One-two punch for Organic Poultry Processing: Knocking out Foodborne Pathogens with Plant Derived Antimicrobials and Farmer Training - USDA-ARS, GENETICS AND PRECISION AGRICULTURE UNIT

ONE-TWO PUNCH FOR ORGANIC POULTRY PROCESSING: KNOCKING OUT FOODBORNE PATHOGENS WITH PLANT DERIVED ANTIMICROBIALS AND FARMER TRAINING

Sponsoring Institution

National Institute of Food and Agriculture

Project Status

COMPLETE

Funding Source

OTHER GRANTS

Reporting Frequency

Annual

Accession No.

1012987

Grant No.

2017-51300-26815

Cumulative Award Amt.

$1,998,748.00

Proposal No.

2017-02420

Multistate No.

(N/A)

Project Start Date

Sep 1, 2017

Project End Date

Aug 31, 2022

Grant Year

2017

Program Code

[113.A]- Organic Agriculture Research & Extension Initiative

Project Director
Donoghue, A. M.

Recipient Organization
USDA-ARS, GENETICS AND PRECISION AGRICULTURE UNIT
810 HIGHWAY 12 EAST
MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762

Performing Department
USDA

Non Technical Summary
Despite a consistent growth in organic poultry production, few research and outreach programs target the needs of these producers. Both conventional and organic poultry products have been identified as major sources of Salmonella and Campylobacter, the two most common food-borne pathogens in the US. Organically raised poultry must have outside access, as required by USDA Organic Standards, which increases bird exposure to these pathogens. However, organic standards allow few methods for reducing these pathogens on poultry products. We work with many organic poultry farmers and their highest priority is research/education associated with processing and post-harvest food safety. Preliminary results from our team indicate that several food-grade, plant-derived antimicrobials are effective in reducing pathogens on poultry and eggs, highlighting the potential to improve safety of organic poultry products. This proposal aims to reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter on poultry meat/eggs using plant-derived antimicrobials applied as wash, spray, fumigation or coating treatment at critical post-harvest control points. Moreover, shelf-life and consumer acceptability of organic poultry products subjected to these interventions will be determined. The outreach/extension objectives of this proposal are to provide food safety/processing workshops for organic poultry producers and disseminate research results of the project to the organic poultry community. Additionally, tools such as eXtension, eOrganic, webinar, and Google Analytics will be utilized to disseminate project results to organic poultry producers. Our proposal seeks to support organic producers through OREI goals 1 and 2, and specifically addresses the priority area (3) regarding improving post-harvest food safety and shelf life of organic products.

Animal Health Component

60%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

20%

Applied

60%

Developmental

20%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
503	3260	1100	60%
503	3270	1100	30%
503	3280	1100	10%

Knowledge Area
503 - Quality Maintenance in Storing and Marketing Food Products;

Subject Of Investigation
3260 - Poultry meat; 3280 - Other poultry products; 3270 - Eggs;

Field Of Science
1100 - Bacteriology;

Keywords

Goals / Objectives
The long-term goal of this proposal integrating research, extension and education is to provide organic poultry producers with natural, effective, and safe strategies for improving the post-harvest microbiological safety and shelf life of organic poultry products. The specific objectives of the proposed research are toReduce Salmonella counts on eggs using natural, food-grade plant compounds (eugenol, carvacrol, and β-resorcylic acid) applied as a post-harvest antimicrobial wash, spray, fumigation or coating treatment.Reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter counts on poultry carcasses using plant derived, food-grade compounds (eugenol, carvacrol, β-resorcylic acid) at critical control points in the processing line (scalding and chill tank) or applied as a coating treatment.Determine the quality, shelf life and consumer acceptability of poultry carcasses and eggs subjected to the aforementioned interventions.Benefit-Cost assessment of organic egg/carcass disinfection process and operation.The outreach/extension objectives of this proposal are to:Provide food safety and processing workshops for organic poultry producers.Disseminate research results from this project to the organic poultry community, through conferences, electronic and printed materials, and training activities in a research and teaching oriented organic poultry facility.Conduct outreach to organic poultry producers, avian health professionals, extension specialists and other stakeholder regarding the objectives and results of this project.Measure the impact of extension and education efforts

Project Methods
RESEARCHObjective 1. To reduce Salmonella on eggs using eugenol, carvacrol, and β-resorcylic acid applied as a post-harvest antimicrobial wash, spray, fumigation or coating treatment.Five isolates of S. Enteritidis pre-induced for resistance to 50 μg/mL of nalidixic acid will be used for the study. The solutions of plant compounds in water will be prepared according to a previously published protocol (Din et al., 2015). Stock solutions of ethanol and lecithin will be separately prepared by dissolving in water at 5% (w/v). To prepare emulsion, 2.5 g of each plant compound will be first pre-mixed with 0.5 mL ethanol (oil phase). The oil phase will then be added to 10 mL of aqueous phase containing 5 mL of lecithin, followed by homogenization at 13,500 rpm for 3 min. The solution will be dried into a powder by spray drying, which could be re-dissolved in water for further use.Objective 1a. To test the efficacy of plant compounds as an antimicrobial wash for killing S. Enteritidis on shell eggs will be investigated at 32°C (objective 1a). Five eggs will be used per treatment/time point (n=15) and the study will be repeated three timesObjective 1b: Batches of 15 inoculated eggs each will be placed in a sterile egg carton and each Salmonella-inoculated egg will be sprayed with 10 mL of sterile deionized water containing 0, 0.5 or 1% eugenol, carvacrol or β-resorcylic acid using a spray bottle. Water containing 200 ppm of chlorine and peracetic acid as spray solution, will be included to simulate industry controls. The eggs will be allowed to dry at 23°C for 2 h. After treatment, each egg will be separately transferred to a sterile WhirlPakTM bag containing 30 mL of neutralizing broth, and will be rubbed by hand for 1 min. S. Enteritidis will be enumerated by plating dilutions of the neutralizing broth on XLD+NA and TSA+NA plates. The plates will be incubated at 37°C for 48 h for bacterial enumeration. Moreover, a batch of treated eggs will be refrigerated (to mimic post-harvest storage) in egg cartons for 3 weeks, and surviving Salmonella populations on refrigerated eggs will be determined on days 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 of storage.Objective 1c: The eggs will be placed on sterile wire racks in a temperature-controlled incubator and subjected to fumigation at 23oC or 42oC with 0, 0.5 or 1% carvacrol, eugenol, or β-resorcylic acid for 0, 5, 15 or 30 min using a portable fumigator. After fumigation, Salmonella populations on eggs will be enumerated as mentioned earlier. A batch of fumigated eggs will be refrigerated (to mimic post-harvest storage) in egg cartons for 3 weeks, and Salmonella populations on refrigerated eggs will be determined on days 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21.Objective 1d: Inoculation of eggs with S. Enteritidis cocktail will be performed as described earlier. Each Salmonella-inoculated egg will be dipped in 10 mL of chitosan coating solution either with or without 0.5 or 1% carvacrol, eugenol, or β-resorcylic acid for 30 sec, followed by drying in laminar hood for 2 h at room temperature. Inoculated, uncoated eggs will serve as control. After coating treatment, the eggs will be refrigerated and Salmonella populations will be enumerated as mentioned earlier on day 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21.Objective 2. To reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter on chicken carcasses using eugenol, carvacrol, and β-resorcylic acid applied as a post-harvest intervention during processing or applied as an antimicrobial coating treatment. Objective 2a. In this study, we will determine the efficacy of plant compounds against Salmonella and Campylobacter when applied as an antimicrobial wash treatment. Whole chicken carcasses will be purchased from specialized stores selling organic poultry and poultry products. Two hundred microliters of a 5-strain mixture of S. Enteritidis/C. jejuni in PBS (108 CFU/mL) will be used to spot inoculate the carcass. The inoculum will be spotted (~ 50 spots, 20 µL each) evenly on the surface, and air-dried for 30 min at 23°C to facilitate bacterial attachment. The plant compounds will be prepared as described under objective 1. Batches of 5 carcasses will be submerged in 20 L of sterile water (with or without plant compounds) maintained at 4oC in a plastic tub for a period of 30 min or until the carcass temperature reaches 4oC to mimic the FDA-recommended chill tank treatment. After treatment, carcasses will be sampled at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of refrigerated storage to determine surviving Campylobacter and Salmonella counts. Five carcasses (n = 5) will be used per treatment/time point and the study will be repeated twice. The above experimental template will be used to test plant compound efficacy in scald tanks. In this case, the treatments will be applied at a temperature of 60oC for 1 min. Birds used for these experiments will be electric stunned and bled prior to use in the experiments. Sample size, treatments, sampling points, and replications will be same as described for the chill tank studies.Objective 2b. In this study, we will determine the efficacy of plant compounds against Salmonella and Campylobacter when applied as a coating treatment. Inoculation of meat with S. Enteritidis/Campylobacter cocktail will be performed as described in objective 2a. Each Salmonella/Campylobacter-inoculated whole carcass will be dipped in 4 L of chitosan coating solution either with or without 0.5 or 1% eugenol, carvacrol and β-resorcylic acid for 30 sec followed by drying in a laminar hood for 2 h at room temperature. Inoculated, uncoated carcasses will serve as control. After coating treatment, the carcasses will be refrigerated and Salmonella/Campylobacter populations will be enumerated on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of storage as before.Objective 3. Determine the quality, shelf-life and consumer acceptability of chicken and eggs subjected to the aforementioned interventions. Quantitative quality and sensory testing will be conducted only on products from treatments that have shown to be effective for reducing pathogens. Trained sensory panels will be used to assess consumer acceptability and intensity of overall impression, flavor, juiciness and tenderness of meat. For eggs, consumer triangle tests will be used to determine if consumers can detect a difference between the control eggs and the eggs subjected to the post-harvest treatments.Objective 4: Benefit: Cost assessment of organic egg and carcass disinfection process and operation. The proposed methodology for conducting the benefit-cost analysis will rely on the standard enterprise budgeting techniques. The standard approach for estimating economic benefits (revenue side) is to look at the change in prices consumers would be willing to pay for the new or improved product or service. In this context, the potential economic benefits would materialize if consumers' willingness to pay for this additional organic quality attribute would increase as the result of their perception that new organic products are either safer (healthier) to eat. In this project, however, we will focus only on the cost side of the profit equation, whereas the imputed values for total revenue will be calculated based on the break-even price, which implicitly assumes the zero-profit condition.EXTENSION/OUTREACHWe will develop a multi-faceted outreach plan to help organic poultry producers and processors implement science-based and validated approaches at critical control points in the post-harvest processing steps for improving the safety and quality of organic poultry meat and eggs. The project results and educational information will be disseminated to organic processors by a strategic team comprised of experienced poultry outreach specialists and stakeholders, who have been involved in organic poultry production.

