Source: OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
EXPERIENCING TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE: HOW IS TECHNOLOGY USED TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY IN MODERN CROPPING SYSTEMS?
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
EXTENDED
Funding Source
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1010999
Grant No.
2017-68010-25959
Project No.
OHO03011-CG
Proposal No.
2016-05193
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
A7501
Project Start Date
Nov 15, 2016
Project End Date
Nov 14, 2020
Grant Year
2017
Project Director
Lindsey, A.
Recipient Organization
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
1680 MADISON AVENUE
WOOSTER,OH 44691
Performing Department
(N/A)
Non Technical Summary
Advances in crop management practices, crop modelling and sensing technology enable modern producers to improve efficiency and sustainability, but also require a greater understanding of STEM concepts. Many students may not pursue post-secondary training and careers in agriculture due to limited exposure of how STEM fields are applied during production. The main objectives of this study are to connect current secondary educators to Ohio State University Extension specialists and Extension resources, facilitate interactive hands-on training in agricultural systems using modern technology, and provide teachers with ready-to-use agriculturally-relevant curriculum modules. Four professional development sessions targeting secondary school teachers (100 total) in areas of science, vocational agriculture, and mathematics from multiple districts throughout Ohio will be conducted during the summers of 2017-2019. Activities include interactive lectures from OSU Extension faculty, field-based experiential learning activities on research trials (cover crop implementation, nitrogen management, and agricultural management) using modern equipment, and applying the results to answer context-rich problems. The development sessions relate to the AFRI Foundational area "Agriculture Systems and Technology" and help address the AFRI-ELI Program Goal to "provide immersive learning experiences for secondary school educators, enabling them to identify and replicate best practices to enhance student outcomes" through the development sessions and modules. Teachers will be surveyed for changes in knowledge due to the development sessions, and for incorporation of the activities into their classroom curriculum. Empowering teachers is essential to recruiting the best and brightest students for careers in agricultural science, and this opportunity will help shape the future of agriculture.
Animal Health Component
0%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
1021820102010%
1021510102010%
1021510107010%
1027210102030%
9037310107030%
1025210102010%
Goals / Objectives
Through the proposed program, teachers and educational professionals will be able to see first-hand how technology is used in agricultural production systems to increase efficiency and sustainability, and how advances in science have enabled new tools to be developed. Professional development opportunities for secondary school teachers are essential to provide increases in knowledge, experience, and resources to incorporate topics into classroom curriculum. The objectives of this project are to:Connect teachers to Extension faculty and Extension resources to discuss sustainable food production through the use of advanced technology, which will enable teachers to incorporate more agriculturally-related activities within their classes;Enable secondary school teachers and educational professionals to learn about the major agricultural systems through immersive professional development activities, achieve hands-on experience in data collection from field agricultural research projects, and learn how to analyze the data with accessible tools; andEmpower teachers with educational modules that fulfill Ohio Learning Standards in areas of Science and Mathematics to achieve student learning objectives and enable rapid incorporation into current curriculum.
Project Methods
Objective 1:Three to four extension faculty will be invited to each development session. The Extension faculty at The Ohio State University have exhibited proficiency in developing interactive lectures to convey conceptual knowledge and research results.Each development session will consist of three interactive lectures lasting one hour each to introduce teachers to modern agricultural systems as well as how technology is used to improve the sustainability of agricultural systems. Each lecture will also be targeted to contribute toward an identified learning standard in Mathematics and/or Science, which will enable teachers to incorporate the material into their curriculum with limited adaptation.Objective 2:Integrated education-based and research-based activities will be employed to achieve the second objective. The three proposed field research trials will be established prior to the development sessions where teachers will be able to experience first-hand the efforts being made to improve sustainability of agricultural systems through technology implementation. Each trial will emphasize a specific learning standard, but will incorporate multiple standards in the data collection process and analysis of data collected. Prior to data collection periods, teachers will be provided with instructions on how to use the technology to accurately collect data from pre-determined research trials. Teachers will be encouraged to collect data from two of the field experiments that are most related to their teaching discipline. Providing teachers with basic training on why replicated research data is necessary for comparisons will allow teachers to explain this concept to students in the classroom.Experiment 1: Cover Crops in Grain Crops: Challenges in Balancing the SystemThe first field trial will consist of four treatments (corn + no cover crop, corn + legume cover crop, corn + grass cover crop, and corn + legume + grass cover crop). The trial will be replicated within the field. Possible measurements include:Ground cover comparisonsVisual estimation of ground coverMeasurement of ground cover using Canopeo (smartphone app)Measurement of species diversityUse a quadrat to measure representative space within the plotConduct count of the number of speciesCount the number of each species presentCompare weed biomass from cover crop plots to weed biomass of non-planted controlMeasure soil test values for N, P, K, and pH within each treatmentEducation activities associated with this field study will consist of an interactive lecture to introduce teachers to corn production and the increased interest of cover crop usage within row crop rotations. Different cover crops can provide different ecosystem services, like nitrogen contributions from legumes and reduction in soil erosion from grasses, but the benefits from each species may be impacted by the ability to survive in the ecosystem.Experiment 2: Light Interception in Plant Canopies: How Management Plays a RoleThe second field experiment will consist of planting two to three different maturity soybean varieties (ex: 2.1 vs 3.4) at two planting dates (approximately May 10 and June 1). The trial will be replicated within the field. Possible measurements include:Canopy closure comparisonsMeasurement of ground cover using Canopeo (smartphone app)Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imageryMeasurement of growthPlant heightPlant biomassNormalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)Measurement of yield potentialCompare pod set and seeds per podBoth NDVI and standard imagery can be collected using UAVs on a greater scale, but processing the images takes time and will need to be completed prior to the development session. At the session, teachers will be able to see how their hands-on data collection in the field correlates to data collected using an UAV.Experiment 3: Technology and Fertilizers: Can We Predict Nitrogen Requirement?A third research trial will be designed to examine the response of corn to nitrogen application rate. Each plot will be fertilized with one of five nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 lbs N/acre). Possible measurements include:Leaf measurementsProximal sensor (SPAD)Dark green color index (Greenindex+ app)Remote sensor (handheld NDVI)UAV imagery and indicesSoil test values for N, P, K, and pH within each treatmentTeachers will be provided information regarding nitrogen uptake by corn from the soil, and how rates change as plant growth shifts during the season from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. Information related to how the technology functions will be conveyed during the same period as for Experiments 1 and 2. Tools like the N-Rate Calculator through Iowa State University will be used to discuss how economic and environmental factors can influence fertilizer application decisions (environmental science, mathematics learning standards).Analysis Module: How Do We Make Sense of the Data We Collect?Upon completion of data collection, the participants will work through data entry and basic statistical analysis using the spreadsheet tool Microsoft Excel. Teachers will be provided a brief tutorial on how to arrange the data within the spreadsheet and the necessary equations needed to process the data, and then will work in groups to share the datasets collected during the research activities, and compare the methods of data collection. Given a Context-Rich Problem related to the experiments, teachers will be asked to apply the results from their analysis to address an agriculturally-relevant question.Objective 3:Incorporating training using the spreadsheet tool will provide teachers a self-sustaining resource to use in the curriculum for any replicated scientific experiment. By combining education and research based activities, teachers will gain experiential knowledge as well as have the physical tools to introduce the topics with confidence to their students. The lecture materials related to each experiment will be provided upon completion of the development session (along with complimentary and summative handouts and a post-test to gauge student retention), which will help teachers incorporate the lessons into their current curriculum with limited modification or development. In addition to the experience gained during the development sessions, three stand-alone modules are planned for development. Two modules will be developed at the start of the training, and the third module will be developed in the final year of the project based on teacher feedback and growing needs in the classroom. The modules will also be related to the field experiments from the development sessions, but will not require the implementation of a field study for data collection.These modules and development sessions will also be applicable for use in career-technical programs. Teachers from multiple courses in the Agricultural and Environmental Systems program will be able to use these experiences, including: i) Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources; ii) Agronomic Systems; and iii) Animal and Plant Science. The Ohio Board of Regents has encouraged the adaptation of career-technical courses to qualify for college credit for students, and these modules can also contribute toward this goal.

