RECHARGE NET METERING: APPLICATION AND EVALUATION OF A NOVEL APPROACH TO ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER SUPPLY AND QUALITY

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: AFRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1012412
• Grant No.: 2017-67026-26315
• Cumulative Award Amt.: $463,338.00
• Proposal No.: 2016-10227
• Project Start Date: May 15, 2017
• Project End Date: May 14, 2021
• Grant Year: 2017
• Program Code: [A8102]- Water for Agriculture: Understanding Decisions and Behaviors Connected with Agriculture and Post-harvest Processing Industry Water Use

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
(N/A)
BERKELEY,CA 94720

Performing Department
UC Berkeley School of Law

Non Technical Summary
Unsustainable management of groundwater supplies remains a challenge of national significance for agricultural and water management. Aquifers are by far the single largest potential reservoir for water storage in many areas of the country. Agriculture in the United States is heavily dependent on groundwater - about 42% of the water used for irrigation in the United States comes from groundwater during historically normal years. Irrigation withdrawals account for two-thirds of all groundwater withdrawals in the United States. The amount and fraction of fresh water demand that is supplied by groundwater increases significantly during droughts. In many basins, groundwater use has been unsustainable.Groundwater is a "common pool resource" - it is accessed by many but controlled by no single user. A well on one property may draw water from beneath neighboring lands. Without a system to impose accountability on its many users, groundwater can be impacted by users who do not have incentive to manage the common resource - a "tragedy of the commons" can easily, and often does, result.Increasing groundwater supplies can help bring a groundwater basin into balance with less pain than reducing use of the resource, although a combination of the two approaches will most often be needed. Projects or practices that increase the amount of water that enters aquifers are promising, but because of the common pool nature of groundwater they can be difficult to incentivize.A new program in California is a promising new approach to increase groundwater recharge. Recharge Net Metering (RNM) encourages recharge among users of agricultural land and water. It addresses the monitoring and measurement challenge in several novel ways that work in concert, including careful efforts to develop unique technologies, an unusual system of fees, and a new scheme that aligns interests of various actors to sidestep some of the knotty challenges that stem from management of groundwater as a common pool resource.Research is needed to understand how RNM can best be operated, the conditions under which it can succeed, and if aspects of the program could be adapted more broadly around the state and nation.RNM is analogous to photovoltaic net metering (PNM), which makes rooftop solar electricity economically feasible for individual property owners. With PNM, property owners can sell the excess power they generate during the day back to the electricity utility. Correspondingly, the same homeowner can buy power from the utility in the evening when the sun is not shining to generate power. The difference is trued up annually to determine the total electricity bill.RNM works in a conceptually similar way. In the Pajaro Valley in Central California, the local groundwater agency has developed an analogous scheme for incentivizing aquifer recharge. In its RNM pilot program, landowners or tenants who participate in projects to infiltrate stormwater into aquifers underlying their land are credited against the fees they pay when extracting groundwater.A host of barriers remain to the successful implementation of this new method in the Pajaro Valley, let alone its diffusion into broader use. Water quality, logistical, economic, legal, and financing challenges exist. Understanding these and identifying paths around them is an important goal of the proposed research.This project will (1) examine the potential for RNM to be applied broadly as a strategy to improve groundwater management, (2) develop a framework to evaluate the suitability for RNM in other locations, and (3) generate publicly accessible information to enable landowners and agencies to evaluate whether RNM will work in their areas and how it compares to other options.For example, we will explore the institutional potential for putting the groundwater augmentation fees that enable RNM in place in California and elsewhere. Challenges include legal obstacles in California and elsewhere, and a discussion of how RNM could conceivably help counter the status quo of political resistance to new fees. Social and political variables may be equally impactful. For example, public perceptions of how the costs and benefits will be distributed around the basin will influence whether programs can be implemented and succeed.We will use scientific, engineering, legal, regulatory, and economic analysis to address the questions posed by this research. In addition to traditional desk and field research, we will conduct interviews with with carefully selected decision-makers and stakeholders, including those directly involved in the nascent RNM program, and participate in meetings of the local community water dialogue. Finally, we will organize a workshop to present, validate, extend, and vet our findings.Ultimately, the benefits of our work will include an evaluation of whether RNM can succeed locally, in other areas in California, and in other areas of the U.S. If so, broader application of RNM would contribute to increased recharge of groundwater, and potentially to increasing sustainable management of groundwater basins, including reduction of undesirable results such as lowering of groundwater levels, reduction in groundwater storage, seawater intrusion, water quality degradation, subsidence, and impacts on beneficial uses of interconnected surface waters.