Progress 09/01/17 to 08/31/22

Outputs
Target Audience:We will target four major stakeholders: poultry scientific community interested in organic poultry, educators in sustainable agriculture, large-scale organic poultry production, and small-scale organic poultry production. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project provided training and education to postdoctoral fellows, graduate students and undergraduate students. The post-docs and the students were provided with opportunities to participate in workshops, trainings and professional development activities. Since the beginning of the project, 9 post-docs, 8graduate students and several undergraduate students were trained and resulted in three dissertations so far. Co-PI Dr. Fanatico along with the farm staff at the Appalachian State University (ASU) developed training components and provide outreach on mobile processing units (MPU) for on-farm poultry slaughter and handling poultry products to maintain high food safety for poultry products and eggs. The Department of Sustainable Development at Appalachian State University (ASU) has a working farm and conducts research on humane on-farm poultry processing with organic food safety practices. We also conduct outreach and offer poultry slaughter training, using a mobile processing unit (MPU). We teach processing on an annual basis and also partner with local farmers. Some use our MPU in educational collaborations with us. We also partner with cooperative extension. MPUs are key to community processing because the equipment can be shared. At ASU, we previously converted our MPU rental program to an educational program and additional upgrades were made to the MPU for food safety. The MPUs at ASU have been used for various educational activities including, backyard poultry producer training in Creston, NC by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension. See https://watauga.ces.ncsu.edu/2018/09/chicken-processing-workshop/. Co-PIs at ASU also designed food safety additions to the MPU, developed a sanitation program using natural materials for on-farm processing and updated on-farm poultry processing Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for small diversified farms. The Appalachian State University Sustainable Development department held an educational event with Against the Grain (ATG) farm, which used the mobile processing unit to process holiday turkeys. Co-PI, Dr. Fanatico worked with 4 farm workers on food safety topics and trained 10 students in on-farm turkey processing. ASU also hosted a poultry processing workshop with the assistance of Cornerstone Poultry Ventures (see https://watauga.ces.ncsu.edu/event/52334552/onfarm-poultry- slaughter-workshop/). A workshop was organized for extension agents and small commercial growers and 11 people were trained. Co-PIs at ASU also designed an outdoor processing set up for the MPU at the SD Farm to demonstrate low-cost practices that manage efficient processing, food safety, animal welfare, and waste management. We have included a focus on waste management for small-scale poultry processing on-farm. Dr. Gekara, Co-PI from Cal Poly, Pomona, made farm visits to nearby poultry farms (small and medium size on free range) and made contacts viaone-on-one meetings, online and telephone conversations to answer technical questions regarding nutrition, health management, and questions on safe handling of eggs before marketing to the public. At Cal Poly Pomona, this project supported one graduate student (MS) and 3 undergraduates (2 were accepted to veterinary school, the third one will be graduating with the plan to pursue MS degree in poultry science.Inspite of the restrictions on travel and related COVID-19 pandemic, Co-PIs at Cal Poly attended professional meetings and made farm visits to nearby organic poultry producers, after partial lifting of the quarantine that had been in place since 2018. One of the farms visited in California has a relatively large operation complete with feed mill and egg processing operation. This farm has since established direct links with the college/department at Cal poly, Pomona and is helping with kick-starting an organic poultry operation (once all regulations as per USDA guidelines are addressed).Co-PIs at Cal Poly organized a presentation by the production manager from the local layer chicken operation who addressed 35 animal science and agricultural science students enrolled at Cal Poly Pomona, 5 of the students are veterans of foreign wars. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have been working to develop a multi-faceted outreach plan for helping organic poultry producers and processors to implement science-based management strategies to improve the microbiological safety of organic chicken products. Information on poultry production in general, was disseminated to the organic and sustainable agriculture communities by an extension team comprised of experience poultry specialists and stakeholders who have been involved in organic poultry production. Our team has addressed common food safety issues on small, diversified farms during trainings and workshops. We established contacts with local farmers and answered their questions regarding nutrition, health, management, and safe handling of poultry products during our on-farm visits and/or over phone. Also, results from our research were disseminated to poultry producers though direct email contacts, small flock seminars and regional meetings. During this period of the project we have participated at multiple meetings and presented our research findings at scientific conferences, symposiums and webinars. Below is the list of presentations and webinars given by our team as part of the outreach/education activities: 'Phytochemicals reduceCampylobacter jejunibiofilms on common food contact surfaces' by Dr. Donoghue at theCampylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms (CHRO), Belfast UK. 2019 'Alternative approaches against Salmonella in poultry' by Dr. Kollanoor Johny at the USDA Food Safety Summitat the University of Minnesota, June 18, 2019 - attended by 200 members who were from USDA, academia, industry, and extension. 'Recent research on safeguarding meat supply from drug-resistant Salmonella' by Dr. Johny at the National Research Center on Meat, in Hyderabad, India on August 19, 2019 PI, Dr. Donoghue was invited by Maple Leaf Farms Inc., to present our research at the Annual Duck Conference, 2019 and collaborative efforts are underway to extend the research to duck production. Dr. Donoghue was also an Invited Speaker and gave presentations on: 'Alternatives to Antimicrobials and Interventions for Food Safety', Broiler Summit for poultry industry stakeholders ARS, USDA Feb, Virtual. 2021 Research update, National Poultry Research Center Science and Sundry Seminar Series Sept., Virtual. 2021 'Use of phytochemicals for improving poultry product safety' by Dr. Johny at the 13th ANECA Poultry Processing Conference in Queretaro, Mexico. A webinar on 'Antibiotic Alternatives for Controlling Foodborne Pathogens in Poultry' by Dr. Arsi (June 9, 2020) as part of the USDA ARS AMR/ATA webinar series. An online seminar on 'Current Scenario of Zoonotic Diseases and their Impact on Human and Animal Health' by Dr. Johny at the 2020 Virtual International seminar organized by the Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, India. The meeting was attended by a group of 50-75 people including the Dean, Director of the center, Department Head, professors, scientists, research associates and veterinary students. Dr. Johny was an invited speaker at the 2021 South Dakota University - USDA Des Moines District Food Summit meeting on August 4. He discussed the research finding from the project titled, "Exploring Sustainable Alternatives for Poultry Food Safety." An online seminar by Dr. Johny at the 2021 Virtual International seminar on the Relevance of veterinary profession during COVID-19 pandemic conducted by the Indian Veterinary Association, Mannuthy, Kerala, India. Dr. Johny provided a brief background of his research activities as a part of the talk. The meeting was attended or viewed live on Facebook by a group of 300 people that includes the Dean, Department Heads, professors, scientists, research associates and Students from Veterinary College. Presentation on 'Structural and functional analyses of the enteric nervous system in animal models of gut neuropathies' by Dr. Caputi at the graduate program in Cell and Molecular Biologyon 23 April, 2021. Presentation on 'Exploring the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the enteric nervous system in animal models of gut-brain axis dysfunctions' by Dr. Caputi at the Biological Sciences Spring Seminar series, University of Arkansason 29 April, 2021. Webinar on 'Alternatives to Antibiotics and interventions for Food safety' by Dr. Arsi (27 September, 2021) at the US-Singapore Third Country Training program on Antimicrobial resistance. The participants are all from South East Asian countries and are involved in AMR policy with in their countries. We have participated at meetings frequently attended by organic poultry producers and processors. Dr. Kollanoor Johny, Co-PI at University of Minnesota gave invited presentations at the 2020 and 2022 Midwest Poultry Federation Convention (Minneapolis, MN), one ofthe largest poultry trade show and convention in the United States, and isa common platform for the industry, academic, and government agencies to discuss various issues in poultry.. We published manuscripts in peer reviewed journals and presented our findings at several national and international conferences. Dr. Donoghue also traveled to the University of Perugia, Italy to meet with Dr. Cesare Castellini, visited several organic poultry farms and numerous contacts were made as part of this visit with scientists working in food safety, sustainable production and health related programs and several excellent leads were made for planned collaborative research. In addition to the aforementioned activities, the following webinars were held on eXtension (www.eXtension.org/poultry) by our team during the project period. Essential oils: What are they and why use them in poultry? by Dr. Johny (November 10, 2017), available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nPRFI2-Hgo&feature=youtu.be So far, the video has received 670 views. Staying healthy with a backyard flock (January 21, 2020) How to perform a simple necropsy (February 19, 2020) Poultry-human bond (March 10, 2020) Raising pullet chicks for egg production in a small or backyard flock (April 14, 2020) Common poultry diseases (May 5, 2020) Slaughter and Processing of Poultry by Dr. Fanatico (June 16, 2020), available at: https://connect.extension.org/event/butchering-poultry)- 917 views of the recording to date Sanitation and Antimicrobials in Organic Poultry Processing: On-Farm MPU Focus," as part of eXtension webinar on Slaughter and Processing of Poultry June 16, 2020. Available at: https://connect.extension.org/event/butchering-poultry. Managing egg-laying hens in small and backyard flocks (July 15, 2020) Managing predators with a small and backyard poultry flock (August 4, 2020) Using chick embryology as a teaching tool (August 11, 2020) Raising exhibition chickens (September 1, 2020) Raising your own meat chickens (October 6, 2020) Selecting, handling and cooing turkey (November 4, 2020) Managing multi-species poultry flock (January 5, 2021) Raising ducks for meat production (February 2, 2021) Are heavy metals a concern for backyard and free-range poultry flocks? (March 2, 2021) Raising Coturnix quail for egg production (April 6, 2021) Raising quail for meat production or release (May 4, 2021) Raising ducks for egg production (July 6, 2021) Backyard flock home remedies - What you should and should not do (June 1, 2021) - 370 views of the recording to date Backyard poultry: To vaccinate or not? (Aug 10, 2021) - 844 views of the recordings to date Controlling internal parasites of poultry (May 3, 2022) - 474 views of the recording to date Biosecurity for small and backyard poultry flocks (Jun 2022) - 261 views of the recording to date External parasites of poultry (Jul 7, 2022) - 213 views of the recording to date What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan on completing the ongoing studies and publish the outcomes of our research in peer-reviewed journals. Studies to determine the quality, shelf-life and consumer acceptability of chicken and eggs subjected to the proposed interventions will be continued. We developed an online course on 'Poultry medicine for veterinarians' (scheduled to start September 2022) Our team will continue to disseminate the results through presentations at scientific conferences, meetings and webinars. We will also explore the potential of sharing the information in eXtension.org in the form of a webinar/workshop. We also scheduled an eXtension webinar on 'Knocking out foodborne pathogens with plant derived antimicrobials' for early next year.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? ARS Fayetteville scientists have led a team of researchers, academics and extension partners in developing a national program for organic poultry producers. The overall objective of this proposal was to integrate research, extension and education and there by to provide organic poultry producers with natural, effective, and safe strategies for improving the post-harvest microbiological safety, shelf life and quality of organic poultry meat and eggs. Results from our research studies indicate that several food-grade, plant-derived antimicrobials are effective in reducing pathogens on poultry and eggs, highlighting the potential to improve safety of organic poultry products. Extensive outreach and education materials regarding the project research results have been disseminated through scientific seminars, webinars, workshops and online platforms. This research on plant phytochemicals provides the organic poultry industry with economical, effective, and control strategies for food borne pathogens. Many of the practices/strategies developed under this project have been adapted by poultry producers. This project has resulted in presentations at multiple national/international conferences; 14 published peer reviewed manuscripts, 3 proceedings papers,and 3dissertations. In addition, several more manuscripts are under preparation/ internal review for submission to peer reviewed journals. Below are our accomplishments from specific objectives. Objective 1. To reduce Salmonella on eggs using eugenol, carvacrol, and β-resorcylic acid applied as a post-harvest antimicrobial wash, spray, fumigation or coating treatment. We investigated several GRAS phytochemicals during this grant (eg. caproic acid, caprylic acid, cuminaldehyde, zingerone and linalool) and tested for their efficacy as a pectin-based coating agent in reducing Salmonella Heidelberg on shell eggs. Moreover, the coating agents tested were monitored for their impact on the surface roughness of the egg shell surface using atomic force microscopy. The research was presented at the 2020 Poultry Science Annual meeting and the manuscript was published in Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. Additionally, other GRAS compounds such as sodium selenite and sodium picolinate were tested as an antimicrobial spray and/or pectin- based coating on shelled eggs in reducing Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) under refrigerated storage. These studies were completed and the manuscript is under preparation Objective 2. To reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter on chicken carcasses using eugenol, carvacrol, and β-resorcylic acid applied as a post-harvest intervention during processing or applied as an antimicrobial coating treatment. We have conducted several studies to evaluate the plant-based, GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe) status compounds (eg. carvacrol, cuminaldehyde, beta-resorcylic acid eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, caprylic acid, caproic acid) for their efficacy against foodborne pathogens, Salmonella and Campylobacter, in post-harvest poultry. We have developed several phenotypic assays, cell culture and gene expression analysis protocols for rapid screening of phytochemicals for efficacy against Salmonella and Campylobacter. Using these assays, we have identified plant-derived antimicrobials with significant anti-microbial efficacy. Our results indicate that these compounds are effective in reducing pathogen colonization in chickens and survival on poultry products. In addition, using proteomic analysis, our team has been successful in delineating the potential mechanism of action of these compounds. These plant phytochemicals can potentially provide the poultry industry (both conventional and organic) with economical and effective strategies for controlling foodborne pathogens. Further, we also evaluated edible coatings such as chitosan, gum Arabic or pectin fortified with phytochemicals. Antimicrobial edible coatings, due to their presence on products, reduces the chance of cross-contamination during storage and handling. Results from these studies demonstrate that edible coatings fortified with phytochemicals consistently reduced Salmonella and C. jejuni and modulated several genes critical for survival and virulence of these pathogens on chicken skin and meat. Objective 3. Determine the quality, shelf-life and consumer acceptability of chicken and eggs subjected to the aforementioned interventions. We have conducted multiple studies evaluating the effect of phytochemicals on the shelf life and color of meat when applied as an antimicrobial wash or coating treatments. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of pectin or chitosan coating fortified with EG to reduce C. jejuni on chicken wingettes. Incorporation of 0.5, 1 or 2% EG in pectin significantly improved antimicrobial coating efficacy against C. jejuni. In addition, the effect of treatments on chicken wingette color and aerobic bacterial counts to account for spoilage bacteria was evaluated and the manuscript was published in Poultry Science journal. Another study was conducted to determine the efficacy of edible coatings (gum Arabic or chitosan coating) fortified with carvacrol were evaluated for their efficacy to reduce C. jejuni on chicken wingettes. Results showed that 1% carvacrol, or the combination of either 0.25%, 0.5% or 1% carvacrol with chitosan significantly reduced C. jejuni from day 0 through day 7 by up to 2.5 log10 CFU/sample. In addition, none of the treatment exerted any significant effect on wingette color. This manuscript was published in Frontiers in Microbiology. We also conducted a study evaluating the efficacy of plant-derived compounds, eugenol, carvacrol, and beta-resorcylic acid reduce Salmonella on chicken wings at scalding and chilling conditions. The study revealed that, plant-derived compounds could be effective and safe antimicrobials against Salmonella on poultry products. The experiments with chicken wings have been completed and presented at the 2020 Annual Poultry Science Association conference. We are in the process of completing the follow up sensory studies. Objective 4: Benefit: Cost assessment of organic egg and carcass disinfection process and operation. We conducted a detailed literature review to identify cost-benefit studies or willingness to pay (WTP) studies where the type of the policy or technology evaluated has some similarities with organic poultry processing studied under this project. We identified some degree of similarities with labor safety improvements, fair-trade practices, environmental improvements and sustainability studies. When it comes to methodologies for elicitation of consumer preferences, different types of choice experiments have been used, such as hypothetical or non-hypothetical auction experiments and choice experiment surveys. Finally, we show how under some assumptions, the benefit transfer approach can be used to calibrate the results of a closely related study to approximate perceived benefits of plant derived antimicrobials use in poultry processing. The objective behind the current project period centers around studying the problem of upward scaling of laboratory experiments data and results to commercial size processing plants with the special focus on the cost structure. We are in the process of preparing a working paper that can be distributed to communities of interest. Upon receiving feedback, the working paper will be revised, and another manuscript will be prepared for publication in a peer reviewed journal.