Progress 11/15/16 to 10/26/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience for the first three years of the project mainly consisted of middle and high school STEM teachers. In years 2, 3, and 4, audience also included peers from the scientific community. Changes/Problems:Planned presentation at two annual conferences (NACTA annual meeting and the American Society of Agronomy annual meeting) was planned for 2020, but abstracts were not submitted due to restrictions and uncertainty related to COVID-19 issues. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Four professional development sessions were offered for teachers from 2017-2019. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The resources have been made available to participants and interested teachers by request. All presented materials were posted at http://educationprojects.org/teachers/tech-in-ag, and can also be found here: https://u.osu.edu/aginclassroomk12/.Results from workshops were presented at four conferences, with two published as proceedings papers, and one peer-reviewed article accepted with revision for publication. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A total of 66 teachers attended the four professional development sessions from2017-2019, with 62 electing to participate in the research activites. However, it is noted that initial registration was 79 teachers. A total of sevencurricular modules were provided to the participants during participation, and the data from the sessions was collated into a shared Google Sheets document. The feedback was positive, and no major changes were suggested by participants. Results from workshops were presented at four conferences, with two published as proceedings papers, and one peer-reviewed article submitted for publication.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lindsey, AJ. Educating the educators: connecting secondary school teachers to technology in agriculture. 2018 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual Meeting, Paper 1800394. Detroit: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lindsey, A.L. "Connecting secondary school teachers to technology in agriculture". 2018 American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting, Poster 1150. Baltimore: American Society of Agronomy.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Lindsey*, A. (2019). Using agriculture as a model system: professional development for high-school teachers. 2019 American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America International Annual Meeting. https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2019am/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/118136
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Lindsey*, A. (2019). Incorporation of new opportunities in agriculture into high school classrooms. 2019 North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture Annual Meeting. https://www.nactateachers.org/attachments/article/2834/2019%20Abstract%20Booklet%20FINAL.pdf
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Lindsey*, A. (2020). Professional development participation by teachers facilitated student exposure to agriculture. Natural Sciences Education. Submitted 07-2020.


