revealed significant differences between rootstocks under evaluation. A broad range of red overcolor percentage was reported at T0 assessment (+1 month from harvest 2018) ranging from 68% for HC/V1 to 90% for HC/G4214 (confirming to be a rootstock conferring high color coverage to apples as the previous year), while the combination with the highest score for average and maximum red intensity (1-5 scale) was HC/G4214 with 3.24 and 4.07 respectively; 2018 apples resulted better colored than the previous year.Fruit quality analyses on Honeycrisp apples harvested in 2018 after 6 months (T1 assessment) of regular air storage reveled less differences in quality between apples coming from the different combinations with the rootstocks in trial than at the assessment carried out 1 month after harvest. The only parameters that highlighted an impact of the rootstock on the quality of Honeycrisp in postharvest 2018 were firmness, SSC and titratable acidity. HC/V1 emerged as the softest apple with the lowest SSC confirming the lower quality suggested based on T0 assessment. Highest SSC were measured in HC/M26EMLA, HC/G11, HC/G4214, HC/V7. HC/G969 confirmed the lowest acidity both after 1 and 6 months after storage. At T1 assessment the mineral sampling involved only 13 rootstocks because HC/G41 was not available anymore. For the macronutrients, HC/G935 confirmed to have the highest N % and also high P % and S %, but no differences were reported for K %, Ca %, Mg %, Na% at this time in storage. Micronutrients showed differences among rootstocks for Zn, Mn and B (mg/kg) but different from the assessment at T0. From winter pruning (April 2019) data we confirm that the most vigorous rootstock was V5 with 2.05 kg/tree wood removed as average followed by V7, V6 and G5890, while as lowest in vigor and most dwarfing in this growing condition we report M9337 and G11 (0.29 kg/tree and 0.38 kg/tree of wood removed respectively).In August 2019, some weeks before harvest we started noticing a severe yellowing of the leaves in some tree combinations than in others, this assessment HC/G214 suffered of this intense leaf discoloration reporting an incidence of affected trees equal to 60%; this observation will be taken into account for next year. In 2019 we noticed some combinations faced alternate bearing, HC/G5890 from being the most productive as kg/tree the previous year (and as cumulative production in 4 years) it had 50% of the trees not bearing at all and among the bearing one an average of yield of 0.4 kg/tree, the lowest recorded this year. From trunk circumference measures and TCSA calculation in fall 2019 we confirmed that V5 is the most vigorous rootstock in our growing condition, reaching 33.9 cm2 of TCSA after 5 years from planting (followed by V7, V6, G5890), while the M9337 proved again to be the most dwarfing rootstock and similar to G11 with 10.4 and 10.8 cm2TCSA respectively (three time smaller than V5). Rootstocks producing the highest number of rootsuckers on average per tree is G5890 while M26, G202, V5, V6, V7, V1, G41 have all less than 1 rootsucker/tree as average. 2019 Gala Apple Rootstock Evaluation (Musacchi-Serra) In May 2019, a new block was established in Rock Island (Wenatchee, WA) with trees planted 11 ft x 3 ft (spindle) to study 13 rootstocks in combination with Buckeye Gala (251 trees in trial with 15 trees minimum per combination). The rootstocks under examination are some of the known from Geneva series as G11, G41, G969, G935, G214, G4010, G4814, some standard rootstocks like M9337, M26, BUD9 and some new promising and interesting rootstocks named IFO#1, IFO#2, IFO#5. 2015 Honeycrisp Apple Rootstock Evaluation (Kalcsits) - In collaboration with the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Lee Kalcsits has been evaluating growth and productivity, bitter pit incidence, and mineral nutrient content of fruit and leaves. Honeycrisp was planted in 2015 on 10 rootstock genotypes that are commercially available in Washington State in a completely randomized design with four replications and between 6 and 10 trees per replication. In 2015, 2016, and 2017, leaf samples were collected and analyzed for mineral nutrient concentrations and carbon isotope discrimination. In 2017 and 2018, Fruit samples were collected from both sites to evaluate fruit yield and bitter pit incidence. This research will form the basis of a publication that will be submitted in either 2020 or 2021. 2017 WA-38 Apple Rootstock Evaluation (Kalcsits) - In collaboration with Cornell University and the USDA-ARS, Lee Kalcsits is evaluating 10 different apple rootstocks that were planted in a completely randomized design with three replications and 10-20 trees per replication in a commercial orchard in George, Washington in 2017. These rootstocks are advanced rootstock genotypes that are part of the USDA-ARS Geneva Rootstock breeding program. In 2017 and 2018, leaf samples were taken and analyzed for mineral nutrient composition and carbon and oxygen isotope discrimination. In future years, they plan on taking physiological and growth measurements to link dwarfing capacity with physiological parameters. This experiment had a first crop in 2019 and we are looking at productivity, fruit