Publications

Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Arsi, K., A. Upadhyay, A. Woo-Ming, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2017. Use of a Chitosan Based Natural Coating Materials to Reduce Spoilage and Pathogenic Bacteria on Poultry Products. MATBIM 2017 4th International Meeting on Material/Bioproduct Interaction, Porto, Portugal.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, S. Shrestha, K. Venkitanarayanan, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2017. Phytochemicals reduce biofilm formation and inactivates mature biofilm of Campylobacter jejuni. Poultry Science Annual Meeting. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Suppl. 1)
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Upadhyaya, I., A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, R. Liyanage, A. M. Donoghue, N. C. Rath and D. J. Donoghue. 2017. Plant-derived antimicrobial eugenol modulates C. jejuni proteome and virulence critical for colonization in chickens. Poultry Science Annual Meeting. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Suppl. 1).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Shrestha, S., A. M. Donoghue, K. Arsi, A. Upadhyay, B. R. Wagle, K. Venkitanarayanan, and D. J. Donoghue. 2017. Carvacrol wash and/or a chitosan-based coating reduced Campylobacter jejuni on chicken wingettes. Poultry Science Annual meeting, Poult. Sci. Vol. 96 (E-suppl. 1).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Upadhyay, A., B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha, I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, K. Bhargava, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2017. Antimicrobial wash with trans-cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion reduces Campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin. Poultry Science Annual Meeting, Poult. Sci. Vol 96 (E-Suppl. 1).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Upadhyay, A., K. Arsi, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha, I. Upadhyaya, K. Bhargava, A. M. Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2017. In-water supplementation of Trans-cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion reduces Campylobacter jejuni colonization in broiler chickens. Poultry Science Annual Meeting. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Suppl. 1).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Upadhyay, A., I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2017. Effect of in-water supplementation of trans-cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion on Campylobacter jejuni colonization and cecal microbiome in broiler chickens. Annual Conference of the German Genetics Society (GfG) Genetics, September 26-28, Bochum, Germany.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Woo-Ming, A., K. Arsi, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. Probiotic cultures of Lactobacillus spp. isolates reduce the foodborne pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni on post-harvest chicken. ICNSE 2018: International Conference on Natural Science and Environment, February 27-28, Hong Kong.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Upadhyaya, I., A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, R. Liyanage, A. M. Donoghue, N. C. Rath and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Whole cell proteomic profile of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni in response to the phytophenolic compound, eugenol. ProkaGenomics: 7th European Conference on Prokaryotic and Fungal Genomics, 19-22 September, Gottingen, Germany.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Upadhyay, A., A. M. Donoghue, K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Phytochemicals for controlling Campylobacter jejuni in poultry: An update on novel delivery methods for increased efficacy and understanding of antimicrobial action. XV European Poultry Conference, September 17-21, Dubrovnik, Croatia.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Arsi, K., T. Spencer, C. M. Owens, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2018. An on-farm trial evaluating the effect of fast and slow growing genotypes on meat quality of chickens for organic and pasture poultry production. ICARMT 2018: 20th International Conference on Agricultural Resource Management and Technology, April 12-13, Venice, Italy.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Arsi, K., A. M. Donoghue, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha, and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Improving food safety on post-harvest chicken products: Utilization of Lactobacillus probiotic isolates against Campylobacter. 9th International Yakult Symposium, April 19-20, Ghent, Belgium.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Upadhyay, A., I. Upadhyaya., S. Shrestha, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Whole- genome sequencing and virulence characterization of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from poultry. Poultry Science Annual Meeting, Poult. Sci. Vol. 97 (E-suppl 1).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, R. Liyanage, K. Venkitanarayanan, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Phytochemicals modulate Campylobacter jejuni proteome critical for biofilm formation. Poultry Science Annual meeting, Poult. Sci. Vol. 97 (E-suppl 1).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Shrestha, S., B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, A. M. Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Efficacy of Peracetic acid and Zinc in reducing Campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin. Poultry Science Annual meeting, Poult. Sci. Vol. 97 (E-suppl 1).
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Woo-Ming, A., K. Arsi, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha, A. M. Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Probiotic Cultures of Lactobacillus Spp. Isolates Reduce the Foodborne Pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni on Post-Harvest Chicken. International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology. 6(2):40-44.
Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wagle, B. R. 2018. Investigating the Potential of Plant-derived Antimicrobials for Controlling Campylobacter jejuni in Poultry and Poultry Products. Theses and Dissertations, University of Arkansas. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2870/.
Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Shrestha, S. 2018. Efficacy of Natural Compounds with Novel Carrier Systems for Controlling Campylobacter jejuni in Post-harvest Poultry. Theses and Dissertations, University of Arkansas. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3107/.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Woo-Ming, A., K. Arsi, J. R. Moyle, H. R. Arambel, P. J. Blore, V.B. Gaunsalis, C.M. Owens, F. D. Clark, A. Fanatico, D. J. Donoghue, and A. M. Donoghue. 2018. Growth performance of fast growing broilers reared under different types of pasture management: Implications for organic and alternative production systems - Part II. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 27(2):215-222.
Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Arsi, K., T. Spencer, C. M. Owens, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2018. An on-farm trial evaluating the effect of fast and slow growing genotypes on meat quality of chickens for organic and pasture poultry production. In: Proceedings of 20th International Conference on Agricultural Resource Management and Technology (ICARMT 2018). International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Vol:12, No:4.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Upadhyay, A., I. Upadhyaya, B. R. Wagle., K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, A. M. Donoghue and D. Donoghue. 2018. Genomic characterization and virulence typing of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from poultry. FoodMicro 2018, 26th International ICFMH Conference, 3-6 September, Berlin, Germany.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, S. Shrestha, K. Arsi, K. Venkitanarayanan, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2018. Novel antimicrobial efficacy against Campylobacter bio-films using the natural plant compounds, trans- cinnamaldehyde, eugenol or carvacrol on food processing surfaces. Ninth International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Veterinary Medicine (AAVM). October 16-19, Rome, Italy.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Upadhyay, A., B. Wagle, I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Trans- cinnamaldehyde modulates Lactobacillus plantarum proteome and improves colonization potential in the avian gut. The 7th Beneficial microbes conference, 26-28 November, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Arsi, K., A. M. Donoghue, J. H. Metcalf and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Essential Oils, Eugenol or Trans-cinnamaldehyde, on Enteric Colonization of Campylobacter in Broiler Chickens. In: Proceedings of 397th International Conference on Food Microbiology and Food Safety (ICFMFS). December 4-5, Hamburg, Germany.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, R. Liyanage, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Plant-derived antimicrobials reduce biofilm formation and inactivates mature biofilms of Campylobacter jejuni. International Conference on Dynamics of Engineering Technology Applied Science and Networking. January 7-8, Phuket, Thailand.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, R. Liyanage, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Plant-derived antimicrobials modulate Campylobacter jejuni proteome essential for biofilm formation. International Plant & Animal Genome XXVII, January 12-16, 2019, San Diego, USA.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shrestha, S., A. M. Donoghue, K. Arsi, B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Efficacy of Carvacrol as an Antimicrobial Wash Treatment for Reducing both Campylobacter jejuni and Aerobic Bacterial Counts on Chicken Skin. International Conference on Sustainable Food Safety, Quality and Management System in Food Science (ICSFSQMSFS 2019). February 14-15, London, United Kingdom.
Type: Books Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Arsi, K., D. J. Donoghue, K. Venkitanarayanan, and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Reducing Foodborne Pathogens in Organic Poultry: Challenges and Opportunities. In: Food Safety in Poultry Meat Production, pp. 25-46. Springer, Cham.
Type: Books Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Upadhyay, A., K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, A. M. Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Natural and Environmentally Friendly Strategies for Controlling Campylobacter jejuni colonization in poultry, survival in poultry products and infection in humans. In: Food Safety in Poultry Meat Production, pp. 67-93. Springer, Cham.
Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kollanoor Johny, A., W. Martin, K. Venkitanarayanan, A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Essential Oils: Opportunities to Improve Food Safety in Organic Poultry Production and Processing. In: Proceedings of the Midwest Poultry Federation Convention. Available at http://midwestpoultry.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Dr.-Anup-Johny-MPF-2019.pdf.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Pellissery, A. J., P. Vinayamohan, O. R. Perrine, A. Zeran, A. Upadhyay, A. M. Donoghue and K. Venkitanarayanan. 2019. Efficacy of sodium selenite and sodium picolinate in reducing Salmonella Heidelberg on chicken eggs. Poult. Sci. 98(E- Suppl. 1).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Vinayamohan, P, A. J. Pellissery, A.M. Donoghue, and K. Venkitanarayanan. 2019. Inhibiting Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance gene between multi-drug resistant Salmonella Heidelberg and E. coli by select Lactic acid Bacteria. Poult. Sci. 98(E-Suppl. 1).
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shrestha, S., B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Edible coatings fortified with carvacrol reduce Campylobacter jejuni on chicken wingettes and modulate expression of select virulence genes. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10:583.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Manjankattil, S., D. V. T. Nair, C. Peichel, A. M. Donoghue and A. Kollanoor Johny. 2019. Effect of caprylic acid in scalding water on broiler drumsticks contaminated with multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg. Poult. Sci. 98(E-Suppl. 1).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Peichel, C., D. V. T. Nair, S. Manjankattil, A. M. Donoghue and A. Kollanoor Johny. 2019. Effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde in scalding water on broiler drumsticks contaminated with Salmonella Heidelberg. Poult. Sci. 98(E-Suppl. 1).
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, S. Shrestha, S., K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Pectin or chitosan coating fortified with eugenol reduces Campylobacter jejuni on chicken wingettes and modulates expression of critical survival genes. Poultry science. 98(3):1461-1471. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey505.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Arsi, K., A. M. Donoghue, J. H. Metcalf and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Essential Oils, Eugenol or Trans-cinnamaldehyde, on Enteric Colonization of Campylobacter in Broiler Chickens. International Journal of Advances in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJASEAT). 7(1), Spl. Iss-2:30-32. http://www.iraj.in/journal/journal_file/journal_pdf/6-553-156083436930-32.pdf.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, S. Shrestha, K. Arsi, K. Venkitanarayanan, A. M. Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and carvacrol reduce Campylobacter jejuni biofilms and modulate expression of select genes and proteins. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10:1837.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Donoghue, A. M., B. R. Wagle, K. Arsi, A. Upadhyay, S. Shrestha, and R. Liyanage. 2019. Phytochemicals reduce Campylobacter jejuni biofilms on common food contact surfaces. 20th Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Microorganisms conference (CHRO 2019). September 8-11, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shrestha, S., B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. The efficacy of Carvacrol, a phytochemical derived from oregano oil as an antimicrobial wash for reducing Campylobacter jejuni and aerobic bacteria in postharvest poultry. 2nd International Conference on Energy Applications, Biotechnology, Applied Science and Engineering Research (EBAE 2019). December 11-12, Phuket, Thailand.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, K. Bhargava, A. M.Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Eugenol as an antimicrobial wash treatment reduces Campylobacter jejuni in postharvest poultry. Journal of Food Safety, 39(6):e12704.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shrestha, S., B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, D. J. Donoghue, and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Carvacrol antimicrobial wash treatments reduce Campylobacter jejuni and aerobic bacteria on broiler chicken skin. Poultry science, 98(9):4073- 4083.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Donoghue, A. M., B. R. Wagle, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha and A. Upadhyay. 2019. A multi-hurdle approach using phytochemicals as natural alternatives to antibiotics for controlling Campylobacter in poultry. 3rd International Symposium on Alternatives to Antibiotics (ATA). December 16-18, Bangkok, Thailand.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. M. Donoghue, S. Shrestha, I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, A. Gupta, R. Liyanage, N. C. Rath, D. J. Donoghue, and A. Upadhyay. 2020. Carvacrol attenuates Campylobacter jejuni colonization factors and proteome critical for persistence in the chicken gut. Poultry Science, 99(9):4566-4577.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: A.J. Pellissery, P. G. Vinayamohan, O. R. Perrine, A. Zeran, A. Upadhyay, A. M. Donoghue, and K. Venkitanarayanan. 2020. Efficacy of caproic acid, caprylic acid and cuminaldehyde in reducing Salmonella Heidelberg on chicken eggs. Poster presentation - 2020 PSA Virtual Annual Meeting. July 20-22, 2020.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: D. V. T. Nair, S. Manjankattil, C. Peichel, A. M. Donoghue, K. Venkitanarayanan, A. K. Johny. 2020. Plant-derived compounds, eugenol, carvacrol, and beta-resorcylic acid reduce Salmonella on chicken wings at scalding and chilling conditions. 2020 PSA Virtual Annual Meeting. July 20-22, 2020.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Anup Kollanoor Johny. 2020. Preharvest interventions and implications of safety for turkey processing. Midwest Poultry Federation Convention Annual Virtual Meeting. August 13, 2020.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wagle, B.R., D. Marasini, I. Upadhyaya, S. Shrestha, K. Arsi, A. M. Donoghue, F. Carbonero, D. J. Donoghue, K. Maas, and A. Upadhyay. 2020. Draft Genome Sequences of Campylobacter jejuni Strains Isolated from Poultry. Microbiology Resource Announcements, 9(7).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Anup Kollanoor Johny. 2020. Research update on foodborne zoonotic drug-resistant Salmonella. International Webinar on the Current Scenario of Zoonotic Diseases and their Impact on Human and Animal Health. Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, India. August 20, 2020.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Larson, K., K. Chan, O. Gekara, and G. Garding. 2020. Quantifying flavonoids at different growth stages of the plant Cleome gynandra. Agricultural Research Institute Showcase, Kellogg West Conference Center, Cal Poly Pomona, February 7, 2020.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Arsi. K., G. R. Huff, W. E. Huff and A. M. Donoghue. 2020. Application of bacteriophages for prevention and control of pathogens in poultry. Phage Futures Congress. Washington D.C., USA.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Gupta, A., M. Bansal, B. Wagle, X. Sun, N. Rath,A. M. Donoghue, and A. Upadhyay. 2020. Sodium Butyrate Reduces Salmonella Enteritidis Infection of Chicken Enterocytes and Expression of Inflammatory Host Genes in vitro. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, p.2309.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. M. Donoghue, and P. R. Jesudhasan. 2021. Phytochemicals as an alternative to conventional chemicals for controlling Campylobacter jejuni in poultry. 2021 Poultry Science Association Annual meeting, July 19-22, 2021 (Virtual meeting).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: A. Kollanoor Johny. 2021. Outliving the pandemic: Veterinarians to build stronger COVID19/Post-COVID19 local and global communities. May 8, 2021. Virtual International seminar on the Veterinarian response to the COVID19 crisis organized by the Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, World Veterinary Association and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala, India.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Wagle, B.R., A. M. Donoghue, and P. R. Jesudhasan. 2021. Select Phytochemicals Reduce Campylobacter jejuni in Postharvest Poultry and Modulate the Virulence Attributes of C. jejuni. Frontiers in Microbiology, p.2270.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: S. Manjankattil, D. V. T. Nair, C. Peichel, S. Noll, T. J. Johnson, R. B. Cox, A. M. Donoghue, A. Kollanoor Johny. 2021. Effect of caprylic acid alone or in combination with peracetic acid against multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg on chicken drumsticks in a soft scalding temperature-time setup. Poultry Science 100 (11): 101421. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579121004442?via%3Dihub.
Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: S. Manjankattil, C. Peichel, D. V. T. Nair, G. Dewi, A. Kollanoor Johny. 2022. Plant-based antimicrobials against Salmonella in turkey processing. Midwest Poultry Federation meeting. https://midwestpoultry.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Johny-Anup-processing.pdf.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Pellissery, A. J., P. Vinaymohan, J. XUE, X. WANG, L.Viju, D. Joseph, Y. LUO, A. M. Donoghue, and K. Venkitanarayanan. 2022. Efficacy of pectin-based caproic acid, caprylic acid, linalool and cuminaldehyde coatings in reducing Salmonella Heidelbeg on chicken eggs. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 6:874219. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.874219.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2022 Citation: Wagle, B. R., D. Marasini, K. Arsi, S, Shrestha, A. M. Donoghue, D. J. Donoghue, and A. Upadhyay. 2022. Prophylactic Supplementation of Eugenol Nanoemulsion Reduces Cecal Campylobacter jejuni Colonization and Modulates Gut Microbiome Profile in Broiler Chickens (Under internal review).
Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2022 Citation: Woo-Ming, A., A. M. Donoghue, K. Arsi, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha, K. Venkitanarayanan, D. J. Donoghue, and A. Upadhyay. 2022. Control of Campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin and wingettes by chitosan based caprylic acid coating. (Under internal review).
Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2022 Citation: Nair, D, V. T., S. Manjankattil, C. Peichel, A. M Donoghue, K. Venkitanarayanan, and A. Kollanoor Johny. 2022. Plant-derived compounds eugenol, carvacrol, beta-resorcylic acid reduce Salmonella on chicken wings and organic carcasses at scalding and chilling conditions. Poultry Science (under preparation).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Nair, D.V.T., S. Manjankattil, C. Peichel, A. Donoghue, K. Venkitanarayanan, and A. Kollanoor Johny. 2021. Antimicrobial efficacy of a plant-derived compound, carvacrol, against Salmonella Enteritidis on organic chicken carcasses. 2021 Poultry Science Association Annual meeting, July 19-22, 2021 (Virtual meeting).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: A. Kollanoor Johny. 2021. Exploring sustainable alternatives for poultry food safety. South Dakota State University Des Moines District Food Safety Summit, August 4.