Progress 11/15/18 to 11/14/19

Outputs
Target Audience:During the third year of the project, pre-registration for the two workshops totaled 21.Actual attendence in Columbus was 18. Total participants in research activities were 16. Teachers were from Urban (6), Suburban (4), and Rural (6) districts. Teachers at the Columbus session were from Urban (6), Suburban (5), and Rural (10) districts. Subjects taught were primarily biology or environmental science, as well as some technology and agriculture. Participants reported teaching added together, this group has the potential to reach approximately 1,705students. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Oneprofessional development session washosted in July (8-9 in Columbus, OH). All materials presented have been posted to the educationprojects.org website for teacher access. Access to the plots has also been extended for teachers, with one electing to collect plants for use in the classroom. Plots have also been used for lab sessions for undergraduate course (HCS 3100 - Introduction to Agronomy). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The resources have been made available to participants and interested teachers by request. Allpresented materials are posted at http://educationprojects.org/teachers/tech-in-ag. Two professional meeting presentations have occurred in 2019, one at the North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture annual meeting (Twin Falls, ID), and a second at the American Society of Agronomy annual meeting (San Antonio, TX). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Finish collecting survey data and prepare results for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A total of 18 teachers attended the professional development sessionin 2019, with 16 electing to participate in the research activites. However, it is noted that initial registration was 21 teachers. Participants were able to collect data in the field using hands-on activites, as well as practice shorter in-classroom activites. Five curricular modules were provided to the participants during participation, and the data from the sessions was collated into a shared Google Sheets document. The feedback was positive, and no major changes were suggested by participants. Data for use in future peer-reviewed publication regarding teacher knowledge and mindset changes was also collected. Overall, knowledge of the topics presented increased significantly (alpha=0.05) for many of the items taught, and teachers feel more confident in presenting these materials and topics to students, their peers, and their friends and family.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Lindsey*, A. (2019). Using agriculture as a model system: professional development for high-school teachers. 2019 American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America International Annual Meeting. https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2019am/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/118136
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Lindsey*, A. (2019). Incorporation of new opportunities in agriculture into high school classrooms. 2019 North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture Annual Meeting. https://www.nactateachers.org/attachments/article/2834/2019%20Abstract%20Booklet%20FINAL.pdf