Animal Health Component

30%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

50%

Applied

30%

Developmental

20%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
111	0210	3010	35%
111	0210	3050	35%
112	0320	2030	10%
111	0210	3060	10%
111	0210	2020	10%

Knowledge Area
112 - Watershed Protection and Management; 111 - Conservation and Efficient Use of Water;

Subject Of Investigation
0320 - Watersheds; 0210 - Water resources;

Field Of Science
2020 - Engineering; 2030 - Geology; 3050 - Law; 3010 - Economics; 3060 - Political science;

Keywords

groundwater

sustainability

agriculture

economics

innovation

Goals / Objectives
Our goal for this project is to conduct an interdisciplinary examination of the potential for Recharge Net Metering (RNM)to be applied broadly as a strategy to improve groundwater management, situating this examination within a comparative evaluation of other options for Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) and additional means to enhance supplies.Objectives of the project are to:(1) Develop a framework to evaluate the institutional, physical, and economic suitability for RNM and other MAR-based methods, as might be applied in multiple locations and at multiple scales, and;(2) Generate publicly accessible information to enable individual entities to evaluate the potential applicability of RNM in their areas, including how it compares to other supply-side options and to particular forms of demand management.

Project Methods
Methods and approachWe will use a mixed methods approach befitting the inherently interdisciplinary nature of the proposed research and our collaborative team. This research can be conceptualized as falling into three overarching and interrelated topical components, reflecting the considerations necessary to evaluate the potential for RNM to succeed: 1) technical, 2) economic, and 3) institutional. We will also explicitly examine connections and linkages between these three areas to generate a coherent whole picture, which is essential given the nature of the topics. Berkeley Law will lead efforts to coordinate and integrate across these topics, with active participation of all researchers.We will approach the research by focusing initially on Recharge Net Metering in the Pajaro Valley, California, where the first RNM program was launched in Fall 2016. We will complete comparative analyses with other parts of California and the United States, placing the RNM program in a broader context, and assessing its potential applicability in other locations and at different spatial scales.Technical evaluation of RNM and MARThe goal of this element of the research will be to provide a technical and functional overview of Recharge Net Metering in the Pajaro Valley context, contrasting and comparing it to other schemes for incentivizing recharge, and other technical approaches for balancing groundwater supply and demand. We will review and summarize geological and hydrologic conditions, tied to the nature, locations, and timing of water demands. We will review and assess the state of the basin, its water balance, and its management plans and prospects. We will synthesize data from ongoing analyses of MAR suitability, potential runoff from increasingly intense storms, and modeling that demonstrates the extent to which RNM may apply in the Pajaro Valley basin.Institutional factors influencing RNM and MARMethods will include textual analysis, interviews, and workshops. First, we will conduct traditional textual analysis of publicly available documents and those we access through our contacts in California and other states. This applies heavily to analyzing the overlapping and potentially conflicting legal and regulatory framework that will provide crucial bottlenecks and opportunities for scaling and diffusing RNM. This step will be especially important for identifying characteristics that are unique to the PVGB, and could be applicable to other settings.Second, we will generate qualitative data through interviews with carefully selected decision-makers and stakeholders, including those directly involved in the nascent RNM program. This approach will apply for evaluating questions of political and stakeholder support for the project, and for evaluating qualitative elements of the PVWMA case study. Beginning with our extensive networks of regional and national contacts in the field, we will use respondent-driven sampling techniques including snowball sampling, to identify respondents, and semi-structured interviews to elicit data.Third, we will participate in multiple meetings of the Community Water Dialog (CWD) of the Pajaro Valley, as a forum for data gathering and