quality, and elemental concentrations. (2) To develop improved rootstocks for temperate-zone fruit trees, including breeding, using phenomic and genomic tools and acquisition of new rootstocks from global sources. • Approximately 700 Pyrus seedlings have been planted at WSU Columbia View orchard as the first wave of new seedlings for selection in the pear rootstock breeding program (Evans). • Pyrus rootstock seedlings were budded with a standard scion (D'Anjou) to enable phenotyping for rootstock potential. Leaf tissue of each rootstock seedling was sampled for genotyping. (Evans, Teh) (3) To investigate physiological processes, biotic and abiotic stresses and scion/rootstock interactions on tree growth and productivity. NC140 Apple Rootstock Elemental Analysis In collaboration with Terence Robinson (Cornell) and other NC140 members across the United States, my lab is running elemental and isotope analysis to link air and soil environment with rootstock performance and fruit quality. We have run more than 1200 fruit peel samples for elemental analysis across more than 20 rootstock trials. Physiological mechanisms driving nutrient uptake and water flow in dwarfing apple rootstocks (Kalcsits) - Two Ph.D. students, Nadia Valverdi and Erica Casagrande Biasuz are working in Lee Kalcsits' Lab to better understand the physiology of nutrient uptake in apple rootstocks. Nadia Valverdi joined the Kalcsits program in 2016 and is working to understand how soil abiotic stress affects nutrient uptake and distribution in Honeycrisp apple. This includes a combination of greenhouse and field work. Erica Casagrande Biasuz joined the group in 2017 and is using a new Honeycrisp rootstock planting at Sunrise research orchard and the WA-38 apple rootstock planting in George, WA to look at the physiological performance in apple rootstocks. She is using carbon and oxygen isotope discrimination to better understand how rootstocks influence the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere continuum in apple and how that might be related to dwarfing capacity of rootstocks. Nadia Valverdi will defend her Ph.D. in November 2019.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Anthony B., Serra S., Musacchi S., 2019. Optimizing Crop Load for New Apple Cultivar: 'WA38'. Agronomy MDPI, 9(2), p.107
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Kalcsits L, G van der Heijden, S Waliullah, L Giordani. 2019. S-ABA induced changes in root to shoot partitioning of soil-applied 44Ca in apple (Malus x domestica (Borkh.)). Trees: Structure and Function 33(2); 433-442.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Musacchi S. and Neri, D., 2019. Optimizing production of quality nursery plants for fruit tree cultivation. Achieving sustainable cultivation of temperate zone tree fruits and berries. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing. Book Chapter.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Valverdi N, Cheng L, Kalcsits L. 2019. Rootstock and scion genotype shape nutrient uptake and partitioning under different belowground environments. Agronomy 9: 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080415.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Casagrande-Biasuz E, Kalcsits L. 2019. Associating Rootstock-Based Variation in Whole Plant Physiological Traits with Leaf Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Composition in Malus x domestica borkh. American Society for Horticultural Sciences Annual Meeting. Laz Vegas, NV. July 22-25, 2019. 2nd Place Winner in the Conference Poster Competition.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Courtney Ross, 2019. Rooting out solutions Good Fruit Grower, Sept 3, 2019 (v70, no 14, p14-16)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Kalcsits L, Fatuthi L, Knipfer T, McElrone A, McNear D. 2019. Synchrotron and isotope-based approaches to understand the association between disorder incidence and nutrient uptake and allocation in apple. Cornell Unversity CALS Seminar Series. January 15, 2019. Invited Presentation
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Kalcsits L, Serban C, Casagrande-Biasuz, E, Reid, M. 2018. What vigor controlling strategies work to control bitter pit in Honeycrisp? Washington State Tree Fruit Association Horticultural Show. Yakima, WA. December 3-5, 2018. Invited Presentation.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Kalcsits L, Valverdi N, Casagrande-Biasuz E. 2019. Rootstock and scion shape water status, nutrient uptake and partitioning under abiotic stress. International Fruit Tree Association Annual Meeting. Rochester, NY. February 25, 2019. Invited Presentation.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Kalcsits L. 2019. Moving beyond calcium sprays: integrated bitter pit management in Honeycrisp. Syracuse, NY. January 16, 2019. Invited Presentation
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Kate Evans, Amit Dhingra, Soon Li The, 2019. PNW pear review, Hood River, OR, Feb 21, 2019 WSU pear rootstock breeding long term vision.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Mesa, K., Serra, S., Musacchi, S., (December 6, 2018). Rootstocks and training systems influences on nonstructural carbohydrates at dormancy release in above-ground organs of 'Abbe' Fetel' pear trees. XIII INTERNATIONAL PEAR SYMPOSIUM Montevideo Uruguay Dec 3-7, 2018 December 6, 2018 Poster.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Musacchi S and Serra S., NC140 meeting in North Carolina (11/13-16/2018)