Progress 09/01/20 to 08/31/21

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience include poultry scientific community interested in organic poultry, educators in sustainable agriculture, largescale organic poultry production, and small-scale organic poultry production. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project provided training and education to post-docs, graduate and undergraduate students. As part of the collaborative work completed at USDA ARS, Fayetteville and University of Arkansas, this project has provided training to five post-doctoral fellows associated with the project. At University of Minnesota, an undergraduate student was trained to conduct basic bacteriological procedures and trained to prepare coating solutions for use on eggshell surfaces. At University of Connecticut, two graduate students were trained to conduct research activities, write manuscripts and publish in peer-reviewed journals. Also, three undergraduate students were trained in BSL2 activities as part of this grant and were given opportunities to participate in the research activities, equipping them with knowledge on organic processing and the use of essential oils and their ingredients for poultry food safety. At Cal Poly Pomona, this project supported an undergraduate student who will be graduating this semester with the plan to pursue MS degree in poultry science. The Department of Sustainable Development at Appalachian State University (ASU) has a working farm and conducts research on humane on-farm poultry processing with organic food safety practices. We also conduct outreach and offer poultry slaughter training, using a mobile processing unit (MPU). We teach processing on an annual basis and also partner with local farmers. Some use our MPU in educational collaborations with us. We also partner with cooperative extension. MPUs are key to community processing because the equipment can be shared. During this period of the project we have participated at multiple meetings and presented our research findings at scientific conferences, symposiums and webinars. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Co-PI Dr. Darre has provided information to organic producers in New England via the Main Organic Poultry Producers, and Maine NOFA. Also in Connecticut via the CT NOFA. The Country Hen, a large organic egg producer in Massachusetts has implemented the use of plant derived antimicrobials in their program. Information on the use of plant derived antimicrobials to reduce Salmonella has been provided to 85 participants in the National Egg Quality School in 2017, 2018 and 2019. Several of the participants are organic producers and many of these egg producers/processors have implemented alternative egg sanitizing strategies. Organic egg producers who participated in the National Egg Quality School come from all over the United States and are influencers in their local communities. Organic Egg producers in New England have been provided educational information about the use of alternative egg sanitizing products to reduce Salmonella. Before COVID-19 restrictions effected our travel, Co-PI Dr. Gekara made farm visits to nearby organic poultry producers (3). One of the farms visited has a relatively large operation (>50,000 chickens) complete with feed mill and egg processing operation. This farm has since established direct links with our college/department at Cal poly, Pomona and will be helping us kick-start an organic poultry operation (once we address all regulations as per USDA guidelines). Dr. Fanatico gave a presentation on "Sanitation and Antimicrobials in Organic Poultry Processing: On-Farm MPU Focus," as part of eXtension webinar on Slaughter and Processing of Poultry June 16, 2020. https://connect.extension.org/event/butchering-poultry. In November 2020, the ASU Sustainable Development Department held an educational event with Against the Grain (ATG) Farm. ATG used the sustainable development farm MPU at their farm in Zionville, NC to process holiday turkeys (100). They set up the extended frame and installed the tarp. It is important in terms of food safety to work under a covered area. Co-PI Dr. Fanatico also discussed the importance of using a food grade tank for chilling carcasses. Fanatico worked with the farmer Holly Whiteside to increase efficiency. Fanatico worked with 4 farm workers on food safety topics and trained 2 students in on-farm turkey processing. Because processing took place during the pandemic, Fanatico trained fewer students than usual. In addition, two students trained at New Life Farm with local farmer Cory Bryk using his equipment. During Spring 2021, Fanatico designed an outdoor processing set up for the MPU at the SD Farm to demonstrate low-cost practices that manage efficient processing, food safety, animal welfare, and waste management. We have included a focus on waste management for small-scale poultry processing on-farm. A seminar was delivered by Dr. Johny at the 2021 South Dakota University - USDA Des Moines District Food Summit meeting on August 4. He discussed the research finding from the project titled, "Exploring Sustainable Alternatives for Poultry Food Safety." Dr. Johny was an invited speaker at the conference that had several attendees from multiple universities, poultry industry and government agencies. An online seminar was delivered by Dr. Johny at the 2021 Virtual International seminar on the Relevance of veterinary profession during COVID-19 pandemic conducted by the Indian Veterinary Association, Mannuthy, Kerala, India unit and the Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. Dr. Johny provided a brief background of his research activities with acknowledgment to this Grant as a part of the talk.The meeting was attended or viewed live on Facebook by a group of 300 people that includes the Dean of the Veterinary College, a few Department Heads, professors, scientists, research associates and veterinary students. Dr. Caputi, a post-doc working on the project gave presentations on: "Structural and functional analyses of the enteric nervous system in animal models of gut neuropathies" at the graduate program in Cell and Molecular Biology (CEMB) on 23 April, 2021. https://us.bbcollab.com/guest/ca829f996ea3444bb344e2858ab2687 "Exploring the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the enteric nervous system in animal models of gut-brain axis dysfunctions" at the Biological Sciences Spring Seminar series, University of Arkansas on 29 April, 2021. Co-PI Dr. Arsi presented a webinar on Alternatives to Antibiotics and interventions for Food safety (27 September, 2021) at the US-Singapore Third Country Training program on Antimicrobial resistance. The participants are all from South East Asian countries and are involved in AMR policy with in their countries. In addition to the aforementioned activities, the following webinars were held on eXtension by our team during the current reporting period. September 1, 2020 - Raising exhibition chickens October 6, 2020 - Raising your own meat chickens November 4, 2020 - Selecting, handling and cooing turkey January 5, 2021 - Managing multi-species poultry flock February 2, 2021 - Raising ducks for meat production March 2, 2021 - Are heavy metals a concern for backyard and free-range poultry flocks? April 6, 2021 - Raising Coturnix quail for egg production May 4, 2021 - Raising quail for meat production or release June 1, 2021 - Backyard flock remedies - What you should and should not do July 6, 2021 - Raising ducks for egg production August 10, 2021 - Backyard poultry: To vaccinate or not? What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to continue the research activities associated with the proposed objectives. The results and significance of the currently ongoing experiments will be furnished as an addendum to the final report of the grant. As part of benefit-cost analysis, we plan to study the problem of upward scaling of laboratory experiments data and results to commercial size processing plants with the special focus on the cost structure. As part of our outreach objectives, we will provide updated information on Salmonella Control for laying hens and eggs through the National Egg Quality School. We plan on completing the ongoing studies and publish the outcomes of our research in peer-reviewed journals. Our team will continue to disseminate the results through presentations at scientific conferences, meetings and webinars. We will also explore the potential of sharing the information in eXtension.org in the form of a webinar/workshop.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Study 1: Effect of select phytochemicals in reducing Salmonella Heidelberg on chicken eggs. GRAS phytochemicals, Zingerone,and Cuminaldehyde were tested alone or in combination for inhibitory activity against Salmonella Heidelberg (SH). Both Cuminaldehyde and zingerone, alone or in combination were found to be inhibitory against SH-V6FA, with the combination reducing bacterial count by 3.0 log CFU (p<0.05). Currently optimization of these compounds for use as a pectin-based anti-salmonella coating on eggs is underway. An abstract relevant to research activities conducted thus far under this objective was submitted to the editor of the Frontiers journal series on Sustainable Food Systems. The abstract has been accepted for a full article publication and we intend to submit the final manuscript by November 2021. Study 2: Select phytochemicals reduce Campylobacter jejuni in postharvest poultry and modulate the virulence attributes of C. jejuni We have completed a study that investigated the efficacy of phytochemicals, namely turmeric, curcumin, allyl sulfide, and garlic oil to reduce Campylobacter jejuni in postharvest poultry. The mechanisms of action(s) were investigated using sub-inhibitory concentration (SIC) in adhesion, quorum sensing, and gene expression analyses. Our results strongly support that the select phytochemicals can significantly reduce C. jejuni in poultry meat. The results were published in Frontiers in Microbiology. Study 3: Eugenol modulates Campylobacter jejuni proteome and virulence critical for colonization in chickens. This study investigated the effect of eugenol (a generally recognized as safe status phytochemical obtained from clove oil), on the whole cell proteomic profile of C. jejuni. In addition, the effect of eugenol on factors critical for cecal colonization (bacterial motility, attachment to epithelial cells) in chickens were studied using 0.4% agar for a motility assay and cell culture analysis using chicken primary enterocytes isolated from broilers. The effect of eugenol on expression of C. jejuni proteome was quantified using LC-MS/MS analysis followed by targeted proteomics and data analysis using Scaffold Proteomic software. The experiment was conducted three times and the samples were run in triplicates. Whole cell proteomic analysis identified more than 600 proteins in C. jejuni with many virulent proteins modulated by eugenol. Follow up motility and attachment assays revealed that eugenol was effective in reducing the motility (> 50% reduction) and attachment of C. jejuni to primary chicken enterocytes (P<0.05). Overall, these results delineate the prospective mechanism of action of eugenol on C. jejuni and the potential of using this phytochemical to control C. jejuni colonization in chickens. The studies were completed and the manuscript is ready for submission. Study 4: Prophylactic supplementation of eugenol nanoemulsion reduces cecal Campylobacter jejuni colonization and modulates gut microbiome profile in broiler chickens This study investigated the efficacy of in-water supplementation of a generally recognized as safe compound, eugenol (EG) as nanoemulsion (NE) in reducing C. jejuni colonization in broiler chickens. Two separate trials were conducted. In each trial, chicks were supplemented with EG (normal or NE) in drinking water at 0, 0.0625, 0.125 or 0.25% for 14 days (n=10 birds/treatment/trial). Birds in the inoculated group were challenged with a 4-strain mixture of C. jejuni on day 7 and cecal samples were collected on day 14 for enumeration of surviving C. jejuni. In addition, the effect of EG on the cecal microbiome was investigated. In-water supplementation of 0.125% EG normal reduced C. jejuni counts by ~ 1.4 Log CFU/g in both trials. Similarly, the 0.125% EG NE reduced C. jejuni colonization by ~ 1.5 and 3.7 Log CFU/g in trials 1 and 2 respectively as compared to controls (P<0.05). No reduction in feed and water consumption or body weight gain was observed with the supplementation of EG at 0.125% or lower doses (P>0.05). Illumina MiSeq based microbiome analysis revealed that administration of EG and EG NE at tested concentrations modulated the cecal microbiome at genus level in both inoculated and not-inoculated groups (P<0.05) without affecting phyla (P>0.05). Results suggest that EG NE could potentially be used to control C. jejuni colonization in broiler chickens. Study 5: Antimicrobial efficacy of a plant-derived compound, carvacrol, against Salmonella Enteritidis on organic chicken carcasses. The present study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of a plant-derived phenolic compound, carvacrol, against Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) on chicken carcass in simulated chilling conditions. The chicken carcass was inoculated with a cocktail of four SE serovars [either higher inoculum (10^8 CFU/carcass) or lower inoculum (10^6 CFU/carcass)] and immersed in antimicrobial treatments for 30 min at 4oC. The treatments included in the higher inoculum study were negative control (NC; non-inoculated carcass immersed in water without any treatments), positive control (PC; carcass inoculated with SE and immersed in water without any treatments), chlorine (CL; 200ppm), peracetic acid (PAA; 200ppm) and carvacrol [CR; 1% (v/v]. Similar treatments, except CL, were used in the lower inoculum study. After 30 min immersion treatments, the samples were stored at 4oC. SE from the carcass was isolated using rocking motion and surviving SE was determined on days 0 and 3 (higher inoculum) or days 0 and 7 (lower inoculum) on xylose lysine deoxycholate agar plates. Each experiment was repeated at least 6 times (N=6) and data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. For higher inoculum, PAA and CR treatments resulted in 1.9 and 5.4 log CFU/ml reduction of SE on the carcass on day 0 compared to PC (P<0.05), however, CL treatment yielded no significant reduction of SE (P>0.05). In contrast, on day 3, CR resulted in a 1-log CFU/ml reduction of SE whereas PAA maintained 1.2 log CFU/ml SE reduction (P<0.05). For the lower inoculum, consistent SE reductions were obtained with CR and PAA on days 0 and 7. PAA resulted in 4.5 and 4.9 log CFU/ml reductions of SE on meat on days 0 and 7, respectively (P<0.05). Similarly, CR yielded 5.0 and 4.6 log CFU/ml reduction on these days. Additionally, PAA and CR treatments resulted in 5.0 and 3.0 log CFU/ml reduction of SE in treatment water on higher inoculum and lower inoculum studies, respectively (P<0.05). Results of the study indicated that PAA and CR treatments are effective in controlling SE contamination on chicken carcass. The completed experiments with chicken carcasses have been presented at the 2021 PSA annual meeting. Study 6: Benefit-Cost assessment. We conducted a detailed literature review to identify cost-benefit studies or willingness to pay (WTP) studies where the type of the policy or technology evaluated has some similarities with organic poultry processing studied under this project. We identified some degree of similarities with labor safety improvements, fair-trade practices, environmental improvements and sustainability studies. When it comes to methodologies for elicitation of consumer preferences, different types of choice experiments have been used, such as hypothetical or non-hypothetical auction experiments and choice experiment surveys. Finally, we show how under some assumptions, the benefit transfer approach can be used to calibrate the results of a closely related study to approximate perceived benefits of plant derived antimicrobials use in poultry processing. We are in process of preparing a working paper that can be distributed to communities of interest. Upon receiving feedback, the working paper will be revised, and another manuscript will be prepared for publication in a peer reviewed professional journal.