to engage in information exchange with regional stakeholders. The CWD is a grassroots organization formed to share ideas and information and develop constructive solutions to difficult water resources challenges.Finally, we will organize a workshop that will focus specifically on the RNM program in the PVGB, sharing information and gathering feedback with respect to what works and does not work, the prognosis for future extension of the program, and how RNM compares to other incentive options. This workshop will include decision-makers, thought leaders, and stakeholders, and invited participants from around the State who may be interested in application of a similar program. We will have a 1/2 day of presentations and discussion, followed by a 1/2 day field trip to visit project sites and solicit additional feedback on the RNM concept.Economic evaluation of RNM and MARTwo related issues will be considered in the economic phase of the analysis. One is the calculus of costs versus benefits for the RNM scheme in support of MAR. The second is the question of how one creates a financial incentive for individual actors to incur the costs associated with creating and operating a MAR project.The distribution of costs and benefits is crucial to the success of any MAR project. The California DWR survey identified cost as the single largest constraint on current efforts at expanding MAR in the state. The economic component of the study will analyze the factors determining costs and benefits of MAR using stormwater in the Pajaro Valley, and how those might generalize to other locations elsewhere in the US. The economic analysis will adopt two perspectives. First, that of the individual actors, including water users and overlying landowners, for whom costs include loss of use of land and operations/maintenance for MAR projects. Second, that of the district as a whole, which must raise capital costs to create individual MAR projects, and then manage billing and rebates. The former is a private accounting, the latter a social accounting. From each perspective considered, the analysis will contrast the costs with the benefits.With respect to costs, it will be important to account for fixed (capital) costs separately from variable costs, since limited ability to finance upfront capital costs can often be a significant obstacle for irrigation infrastructure. For this reason, while a relative metric like cost per acre-foot is often used in the literature, it is important also to pay attention to the absolute magnitude of the cost since that more directly characterizes the financing burden.One can look at the benefits of a MAR project from two perspectives. One perspective is the value to a water user of having an additional unit of water. This can be measured by the average or marginal profit per acre-foot of irrigation supply. This can be estimated in various ways - by using crop-budget data put out by Cooperative Extension; by using estimates of the marginal product of water computed from existing agricultural crop production functions available in the literature; or by using shadow prices associated with the water constraint in mathematical programming models of regional agricultural production such as the Central Valley Programming Model or the CALVIN economic optimization model. The second perspective is to consider the cost of obtaining an additional acre-foot of water for irrigation from some other source besides the MAR project. Examples of the latter would include the cost of obtaining water from another (wholesale) supplier, such as the Central Valley Project or the State Water Project, if that were feasible; the cost of obtaining water through a water market transaction; the cost of obtaining water by funding conservation schemes implemented by other water users; and the cost of obtaining water through re-use of treated wastewater or through desalination.A crucial connection between the economic analysis and the technical analysis discussed above will be to examine the nature and development of the scaling factors used in the RNM approach. The Pajaro Valley RNM program uses a 50% scaling factor to account for losses and other hydrologic uncertainties. This heuristic is appropriate at this juncture and for this method. However, it may be found that another scaling factor is needed to make the program sustainable, here or in other environmental markets, including markets for nutrients and surface water. Alternative scaling formulae could account for differential effects and externalities. We will explore literature on scaling factors for monetizing incentives, and how they might inform more robust selection of scaling factors.