Progress 11/15/17 to 11/14/18

Outputs
Target Audience:During the second year of the project, pre-registration for the two workshops totaled 44 (25 in Columbus, 19 in Custar). Actual attendence in Columbus was 22, and was 12 in Custar. Total participants in research activities were 21 in Columbus, and 11 in Custar (32 participants added in 2018). Teachers at the Custar session were from Urban (1), Suburban (2), and Rural (8) districts. Teachers at the Columbus session were from Urban (6), Suburban (5), and Rural (10) districts. Subjects taught by instructors in Custar were primarily Agricultural Education, but one teacher was in Physics, and a second teacher was in engineering and physiology. In Columbus, four participants were primarily agricultural educators, with the remaning population teaching subjects like biology, environmental science, phusics, and ecology. With all Columbus participants added together, this group has the potential to reach approximately1,860 students. The summed total student reach for the teachers in Custar was 850, resulting in a total student number reached of 2,710. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two professional development sessions were hosted in July (9-10 in Columbus, OH; 23-24 in Custar, OH). All materials presented have been posted to the educationprojects.org website for teacher access. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A summative news article regarding the professional development session was published in the USDA bulletin "Fresh from the Field." Additionally, the resources have been made available to participants and interested teachers by request. All presented materials are posted athttp://educationprojects.org/teachers/tech-in-ag. Two professional meeting presentations have occurred in 2018, one at the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (Detroit, MI, Paper 1800394), and a second at the American Society of Agronomy annual meeting (Baltimore, MD, Poster 1150). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?One additional workshop will be held in Columbus on 8-9 July 2019. More data will be collected from survey dissemination, as well as knowledge tests. Results will be collated and prepared for peer-review publication.Further advertisement and recruitment is planned to achieve greater levels of teacher enrollment.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A total of 34 teachers attended the professional development sessions in 2018, with 32 electing to participate in the research activites. However, it is noted that initial registration was 44 teachers. Participants were able to collect data in the field using hands-on activites, as well as practice shorter in-classroom activites. Five curricular modules were provided to the participants during participation, and the data from the sessions was collated into a shared Google Sheets document. The feedback was positive, and no major changes were suggested by participants. Possible inclusion of more horticulturally relevant materials were of interest, and may be included in 2019.Data for use in future peer-reviewed publication regarding teacher knowledge and mindset changes was also collected. Overall, knowledge of the topics presented increased significantly (alpha=0.05) for many of the items taught, and teachers feel more confident in presenting these materials and topics to students, their peers, and their friends and family.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lindsey, AJ. Educating the educators: connecting secondary school teachers to technology in agriculture. 2018 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual Meeting, Paper 1800394. Detroit: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. ( 2018 )
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lindsey, A.L. "Connecting secondary school teachers to technology in agriculture". 2018 American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting, Poster 1150. Baltimore: American Society of Agronomy. ( 2018 )


Progress 11/15/16 to 11/14/17

Outputs
Target Audience:During the first year of the project, we successfully reached 14 members of our targeted audience. Of the 14 participating secondary educators, four were from urban districts, four were from suburban districts, and the remainder were from rural districts. Additionally, seven of the participants were science instructors (biology, physical, and environmental science), one was a statistics teacher, one was an alternative education instructor, and two were agricultural teachers. With all participants added together, these teachers have a potential reach of approximately 1,550 students this year. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One professional development workshop was hosted on 10-11 July, 2017. However, individuals unable to participate have also been distributed the content upon request. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A summative news article regarding the professional development session was published in the USDA bulletin "Fresh from the Field." Additionally, the resources have been made available to participants and interested teachers by request. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Two additional professional development sessions are planned (9-10 July 2018 in Hoytville, OH and 23-24 July 2018 in Columbus, OH). Additionally, more data will be collected from participants to develop peer-reviewed publications. The developed materials from this year will be modified based on feedback and used for the workshops. Further advertisement and recruitment is planned to achieve greater levels of teacher enrollment.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Fourteen educators participated in the professional development activity on 10-11 July, 2017. Participants were able to collect data in the field through hands-on activities, heard from OSU Extension presenters, and saw first-hand what research activities are being done in agriculture. Five curriculum-ready modules were provided to participants with associated background information, and data collected from the experiments was made available. Based on feedback from participants, some changes will be made to the structure of the development schedule to allow for more activities on the first morning, and the development of alternative activities teachers can do on a bench top (rather than a field sized experiment). Data for use in future peer-reviewed publication regarding teacher knowledge and mindset changes was also collected. Overall, knowledge of the topics presented increased significantly (alpha=0.1) for many of the items taught, and teachers feel more confident in presenting these materials and topics to students, their peers, and their friends and family.

Publications