Publications

Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Wagle, B. R., Donoghue, A. M., and Jesudhasan, P. R. 2021. Phytochemicals as an alternative to conventional chemicals for controlling Campylobacter jejuni in poultry. 2021 Poultry Science Association Annual meeting, July 19-22, 2021 (Virtual meeting)
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Nair, D.V.T., Manjankattil, S., Peichel, C., Donoghue, A., Venkitanarayanan, K., and Kollanoor Johny, A. 2021. Antimicrobial efficacy of a plant-derived compound, carvacrol, against Salmonella Enteritidis on organic chicken carcasses. 2021 Poultry Science Association Annual meeting, July 19-22, 2021 (Virtual meeting).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: S. Manjankattil. 2021. Antimicrobial efficacy of a plant-derived compound, carvacrol, against Salmonella Enteritidis on organic chicken carcasses. 2021 Poultry Science Association Annual meeting, July 19-22, 2021 (Virtual meeting).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: A. Kollanoor Johny. 2021. Exploring sustainable alternatives for poultry food safety. South Dakota State University Des Moines District Food Safety Summit, August 4.
Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: A. Kollanoor Johny. 2021. Outliving the pandemic: Veterinarians to build stronger COVID19/Post-COVID19 local and global communities. Virtual International seminar on the Veterinarian response to the COVID19 crisis organized by the Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, World Veterinary Association and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala, India. May 8.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Wagle, B.R., Donoghue, A.M., and Jesudhasan, P.R. 2021. Select Phytochemicals Reduce Campylobacter jejuni in Postharvest Poultry and Modulate the Virulence Attributes of C. jejuni. Frontiers in Microbiology, p.2270.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Manjankattil, S., Nair, D. V.T., Peichel, C., Noll, S., Johnson, T. J., Cox, R. B., Donoghue, A. M., and Kollanoor Johny. A. 2021. Effect of caprylic acid alone or in combination with peracetic acid against multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg on chicken drumsticks in a soft scalding temperature-time setup. Poultry Science. 100:101421 IF 3.352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101421
Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2021 Citation: Wagle, B. R., Marasini, D., Arsi, K., Shrestha, S., Donoghue, A. M., Donoghue, D. J., and Upadhyay. A. 2021. Prophylactic Supplementation of Eugenol Nanoemulsion Reduces Cecal Campylobacter jejuni Colonization and Modulates Gut Microbiome Profile in Broiler Chickens. (Under internal review)
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Gupta, A., Bansal, M., Wagle, B., Sun, X., Rath, N., Donoghue, A. M., and Upadhyay, A. 2020. Sodium Butyrate Reduces Salmonella Enteritidis Infection of Chicken Enterocytes and Expression of Inflammatory Host Genes in vitro. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, p.2309.

Progress 09/01/19 to 08/31/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience include poultry scientific community interested in organic poultry, educators in sustainable agriculture, largescale organic poultry production, and small-scale organic poultry production. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project provided training and education to graduate and undergraduate students. At theUniversity of Connecticut, students were trained to conduct egg coating treatments using various antimicrobials as well as inoculation of shell egg surface with Salmonella Heidelberg. At Cal Poly Pomona, this project supported 3 undergraduates (2 were accepted to veterinary school, the third one just joined graduate school) and one graduate student expected to graduate this fall semester. Dr. Divek Nair, a postdoctoral associate working on the grant attended 3 training seminars/webinars as a part of his professional development. The opportunity includes RNA Sequencing Analysis Tutorial offered by the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota; Introduction to R workshop offered by the Liberal Arts Technologies & Innovation Services, University of Minnesota; and Visualizing Data with Ggplot2, a workshop offered by the Liberal Arts Technologies & Innovation Services, University of Minnesota. PI, Dr. Annie Donoghue visited the SD (Sustainable Development) farm to meet staff, see the Mobile Processing Unit (MPU), and the setting of a university small, diversified farm where both poultry and fresh produce are raised. Co-PI, Dr. Anne Fanatico, Appalachian State University (ASU) hosted Dr. Donoghue's visit and also set up a visit for her to New Life Farm in Lenoir, NC, where Cory Bryk, a collaborating farmer processes turkeys on-farm each fall. The ASU Sustainable Development Department held an educational event with Against the Grain (ATG) farm on 11/18/19. ATG used the SD Farm MPU with at their farm in Zionville, NC to process turkeys (100). They set up the extended frame and tarp over the lowered trailer gate, which provided an additional 6 feet of processing area under cover. It is important in terms of food safety to work under a covered area. Dr. Fanatico worked with the farmer Holly Whiteside to determine that the electrical system should be evaluated more closely.She worked with 3 farm workers on food safety topics and trained 7 students in on-farm turkey processing. In addition, two students were trained at New Life Farm with Cory Bryk using his equipment. Co-PI Dr. Fanatico and the Assistant Farm Manager, Todd Rudicill, designed food safety additions to the MPU and also developed a sanitation program using natural materials for on-farm processing. While chlorine and peracetic acid are permitted in organic processing, natural materials are less caustic. Organic acids, such as lactic and citric acids, can be used at 2.5%. Chicxide is an example of a commercial product (Birko Corporation). Plant-derived compounds are also effective in small farm processing, such as eugenol. Eugenol is used at 0.25% solution. These natural materials can be used effectively as a pre-chill dip or spray. Fanatico researched cleaners to use post-processing. Many small farmers use a degreasing dish soap available from grocery stores. Fanatico researched an alkaline, foaming commercial cleaner (Liquik 20 from Birko). The use of a foaming detergent allows the cleaner to penetrate into small areas and cracks. In addition, cleaners are used outside and enter the environment (Liquik 20 is permitted in certified organic production). Fanatico developed recommendations: remove solid material, spray commercial cleaner with a foam sprayer, brush, rinse, sanitize. Fanatico updated on-farm poultry processing Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for small diversified farms. New procedures include a temperature log every hour during chilling. Fanatico created a diagram of a sample MPU lay outoptimized for food safety. Our OREI team held a virtual meetings with Dr. Tom Vukina of the North Carolina State University to discuss about the benefit-cost assessment of organic egg/carcass disinfection process and operation. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results were disseminated mostly via email and webinars. Individual owners of small organic poultry flocks were contacted via email relative to the use of Plant Derived Antimicrobials in their birds. The fact that organic poultry are prohibited from using typical antimicrobials to help keep their flocks healthy has led them to find viable alternatives. This is especially true for control of Salmonella in both layers and meat birds. Dr. Darre, Co-PI from University of Connecticut was able to provide information based on the research results of members of this project. Co-PI Dr. Arsi gave a webinar on 'Antibiotic Alternatives for Controlling Foodborne Pathogens in Poultry.' This webinar was presented on June 9, 2020 as part of the USDA ARS AMR/ATA webinar series. Because the coronavirus pandemic required social distancing, Fanatico helped lead an eXtension webinar to share the information on: "Sanitation and Antimicrobials in Organic Poultry Processing: On-Farm MPU Focus." Dr. Fanatico also gave a webinar on "Slaughter and Processing of Poultry" on June 16, 2020. (Available at https://connect.extension.org/event/butchering-poultry). Dr. Fanatico also answered questions from an increasing number of farmers, who are interested in on-farm poultry processing. Small commercial processing plants are already over-burdened and the pandemic has revealed a strong interest in on-farm processing. Co-PI Dr. Johny delivered a seminar at the 2020 virtual Midwest Poultry Federation Convention on August 13, 2020. The Mid West Poultry Federation Convention is the largest regional poultry show in the U.S. The convention draws more than 3,000 participants from all over the country and engagement from representatives from egg layer, broiler, turkey and organic/specialty poultry production industry. The convention, as always, featuredan exceptional education program and virtual trade show, along with pre-show events. Dr. Johny was an invited speaker in the education program in the processing section where he briefed on the ongoing research with essential oils/ingredients. An online seminar was delivered by Dr. Johny at the 2020 Virtual International seminar on the "Current Scenario of Zoonotic Diseases and their Impact on Human and Animal Health" organized by the Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, Tamil Nadu, India.The meeting was attended by a group of 50-75 people that includes the Dean of the University, Director of the center, Department Head, professors, scientists, research associates and veterinary students. Dr. Johny spoke about the ongoing research on alternatives to antibiotics in poultry production. Co-PI Dr. Gekara at CalPoly Pomona made contacts with two local organic poultry producers located in Riverside County; one rears broilers on free range and the other has layers also with significant free-range management. The two farms have an extensive network that involves other smaller producers that we intend to reach once the new castle disease quarantine and COVID-19 travel restrictions are lifted. The production manager from the layer chicken operation made a presentation to 35 animal science and agricultural science students enrolled at Cal Poly Pomona, 5 of the students are veterans of foreign wars. Relevant technical information on efficient and safe production of poultry products (organic poultry meat and eggs) mainly shared with the two organic producers contacted. The medium of sharing this information is mainly one-on-one meeting, online and telephone conversations. Webinars were held on eXtension on general information for small and backyard poultry flock owners. Below is the list of webinars conducted by our team since the beginning of this year. January 21 - Staying healthy with a backyard flock February 19 - How to perform a simple necropsy March 10 - Poultry-human bond April 14 - Raising pullet chicks for egg production in a small or backyard flock May 5 - Common poultry diseases June 16 - Slaughter and processing of poultry July 15 - Managing egg-laying hens in small and backyard flocks August 4 - Managing predators with a small and backyard poultry flock August 11 - Using chick embryology as a teaching tool What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to complete the research activities associated with the proposed objectives and future experiments will involve screening additional GRAS-status compounds for reducing Campylobacter and Salmonella on poultry products. Unfortunately, due to the Covid 19 pandemic, several events that were planned for the current year were cancelled. National Egg Quality School planned for this year was cancelled and thus the talk on the use of plant derived antimicrials for Salmonella control was not presented. We plan to present the information at the 2021 National Egg Quality School in May, 2021, and at the National Extension Workshop at the Poultry Science Meetings. We plan to present the second part of our study (chicken carcass interventions) at an organic conference and publish the outcomes of the research in peer-reviewed journals. Moreover, Mr. Martin, the Co-PI of the grant and Dr. Johny are planning to present the results of the study in one of the extension webinars. We will also explore the potential of sharing the information in eXtension.org in the form of a webinar/workshop. At Cal Poly Pomona, poultry facility is expected to be in place during the next report period, this will facilitate expected on-farm demonstrations for small poultry producers and serves as a teaching resource for animal science and agricultural science students. Also planned are on-farm visits to nearby poultry producers various counties in southern California that can benefit from outreach deliverables made possible through this project.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? During the past year we continued our on-going research and conducted several experiments testing the efficacy of natural, organic-friendly, FDA approved food grade compounds to reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter on poultry products. Below are some of the specific studies and their progress during the current reporting period. Study 1: Cell-free supernatants of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium reduce the biofilm formation of Campylobacter jejuni. Studies evaluating the efficacy of L. plantarum and P. freudenreichii against C. jejuni biofilms were completed and the manuscript is in preparation. Study 2: Effect of eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde on Campylobacter jejuni cecal colonization, proteome and gut microbiome profile in broiler chickens. We completed a study evaluating the efficacy of in-water supplementation of two generally recognized as safe compounds, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde as nanoemulsion (NE) in reducing C. jejuni colonization in broiler chickens. In addition, the effect of EG and TC nanoemulsions on C. jejuni colonization factors (motility, attachment to chicken enterocytes), whole cell proteome and cecal microbiome were also investigated. The study was completed and the manuscript is under preparation. Study 3: Plant-derived antimicrobials modulate Campylobacter jejuni colonization factors critical for persistence in avian gut. This study investigated the efficacy of sub-inhibitory concentrations (SICs, concentration not inhibiting bacterial growth) of a generally recognized as safe (GRAS)-status phytochemical, carvacrol (CR 0.002%) in reducing the major colonization factors critical for survival of two strains of C. jejuni (NCTC 81176 and wild type S-8) in chicken enterocytes. In addition, the effect of CR on the expression of critical colonization proteins was studied using LC-MS MS based proteomic approach. The study was completed, and the manuscript was published in the journal of Poultry Science. Study 4: Efficacy of caproic acid, caprylic acid and cuminaldehyde in reducing Salmonella Heidelberg on chicken eggs. Three GRAS phytochemical compounds namely caprylic acid (CAY), caproic acid (CAO) and cuminaldehyde (CUM) were tested as a pectin-based coating individually or as a three-compound combination (COMB) on shelled eggs in reducing Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) under refrigerated storage. Pectin-based CAY and CAO significantly reduced SH counts by ~2.0 log CFU/egg to control by day 21. On the other hand, CUM based pectin coating reduced SH counts by ~3.0 log CFU/egg by the last day of storage compared to untreated control. The COMB based pectin coating was most effective, wherein the SH count reduction ranged between 2.75-3.5 log CFU/egg from day 0 through day 14, and by the last day of storage, the counts were reduced by ~3.7 log CFU/egg compared to the control (p<0.05). These studies were completed and the aforementioned findings were presented virtually at the 2020 Annual Poultry Science Association conference. Study 5: Plant-derived compounds, eugenol, carvacrol, and beta-resorcylic acid reduce Salmonella on chicken wings at scalding and chilling conditions. Non-typhoidal Salmonella outbreaks linked to poultry products necessitate effective and safe antimicrobial interventions during processing stages. In this study, the efficacy of three plant-derived compounds (PDCs), eugenol, carvacrol, and beta-resorcylic acid was evaluated against Salmonella on chicken wings during scalding and chilling conditions of poultry processing. Chicken wings were inoculated with a two-serotype mixture of Salmonella Enteritidis and S. Heidelberg (6 log10 CFU/wing). After 30 min of Salmonella attachment at room temperature, each wing was treated with beta-resorcylic acid (BR; 0.5%, 1%), eugenol (EG; 0.5%, 1%), carvacrol (CR; 0.5%, 1%), chlorine (CL; 200 ppm), or peracetic acid (PA; 200 ppm). Wings inoculated with Salmonella subjected to no antimicrobial treatments served as the positive control (PC). For scalding studies, the treatments were applied for 2 min at 54oC. Additionally, 0.5% of poultry droppings were added to the treatment water to simulate organic load during scalding. Separate wings were used for chilling studies, and the treatments were applied for 30 min at 4oC. The treated samples were homogenized for 45 s. Sample homogenates and treatment water were plated on xylose lysine desoxycholate agar and enriched in selenite cystine broth for determining the surviving Salmonella. Studies were repeated 6 times (6 wings/treatment), and data were analyzed using PROC-ANOVA (P<0.05). Under scalding conditions, all treatments, except CL, yielded significant reductions of Salmonella on wings compared to PC. Reductions were 0.6-, 1.0-, 0.9-, 1.7-, 1.6-, 3.3- and 1.4- log10 CFU/g, respectively for 0.5% BR, 1% BR, 0.5% EG, 1.0% EG, 0.5% CR, 1% CR and PA (P<0.05). The largest Salmonella reduction of 3.3 log10 CFU/g was obtained with the application of 1% CR. All the treatments, except CL and PA, reduced Salmonella to non-detectable levels in the scalding water (P<0.05). Salmonella reductions on wings during chilling were 1.0-, 1.0-, 1.1-, 1.3-, 0.9-, 2.1-, 4.0- and 2.4- log10 CFU/g for 0.5% BR, 1% BR, 0.5% EG, 1.0% EG, CL, 0.5% CR, 1% CR and PA, respectively. A maximum reduction of 4.0 log10 CFU/g in Salmonella was observed for 1% CR. All treatments, except BR and CL, resulted in non-detectable Salmonella in chilling water (P<0.05). The study revealed that, PDCs could be effective and safe antimicrobials against Salmonella on poultry products. The experiments with chicken wings have been completed and presented at the 2020 Annual Poultry Science Association conference. We are in the process of completing the follow up sensory studies.