Progress 05/15/17 to 05/14/21

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project is broad. It includes water managers making decisions about implementation of groundwater management programs, resource conservation district staff involved in furthering innovation atthe land/water management interface, state agency staff involved in regulation of novel management schemes, and academics interested in innovation in incentives for groundwater stewardship. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Products developed through this project reflect the range of training and professional development accomplished under this grant, with a large number of current and former students and research staff. Our institutional work has enabled extensive one-on-one work with undergraduate, law, and graduate students, and early career staff. Co-authored publications in our list are concrete outputs from these collaborations. Students and staff have both participated in, and helped to develop and organize, meetings and workshops, as well as attending major professional events. Students and research fellows have since gone on to relevant professional positions, and further graduate education in relevant fields. Graduate and undergraduate students in the UCSC hydrogeology group gained valuable professional experience preparing and deploying field instruments, sampling sediments and fluids, analyzing samples in the lab, assembling and analyzing data sets, presenting results in group meetings and public/technical meetings, and as co-authors on papers. During the project, one student completed his Ph.D. and accepted a postdoctoral position with the U.S. Geological Survey, and two other graduate students advanced to candidacy. Both of these students are expected to complete their degrees in the next 12-18 months. Multiple undergraduate students collaborated with the group, completed senior theses, and secured B.S. degrees, and one of these students advanced to a junior technical position with the group. In addition, results from measurements, sampling and analysis at a managed recharge field site have become the basis for a capstone class for Environmental Science B.S. students at UCSC. That class was developed initially in Fall/Winter 2019/20, was successful in first offering (with 20 students), and is now part of the regular curriculum. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Our team has conducted extensive efforts do directly disseminate our research results to communities of interest, in addition to the extensive number of presentations to scholarly audiences. Our "other products" list includes some examples of invited presentations to audiences of stakeholders and decision makers at local and statewide levels. In addition to these formal presentations, our team has engaged directly with staff and Board-level audiences at Pajaro Valley Water Agency (our study area) and other potentially interested water organizations. Interest and responses have been concrete and positive, and have generated additional opportunities to pursue Recharge Net Metering-like programs in other areas. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Although this is the final reporting period adn thus we have completed work on this AFRI project, we are pleased to report that our team has leveraged AFRI support to generate further funding for research on this topic. Our group will further advance the ReNeM concept in the Pajaro Valley and in other areas as well. Please feel free to contact us for further information.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A)For Objective 1) (Develop a framework to evaluate the institutional, physical, and economic suitability for RNM and other MAR-based methods, as might be applied in multiple locations and at multiple scales): 1) Major activities completed / experiments conducted include: We conducted extensive field and laboratory studies on the water quality and water supply ramifications of managed aquifer recharge using stormwater. We also conducted institutional research on ReNeM and other market-based mechanisms for water management. Outputs from these activities are reflected in other sections of this report. 2) Data collected; Data collected included hydrologic data needed to perform a mass balance on two managed recharge system, accounting for inflows, outflows, and change in storage. On this basis, we calculated the net infiltration benefit generated by each project. We also collected water quality samples from the surface, shallow subsurface, and deeper aquifer units, and assessed the impact of managed recharge on water quality. These results were summarized in annual reports for ReNeM project participants and used by a regional water agency (Pajaro Valley Water) as the basis for issuing pumping fee rebates. 3) Summary statistics and discussion of results The project period for this award included water years 2018, 2019, and 2020 (WY18, WY19, WY20). Infiltration benefits at one project site, Bokariza Ranch, were determined to be 107 ac-ft, 52 ac-ft, and 52 ac-ft for these three years. The last two of these years were part of the ongoing drought, so this performance was not suprising. A second project at Kelly Thompson Ranch was installed in WY19 and performance was measured during WY19 and WY20, with 102 ac-ft and 18 ac-ft of infiltration benefit, respectively. The water collection area is larger at Kelly Thompson Ranch than at Bokariza Ranch, but includes a lot of open range land and conditions were so dry in WY20 that little runoff was generated. For all years and at both projects, infiltrated water was of higher quality than ambient groundwater. We also tested application of carbon-rich soil treatments at Kelly Thompson Ranch, and found that these materials generated measurable reductions in concentrations of nitrate in infiltrating water: wood mulch, wood mulch + alfalfa, wood mulch + biochar, and almond shells. Tests with these materials are continuing at the Kelly Thompson site. 4) Key outcomes or other accomplishments realized. Our forthcoming manuscript in particular (Sherman et al. "Evaluating the