Progress 09/01/16 to 08/31/21
Outputs
Target Audience:This project was targetedprimarily forcotton producers in Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas. Crop consultants and cotton producers in other cotton producing states were the second most targeted audience. The other targets for this project included IPM agents, agindustry professionals, USDA-ARS scientists, and university scientists. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The importance of using blight resistant varieties, and a better understanding of how the bacteria can occur in producer's fields has been reported to producers and crop consultants via meetingsand phone conversations using the connections of the four extension specialists on this project. In addition, a presentation has been made annually at the Beltwide Cotton Conference on the percent of acres planted in each state of resistant or susceptible cotton varieties, as well as variety or experimental line blight ratings in inoculated studies. Tom Allen has also published via the Mississippi Crops blog the results of his inoculated variety trials annually. A manuscript based on the collection of bacterial isolates, their response to certain cotton cultivars, and their type III effectors was submitted to Plant Health Progress. This manuscript has been accepted with minor revisions. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1. A collection of isolates was obtained primarily from Texas, but also some from Mississippi, Georgia, and one isolate from Oklahoma. 2. A subset of 13 isolates from the collection was used to characterize Type III effectors. 3. A subset of 17 Texas isolates was used to characterize the resistance or susceptibility on DP 1747NR B2XF (highly susceptible), NG 4936 B3XF (partially susceptible), DP 1646 B2XF (partially resistant), and S-295 (original cultivar identified with the B12 gene for resistance). The entire Texas collection of 342 isolates (including 64 isolates obtained from resistant cotton varieties) was also tested on DP 1747NR B2XF and S-295. All of the isolates caused disease symptoms on DP 1747NRB2XF and none of the isolates caused disease symptoms on S-295. 4. All the extension specialists associated with the project (Jason Woodward, Tom Isakeit, Bob Kemerait, and Tom Allen), and Terry Wheeler, spent considerable time working with producers and crop consultants so that they would understand the reason for the disease occurence in their fields, and the best methods to reduce that occurence. 5. At the start of this project in 2016, cotton producers in GA, MS, and TX planted approximately 90, 77, and 66% of their cotton acres, respectively with bacterial blight susceptible varieties. In 2017, those percentages had declined to 58, 48, and 49%, respectively. In 2018 those percentage had declines further to 44, 23, and 33%, respectively. In 2019 the percentages had declines to 32, 11, and 25%, respectively, and in 2020, the percentage of susceptible cotton varieties planted were 22, 26, and 21% in GA, MS, and TX, respectively. In the last three years, bacterial blight has been a minor issue for most producers in these states.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Wheeler, T. A., and J. Dever. 2021. Variety response to Verticillium wilt and bacterial blight in the Southern High Plains of Texas. Pp. 83-93. 2021 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, Virtual, January 5-7, 2021.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Wheeler, T. A., T. Harris, R. S. Bart, T. Isakeit, J. E. Woodward, T. W. Allen, and R. C. Kemerait. 2021. Response of Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum isolates to cotton differing in susceptibility to the bacterium and their predicted type III effectors. Plant Health Progress.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Pieralisi, B. K., B. R. Golden, B. J. Norris, W. J. Rutland, J. McCoy, M. W. Shankle, T. P. Wallace, and T. W. Allen. 2020. 2020 Mississippi Cotton Official Small Plot Variety Trials. https://www.mississippi-crops.com/2020/12/18/11202/
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Allen, T. W. 2020. 2020 Response of cotton varieties to inoculation with Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum the causal organism of bacterial blight. https://www.mississippi-crops.com/2020/11/30/2020-response-of-cotton-varieties-to-inoculation-with-xanthomonas-citri-pv-malvacearum-the-causal-organism-of-bacterial-blight/
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Progress 09/01/19 to 08/31/20
Outputs
Target Audience:Information obtained from this project was shared with cotton producers, cotton breeders, IPM specialists and county agents, consultants, agribusiness professionals, and plant pathologists. Changes/Problems:We expected to complete the sequencing of Xanthomonas strains, assembly of genome sequences, and the comparison/contrasting of the type three effector repertoires of each strain prior to summer 2020. However, the COVID 19 virus halted the work before sequencing. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Numerous presentations have been made to producers, IPM and county agents, and various agricultural industry professionals. Information has also been presented at the national cotton meeting, the Beltwide Cotton Conference in 2020, and at the Southern American Phytopathological Society annual meeting. A list of bacterial blight susceptible and resistant cotton varieties has been made available at the Texas A&M Lubbock website (https://lubbock.tamu.edu/files/2019/12/Bacterial-blight-Dec-2019.pdf). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?A collection of 10 diverse isolates of Xanthomonas will be sequenced. Dr. Bart will then assemble the genome sequences and compare and contrast the type three effector repertoires of each strain.