Publications

Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Donoghue, A. M., B. R. Wagle, K. Arsi, A. Upadhyay, S. Shrestha, and R. Liyanage. 2019. Phytochemicals reduce Campylobacter jejuni biofilms on common food contact surfaces. 20th Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Microorganisms conference (CHRO 2019). September 8-11, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shrestha, S., B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. The efficacy of Carvacrol, a phytochemical derived from oregano oil as an antimicrobial wash for reducing Campylobacter jejuni and aerobic bacteria in postharvest poultry. 2nd International Conference on Energy Applications, Biotechnology, Applied Science and Engineering Research (EBAE 2019). December 11-12, Phuket, Thailand.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, K. Bhargava, A. M.Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Eugenol as an antimicrobial wash treatment reduces Campylobacter jejuni in postharvest poultry. Journal of Food Safety, 39(6):e12704.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shrestha, S., B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, D. J. Donoghue, and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Carvacrol antimicrobial wash treatments reduce Campylobacter jejuni and aerobic bacteria on broiler chicken skin. Poultry science, 98(9):4073-4083.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Donoghue, A. M., B. R. Wagle, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha and A. Upadhyay. 2019. A multi-hurdle approach using phytochemicals as natural alternatives to antibiotics for controlling Campylobacter in poultry. 3rd International Symposium on Alternatives to Antibiotics (ATA). December 16-18, Bangkok, Thailand.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. M. Donoghue, S. Shrestha, I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, A. Gupta, R. Liyanage, N. C. Rath, D. J. Donoghue, and A. Upadhyay. 2020. Carvacrol attenuates Campylobacter jejuni colonization factors and proteome critical for persistence in the chicken gut. Poultry Science, 99(9):4566-4577.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: A. J. Pellissery, P. G. Vinayamohan, O. R. Perrine, A. Zeran, A. Upadhyay, A. M. Donoghue, and K. Venkitanarayanan. 2020. Efficacy of caproic acid, caprylic acid and cuminaldehyde in reducing Salmonella Heidelberg on chicken eggs. Poster presentation - 2020 PSA Virtual Annual Meeting. July 20-22, 2020.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: D. V. T. Nair, S. Manjankattil, C. Peichel, A. M. Donoghue, K. Venkitanarayanan, A. K. Johny. 2020. Plant-derived compounds, eugenol, carvacrol, and beta-resorcylic acid reduce Salmonella on chicken wings at scalding and chilling conditions. 2020 PSA Virtual Annual Meeting. July 20-22, 2020.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Anup Kollanoor Johny. 2020. Preharvest interventions and implications of safety for turkey processing. Midwest Poultry Federation Convention Annual Virtual Meeting. August 13, 2020.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wagle, B.R., D. Marasini, I. Upadhyaya, S. Shrestha, K. Arsi, A. M. Donoghue, F. Carbonero, D. J. Donoghue, K. Maas, and A. Upadhyay. 2020. Draft Genome Sequences of Campylobacter jejuni Strains Isolated from Poultry. Microbiology Resource Announcements, 9(7).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Anup Kollanoor Johny. 2020. Research update on foodborne zoonotic drug-resistant Salmonella. International Webinar on the Current Scenario of Zoonotic Diseases and their Impact on Human and Animal Health. Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, India. August 20, 2020.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Larson, K., K. Chan, O. Gekara, and G. Garding. 2020. Quantifying flavonoids at different growth stages of the plant Cleome gynandra. Agricultural Research Institute Showcase, Kellogg West Conference Center, Cal Poly Pomona, February 7, 2020.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Arsi. K., G. R. Huff, W. E. Huff and A. M. Donoghue. 2020. Application of bacteriophages for prevention and control of pathogens in poultry. Phage Futures Congress. Washington D.C., USA.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Woo-Ming, A., A. M. Donoghue, K. Arsi, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha, K. Venkitanarayanan, D. J. Donoghue, and A. Upadhyay. 2020. Control of Campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin and wingettes by chitosan based caprylic acid coating. Under internal review.

Progress 09/01/18 to 08/31/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience include poultry scientific community interested in organic poultry, educators in sustainable agriculture, largescale organic poultry production, and small-scale organic poultry production. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project provided training and education to graduate students and undergraduate students. They were trained to conducted egg coating and egg spray treatments using various antimicrobials as well as inoculation of shell egg surface with Salmonella Heidelberg. Dr. Divek Nair, PhD, the postdoctoral associate working in the grant attended training on "practicum for future faculty" and professional development activities on bioinformatics and sequencing at the University of Minnesota. Co-PI Dr. Fanatico along with the farm staff at the Appalachian State University (ASU) developed training components and provide outreach on mobile processing units (MPU) for on-farm poultry slaughter and handling poultry products to maintain high food safety for poultry products and eggs. Many small farms do not have dedicated buildings and equipment for poultry processing; however, sharing equipment and space with fruit and vegetables is a large risk. An MPU reduces risk and has the potential to improve food safety on diversified farms that produce both poultry and vegetables. At ASU, we previously converted our MPU rental program to an educational program and additional upgrades were made to the MPU for food safety. The MPUs at ASU have been used for various educational activities including, backyard poultry producer training in Creston, NC by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension. See https://watauga.ces.ncsu.edu/2018/09/chicken-processing-workshop/. The Appalachian State University Sustainable Development department held an educational event with Against the Grain (ATG) farm, which used the mobile processing unit to process holiday turkeys (90). Co-PI, Dr. Fanatico worked with 4 farm workers on food safety topics and trained 10 students in on-farm turkey processing. On July 25, 2019, The Appalachian State University Sustainable Development Department, North Carolina Cooperative Extension (Watauga county agent Eddy Labus), and Virginia Tech (Dr. Leonie Jacob) hosted a poultry processing workshop with the assistance of Cornerstone Poultry Ventures (see https://watauga.ces.ncsu.edu/event/52334552/onfarm-poultry-slaughter-workshop/). Labus and Fanatico planned the workshop for extension agents and small commercial growers. Labus advertised the workshop with NC agents and NC Choices (a program of Center for Environmental Farming Systems). Jacob advertised it with agents in VA(11 people were trained). Fanatico gave a processing, stunning, natural sanitation overview and a lunchtime panel was held. The panel included Sanitation (Fanatico), Welfare (Jacob), Processing and knife sharpening (McLaughlin of Cornerstone). During this workshop, Dr. Fanatico gave a demonstration on using natural antimicrobials as an alternative to chlorine during on-farm processing. Dr. Gekara, Co-PI from Cal Poly, Pomona, made farm visits to near by poultry farms (small and medium size on free range) and made contacts on phone to answer technical questions regarding nutrition, health management, and questions on safe handling of eggs before marketing to the public. Our OREI team held an Organic Poultry Meeting at the PSA annual conference, Montreal, Canada (July 17, 2019) to discuss and share information. For this meeting, we invited the Co-PIs and collaborators to review the project productivity and discussed the plan for research, extension and outreach activities for the next year. We also met with potential collaborators from the United States and Canada to discuss available opportunities and future projects for organic poultry production. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have presented aspects of our project at meetings where organic poultry producers and processors gather. We have participated at meetings frequently attended by organic poultry producers and processors. We published manuscripts in peer reviewed journals and presented our findings at several national and international conferences. Dr. Donoghue presented the research on "Antibiofilm effect of plant compounds, trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol or carvacrol on poultry plant processing surfaces" at the 9th International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Veterinary Medicine, Rome Italy.In conjunction with this meeting, Dr. Donoghue also traveled to the University of Perugia to meet with Dr. Cesare Castellini, visited severalorganic poultry farms and numerous contacts were made as part of this visit with scientists working in food safety, sustainable production and health related programs and several excellent leads were made for planned collaborative research. Dr. Kollanoor Johny, Co-PI at University of Minnesota gave a presentation at the 2019 Midwest Poultry Federation Convention held at Minneapolis, MN from March 12 to 14, 2019. The MPF Convention is the largest regional poultry show in the U.S. In 2019, the convention drew more than 3,100 participants from 42 states as well as Washington D.C., 5 Canadian provinces and several other countries and had representatives from egg layer, broiler, turkey and organic/specialty poultry production industry. Dr. Johny was an invited speaker in the education program and the title of the talk was "Essential oils: Opportunities to improve food safety in organic poultry production and processing." There were more than 100 attendees in the seminar who were from various segments of the industry, federal agencies, and academia. A seminar proceedings paper has been published in association with Dr. Johny's talk. A focus group was conducted as a part of the seminar delivered by Dr. Johny at the Minnesota Association of Meat Processors meeting in Saint Cloud, MN on March 16, 2019. The title of the talk was "Essential oils as antimicrobials in poultry processing - Opportunities and challenges." There were 7 members in the focus group who were all from small poultry flock owners interested in using essential oils in their operations and were organic-centric. Co-PI Dr. Kollanoor Johny gave a talk at the USDA Food Safety Summit held at the University of Minnesota on June 18, 2019. The title of the talk was "Alternative approaches against Salmonella in poultry." There were close to 200 members attending the seminar who were from USDA, academia, industry, and extension. A seminar was delivered by Dr. Johny at the National Research Center on Meat, in Hyderabad, India on August 19, 2019. The title of the talk was "Recent research on safeguarding meat supply from drug-resistantSalmonella." The meeting was attending by a group of 25 that includes the Director of the center, senior professors, principal scientists, research associates and students. PI, Dr. Donoghue was invited by Maple Leaf Farms Inc., to present our research at the Annual Duck Conference, 2019 and collaborative efforts are underway to extend the research to duck production. Our team has addressed common food safety production issues on small diversified farms during trainings, workshops and professional meetings. We established contacts with local farmers and answered their questions regarding nutrition, health, management, and safe handling of poultry products during our on-farm visits and/or over phone. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Experiments testing the efficacy of GRAS compounds such as cuminaldehyde, geranyl acetate, caprylic acid, caproic acid and p-cymene as an antimicrobial spray or pectin-based coating on shelled eggs will be conducted. One graduate student at Cal Poly, Pomona will continue the microbiology work started with resources obtained through this project. The student will be conducting research on different pasture plants suitable for foraging chickens and can supply nutrients/antioxidants, and with medicinal/antimicrobial benefits against enteric pathogens and parasites commonly found in chickens raised under free range conditions. Studies to determine the quality, shelf-life and consumer acceptability of chicken and eggs subjected to the proposed interventions will be continued during the next reporting period. We also plan to complete benefit: cost assessment of organic egg and carcass disinfection process and operation by the end of the next reporting period. We will also develop and present educational programs on the project results and other aspects of organic poultry processing at various meetings where large organic poultry producers, processors and other organic industry leaders and producers gather. We plan to complete the research activities associated with the proposed objectives and present the results at professional meetings