multi-party distribution of costs and benefits of a novel scheme to incentivize groundwater management") contains the synthesis and summary of our economic data gathering and monitoring. This document will be used directly in further engagement with decision makers both in the Pajaro Valley and elsewhere to foster greater implementation of ReNeM-based groundwater recharge. Annual reports were issued to PV Water and project stakeholders. On the basis of project performance to date, we anticipate that operation of the ReNeM program will continue into the future - the next assessment will be at the PV Water Board of Directors meeting on 9/22/21. We are also in the process of bringing a third project site into the program (at a local winery), and are continuing to explore additional sites that may be added in the future. Three peer-reviewed papers were published that demonstrate the efficacy of adding a bioavailable carbon source to soils used for infiltration during MAR, and an additional paper was published describing the Pajaro Valley ReNeM program as a case study. B) For objective (2) (Generate publicly accessible information to enable individual entities to evaluate the potential applicability of RNM in their areas, including how it compares to other supply-side options and to particular forms of demand management): 1) Major activities completed / experiments conducted include: The demonstration of methods for nitrate removal during managed recharge is a potentially significant contribution to address an important barrier to MAR in agricultural areas. The GIS tool for site suitability assessment has been published, and used extensively by and with stakeholders. A video was published online through the UC-TV distribution system, focusing on Recharge Net Metering. Direct result of these tools and outreach is a range of potential ReNeM projects currently awaiting further development. 2)Data collected; A GIS-based assessment tool was developed for the Santa Cruz and northern Monterey County region, based on topographic, soil, geology, and groundwater data. These datasets with GIS assessment are publically available at the RCD, Santa Cruz County website. Groups who have used these data include Santa Cruz County, RCD Santa Cruz County, City of Santa Cruz, Mid-County Groundwater Agency, Salinas Valley Groundwater Agency, and Santa Margarita Groundwater Agency. 3) Summary statistics and discussion of results The ongoing success of the ReNeM program in Pajaro Valley is the best example that other basins, agencies, and stakeholders can use to assess how incentives can apply in other regions. This research group is working to extend the ReNeM concept across the Santa Cruz Mountains and into agricultural areas of the Santa Clara Valley, and additional work is underway on the flood-plain of the Cosumnes River near Elk Grove, CA in California's Central Valley, to investigate the efficacy of inundating an active vineyard as part of a "flood-MAR" pilot project. 4) Key outcomes or other accomplishments realized. Major overarching practical outcomes include advancing local-level acceptance of the ReNeM pilot in the Pajaro Valley, and advancing on-the-ground implementation of Managed Aquifer Recharge at two sites in the Pajaro Valley. Our work has also helped advance towards formal adoption of the pilot into the PV Water Management Agency's formal plan, although our forthcoming work will likely be crucial to achieving this final outcome. In addition to this, a major outcome has been to develop a formal relationship between the University of California and the Santa Clara Valley Water District (Water Resource Innovation Partnership), under which we and our team of UC researchers are examining Managed Aquifer Resources and jointly developing options for Valley Water to implement a ReNeM-type program in their service area. Our forthcoming manuscript in particular (Sherman et al. "Evaluating the multi-party distribution of costs and benefits of a novel scheme to incentivize groundwater management") contains the synthesis and summary of our economic data gathering and monitoring. This document will be used directly in further engagement with decision makers both in the Pajaro Valley and elsewhere to foster greater implementation of ReNeM-based groundwater recharge.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Beganskas, S., G. Gorski, T. Weathers, A. T. Fisher, C. Schmidt, C. Saltikov, K. Redford, B. Stoneburner, R. Harmon, and W. Weir (2018), A horizontal permeable reactive barrier stimulates nitrate removal and shifts microbial ecology during rapid infiltration for managed recharge, Water Research(144), 274-284, doi:10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.039.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Gorski, G., A. T. Fisher, S. Beganskas, W. B. Weir, K. Redford, C. Schmidt, and C. Saltikov (2019), Field and laboratory studies linking hydrologic, geochemical, and microbiological processes and enhanced denitrification during infiltration for managed recharge, Environmental Science & Technology, 53(16), 9491-9501, doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b01191.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2022 Citation: L. Sherman et al. Evaluating the multi-party distribution of costs and benefits of a novel scheme to incentivize groundwater management" Manuscript in preparation.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Nell Green Nylen and Michael Kiparsky. Are markets an easy solution for Californias groundwater problems? Bakersfield Californian, August 1, 2017. http://www.bakersfield.com/opinion/are-markets-an-easy-solution-for-california-s-groundwater-problems/article_7f8b2110-76e1-11e7-b9b8-2f32b8b69bef.html
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Nell Green Nylen and Michael Kiparsky. Trust in water markets must be earned. The Source - The Magazine of the International Water Association. November 2018. pp. 52-3. https://www.thesourcemagazine.org/trust-in-water-markets-must-be-earned/