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Musacchi S., 2018. Field day WSU WA 38 Field Day Roza Orchard Prosser (09/11/2018)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Musacchi S., 2019 Utilizing key rootstock traits to optimize canopy and crop load management. 62nd IFTA 2019 Annual Conference in Rochester (NY), Washington (USA). February 25th, 2019.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Musacchi S., 2019. Field day with NNII & nurserists in SRO (05/09/2019)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Musacchi S., 2019. New Training System and Optimization of Fruit Quality. Henan Agriculture University, May 22nd, 2019. ZhengZhou (China). Invited seminar
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Musacchi S., 2019. Physiological approaches of fruit production towards sustainability: Apple and Pear production in Washington State. University of Ancona. Invited seminar. April 4th, 2019.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Musacchi S., 2019. SCRI RootToFruit meeting in Rochester (02/25/2019)
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Soon Li Teh, Amit Dhingra, Kate Evans, 2018. WA Hort Association Annual Meeting, Flash talk Pear rootstock breeding December 4, 2018.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Soon Li Teh, Amit Dhingra, Kate Evans, 2019. WSU Tree Fruit Research Field Day, Sunrise Orchard Rootstock breeding August 7, 2019.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Valverdi N, Kalcsits L. 2019. Apple rootstock affects scion physiological responses to water limitations. ISHS Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops. Matera, Italy. June 17-20, 2019.
|
Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences are grower, technical advisor, nursery and researcher. Field days will be organized to deliver the science based knowledge to the categories of stakeholders. The trials result will be published in scientific journal and specialist magazine. Scientific and Outreach Oral Presentations at meetings will be part of this activity. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Stefano Musacchi Organize and Host the Annual meeting of the NC140 group. Lee Kalcsits participate to three international meetings(one in New Zealand and two in Canada). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?WA 38 Fall Field Visit - Rootstock trialSunrise (Rock Island) - September 11, 2018 (Stefano Musacchi, Kate Evans, Sara Serra). 100 people attended the field day. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Collect data from the different trials. A rootstock trial will be established and several new applerootstocks will be tested under the guidance of NC-140.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1. To evaluate the influence of rootstocks on temperate-zone fruit tree characteristics grown under varying environments and training systems using sustainable management practices. • 2014 Apple rootstock trial (Musacchi-Serra) Fruit quality analyses on Honeycrisp apples harvested in 2017 from this trial revealed significant differences between rootstocks under evaluation. A broad range of red overcolor percentage was reported at T0 assessment (+1 month from harvest 2017) ranging from 33% for HC/V5 to 69% for HC/G4214, while the combinations with the highest scores for average red intensity (1-5 scale) were HC/G202 and HC/G4214 with 2.44 and 2.49 respectively. Diversity in apple appearance was also translated in internal quality variation, in fact a wide spread in SSC was registered at T0 ranging from 13.9 Brix (HC/V5 and HC/G41) to 15.5 (HC/M9T337). HC/G41 apples showed the lowest firmness value registered (6.73 kg) as well as the lowest titratable acidity (0.60% at T0) suggesting a more advanced ripening stage in comparison with all the other rootstock combinations. At T0 quality assessment also fruit (cortex + peel) mineral analyses were carried out. Macronutrients concentrations in samples were often statistically different except for C%, Ca%, Na%. HC/G5890 (20% bitter pit incidence at harvest) resulted the combination with the highest values for N/Ca, K/Ca, (Mg+K)/Ca ratios, while HC/G4214, HC/G969 and HC/G935 showed the lowest ratio values that could explain the slightly lower incidence of bitter bit (8%, 8% and 15% respectively). HC/M9T337 instead stood out for the highest concentration of micronutrients in particular for Zn, Cu and Fe (mg/kg), while very low in Boron (mg/kg). On the contrary, HC/G4214, HC/G202, HC/G11 apples showed the poorest concentrations for Zn, Cu and Fe. HC/G202 and HC/G696 apples had the highest B concentrations almost double than HC/M9T337. Fruit quality analyses were carried out also in at T1 equal to 6 months after harvest and cold stored in regular air at 34°F. Some combinations confirmed to produce apples with lower red overcolor than others: HC/G30 and HC/G5890 were among the lowest (even if not necessarily the lowest) while HC/G202 confirmed a 64% or red with 2.5 average red intensity (1-5 scale). HC/V5 confirmed to have a low SSC (harvest 2017) while HC/G11 reported 1 Brix degree higher (14.2° and 15.2° respectively). After 6 month of cold storage HC/G4214 apples maintained as average the highest firmness and highest SSC. Stored apples reported significant differences also in titratable acidity (malic acid %) after 6 months suggesting an impact of rootstock on the storage capacity. Vegetative measures carried out in 2018 confirmed the variation in vigor that the diverse rootstocks confer to the variety. In particular, it's worth notice, that V5 is the most vigorous of the rootstock in trial for its highest TCSA (fall 2018), height, calculated tree volume and removed wood from pruning (2017-2018). Contrarily, M9T337 confirmed to be the most dwarfing rootstock under evaluation for the minimal pruned wood/tree, the lowest height (together with M26), spread in the row and between rows and calculated tree volumes. G969 in 2018 reported the highest number of rootstuckers per tree (3.5 as average) while G202 and M26EMLA zero. At harvest 2018, the most productive combination was HC/G5890 with an average of 19 kg/tree at harvest (fruit on trees) and 290 g per apple, while the least productive were HC/G202, HC/G969, HC/M26 and HC/G11 with 6-9 kg/tree. HC/G5890 and HC/G30 confirmed to be the most productive as yield per hectare. HC/G5890 was the graft combination that dropped the highest number of fruit before harvest while HC/M26 and HC/G11 the least number of fruit lost before picking. Fruit size distribution at harvest 2018 assessed on 2720 apples in total showed HC/G41 HC/V6 and HC/G30 tend to have a larger fruit size then the average, while HC/G202 more inclined to smaller apple sizes. The cull fruit in the block was estimated approximately as 68% of the total fruit graded ranging from 49.5% for HC/G5890 up to 96.5% for HC/G41. In 2018 we got less poor color incidence than 2017 but unfortunately more stem split. • 2015 Honeycrisp Apple Rootstock Evaluation (Kalcsits) - In collaboration with the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Lee Kalcsits has been evaluating growth and productivity, bitter pit incidence, and mineral nutrient content of fruit and leaves. Honeycrisp was planted in 2015 on 10 rootstock genotypes that are commercially available in Washington State in a completely randomized design with four replications and between 6 and 10 trees per replication. In 2015, 2016, and 2017, leaf samples were collected and analyzed for mineral nutrient concentrations and carbon isotope discrimination. In 2017 and 2018, Fruit samples were collected from both sites to evaluate fruit yield and bitter pit incidence. • 2017 WA-38 Apple Rootstock Evaluation (Kalcsits) - In collaboration with Cornell University and the USDA-ARS, Lee Kalcsits is evaluating 10 different apple rootstocks that were planted in a completely randomized design with three replications and 10-20 trees per replication in a commercial orchard in George, Washington in 2017. These rootstocks are advanced rootstock genotypes that are part of the USDA-ARS Geneva Rootstock breeding program. In 2017 and 2018, leaf samples were taken and analyzed for mineral nutrient composition and carbon and oxygen isotope discrimination. In future years, they plan on taking physiological and growth measurements to link dwarfing capacity with physiological parameters. This experiment will first bear fruit in 2019. 2. To develop improved rootstocks for temperate-zone fruit trees, including breeding, using phenomic and genomic tools and acquisition of new rootstocks from global sources. • Approximately 700 Pyrus seedlings have been planted at WSU Columbia View orchard as the first wave of new seedlings for selection in the pear rootstock breeding program (Evans). • Fourteen new Pyrus seedling rootstocks have been planted in triplicate at WSU Columbia View orchard and budded with D'Anjou to establish a small-scale test of dwarfing capability (Dhingra/Evans). 3. To investigate physiological processes, biotic and abiotic stresses and scion/rootstock interactions on tree growth and productivity. Physiological mechanisms driving nutrient uptake and water flow in dwarfing apple rootstocks (Kalcsits) - Two Ph.D. students, Nadia Valverdi and Erica Casagrande Biasuz are working in Lee Kalcsits' Lab to better understand the physiology of nutrient uptake in apple rootstocks. Nadia Valverdi joined the Kalcsits program in 2016 and is working to understand how soil abiotic stress affects nutrient uptake and distribution in Honeycrisp apple. This includes a combination of greenhouse and field work. Erica Casagrande Biasuz joined the group in 2017 and is using a new Honeycrisp rootstock planting at Sunrise research orchard and the WA-38 apple rootstock planting in George, WA to look at the physiological performance in apple rootstocks. She is using carbon and oxygen isotope discrimination to better understand how rootstocks influence the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere continuum in apple and how that might be related to dwarfing capacity of rootstocks.
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