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? During the past year we have developed several practical and effective post-harvest intervention strategies using natural, organic-friendly, FDA-approved, food-grade compounds to reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter on broiler carcasses and eggs. Below are some of the specific studies conducted and their progress during the current reporting period. Study 1: To determine the efficacy of sodium selenite and sodium picolinate as an antimicrobial spray and/or pectin-based coating on shelled eggs for reducing Salmonella on eggs. Two GRAS compounds namely sodium selenite and sodium picolinate were tested as an antimicrobial spray and/or pectin-based coating on shelled eggs in reducing Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) under refrigerated storage. Sodium picolinate spray treatment reduced SH population on eggs to undetectable levels at the end of 28 days of storage, compared to controls (p<0.05). Pectin-based sodium picolinate was also effective in reducing SH load on eggs when compared to control by day 28. In addition, sodium selenite spray treatment significantly reduced SH counts by ~3.0 log CFU/egg compared to the untreated control on the last day of storage. These studies were completed and the manuscript is under preparation. Study 2: Eugenol as an antimicrobial dip treatment reduces Campylobacter jejuni in postharvest poultry The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of eugenol (EG), as an antimicrobial dip treatment to reduce C. jejuni in postharvest poultry (chicken skin). Results demonstrated that EG consistently reduced C. jejuni and total aerobic counts on chicken skin. In addition, emulsion and nanoemulsion of eugenol was prepared to improve the antibacterial efficacy of EG against C. jejuni. The manuscript is accepted for publication in Journal of Food Safety. Study 3: Carvacrol antimicrobial wash treatments reduce C. jejuni and aerobic counts on broiler chicken skin This study demonstrated the potential application of carvacrol (CR) as a wash treatment to reduce C. jejuni on chicken skin. Two trials were conducted, and the results revealed that CR significantly reduced C. jejuni and total aerobic counts on chicken skin. This manuscript was published in the Poultry Science journal. Study 4: Antimicrobial wash with trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) nanoemulsion reduces C. jejuni in postharvest poultry We have conducted four trials (two each on chicken skin and chicken wingettes) to investigate the efficacy of antimicrobial wash treatments with trans-cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion against C. jejuni. Results suggests that TC consistently reduced C. jejuni on both chicken skin and wingettes without significantly affecting the color of poultry products.The manuscript is under preparation. Study 5: Pectin or chitosan coating fortified with eugenol reduces Campylobacter jejuni on chicken wingettes and modulates expression of critical survival genes This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of pectin or chitosan coating fortified with EG to reduce C. jejuni on chicken wingettes. Incorporation of 0.5, 1 or 2% EG in pectin significantly improved antimicrobial coating efficacy against C. jejuni. Similarly, the antimicrobial efficacy of chitosan was improved by 2% EG. In addition, the effect of treatments on chicken wingette color and the expression of C. jejuni survival and virulence genes was evaluated andthe manuscript was published in Poultry Science journal. Study 6: Edible coatings fortified with carvacrol reduce C. jejuni on chicken wingettes and modulate expression of select virulence genes The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of gum Arabic or chitosan coating with CR to reduce C. jejuni on chicken wingettes. Our results showed that 1% CR, or the combination of either 0.25%, 0.5% or 1% CR with chitosan significantly reduced C. jejuni from day 0 through day 7. In addition, none of the treatments exerted any significant effect on wingette color. This manuscript was published in Frontiers in Microbiology. Study 7: Trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and carvacrol reduce C. jejuni biofilms and modulate expression of select genes and proteins This study was conducted to evaluate the antibiofilm of TC, EG and CR against C. jejuni biofilms and to delineate the potential mechanism of action of phytochemicals. The results revealed that TC, EG and CR reduced the capacity of C. jejuni biofilm formation and also inactivated the matured biofilms. Moreover, LC-MS/MS based proteomic analysis revealed that TC, EG, and CR significantly downregulated the expression of proteins critical foroxidative stress response andbiofilm formation. The study was completed, and the manuscript is published in Frontiers in Microbiology. Study 8: Cell-Free supernatants of Lactobacillus and propionibacterium reduce the biofilm formation of Campylobacter jejuni In this study, we evaluate the antibiofilm of L. plantarum and P. freudenreichii against C. jejuni biofilms. Our preliminary results suggested that these probiotics reduced C. jejuni biofilm formation and the study is ongoing. Study 9: Effect of eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde on Campylobacter jejuni cecal colonization, proteome and gut microbiome profile in broiler chickens This study investigated the efficacy of in-water supplementation of two generally recognized as safe compounds, EG and TC as nanoemulsion (NE) in reducing C. jejuni colonization in broiler chickens. In two separate trials, day-old-chicks were supplemented with EG or TC (normal or NE) in drinking water at 0, 0.0625, 0.125 or 0.25% for 14 days. In addition, the effect of EG and TC on C. jejuni colonization factors (motility, attachment to chicken enterocytes), whole cell proteome and cecal microbiome were investigated. The study was completed, and the results were presented at the annual meeting of American Society of Microbiology in 2019. Study 10: Effect of carvacrol nanoemulsion on Campylobacter jejuni cecal colonization in broiler chickens This study investigated the efficacy of in-water supplementation of CR nanoemulsion (NE) in reducing C. jejuni colonization in broiler chickens. In addition, we investigated the effect of CR on gut microbiome profile. In two trials, day-old-chicks (Cobb 500; n=10 birds/treatment/trial) were supplemented with CR (normal or NE) in drinking water at 0, 0.0625, 0.125 or 0.25% for 14 days. Results revealed that in-water supplementation of select doses of carvacrol nanoemulsion reduced C. jejuni colonization as compared to controls (P<0.05). The in vivo study was completed and the analysis of microbiome data is ongoing. Study 11: Plant-derived antimicrobials modulate Campylobacter jejuni colonization factors critical for persistence in avian gut. This study investigated the efficacy of sub-inhibitory concentrations (SICs, concentration not inhibiting bacterial growth) of a generally recognized as safe (GRAS)-status phytochemical (CR 0.002%) in reducing the major colonization factors critical for survival of two strains of C. jejuni (NCTC 81176 and wild type S-8) in chicken enterocytes. In addition, the effect of CR on the expression of critical colonization proteins was studied using LC-MS/MS based proteomic approach. Results revealed that carvacrol reduced C. jejuni motility and adhesion to chicken primary enterocytes (P<0.05). LC-MS/MS based proteomics revealed that carvacrol downregulated critical chicken colonization proteins in both the strains of C. jejuni (P<0.05). The study was completed, and the manuscript is in preparation for submission to Poultry Science journal.

Publications

Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kollanoor Johny, A., W. Martin, K. Venkitanarayanan, A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Essential Oils: Opportunities to Improve Food Safety in Organic Poultry Production and Processing. In: Proceedings of the Midwest Poultry Federation Convention. Available at http://midwestpoultry.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Dr.-Anup-Johny-MPF-2019.pdf
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Pellissery, A. J., P. Vinayamohan, O. R. Perrine, A. Zeran, A. Upadhyay, A. M. Donoghue and K. Venkitanarayanan. 2019. Efficacy of sodium selenite and sodium picolinate in reducing Salmonella Heidelberg on chicken eggs. Poult. Sci. 98(E-Suppl. 1)
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, S. Shrestha, S., K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Pectin or chitosan coating fortified with eugenol reduces Campylobacter jejuni on chicken wingettes and modulates expression of critical survival genes. Poultry science. 98(3):1461-1471. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey505.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shrestha, S., B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Edible coatings fortified with carvacrol reduce Campylobacter jejuni on chicken wingettes and modulate expression of select virulence genes. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10:583
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Arsi, K., A. M. Donoghue, J. H. Metcalf and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Essential Oils, Eugenol or Trans-cinnamaldehyde, on Enteric Colonization of Campylobacter in Broiler Chickens. International Journal of Advances in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJASEAT). 7(1), Spl. Iss-2:30-32. http://www.iraj.in/journal/journal_file/journal_pdf/6-553-156083436930-32.pdf
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, S. Shrestha, K. Arsi, K. Venkitanarayanan, A. M. Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and carvacrol reduce Campylobacter jejuni biofilms and modulate expression of select genes and proteins. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10:1837.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, K. Bhargava, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Eugenol as an antimicrobial dip treatment reduces Campylobacter jejuni in postharvest poultry. Journal of Food Safety (In press). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfs.12704
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Vinayamohan, P, A. J. Pellissery, A.M. Donoghue, and K. Venkitanarayanan.. 2019. Inhibiting Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance gene between multi-drug resistant Salmonella Heidelberg and E. coli by select Lactic acid Bacteria. Poult. Sci. 98(E-Suppl. 1)
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Manjankattil, S., D. V. T. Nair, C. Peichel, A. M. Donoghue and A. Kollanoor Johny. 2019. Effect of caprylic acid in scalding water on broiler drumsticks contaminated with multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg. Poult. Sci. 98(E-Suppl. 1)
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Peichel, C., D. V. T. Nair, S. Manjankattil, A. M. Donoghue and A. Kollanoor Johny. 2019. Effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde in scalding water on broiler drumsticks contaminated with Salmonella Heidelberg. Poult. Sci. 98(E-Suppl. 1)
Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shrestha, S., B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Carvacrol antimicrobial wash treatments reduce Campylobacter jejuni and aerobic bacteria on broiler chicken skin. Poultry Science Journal (In press). https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez198
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Woo-Ming, A., K. Arsi, J. R. Moyle, H. R. Arambel, P. J. Blore, V.B. Gaunsalis, C.M. Owens, F. D. Clark, A. Fanatico, D. J. Donoghue, and A. M. Donoghue. 2018. Growth performance of fast growing broilers reared under different types of pasture management: Implications for organic and alternative production systems - Part II. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 27(2):215-222.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Woo-Ming, A., K. Arsi, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha, A. M. Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Probiotic Cultures of Lactobacillus Spp. Isolates Reduce the Foodborne Pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni on Post-Harvest Chicken. International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology. 6(2):40-44.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Upadhyay, A., I. Upadhyaya, B. R. Wagle., K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, A. M. Donoghue and D. Donoghue. 2018. Genomic characterization and virulence typing of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from poultry. FoodMicro 2018, 26th International ICFMH Conference, 3-6 September, Berlin, Germany.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Upadhyay, A., A. M. Donoghue, K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Phytochemicals for controlling Campylobacter jejuni in poultry: An update on novel delivery methods for increased efficacy and understanding of antimicrobial action. XV European Poultry Conference, September 17-21, Dubrovnik, Croatia.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, S. Shrestha, K. Arsi, K. Venkitanarayanan, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2018. Novel antimicrobial efficacy against Campylobacter bio-films using the natural plant compounds, trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol or carvacrol on food processing surfaces. Ninth International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Veterinary Medicine (AAVM). October 16-19, Rome, Italy.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Upadhyay, A., B. Wagle, I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Trans-cinnamaldehyde modulates Lactobacillus plantarum proteome and improves colonization potential in the avian gut. The 7th Beneficial microbes conference, 26-28 November, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Arsi, K., T. Spencer, C. M. Owens, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2018. An on-farm trial evaluating the effect of fast and slow growing genotypes on meat quality of chickens for organic and pasture poultry production. In: Proceedings of 20th International Conference on Agricultural Resource Management and Technology (ICARMT 2018). International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Vol:12, No:4, 2018
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Arsi, K., A. M. Donoghue, J. H. Metcalf and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Essential Oils, Eugenol or Trans-cinnamaldehyde, on Enteric Colonization of Campylobacter in Broiler Chickens. In: Proceedings of 397th International Conference on Food Microbiology and Food Safety (ICFMFS). December 4-5, Hamburg, Germany.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, R. Liyanage, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Plant-derived antimicrobials reduce biofilm formation and inactivates mature biofilms of Campylobacter jejuni. International Conference on Dynamics of Engineering Technology Applied Science and Networking. January 7-8, Phuket, Thailand.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, R. Liyanage, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2018. Plant-derived antimicrobials modulate Campylobacter jejuni proteome essential for biofilm formation. International Plant & Animal Genome XXVII, January 12-16, 2019, San Diego, USA.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shrestha, S., A. M. Donoghue, K. Arsi, B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Efficacy of Carvacrol as an Antimicrobial Wash Treatment for Reducing both Campylobacter jejuni and Aerobic Bacterial Counts on Chicken Skin. International Conference on Sustainable Food Safety, Quality and Management System in Food Science (ICSFSQMSFS 2019). February 14-15, London, United Kingdom.
Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Arsi, K., D. J. Donoghue, K. Venkitanarayanan, and A. M. Donoghue. 2019. Reducing Foodborne Pathogens in Organic Poultry: Challenges and Opportunities. In: Food Safety in Poultry Meat Production, pp. 25-46. Springer, Cham.
Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Upadhyay, A., K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, A. M. Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2019. Natural and Environmentally Friendly Strategies for Controlling Campylobacter jejuni colonization in poultry, survival in poultry products and infection in humans. In: Food Safety in Poultry Meat Production, pp. 67-93. Springer, Cham.