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: +Beganskas, S., A.T. Fisher, G. Gorski+, T. Weathers#, 2018. Addressing groundwater recharge with an eye to water quality: A case study. 2018 California Plant and Soil Conference, Fresno, CA, 6 February 2018, oral presentation, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: +Beganskas, S., K. Young+, A.T. Fisher. 2018. Coupling distributed stormwater collection and managed aquifer recharge: Field application, modeling, and implications. 16th Biennial Symposium on Managed Aquifer Recharge, San Diego, CA, March 67, oral presentation.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Gorski, G., H. Dailey, A. T. Fisher, N. Schrad, and C. Saltikov (2020), Denitrification during infiltration for managed aquifer recharge: Infiltration rate controls and microbial response, Sci. Total Environ., 727, 138642, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138642.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Kathleen Miller, Andrew T. Fisher, and Michael Kiparsky. 2021. Incentivizing Groundwater Recharge in the Pajaro Valley Through Recharge Net Metering (ReNeM). Case Studies in the Environment 5(1): 1222393. https://doi.org/10.1525/cse.2021.1222393
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kiparsky, M, AT Fisher. WM Hanemann, J Bowie, R Kantor, C Coburn, and B Lockwood. 2018. Recharge Net Metering to Enhance Groundwater Sustainability. Center for Law, Energy & the Environment, UC Berkeley School of Law, Berkeley, CA. 4 pp. doi.org/10.15779/J2792D
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Coburn, C., Kiparsky, M., Camara, K., Lockwood, B., +Beganskas, S., +Gorski, G., +Teo, E., +Young, K., Lozano, S., +Pensky, J., An Integrated Program to Enhance Groundwater Supplies through Infiltration of Stormwater: Progress and Challenges in Incentivizing Sustainability, 16th Biennial Symposium on Managed Aquifer Recharge, San Diego, CA, 6 March 2018, oral presentation.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: +Gorski, G., Dailey , H., Fisher, A. T., Coupling Benefits to Water Quantity and Quality through Stormwater Collection Linked to Managed Recharge, 16th Biennial Symposium on Managed Aquifer Recharge, San Diego, CA, 7 March 2018, oral presentation.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: +Pensky, J. and Fisher, A. T., Hydrologic Systems Services (HSS) as a Framework for Groundwater Evaluation and Management, 16th Biennial Symposium on Managed Aquifer Recharge, San Diego, CA, 7 March 2018, oral presentation.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fisher, A. T., What's New?, Land Use and Maximizing Groundwater Recharge Symposium: Defining Strategies to Bring Recharge to Scale, UC Agriculture and Natural Resources Headquarters, UC Davis, Davis, CA, lightning talk, 5 September 2018, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Improving Water Quality, Land Use and Maximizing Groundwater Recharge Symposium: Defining Strategies to Bring Recharge to Scale, UC Agriculture and Natural Resources Headquarters, UC Davis, Davis, CA, Session Introduction, 6 September 2018, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Beganskas+, S., Gorski+, G., Teo+, E., Young+, K., Weir , W., Lozano, S., Camara, K., Lockwood, B., Schmidt+, C., Coburn, C., and Harmon , R., Mapping, Modeling, Measuring, and Monetizing Enhanced Groundwater Recharge with Storm Water, University of California, Santa Cruz, Osher Lifelong Learners Institute, 21 October 2018, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: +Gorski, G., H. M. Dailey, J. L. +Pensky, A. T. Fisher, Linked field and laboratory studies reveal controls on enhanced denitrification during managed recharge, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Fall Meeting, H43I-2586, Washington, DC, 13 December 2018, Poster presentation.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: +Pensky, J. L., G. +Gorski, H. M. Dailey, A. T. Fisher, S. +Beganskas, C. Saltikov, K. +Redford, and N. +Schrad, Plot-scale field studies of denitrification and trace element cycling during infiltration for managed recharge, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Fall Meeting, H43I-2588, Washington, DC, 13 December 2018, Poster presentation.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: +Beganskas, S., G. +Gorski, T. S. #Weathers, A. T. Fisher, C. M. +Schmidt, C. Saltikov, K. +Redford, B. +Stoneburner, R. E. Harmon, W. Weir, A horizontal permeable reactive barrier stimulates nitrate removal and shifts microbial ecology during rapid infiltration for managed recharge, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Fall Meeting, H43I-2589, Washington, DC, 13 December 2018, Poster presentation.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: +Gorski, G., Fisher, A. T., +Beganskas, S., +Schmidt, C., Dailey, H. M., Characterizing spatial variability in denitrification potential during infiltration under heterogeneous land use and precipitation patterns, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Fall Meeting, H23J-2020, Virtual by teleconference, 10 December 2019, poster presentation.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: +Pensky, J. L., Fisher, A. T., Faraola, S., Bautista, V., +Gorski, G., #Gooch, B., Foglia, L., Linking Physical Infiltration Processes to Changes in Water Quality and the Potential to Address Legacy Contaminants during Flood-Managed Aquifer Recharge, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Fall Meeting, H11L-1664, Virtual by teleconference, 9 December 2019, poster presentation.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: +Serrano, A., +Richardson, C., Fisher, A. T., Marin, M., Faraola, S., Influence of a carbon amendment on nutrient and metal concentrations at a managed aquifer recharge site, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Fall Meeting, H41R-1990, Virtual by teleconference, 12 December 2019, poster presentation.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: +Serrano, A., A. T. Fisher, C. +, Richardson, H. M. Dailey, K. +Redford, and C. Saltikov, Evaluating the impact of a carbon amendment in managed aquifer recharge site sediments on redox sensitive elements, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Fall Meeting, H43I-2587, Washington, DC, 13 December 2018, Poster presentation.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Camara, K., Kiparsky, M., +Sherman, L., Lockwood, B., Lurie, L., #Miller, K., Using Recharge Net Metering to Incentivize Sustainable Groundwater Management using Stormwater: Current Progress and Future Prospects, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Fall Meeting, H11L-1665, Virtual by teleconference, 9 December 2019, poster presentation.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Beganskas+, S., Camara, K., Gorski+, G., Lurie, L., Kiparsky, M., Lockwood, B., Miller, K., Pensky+, J., Serrano+, A. and Sherman+, L., Recharge Net Metering as a Multi-benefit Strategy to Incentivize Recharge, Incentivizing Groundwater Recharge, Berkeley Law Symposium, Berkeley CA, 10 September 2019, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Economic Benefits of Managed Recharge, ANR/CA Forward: Land Use/Maximizing Groundwater Recharge Symposium, UC Riverside Extension Center, Riverside CA, 5 September 2019, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: +Schrad, N., G. Gorski+, J. Pensky+, A. Fisher, C. Saltikov, Optimization of Microbial Denitrification in Aquifer Recharge Systems, American Society for Microbiology 2019 Annual Conference, AES-1054, San Francisco, CA, 23 June 2019, poster presentation
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Kiparsky, M., Camara, K., Coburn, C., Lockwood, B., Lurie, L., Beganskas+, S., Gorski+, G., Saltikov, C., Sherman+, L. Net metering to incentivize managed aquifer recharge using stormwater: engaging stakeholders and improving groundwater quantity and quality, American Water Resources Association, Summer Specialty Conference, Sparks NV, 18 June 2019, Oral presentation, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: +Serrano, A., +, Richardson, Assessing the effect of carbon amendment on trace metal leaching from sediment cores, ASLO 2019 Aquatic Sciences Meeting, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 26 February 2019, Poster presentation.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: +Serrano, A., +Richardson, C., Bautista, V., and Fisher, A. T., Challenges and Opportunities with Carbon Amendment Field Applications: Biogeochemical Processes Affecting Redox-Sensitive Nutrient and Metal Content during Managed Aquifer Recharge, ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Virtual by teleconference, 10 November 2020, oral presentation.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Fisher, A. T., +Beganskas, S., +Gorski, G., #Weathers, T., Saltikov, C., +Schmidt, C., Enhancing water quality through managed recharge, Bren Seminar, University of California, Santa Barbara, Virtual by teleconference, 26 October 2020, oral presentation, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Mapping, Modeling, Measuring, and Monetizing Enhanced Groundwater Recharge with Stormwater, Nutrient Management Conference, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Virtual by teleconference, 24 October 2020, oral presentation, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Camara, K., +Gorski, G., +Serrano, A., +Pensky, J., +Beganskas, S., McCarthy, E., Kiparsky, M., +Sherman, L., Lockwood, B., Lurie, L., and #Miller, K. Recharge Net Metering (ReNeM) to Increase Water Supply, Improve Water Quality, and Create Stakeholder Engagement, 17th Biennial Symposium on Managed Aquifer Recharge: Resilience through Recharge and Recovery, Virtual by teleconference, 18 October 2020, oral presentation.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Santos, C, +Schrad, N, Saltikov, C., Analyzing the Nitrous Oxide Reduction Capabilities of Nitrate-Reducing Soil Communities, Society for Advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS) The National Diversity Conference Virtual Poster Presentation, virtual by teleconference, 19-24 October 2020, oral presentation
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Mapping, Modeling, Measuring, and Monetizing Enhanced Groundwater Recharge with Stormwater, Colloquium in Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaulkee, Virtual by teleconference, 14 September 2020, oral presentation, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Beganskas+, S., Gorski+, G., Weathers#, T., Saltikov, C., Schmidt+, C., Teo+, E., Young+, K., Weir , W., Lozano, S., Camara, K., Lockwood, B., L:urie, L., McCarthy, E., and Harmon , R., Groundwater Recharge: A Critical Surface-subsurface Connection for California's Central Coast, California Naturalist Program, Virtual by teleconference, 20 May 2021, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Challenges and opportunities for water conservation and reuse in California, University of San Francisco, Departments of Environmental Science, Engineering, Environmental Studies, Environmental Management and the Environmental Engineering & Science Club, Panel discussion, Virtual by teleconference, 12 November 2020, oral presentation, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Moonjian, J., and Fisher, A. T., Potential Alternative for Agricultural Mitigation in the Coastal Zone in Monterey County, Coastal Development Permit - Agricultural Mitigation Plan Interagency Meeting, Virtual by teleconference, 29 October 2020, oral presentation, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Moonjian, J., and Fisher, A. T., Potential Alternative for Agricultural Mitigation in the Coastal Zone in Monterey County, Monterey County Agricultural Advisory Committee, Virtual by teleconference, 24 September 2020 (second discussion), oral presentation, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Beganskas+, S., Gorski+, G., Weathers#, T., Saltikov, C., Teo+, E., Young+, K., Weir , W., Lozano, S., Camara, K., Lockwood, B., Schmidt+, C., Coburn, C., and Harmon , R., Mapping, Modeling, Measuring, and Monetizing Enhanced Groundwater Recharge with Stormwater, Heiland Lecture, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 28 August 2019, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Beganskas+, S., Gorski+, G., Weathers#, T., Saltikov, C., Teo+, E., Young+, K., Weir , W., Lozano, S., Camara, K., Lockwood, B., Schmidt+, C., Coburn, C., and Harmon , R., Mapping, measuring, modeling, and monetizing enhanced groundwater recharge with stormwater, University of Calgary, Alberta Canada, Department of Geoscience, 10 April 2019, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Beganskas+, S., Gorski+, G., Camara, K., Lozano, S., Kiparsky, M., Miller#, K., Pensky+, J., Lockwood, B., Coburn, C., and Lurie, L., Strategies for improving groundwater resources with stormwater, University of California, Santa Barbara, Sustainable Water Markets Colloquium, 5 March 2019, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Beganskas+, S., Gorski+, G., Saltikov, C., Teo+, E., Young+, K., Weir , W., Lozano, S., Camara, K., Lockwood, B., Schmidt+, C., Coburn, C., and Harmon , R., Improving groundwater supplies and quality using stormwater, University of California, Santa Cruz, Emeriti Association, UCSC Arboretum, 17 January 2019, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Beganskas+, S., Gorski+, G., Weathers#, T., Saltikov, C., Schmidt+, C., Linking hydrology, geochemistry, and microbiology during infiltration for groundwater recharge, University of California, Santa Cruz, Rob Franks Research Symposium, Seymour Discovery Center, 12 January 2019, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Beganskas, S., Gorski, G., Teo, E., Young, K., Weir, W., Lozano, S., Camara, K., Lockwood, B., Schmidt, C., and Harmon, R., Groundwater in California and Related Research, UCSC, Victoria University, Wellington, Hydrology Graduate Group Meeting, 20 February 2018, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Beganskas, S., Gorski, G., Teo, E., Young, K., Weir, W., Lozano, S., Camara, K., Lockwood, B., Schmidt, C., Coburn, C., and Harmon, R., Mapping, Modeling, Measuring, and Monetizing Enhanced Groundwater Recharge with Storm Water in California, Victoria University, Wellington, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciecnes, Earth Sciences Seminar Series, 23 March 2018, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fisher, A. T., Beganskas, S., Teo, E., Young, K., Weir, W., Lozano, S., Camara, K., Gorski, G., Coburn, C., and Harmon, R., Groundwater Recharge: A Critical Surface-subsurface Connection for California's Central Coast, California Naturalist Program, UCSC Arboretum, 31 May 2018, invited.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: M Kiparsky, 2018, Invited contributor, Tenth Biennial Rosenberg International Forum on Water Policy - Sustainable Groundwater Management: The Path Forward, San Jose, CA, October 2018.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Michael Kiparsky. Governance Innovation under Californias Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. University of British Columbia, Okanagan. May 6, 2021.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Michael Kiparsky. Can Recharge Net Metering contribute to sustainable groundwater management? Groundwater Resources Association Western Groundwater Congress. Sacramento, CA. September 18, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Michael Kiparsky. Can Recharge Net Metering help contribute to sustainable groundwater management? Economics of Managed Aquifer Recharge Conference. USDA Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. June 26, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Michael Kiparsky. Recharge Net Metering as Novel Incentive Structure for Groundwater Recharge. Land Use/ Maximizing Groundwater Recharge Symposium: Defining Strategies to Bring Recharge to Scale. UC ANR, Davis, CA. September 6, 2018.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Michael Kiparsky Q&A with Gary Pitzer. Novel effort to aid groundwater on Californias Central Coast could help other depleted basins. Western Water, May 4, 2018.

Progress 05/15/20 to 05/14/21

Outputs
Target Audience:Please see final report for relevant details. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Please see final report for relevant details. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Please see final report for relevant details. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Please see final report for relevant details.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Please see final report for relevant details.

Publications

Progress 05/15/19 to 05/14/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Please see final report for relevant details. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Please see final report for relevant details. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Please see final report for relevant details. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Please see final report for relevant details.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Please see final report for relevant details.

Publications

Progress 05/15/18 to 05/14/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Please see final report for relevant details. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Please see final report for relevant details. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Please see final report for relevant details. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Please see final report for relevant details.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Please see final report for relevant details.

Publications

Progress 05/15/17 to 05/14/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Please note that the final report subsumes infomration from this progress report, and thus we are not providing additional interim information at this juncture. Please contact us with any questions. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Please see final report for relevant details. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Please see final report for relevant details. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Please see final report for relevant details.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Please see final report for relevant details.

Publications