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1) A diverse collection of Xanthomonas was sent from Texas, Georgia, and Mississippi to Dr. Bart at the Danforth Plant Science Center. Dr. Bart tested the isolates for pathogenicity on cotton, performing Koch's postulates, and confirmed using 16s rRNA sequencing that these isolates were Xanthomonas. A subset of 10 diverse isolates, based on diversity of years and locations was chosen to move forward with sequencing. The sequencing was held up by the COVID-19 virus. 3) All the Texas isolates from 2015 to 2019 have been characterized in terms of ability to cause disease on susceptible DP 1747NRB2XF and race 18 resistant S-295. All isolates (365) were unable to cause disease on race 18 resistant S-295, but did cause symptoms on DP 1747NRB2XF. 4) Numerous meetings were conducted aimed at helping producers improve their IPM practices with respect to Xcm. 5) The percentage of acres planted with varieties resistant to bacterial blight (race 18) in 2019 was calculated at 68% in Georgia, 89% in Mississippi, and 75% in Texas. The percentage of acres planted with varieties resistant to bacterial blight before this project was started (2016) was 10% in Georgia, 23% in Mississippi, and 34% in Texas.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Wheeler, T. A. 2020. Report of the bacterial blight committee for the 2019 year. 2020 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, Austin, TX, January 8-10, 2020. Pp. 259-260.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Wheeler, T. A. and J. Dever. 2020. Effects of Verticillium wilt and bacterial blight on commercial varieties. 2020 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, Austin, TX, January 8-10, 2020. Pp. 73-79.
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Progress 09/01/18 to 08/31/19
Outputs
Target Audience:The primary target audiences were cotton farmers in Mississippi, Texas, and Georgia. Additional groups that were reached included consultants, industry representatives, extension educators, plant pathologists in the cotton community, and graduate students at the three institutions (University of Georgia, Mississippi State University, and Texas A&M University). Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Oral presentations have been made to many cotton producers, crop consultants and ag professionals. A limited number of presentations have been made to plant pathologists and students. The response of varieties in Tom Allen's test in Mississippi was easily found on the internet (Mississippi Crop Situation, December 9, 2018) for any producer who searched for bacterial blight of cotton. A poster presentation was also made on this data at the 2019 Cotton Beltwide Conference. It is clear at this time that the cotton seed companies (Deltapine, DynaGro/All-Tex, Americot, Fibermax, and Phytogen) are all on board now with breeding for disease resistant cotton varieties. Phytogen is to be most commended since all of their new varieties in 2019 were resistant to bacterial blight. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective 2 which is to characterize the type III effectors of the bacterial isolates will be accomplished during the next year of this project. In Texas, isolates of Xcm will continue to be collected and tested on a susceptible cotton variety. In addition, a number of isolates collected over the duration of this project will be tested on S295, which was obtained from the France cotton collection and seed was increased.This line represents a pure source of resistance to race 18. Any isolate that can reproduce on this line would then be considered different than race 18. The extension specialists associated with this project will continue to remind producers the importance of planting resistant varieties to manage bacterial blight of cotton during winter/spring/summer meetings.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1. A diverse collection of isolates has been sent to Dr. Bart from Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas. 2. This work will be conducted during the winter of 2019/2020. 3. The Texas isolates have been tested for resistance/susceptibility using commercial varieties. To date, the isolates appear to be typical race 18 in behaviour on commercial varieties. 4. A tremendous number of extension presentations have been made to cotton producers, consultants, and other ag industry professionals. 5. Asubstantial change in producer practices have been quantified by monitoring the change in acres planted with blight resistant varieties. In2016 in Georgia, 90% of the cotton acres were planted in blight susceptible varieties while in 2018, only 44% of the cotton acres were planted in blight susceptible varieties. In Mississippi in 2016, 77% of cotton acres were planted in blight susceptible varieties, while in 2018, only 23% of cotton acres were planted in blight susceptible varieties. In Texas in 2016, 66% of the cotton acres were planted in blight susceptible varieties, while in 2018 only 33% of cotton acres were planted in blight susceptible varieties. It was actually difficult to find bacterial blight in cotton fields in 2019. In 2016 and 2017 in Texas, 113and 109 Xcm isolates were obtained, respectively, which dropped to 37 isolates in 2018 and only 9 isolates were obtained in 2019. This is a direct impact of planting fewer susceptible cotton varieties and the resulting reduction in bacterial inoculum that is available to infect.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Phillips, A. Z., T. A. Wheeler, J. E. Woodward, and R. S. Bart. 2018. Pseudomonas syringae pathogen causes foliar disease of upland cotton in Texas. Plant Disease 102:1171.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Wheeler, T. A., and J. K. Dever. 2019. Effect of Verticillium wilt and bacterial blight on commercial cotton varieties in 2018. Pp. 65-74, Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conference, New Orleans, LA, Jan. 8-10, 2019.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Cox, K. L. Jr., K. Babilonia, T. Wheeler, P. He, and L. Shan. 2019. Return of old foes - recurrence of bacterial blight and Fusarium wilt of cotton. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 50:95-103.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Allen, T. W. 2019. Cultivar response to inoculation with Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum in Missippi. Poster at the Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference New Orleans, LA 8-10 January 2019.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Wheeler, T. A. 2019. Bacterial blight report for the business meeting. P. 177, Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans, LA, Jan. 8-10. 2019
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Progress 09/01/17 to 08/31/18
Outputs
Target Audience:The primary target audiences were cotton farmers in Mississippi, Texas, and Georgia. Additional groups that were reached included consultants, industry representatives, extension educators, and plant pathologists in the cotton community. Changes/Problems:Jason Woodward (extension plant pathologist in the Southern High Plains of Texas) left his position in August of 2018 and is now employed by Phytogen Cottonseed. Terry Wheeler will attempt to take over some of his communication efforts with producers regarding IPM for bacterial blight on cotton. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?These results have been disseminated in professional meetings (Beltwide Cotton Conference; Southern Division APS); consultant meetings; Agricultural industry meetings; and in many producer meetings. In addition, identification and management of bacterial blight has been present in producer magazines (Southeast Farm Press); in the popular AgFax that comes out on the internet weekly; in internet distributed weekly crop updates; and Bob Kemerait has a twitter account that he has used to update growers with how the disease is progressing. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?1. All field pathologists will continue to collect isolates of Xcm and Wheeler's program will test Texas isolates for race 18 behaviour on commercial varieties. 2. Rebecca Bart's program will be proceeding with sequencing and comparative analyses of isolates during the next year. 3. The extension specialists will continue to inform and work with producers to manage this disease. 4. Dr. Wheeler will continue to monitor planted variety acres in each state and report that information to the extension plant pathologists and at the Beltwide Cotton Conferences.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1. A number of isolates of Xcm was collected during the last year. 3. The pathogenicity was tested for these isolates, and many of the Texas isolates were tested for their response to varieties that are resistant or susceptible to race 18. All tested isolates from 2017 behaved typical for race 18 on these varieties. Several isolates in 2018 developed symptoms on FM 1830GLT (resistant variety) in initial testing. These isolates will be retested on more replicates of commercial resistant varieties and also on S295, which was an original source of resistance to race 18, since it contains the B12 gene(s). The line was obtained from France during 2017 and seed has been produced and is ready for testing. 4. A tremendous effort has been made in Texas, Mississippi, and Georgia to keep producers informed about managing bacterial blight. 5. The acres of various varieties that is published by the Agricultural Statistics Service was used to calculate the % of cotton planted in Mississippi, Georgia, and Texsa that was either resistant or susceptible to bacterial blight in 2017. The percent of varieties planted that were susceptible to bacterial blight in Georgia dropped from 89.8% in 2016 to 57.82% in 2017. Similarly, in Mississippi, the percent of susceptible varieties dropped to 48.04% in 2017 from 77.4% in 2016. In Texas, the percent of blight susceptible varieties dropped to 48.91% in 2017 from 66% in 2016. The single most important variety responsible for these changes was DP 1646B2XF. This variety, however, is only partially resistant to bacterial blight. It still reduces the risk of significant yield loss, and is an important component of IPM for managing this disease.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Allen, T. W. 2018. Field identification of foliar cotton diseases can oftentimes be based on canopy location. Mississippi Crop Situation, July 22, 2018.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Woodward, J. E., T. A. Wheeler, and T. Isakeit. 2018. Overview of cotton diseases in west Texas in 2017. P. 164. 2018 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, TX January 3-5, 2018.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Wheeler, T. A., J. K. Dever, and J. E. Woodward. 2018. The response of varieties to Verticillium wilt and bacterial blight in the Southern High Plains of Texas. Pp. 587-594. 2018 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, TX, January 3-5, 2018.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Wheeler, T. A. 2018. Bacterial blight on cotton. Pp. 11-18. 2018 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, TX January 3-5, 2018.
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Progress 09/01/16 to 08/31/17
Outputs
Target Audience:The primary target were cotton farmers in Mississippi, Texas, and Georgia. Additional groups that were reached included consultants, industry representatives, extension educators, and plant pathologists in the cotton community, as well as those in the U.S. and internationally who attended the annual American Phytopathologist meeting in 2017. Changes/Problems:During the summer of 2016, Dr. Bart discovered an additional bacteria present in diseased leaf material that came from Plains, TX. This bacteria was characterized as Pseudomonas syringae and was capable of causing water soaking and necrosis in both blight resistant and susceptible varieties. At this point in the project, we have not found any Xcm isolates that have been capable of causing disease on cotton varieties that are considered resistant to race 18. However, we still are finding cases in Texas where symptoms do occur on resistant varieties. An additional project goal will be added, that includes collecting and characterizing isolates of Pseudomonas syringae that are capable of causing disease symptoms when inoculated to cotton varieties; and trying to understand if this bacteria interacts with Xcm to overcome or modify the disease known as bacterial blight of cotton. At the time this report was submitted, this Pseudomonas syringae that can cause disease on cotton, has been identified in 10 locations in Texas. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Talks have been given to the communities of interest at the Cotton Beltwide Annual Meeting; numerous producer meetings; Cotton disease updates that go out electronically to producers across the U.S. on the recommendations on bacteria blight in Georgia and Mississippi; Extension service trainings, and most recently in a symposium at the American Phytopathological annual meeting on bacterial blight of cotton. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective 1. All the cotton field pathologists (Allen, Isakeit, Kemerait, Wheeler, and Woodward) will be collecting symptomatic plant material and sending them to Dr. Bart. Dr. Wheeler will also be isolating the bacteria from material collected in the Southern High Plains of Texas (from Dr. Woodward and Wheeler). Objective 2. Dr. Bart will choose a diverse subset of isolates and characterize the type III effectors. Objective 3. Dr. Wheeler will be characterizing the rest of the 2017 isolates from Texas during the winter in greenhouse trials; and begin testing 2018 isolates. Objective 4. Drs. Allen, Isakeit, Kemerait, and Woodward will use winter meetings and in-season crop tours to present information about the management of bacterial blight to their producers. Objective 5. The varieties that were planted during the 2017 growing season will be identified as resistant or susceptible to race 18 of bacterial blight. These numbers will be used for comparison against previous and future years, where the benefits of using resistant varieties to manage bacterial blight have been presented to producers.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1 is underway. Dr. Rebecca Bart has obtained isolates of Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum from across the U.S. and is maintaining these isolates in long-term culture. Dr. Wheeler is also collecting and maintaining isolates from Texas, and has sent a number of these to Dr. Bart as well. Objective 2: nothing to report. Objective 3: Dr. Wheeler tested 89 isolates collected from TX in 2016 and 21 isolates collected during 2017 on varieties that are either resistant or susceptible to race 18 of Xcm. All isolates were able to cause disease symptoms on the susceptible cultivar DP 1454NRB2RF, and none of the isolates were able to cause disease symptoms on the resistant varieties (FM 1830GLT or FM 2484B2F). Testing will be continued on more recent isolates collected in 2017. Objective 4. Trainings at meetings, and cotton disease update reports have been provided to producers in Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas, to encourage them in the use of IPM strategies to manage their bacterial blight problems. Objective 5. nothing to report.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Wheeler, T. A., and J. E. Woodward. 2017. Response of new cotton varieties to Verticillium wilt, bacterial blight, and root-knot nematodes. Pp. 251-261. in: 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, Jan 4-6, Dallas, TX.
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