Progress 09/01/17 to 08/31/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience include poultry scientific community interested in organic poultry, educators in sustainable agriculture, large-scale organic poultry production, and small-scale organic poultry production. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?We have been working to develop a multi-faceted outreach plan for helping organic poultry producers and processors to implement science-based management strategies to improve the microbiological safety of organic chicken products. During this period of the project we have participated at multiple meetings, including the Annual Poultry Science meeting (PSA, 2018) to present our project to producers and interested stakeholders. Since the beginning of the project, two PhD students were trained and resulted in one dissertations so far. An annual grant review meeting was conducted (in July of 2018 during the PSA annual conference, San Antonio, Texas) under PI's supervision. For this meeting, we invited the Co-PIs and collaborators to review the project productivity and discussed the plan for extension and outreach activities for the next year. We also met with potential collaborators to discuss future projects. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A webinar that discussed the role of essential oils in poultry has been presented by Co-PI, Dr. Johny on November 10th, 2017. The presentation was facilitated by Dr. Jacquie Jacobs. The grant details were provided in the video which is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nPRFI2-Hgo&feature=youtu.be So far, the video has received 176 views. A seminar was delivered by Dr. Johny at the 13th ANECA Poultry Processing Conference in Queretaro, Mexico. The title of the talk was "Use of phytochemicals for improving poultry product safety." The grant details were included in the talk. There were around 50 attendees in the seminar who were primarily from academia, and industry. We published manuscripts in peer reviewed journals and presented our findings at several national and international conferences. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Co-PIs at University of Minnesota have obtained invites for presentations at the Midwest Poultry Federation meeting (March 12-14, 2019) and the Minnesota Association of Meat Processors annual meeting from March 14-16 in St. Cloud, Minnesota.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective: To reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter on chicken carcasses using eugenol, carvacrol, and β-resorcylic acid applied as a post-harvest intervention during processing or applied as an antimicrobial coating treatment. Study 1: Evaluating the efficacy of Eugenol as an antimicrobial dip treatment to reduce Campylobacter jejuni in postharvest poultry The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of eugenol (EG), as an antimicrobial dip treatment to reduce C. jejuni in postharvest poultry (chicken skin). Results demonstrated that EG consistently reduced C. jejuni and total aerobic counts on chicken skin. In addition, emulsion and nanoemulsion of eugenol was prepared to improve the antibacterial efficacy of EG against C. jejuni. This study was completed and the manuscript was submitted to Journal of Food Safety for publication. Study 2: Efficacy of Pectin or chitosan coating fortified with eugenol reduces Campylobacter jejuni on chicken wingettes and modulates expression of critical survival genes This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of pectin or chitosan coating fortified with eugenol to reduce C. jejuni on chicken wingettes. Incorporation of 0.5, 1 or 2% EG in pectin significantly improved antimicrobial coating efficacy against C. jejuni. Similarly, the antimicrobial efficacy of chitosan was improved by 2% EG. In addition, the effect of treatments on chicken wingette color and the expression of C. jejuni survival and virulence genes was evaluated. This study was completed and the manuscript was accepted for publication. Study 3: Antimicrobial wash with trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) nanoemulsion reduces C. jejuni in postharvest poultry We have conducted four trials (each two on chicken skin and chicken wingettes) to investigate the efficacy of an antimicrobial wash treatments with trans-cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion against C. jejuni. In addition, the effect of TC treatments on the color of poultry products was evaluated. Results suggests that TC consistently reduced C. jejuni on both chicken skin and wingettes without affecting the color values. This study was completed and the manuscript is under preparation. Study 4: Carvacrol antimicrobial wash treatments reduce C. jejuni and aerobic counts on broiler chicken skin This study demonstrated the potential application of carvacrol as a wash treatment to reduce C. jejuni on chicken skin. Two trials were conducted in which inoculated skin samples were dipped in CR treatments (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2%) for 1 min, drip dried for 2 min and then processed at 0, 8 and 24 h (n=5 samples/treatment/time point) of refrigerated storage for enumeration of surviving C. jejuni and total aerobic bacterial counts. Results revealed that CR significantly reduced C. jejuni and total aerobic counts on chicken skin. This study was completed and the manuscript is in preparation. Study 5: Edible coatings fortified with carvacrol reduce Campylobacter jejuni on chicken wingettes and modulate expression of select virulence genes The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of gum Arabic or chitosan coating with carvacrol to reduce C. jejuni on chicken wingettes. In two separate trials, 225 inoculated chicken wingettes were treated with CR (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%) alone or in combination with gum arabic (10%) or chitosan (2%). Results showed that 1% CR, or the combination of either 0.25%, 0.5% or 1% CR with chitosan significantly reduced C. jejuni from day 0 through day 7 by up to 2.5 log10 CFU/sample. In addition, none of the treatment exerted any significant effect on wingette color. This manuscript is in preparation. Study 6: Efficacy of Peracetic acid (PAA) and Zinc (Zn) in reducing foodborne pathogens on chicken skin This study evaluated the efficacy of PAA either alone or in combination with Zn (ZnSO4.H2O) as an antimicrobial dip treatment in simulated chiller for reducing C. jejuni, Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas spp. (an important meat spoilage bacteria) on chicken skin. Two studies (each for Campylobacter and Salmonella) each with three replicate trials were conducted. Results revealed that the combination of 220 ppm PAA with 125 ppm Zn was the most effective treatment at 24 h stored samples and reduced C. jejuni by ~ 4.2 log10 CFU/sample, Salmonella enterica by ~ 2 log10 CFU/sample and Pseudomonas spp. by ~ 2 log10 CFU/sample. The study was completed and the manuscript is in preparation.

Publications

Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Arsi, K., A. Upadhyay, A. Woo-Ming, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2017. Use of a Chitosan Based Natural Coating Materials to Reduce Spoilage and Pathogenic Bacteria on Poultry Products. MATBIM 2017 4th International Meeting on Material/Bioproduct Interaction, Porto, Portugal.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, S. Shrestha, K. Venkitanarayanan, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2017. Phytochemicals reduce biofilm formation and inactivates mature biofilm of Campylobacter jejuni. Poultry Science Annual Meeting. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Suppl. 1)
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Upadhyaya, I., A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, R. Liyanage, A. M. Donoghue, N. C. Rath and D. J. Donoghue. 2017. Plant-derived antimicrobial eugenol modulates C. jejuni proteome and virulence critical for colonization in chickens. Poultry Science Annual Meeting. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Suppl. 1)
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Shrestha, S., A. M. Donoghue, K. Arsi, A. Upadhyay, B. R. Wagle, K. Venkitanarayanan, and D. J. Donoghue. 2017. Carvacrol wash and/or a chitosan-based coating reduced Campylobacter jejuni on chicken wingettes. Poultry Science Annual meeting, Poult. Sci. Vol. 96 E-suppl 1.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Upadhyay, A., B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha, I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, K. Bhargava, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2017. Antimicrobial wash with trans-cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion reduces Campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin. Poultry Science Annual Meeting, Poult. Sci. Vol 96 (E-Suppl. 1)
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Upadhyay, A., K. Arsi, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha, I. Upadhyaya, K. Bhargava, A. M. Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2017. In-water supplementation of Trans-cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion reduces Campylobacter jejuni colonization in broiler chickens. Poultry Science Annual Meeting. Poult. Sci. 96 (E-Suppl. 1)
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Upadhyay, A., I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2017. Effect of in-water supplementation of trans-cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion on Campylobacter jejuni colonization and cecal microbiome in broiler chickens. Annual Conference of the German Genetics Society (GfG) Genetics, September 26-28, Bochum, Germany.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Woo-Ming, A., K. Arsi, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha, A. M. Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Probiotic Cultures of Lactobacillus Spp. Isolates Reduce the Foodborne Pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni on Post-Harvest Chicken. International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology. 6(2):40-44.
Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wagle, B. R. 2018. Investigating the Potential of Plant-derived Antimicrobials for Controlling Campylobacter jejuni in Poultry and Poultry Products. Theses and Dissertations. 2870. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2870
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Arsi, K., A. M. Donoghue, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha, and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Improving food safety on post-harvest chicken products: Utilization of Lactobacillus probiotic isolates against Campylobacter. 9th International Yakult Symposium, April 19-20, Ghent, Belgium.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Upadhyay, A., I. Upadhyaya., S. Shrestha, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Whole-genome sequencing and virulence characterization of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from poultry. Poultry Science Annual Meeting, Poult. Sci. Vol. 97 E-suppl 1
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wagle, B. R., A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, R. Liyanage, K. Venkitanarayanan, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Phytochemicals modulate Campylobacter jejuni proteome critical for biofilm formation. Poultry Science Annual meeting, Poult. Sci. Vol. 97 E-suppl 1.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Shrestha, S., B. R. Wagle, A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, A. M. Donoghue, and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Efficacy of Peracetic acid and Zinc in reducing Campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin. Poultry Science Annual meeting, Poult. Sci. Vol. 97 E-suppl 1.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Upadhyay, A., A. M. Donoghue, K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Phytochemicals for controlling Campylobacter jejuni in poultry: An update on novel delivery methods for increased efficacy and understanding of antimicrobial action. XV European Poultry Conference, September 17-21, Dubrovnik, Croatia
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Upadhyaya, I., A. Upadhyay, K. Arsi, R. Liyanage, A. M. Donoghue, N. C. Rath and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Whole cell proteomic profile of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni in response to the phytophenolic compound, eugenol. ProkaGenomics: 7th European Conference on Prokaryotic and Fungal Genomics, 19-22 September, Gottingen, Germany.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wagle, B. R., K. Arsi, S. Shrestha, A. Upadhyay, I. Upadhyaya, K. Bhargava, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Eugenol as an antimicrobial dip treatment reduces Campylobacter jejuni in postharvest poultry. Submitted to Journal of Food Safety
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Woo-Ming, A., K. Arsi, B. R. Wagle, S. Shrestha, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. Probiotic cultures of Lactobacillus spp. isolates reduce the foodborne pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni on post-harvest chicken. ICNSE 2018: International Conference on Natural Science and Environment, February 27-28, Hong Kong.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Arsi, K., T. Spencer, C. M. Owens, D. J. Donoghue and A. M. Donoghue. 2018. An on-farm trial evaluating the effect of fast and slow growing genotypes on meat quality of chickens for organic and pasture poultry production. ICARMT 2018: 20th International Conference on Agricultural Resource Management and Technology, April 12-13, Venice, Italy.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wagle, B.R., A. Upadhyay, S. Shrestha, K. Arsi, I. Upadhyaya, A. M. Donoghue and D. J. Donoghue. 2018. Pectin or chitosan coating fortified with eugenol reduces Campylobacter jejuni on chicken wingettes and modulates expression of critical survival genes. Poultry Science, https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey505