BREEDING AND AGRONOMY OF QUINOA FOR ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEMS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: TERMINATED
• Funding Source: OTHER GRANTS
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1010611
• Grant No.: 2016-51300-25808
• Project No.: WNP03110
• Proposal No.: 2016-04408
• Program Code: 113.A
• Project Start Date: Sep 1, 2016
• Project End Date: Aug 31, 2021
• Grant Year: 2016

Project Director
Murphy, K. P.

Recipient Organization
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
240 FRENCH ADMINISTRATION BLDG
PULLMAN,WA 99164-0001

Performing Department
Crop and Soil Sciences

Non Technical Summary
Quinoa is a nutritious and broadly adapted seed crop in high demand in the U.S. and around the world. However, information regarding the optimal varieties, best management practices, and marketing options for quinoa across diverse regions in the U.S. is lacking. To further develop the domestic organic quinoa market, stakeholders have identified several high priority research needs, including (1) breeding of quinoa varieties with heat tolerance; (2) breeding of quinoa varieties with insect and pathogen resistance; and (3) the development of agronomic systems and tools that promote weed control. Our project addresses these stakeholder needs by developing new quinoa varieties and best management practices for growing organic quinoa across multiple regions in the U.S. Our long-term goal is to develop a vibrant and strong organic quinoa supply chain across the U.S., which would allow organic farms to diversify their operations and increase their profitability by incorporating quinoa.This project will provide urgently needed information regarding organic quinoa production as an alternative crop. Our research and extension objectives are designed to create economic and ecological opportunities for quinoa production across a diversity of regions in the U.S. The rationale underlying the proposed research is that U.S. growers will have new technology and information for growing organic quinoa successfully and profitably. The results of the project will contribute the facilitation of organic agricultural production by generating research information, and educating clientele on a range of topics related to quinoa production and marketing. We expect our project to increase the number of organic quinoa growers in suitable growing regions across the U.S. Additionally, we expect to provide a sound on-farm research-based platform for existing farmers and emerging quinoa growers to diversify their current cropping rotations and marketing options.Critical needs of quinoa distributors, wholesalers, and retailers focus on the need for reliable sources of domestic, organic, high-quality quinoa. Imports of quinoa have increased from 4 million pounds in 2007 to over 93 million pounds in 2015 (Nunez de Arco, personal communication). Evaluating the potential for quinoa production across diverse regions in the U.S. is important to consumers and distributors and could prove profitable for domestic farmers. Identification of varieties with specific and consistent quality traits across variable environments is critical to the successful establishment of a domestic quinoa market. Approximately 65 to 70% of annual U.S. imports of quinoa is organic (Nunez de Arco, personal communication), and the development of a strong, resilient organic and domestically grown quinoa supply is necessary to fill this need.In the U.S., quinoa is a relatively new crop to the farmer and a relatively new food to the consumer, thus we must improve our knowledge of quinoa market potential and supply-chain challenges. This research will determine the economicsof crop enterprises, including that of quinoa, in organic grain production systems. Economic findings will provide valuable information for growers in designing their own cropping systems. For example, our financial analyses will provide immediately useful information to growers about how their management practices related to pests and soil quality impact the economic returns of their operations and steps that can be used to reduce their costs and improve sustainability.Farmers seeking to diversify their production systems and marketing options, and U.S. distributors currently experiencing severe supply shortages of quinoa, stand to benefit significantly from this research. Potential economic metrics will be measured through documented changes in quinoa growing acreage in the target regions, and in the ability of quinoa distributors to meet the growing consumer demand by sourcing and supplying domestically grown, organic quinoa. Evaluation of program impact will occur through discussions with the advisory panel and by a mail survey of current and potential organic quinoa growers in WA, UT, MN, and MD in years 1 and 4 of the project. Questions will probe production practices, economics, perceptions of opportunities and constraints, and future research and Extension needs.Farmers and quinoa distributors have been instrumental in the development of this project. To identify and prioritize critical research and extension objectives for this project, we gathered input from farmers and other stakeholders through numerous field days, demonstrations and roundtables. Moreover, our preliminary variety trials have all been conducted in farmers' fields across various regions of the U.S. One trial in Beltsville, MD, for example, is located on the Firebird Research Farm, which is part of University of District of Columbia (UDC). The UDC is a historically black serving college (HBSC) that has the unique position of being the only urban 1860s land grant university in the U.S. The farm holds numerous field days throughout the year attended by urban/suburban residents of the region, and between the Firebird Farm and the urban agriculture activities around the campus in DC, the university conducts agricultural outreach for over 30,000 people a year. A Stakeholder Advisory Committee, of which Firebird Farm is represented, was formed for this current proposed project in the winter/spring of 2016, consisting of representative growers, processors, wholesalers, retailers, and end-users.We will use a broad array of extension and outreach tools to reach a range of stakeholders. These include multiple field days across all target regions of this project, several webinars, Extension bulletins, workshops, participatory research with farmers, yearly reports on our proposed project website, talks and posters at farmer and academic conferences, and papers in peer-reviewed journals. The goals of the Communication/Outreach Plan are to: (1) increase awareness of challenges andopportunities for production of organic quinoa, and (2) disseminate information generated in research and demonstration trials to growers and processors.

Animal Health Component

0%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

20%

Applied

80%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
203	1599	1081	30%
102	1599	1070	20%
601	1599	3010	10%
201	1599	1080	10%
502	1599	1010	30%

Knowledge Area
601 - Economics of Agricultural Production and Farm Management; 102 - Soil, Plant, Water, Nutrient Relationships; 203 - Plant Biological Efficiency and Abiotic Stresses Affecting Plants; 201 - Plant Genome, Genetics, and Genetic Mechanisms; 502 - New and Improved Food Products;

Subject Of Investigation
1599 - Grain crops, general/other;

Field Of Science
1070 - Ecology; 1081 - Breeding; 1010 - Nutrition and metabolism; 3010 - Economics; 1080 - Genetics;

Keywords

quinoa

agronomy

breeding

economics

entomology

food science

genomics

mycorrhizae

soil biology

Goals / Objectives
The long-term goals of this multi-region, integrative project are to: (1) breed high-yielding, nutritious quinoa varieties for organic systems that are adapted to abiotic and biotic stresses through (a) the Washington State University (WSU) quinoa breeding program and (b) a cohesive variety testing program in Washington, Utah, Minnesota, and Maryland; (2) evaluate and develop best management practices to optimize organic quinoa production systems across diverse environments; (3) understand the economics of domestic organic quinoa production, processing and marketing, and; (4) disseminate information to target diverse audiences using a range of extension tools.Research and Extension Objectives1. Evaluate and select quinoa varieties and breeding lines in organic systems for critical traits of interest;2. Develop best management practices for organic quinoa production in diverse environments in the U.S.;3. Characterize diverse quinoa genotypes for beneficial mycorrhizal, rhizosphere and endophytic associations;4. Evaluate processing and end-use quality traits and nutritional value of quinoa varieties and breeding lines;5. Measure the economic performance of different organic quinoa and grain production systems; and6. Disseminate information about, and develop farmer/distributor relationships for, organic quinoa production and marketing.

Project Methods
Objective 1. Evaluate and select quinoa varieties and breeding lines in organic systems for critical traits of interest. Four experiments will be conducted to help achieve the overall goals of Objective 1: (1) multi-region, certified organic quinoa variety trials; (2) quinoa breeding, selection and varietal release within, and for, organic systems; (3) genetic characterization of quinoa germplasm and genome wide association study (GWAS) of genes controlling mildew resistance; and (4) heat-stress physiology and screening tools for variety selection.Objective 2. Develop best management practices for organic quinoa production across diverse environments in the U.S. Each region in this project presents distinct agronomic challenges, including considerable differences in precipitation; soil type, fertility and biology; dominant cropping systems; environmental stresses; landscape; and climate. The agronomic trials in this objective have been tailored to evaluate quinoa production in each environment.Objective 3. Evaluate diverse quinoa genotypes for beneficial mycorrhizal, rhizosphere and endophytic associations. Organic farming systems rely largely on microbial-mediated processes for nutrient availability. AMF play an important role in plant uptake of nutrients, especially with the ability to incorporate organic forms of P (Kahiluoto and Vestberg 1998) and N (Hawking et al. 2000), and therefore are particularly important for low-input and organic systems that cannot rely on calculated inputs of synthetic nutrients. Quinoa belongs to a family of plants that has long been thought of as non-mycorrhizal, but there is growing evidence that quinoa can and does in fact form associations with AMF.Objective 4. Evaluate processing and end-use quality traits and nutritional value of quinoa varieties and breeding lines. Dr. Ganjyal of WSU will coordinate this component of the project. This will include evaluation of all the varieties and breeding lines for their nutritional value (including mineral concentrations, amino acid profiles, fiber content, bioactive compounds), processing properties (including thermal and pasting properties) and capacity to fit into selected model food systems (including noodle, cereal and snack products).Objective 5. Measure the economic performance of different organic quinoa and grain production systems.In the past two decades, due to increased demand in the U.S. and Europe, the price of quinoa has increased dramatically from $892/ton in 1999 to $2,500/ton in 2011. The price of organic quinoa is even higher, averaging $3,100/ton. Amazingly, prices tripled from 2011 to 2013, reaching $7,500/ton. In the U.S. alone, imports of quinoa rose from 7 million pounds per year in 2007 to the current rate of over 95 million pounds per year. In the U.S., quinoa is a relatively new crop to the farmer and a relatively new food to the consumer, thus we must improve our knowledge of quinoa market potential and supply-chain challenges. This research will determine the economicsof crop enterprises, including that of quinoa, in organic grain production systems. Economic findings will provide valuable information for growers in designing their own cropping systems. For example, our financial analyses will provide immediately useful information to growers about how their management practices related to pests and soil quality impact the economic returns of their operations and steps that can be used to reduce their costs and improve sustainability.Objective 6. Disseminate information about, and develop farmer/distributor relationships for, organic quinoa production and marketing.Dr. Creech of USU will lead the Extension Agronomy component of this project. Dr. Ganjyal of WSU will lead the post-harvest, end-use quality, processing and new product development components of this project. Our model for reaching agricultural producers and professionals is based on: (1) using University Research and Extension Centers as testing sites to screen quinoa varieties; (2) evaluating the most promising lines and production practices in on-farm trials using statistically robust trial designs; (3) using research trials (on and off research centers) as centers of dissemination; and (4) developing outreach materials and disseminating information through a variety of printed and digital media.

Progress 09/01/16 to 08/31/21

Outputs
Target Audience:We targeted small-, mid-, and large-scale growers, backyard gardners, chefs, consumers, bakers, millers, processors, researchers, scientists, and the general public. Each of these audience groups was reached through a series of publications in peer reviewed academic journals, one book chapter, and presentations at academic conferences, farmer meetings, and other venues. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?We conducted an On-Farm Quinoa Selection Workshop: Here we work with farmers in western Washington to conduct both positive and negative selection of multiple diverse populations. As a multi-year endeavor, we are able to show population improvement over time, as well as grow over 200 individual farmer selections in multiple organic locations. These selections are among the advanced genotypes that will most likely be released as varieties in the near future.We conducted mutiple field days and food processing and product development workshops to train food company employees in different ways to prepare quinoa and develop quinoa products. During COVID, due to restrictions in travel, we were limited in training and professional development opportunities for team members. However, our team was able to provide a field and post-harvest phenotyping training workshop and a participatory breeding workshop at the quinoa symposium for interested participants. In addition, many of the participants utilized the quinoa symposium as a professional development opportunity, and we provided over 200 certificates to attendees. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Throughout the project, we focused much of our efforts on disseminating the results and knowledge gained from our research to multiple stakeholders and communities of interest. We published 2 peer-reviewed Extension bulletins, including 'Growing quinoa in Washington State' and 'Growing quinoa in home gardens'. We delivered over 30 presentations throughout the grant at multiple venues, including Cascadia Grains annual conferences, American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America annual conferences, and many others. We focused on reaching organic (and conventional) farmers, food companies and quinoa industry representatives, general consumers interested in quinoa, chefs, and academics, among others. We held annual field days in multiple locations and conducted workshops directed at quinoa farmers and food companies interested in quinoa. Since 2020, due to COVID-19, we were not able to conduct field days and face to face workshops and presentations as we do during a normal year. Yet, this was our most successful year in terms of dissemination of our years of results of organic quinoa breeding, agronomy, ancestral knowledge, genetic resources, anthropology, sociology, physiology, high-throughput phenotyping, genomics, nutrition and food science. In August 17-19, 2020, Washington State University hosted the 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium, an online, bilingual event. The symposium was offered free of charge so any interested individuals could attend regardless of economic circumstances. We reached well over 1000 stakeholders through 51 invited speakers plus 35 poster participants, all of whose presentations were delivered in english and spanish. The presentations were all prerecorded, and all the speakers were available after their talks for live question and answer sessions and networking. To encourage networking, we had 296 participants in the online networking platform Slack, with 3250 messages sent between members throughout the event. There were 6021 collective YouTube views of all Symposium material on the Sustainable Seed Systems Lab channel including 1072 views of Day 1 of the Live Symposium. Each of the 50+ presentations were recorded and are available on our Sustainable Seed Systems Lab YouTube channel. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Evaluate and select quinoa varieties and breeding lines in organic systems for critical traits of interest. Throughout this project, organic quinoa variety trials were carried out in mulitple locations in Washington, Maryland, Minnesota, Utah and Montana. These varieties were analyzed for a suite of agronomic and post-harvest nutritional and end-use quality traits. These data will assist us in determining which breeding lines we will release as new quinoa varieties in the near future. Most of these characteristics did not have standard phenotyping protocols in place, and so our group worked closely with other scientists conducting quinoa research worldwide, and developed and published a paper in 2021 in the journal Plants titled: 'Quinoa phenotyping methodologies: An international consensus'. This research has had immediate impact on how we measure and report traits in a uniform and consistent manner. In total we published 10 peer-reviewed papers that described the agronomic and post-harvest traits of diverse quinoa varieties during this project, ranging from yield, maturity, heat and drought tolerance to insect and pre-harvest sprouting resistance to protein and amino acid content, and multiple characteristics required by food and processing companies to develop new quinoa-based products. Develop best management practices for organic quinoa production in diverse environments in the U.S. We tested quinoa across multiple environments and were able to pinpoint some key latitudinal, elevation, rainfall/irrigation, and temperature requirements necessary for quinoa to thrive. In addition, we focused on multiple ways to grow quinoa ranging from direct seeding to transplanting, dryland vs. irrigation, and insertion into traditional cropping rotations. We worked closely with organic farmers in each target environment to devise ways to maximize weed competitiveness, yield, and seed quality. Key papers resulting from this work include 'Sustainable intensification of quinoa in peri-urban environments in western Washington state utilizing transplant vs. direct-seed methods' and 'Productivity and soil quality of organic forage, quinoa, and grain cropping systems in the dryland Pacific Northwest, USA'. Characterize diverse quinoa genotypes for beneficial mycorrhizal, rhizosphere and endophytic associations. The USDA-ARS lab headed by Dr. Maul evaluated the plant rhizosphere, and endophytic microbe associations, seeking plant beneficial and protective functions. This team conducted three field trials collecting roots, stems, leaves and developing seed heads from select advanced lines provided by the WSU team. Endophytic and root associated microbes were isolated using combination of traditional microbiological and advanced metagenomic techniques. Culturable microbes and fungi were enriched using selective microbiological growth media and screened for the traits of phosphorous solubilization, nitrogen fixation (diazotrophic) and antibiotic production using gene targeted PCR, cloning and sequencing. Over 300 bacterial isolates were collected from the roots and stems of advanced quinoa lines. Analysis of phosphatase activity and increased/decreased availability of P in the root zone will be evaluated with bacterial strains that show the greatest root zone persistence in the greenhouse studies. Manuscript preparation is currently underway for this study. An additional study was carried out at WSU that evaluated 10 quinoa varieties across 8 mycorrhizal treatments. Results are published in a paper titled 'A plant-fungus bioassay supports the classification of quinoa as inconsistently mycorrhizal' published in the journal Microbial Ecology. Evaluate processing and end-use quality traits and nutritional value of quinoa varieties and breeding lines. Throughout the project, we characterized hundreds of quinoa varieties for a wide variety of end-use quality and nutritional characteristics. This objective has resulted in substantial baseline information for quinoa grown in the U.S. that is critical for food processing and product formulations by the domestic quinoa food industry. Throughout this process we worked closely with food companies that process and/or sell organic quinoa in the U.S. Several papers have been published in leading journals such as Journal of Food Science (3x), Cereal Chemistry, Journal of Cereal Science, and Frontiers in Plant Science. Through this work we developed critical characteristics that will be important to evaluate and include in the upcoming newly released quinoa varieties (scheduled for 2022). All of our advanced breeding lines have been fully characterized and this information will be published in 2022. One key paper titled 'Seed composition and amino acid profiles for quinoa grown in Washington State' published in Frontiers in Nutrition evaluated 100 quinoa genotypes grown across 4 organic farms for protein and essential amino acid content. This paper describes the urgency to select for nutritional value in quinoa breeding programs and the importance of understanding the roles of soil health and fertility in determining the amino acid profile. Quinoa is unique in that it can be a complete protein and our work will result in being able to provide farmers with fertility recommendations based on their soil type and variety to achieve optimal yield, and agronomic and nutritional outcomes. Measure the economic performance of different organic quinoa and grain production systems. We conducted a study that focused on integrating quinoa in 8 different 3-year sequences when rotated with key crops such as wheat, barley, and chickpeas. This study was published in the journal Agricultural Systems in a paper titled 'Agronomic and economic performance of organic forage, quinoa, and grain crop rotations in the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest, USA'. Our results show that premiums for organic alfalfa and grains make these organic cropping systems economically viable for dryland production in the Pacific Northwest. Advances in organic weed control and regionally adapted quinoa varieties would further reduce the risk for farmers attempting this cropping system diversification. Disseminate information about, and develop farmer/distributor relationships for, organic quinoa production and marketing. Our team held multiple field days each year prior to the pandemic beginning in 2020. We published 3 peer-reviewed Extension articles on quinoa production, and delivered over 30 presentations and lectures on this project over the term of the grant. In addition, we reached well over 1000 stakeholders through the online bilingual 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. We had 51 speakers plus 35 poster participants, all of whose presentations were delivered in English and Spanish. The symposium was offered free of charge so any interested individuals could attend regardless of economic circumstances. Indigenous communities were among our target audience, and we brought in six invited indigenous speakers to speak about their current and generations-long work with quinoa. There were 6021 collective Youtube views of all Symposium material on the Sustainable Seed Systems Lab channel including 1072 views of Day 1 of the Live Symposium. We had 296 participants in the online networking platform Slack, with 3250 messages sent between members throughout the event.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ganjyal, G. 2020. Quinoa End-use Quality and Processing. 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. August 16-19, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Maughan, J. 2020. Amaranthaceae Genetic Resources. 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. August 16-19, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Jellen, E. 2020. Genetic Resources & Breeding of Goosefoots (of quinoa). 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. August 16-19, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Maul, J.E., Emche, S., Ditman, J., Lugo Arroyo, A.M., Bagley, G. 2020. Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria in the Rhizosphere of Chenopodium quinoa. 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium Aug. 19, 2020
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Barrios-Masias, F., Eustis, A., Murphy, K. (2019) Leaf carbon assimilation and dark respiration responses to heat stress on quinoa. Oral presentation. ASA? CSSA?SSSA, San Antonio, TX Nov. 13, 2019
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ashley Eustis, MSc degree, University of Nevada-Reno. Thesis title Effects of heat stress on the photosynthetic apparatus in quinoa
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Hinojosa, L. 2020. Impact of heat stress in quinoa. 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. August 16-19, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Murphy, K. 2020. The Intersection of Agriculture and Human Health at WSU. Inland Northwest Research Symposium. March 27, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Murphy, K. 2020. Soil to Society: Developing Crops for Enhanced Human Health and Nutrition. Extension All-unit meeting. February 25, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Murphy, K. 2020. Contributions of the NPGS to a Decade-Old Quinoa Breeding Program at Washington State University. 2020 CSSA C1-C8 Joint Symposium: Translating Genetic Resources into New, Improved, and Rediscovered Crops. November, 2020. CSSA, ASA, SSSA International Conference.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Murphy, K. 2020. Breeding for nutrition using a soil to society approach. University of Wisconsin Madison Plant Science Symposium, Nov. 13, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Murphy, K. 2021. Breeding for protein quality in quinoa. University of Minnesota Plant Protein Innovation Center, 3rd Annual Research Spotlight Meeting. Dec 8, 2021.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Murphy, K. 2021. Optimizing health and nutrition: From soil to society. Western Pulse Growers Association Annual Meeting. Dec. 14, 2021.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kristofor Ludvigson, M.S. in Crop Science, Graduated Summer 2017 Thesis: Alternative Planting and Weed Control Methodology for Quinoa Production in Western Washington State
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Julianne Kellogg, M.S. in Crop Science, Graduated Spring 2017 Thesis: Evolutionary Participatory Quinoa Breeding in the Pacific Northwest Region of the United States
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wu, G., C. Morris, K. Murphy (2017). Quinoa starch characteristics and their correlations with the texture profile analysis (TPA) of cooked quinoa. Journal of Food Science 82: 2387-2395.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Aluwi, N.A., K. Murphy, G.M. Ganjyal (2017). Physicochemical characterization of different varieties of quinoa. Cereal Chemistry 94: 847-856.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wu, G., C.F. Morris, K. Murphy, C.F. Ross (2017). Lexicon development, consumer acceptance, and drivers of liking of quinoa varieties. Journal of Food Science 82: 993-1005.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Maliro, M.F.A., V.F. Guwela, J. Nyaika, K. Murphy (2017). Preliminary studies of the performance of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes under irrigated and rainfed conditions of central Malawi. Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 227.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jarvis, D.E., Y.S. Ho, D.J. Lightfoot, S.M. Schm�ckel, B. Li, T. Borm, H. Ohyanagi, K. Mineta, C.T. Michell, N. Saber, N.M. Kharbatia, R.R. Rupper, A.R. Sharp, N. Dally, B. Boughton, Y.H. Woo, G. Gao, E. Schijlen, X. Guo, A.A. Momin, S. Negr�o, S. Al-Babili, C. Gehring, U. R?ssner, C. Jung, K. Murphy, S. Arold, T. Gojobori, G. van der Linden, R. van Loo, E.N. Jellen, P.J. Maughan, M. Tester (2017). The genome of Chenopodium quinoa. Nature 542: 307-312. IF=38.138.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Murphy, K. (2017). Breeding quinoa for novel environments in the climate change era. Agriculture and Climate Change Conference, Sitges, Spain, March 25, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Murphy, K. (2017). Alternative crop production in the PNW. Cascadia Grains Conference, Olympia, WA, January 6, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Murphy, K. (2016). Quinoa cultivation in western North America: Lessons learned and the path forward. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, November 8, 2016.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hinojosa, L., K. Murphy (2017). Evaluation of quinoa pollen under high temperature conditions. National Association of Plant Breeders, Davis, CA, August 8, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Habiyaremye, C., D. Packer, K.L. Schroeder, K. Murphy (2017). Effect of nitrogen and seeding rate on plant height, seed maturity and seed yield of quinoa and hulless barley grown in no-till farming systems in the Palouse. WSU BIOAg Symposium, Pullman, WA, March 1, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hinojosa, L., K. Murphy (2017). Evaluation of quinoa genotypes under heat and drought field conditions. WSU BIOAg Symposium, Pullman, WA, March 1, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hinojosa, L., K. Gill, N. Kumar, K. Murphy (2016). High-throughput phenotyping to evaluate heat stress response in quinoa. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, November 7, 2016.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Packer, D., K. Murphy, H. Walters, A. Peterson (2017). Preliminary evaluations of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) varieties and populations for grain yield in the Pacific Northwest USA. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Tampa, FL, October 23, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Habiyaremye, C., O. Ndayiramije, J. DAlpoim Guedes J, E. Birachi, K. Murphy (2017). Assessing the adaptability of quinoa, proso and African millets in Rwanda and understanding the current situation of millet and adoption of quinoa in farming communities in Rwanda. Borlaug Summer Institute on Global Food Security, Purdue University, IN, June 12, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hinojosa, L., K. Murphy (2017). Evaluaci�n de quinua a las altas temperaturas usando par�metros fisiol�gicos. VI World Congress of Quinoa and III International Symposium of Andean Grains. Puno, Peru, March 21, 2017.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: McGinty, E.M., K. Murphy, A.L. Hauvermale (2021). Evaluating the mechanisms of seed dormancy and preharvest sprouting (PHS) in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Plants 10: 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030458
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Kellogg, J.A., J.P. Reganold, K. Murphy, L.A. Carpenter-Boggs (2021). Using a plant-fungus bioassay to investigate the mycorrhizal status of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Microbial Ecology 82: 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-021-01710-1
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Stanschewski, C.S., E. Rey, G. Fiene, E. Craine, G. Wellman, V. Melino, D.S.R. Patiranage, K. Johansen, S.M. Schm�ckel, D. Bertero, H. Oakey, C. Colque-Little, I. Afzal, S. Raubach, N. Miller, J. Streich, D. Buchvaldt Amby, M. Warmington, M.A.A. Mousa, D. Wu, D. Jacobson, C. Andreasen, C.Jung, K. Murphy, D. Bazile, M. Tester (2021). Quinoa phenotyping methodologies: An international consensus. Plants 10: 1759. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091759
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Oeller, E., R. Clark, L. Hinojosa, K. Murphy, D. Crowder (2021). Effects of agronomic practices on Lygus spp. (Hemipera: Miridae) population dynamics in quinoa. Environmental Entomology 50: 852-859. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab039
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Little, A., K. Murphy, P. Solverson (2021). Quinoas potential to enhance dietary management of obesity and type-2 diabetes: a review of the current evidence. Diabetology 2: 77-94. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology2020007
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Craine, E.B., K. Murphy (2020). Seed composition and amino acid profiles for quinoa grown in Washington State. Frontiers in Nutrition 7:126. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.00126
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hinojosa, L, J.A. Gonzalez, F.H. Barrios-Masias, F. Fuentes, K. Murphy* (2018). Quinoa abiotic stress responses: A review. Plants 7: 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants7040106
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Packer, D., E. Craine. 2019. Beyond Yield: Incorporating Nutritional Quality Phenotyping to Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Variety Trials Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and X-Ray Fluorescence. 2019 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting | Nov. 10-13 | San Antonio, Texas
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Craine, E., K. Murphy. 2019. Essential Amino Acid Content of a World Core Quinoa Collection. 2019 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting | Nov. 10-13 | San Antonio, Texas
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wieme, R. 2020. Productivity and soil quality in organic dryland crop rotations with quinoa. 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. August 16-19, 2020.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wieme, R., J.P. Reganold, D. Crowder, K. Murphy, L. Carpenter-Boggs (2020). Productivity and soil quality of organic forage, quinoa, and grain cropping systems in the dryland Pacific Northwest, USA. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 293: 106838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106838
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Eustis, A., K. Murphy, F.H. Barrios-Masias (2020). Leaf gas exchange performance of ten quinoa genotypes under a simulated heat wave. Plants 9: 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010081
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wieme, R., L. Carpenter-Boggs, D. Crowder, K. Murphy, J.P. Reganold (2020). Agronomic and economic performance of organic forage, quinoa, and grain crop rotations in the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest, USA. Agricultural Systems 177: 102709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102709
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hinojosa, L., M. Sanad, D. Jarvis, P. Steel, K. Murphy*, A. Smertenko (2019). Impact of heat and drought stress on peroxisome proliferation in quinoa. The Plant Journal 99: 1144-1158. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14411
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hinojosa, L., N. Kumar, K.S. Gill, K. Murphy* (2019). Spectral reflectance indices and physiological parameters in quinoa under contrasting irrigation regimes. Crop Science 59: 1927-1944. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2018.11.0711
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ludvigson, K., J.P. Reganold, K. Murphy* (2019). Sustainable intensification of quinoa in peri-urban environments in western Washington state utilizing transplant vs. direct-seed methods. Ciencia e Investigacion Agraria 46: 100-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rcia.v45i2.2169
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sankaran, S., C. Zuniga Espinoza, L. Hinojosa, X. Ma, K. Murphy (2019). High-throughput phenotyping to assess irrigation treatment effects in quinoa. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 2: 180063. https://doi.org/10.2134/age2018.12.0063
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Noratto, G.D., K. Murphy, B.P. Chew (2019). Quinoa intake reduces plasma and liver cholesterol, lessens obesity-associated inflammation, and helps to prevent hepatic steatosis in obese db/db mouse. Food Chemistry 287: 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.061
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hinojosa, L., J. Matanguihan, K. Murphy* (2019). Effect of high temperature on pollen morphology, plant growth and seed yield in quinoa. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 205: 33-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12302
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Murphy, K., J. Matanguihan, F. Fuentes, L. Gomez-Pando, R. Jellen, J. Maughan, D. Jarvis (2018). Advances in quinoa breeding and genomics. Plant Breeding Reviews 42: 257-320. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119521358.ch7
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Kellogg, J. 2020. Evolutionary Participatory Quinoa Breeding for Organic Agroecosystems in the Pacific Northwest. 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. August 16-19, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Craine, E. 2020. Developing a postharvest phenotyping platform. 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. August 16-19, 2020.

Progress 09/01/19 to 08/31/20

Outputs
Target Audience:We targeted small-, mid-, and large-scale growers, backyard gardners, chefs, consumers, bakers, millers, processors, researchers, scientists, and the general public. Each of these audience groups was reached through a series publications in peer reviewed academic journals, one book chapter, and presentations at academic conferences, farmer meetings, and other venues. In addition, we reached well over 1000 stakeholders through the online bilingual 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. We had 51 speakers plus 35 poster participants, all of whose presentations were delivered in english and spanish. The symposium was offered free of charge so any interested individuals could attend regardless of economic circumstances. Indigenous communities were among our target audience, and we brought in six invited indigenous speakers to speak about their current and generations-long work with quinoa. There were 6021 collective Youtube views of all Symposium material on the Sustainable Seed Systems Lab channel including 1072 views of Day 1 of the Live Symposium. We had 296 participants in the online networking platform Slack, with 3250 messages sent between members throughout the event. Changes/Problems:COVID-19 required us to pivot from our plans of a face to face 2nd International Quinoa Symposium and host this event online. We feel this actually improved our outreach efforts and attendance numbers, as the symposium was both biliingual (Spanish and English) and free of charge. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Due to restrictions in travel, we were limited in training and professional development opportunities for team members. However, our team was able to provide a field and post-harvest phenotyping training workshop at the quinoa symposium for interested participants. In addition, many of the participants utilized the quinoa symposium as a professional development opportunity, and we provided over 200 certificates to attendees. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Due to COVID-19, we were not able to conduct field days and face to face workshops and presentations as we do during a normal year. Yet, this was our most successful year in terms of dissemination of our years of results of organic quinoa breeding, agronomy, ancestral knowledge, genetic resources, anthropology, sociology, physiology, high-throughput phenotyping, genomics, nutrition and food science. In August 17-19, 2020, Washington State University hosted the 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium, an online, bilingual event. The symposium was offered free of charge so any interested individuals could attend regardless of economic circumstances. We reached well over 1000 stakeholders through 51 invited speakers plus 35 poster participants, all of whose presentations were delivered in english and spanish. The presentations were all prerecorded, and all the speakers were available after their talks for live question and answer sessions and networking. To encourage networking, we had 296 participants in the online networking platform Slack, with 3250 messages sent between members throughout the event. There were 6021 collective YouTube views of all Symposium material on the Sustainable Seed Systems Lab channel including 1072 views of Day 1 of the Live Symposium. These will be available to the public on our YouTube channel for years to come, and we anticipate many more views of all these relevant topics. During this reporting period we published six papers in peer-reviewed academic journals, and submitted three additional manuscripts for publication in peer-reviewed academic journals. Our lab groups have given multiple presentations, both poster and oral, at farmer meetings, departmental seminars and scientific conferences. These papers, manuscripts and presentations range across the following topics: quinoa breeding, physiology, high-throughput phenotyping, genetics, nutrition and food science. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?During our last year of our project, for which we were granted a no-cost extension, we have the following objectives: a) Release the first WSU quinoa varieties developed in our breeding program. There will be an anticipated 3-5 new variety releases, and these will target different production environments and unique market classes of quinoa. b) Finalize and publish a genome wide association study (GWAS) on seed quality and nutritional traits of quinoa. c) Complete and publish two studies on soil ecology and microbial communities in field, greenhouse and lab studies. d) Finalize and publish our work with quinoa food science focusing on market class and product development. e) Publish a WSU Extension Bulletin quinoa production guide tentatively titled Growing Quinoa in Washington State. f) Finish writing and publish a review paper on the physiological mechanisms of seed dormancy and pre-harvest sprouting in quinoa. g) Complete research focused on understanding quinoa responses to vapor pressure deficit in three genotypes and two nutrient solutions. h) Continue growing our multi-location quinoa breeding trials and continuing our field phenotyping and nutritional phenotyping evaluations. i) Give presentations at grower and academic meetings, as well as at field days, either in person or virtual, as COVID circumstances allow.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? In FY2020, organic quinoa variety trials were carried out in mulitple locations in Washington, Maryland, and Montana, and are currently being processed and analyzed for yield, seed size, seed color, mineral concentration and amino acid content. This information will assist us in determining which breeding lines we will release as the first WSU quinoa varieties in 2021. To further accelerate variety release, we sent our top 10 breeding lines to Chile over the winter of 2019-2020 for seed purification and increase. We are in the final stages of determining which varieties we will release; this decision will be based on agronomic traits, grain yield, post-harvest quality and nutritional characteristics of the top breeding lines. Through three recent food science studies completed in the last 12 months (manuscripts in prep), we were able to identify different market classes and end uses of our top breeding lines. In the first study we compared physicochemical analyses of quinoa breeding lines for traits such as water absorption index, crude fat, water solubility, total triterpenoid saponins, ash, crude fiber, total carbohydrates, pasting breakdown, final pasting viscosity, and several other traits and identify breeding lines with superior performance in different end-uses including cookies, hearth bread, pancakes, pan bread, and grain salads. This information is critical in the release and marketing of our varieties to be released in 2021. In FY2020 USDA-ARS lab headed by Dr. Maul has continued evaluation of plant rhizosphere, and endophytic microbe associations, seeking plant beneficial and protective functions. We conducted our third field trial collecting roots, stems, leaves and developing seed heads from select advanced lines provided by the WSU lead team. Endophytic and root associated microbes were isolated using combination of traditional microbiological and advanced metagenomic techniques. Culturable microbes and fungi were enriched using selective microbiological growth media and screened for the traits of phosphorous solubilization, nitrogen fixation (diazotrophic) and antibiotic production using gene targeted PCR, cloning and sequencing. Over three field seasons we have collected over 300 bacterial isolates from the roots and stems of advanced quinoa lines and will conduct advanced screening of isolates in the greenhouse in FY21. Analysis of phosphatase activity and increased/decreased availability of P in the root zone will be evaluated with bacterial strains that show the greatest root zone persistence in the greenhouse studies. We have developed a collaborative relationship with David Sotomayor-Ramírez, Ph.D. Professor of Soil Science, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR 00680-9000. Together we have worked on two USDA-NIFA-Hispanic Serving institutions (HSI) program grants to provide funds to support room and board and undergraduate students to complete summer internships with researchers at USDA facilities. The Maul lab mentored one HSI student and two undergraduate students conveying STEM skills such as statistics, bioinformatics plant biology, agronomy and biochemistry. We continued work with our collaborators at Brigham Young University to explore, elucidate, and integrate the genetics of important traits. The ability of American farmers to be engaged in long-term, sustainable organic quinoa production at low altitudes will depend on breeders' access to diverse sources of genetic-based pest, disease, and heat tolerance. With that goal in mind, researchers at BYU have been collecting quinoa's wild sister species, Chenopodium berlandieri (pitseed goosefoot), and developing x quinoa (C. quinoa) cross-populations with selected pitseed goosefoot strains as male parents. At the same time, we have been collecting mostly native diploid species (see chart below) in order to characterize the tertiary gene pool of quinoa breeding resources through DNA sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analyses to determine which ones are genetically closest to quinoa. Here we will describe activities and results of for approaches outlining these efforts in more detail. 1. Quinoa x Pitseed Goosefoot Breeding: Sets of F6 to F9 lines selected from quinoa ('Real-1', 'Surimi', 'Co407-D', '0654', and 'NL-6') x pitseed goosefoot (BYU 937, BYU 1301, and BYU 1314) cross populations were subjected to further phenotypic selection in Malawi (LUANAR Experiment Station at Bunda); at the Desert Agriculture Experiment Station in Holtville, CA (spring 2019); at a private farm in Holtville, CA (spring 2020); and at private farms in Aberdeen, ID and Mosca, CO in summer of 2020. Lines were also evaluated at the BYU Kiwanis Park Greenhouse complex in 2020. Interspecies hybrid (F1) plants were also validated via DNA sequence data. 2. Preliminary Phylogenetic Analyses of Wild Chenopodium: Phylogenetic analyses using whole-genome sequence-identified SSRs identified the narrow-leaved C. leptophyllum complex taxa as being closest to the AA subgenomes of the AABB C. berlandieri-hircinum-quinoa biological species complex. This analysis also identified the following: 1) potential South America à North America long-range dispersal involving the South TX AA diploid C. albescens; 2) potential North America à South America long-range dispersal involving the Argentine diploid C. papulosum; the presence of a South American endemic BB diploid, C. obscurum; and 3) a monophyletic origin of the AABB C. berlandieri-hircinum-quinoa biological species complex. 3. Whole-Genome DNA Sequence Analysis of C. berlandieri subsp. nuttaliae: We constructed a reference-quality, chromosome-scale whole-genome DNA assembly of C. berlandieri subsp. nuttaliae var. BYU 1484. This is a waxy genotype of huauzontle from the USDA collection (PI 433231). In short, PacBio CLR long reads, assembly with the canu assembler, were HiC scaffolded to chromosome scale by Phase Genomics. The resulting assembly is the first tetraploid Chenopodium species assembled outside of C. quinoa. 4. C. berlandieri subsp. nuttaliae diversity panel: To define the diversity base of the wild C. berlandieri germplasm, we are Illumina resequencing (10X) 82 accessions of C. berlandieri varieties, including: vars. zschackei, macrocalycium, berlandieri, boscianum, sinuatum, and subsp. nuttaliae (See Figure 1). Fifty-nine of the accessions have been sequenced, with another 16 currently in queue. The diversity analysis of the C. berlandieri germplasm will represent the Master's research for Alex Kimball.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Craine, E.B., K. Murphy (2020). Seed composition and amino acid profiles for quinoa grown in Washington State. Frontiers in Nutrition 7:126.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wieme, R., J.P. Reganold, D. Crowder, K. Murphy, L. Carpenter-Boggs (2020). Productivity and soil quality of organic forage, quinoa, and grain cropping systems in the dryland Pacific Northwest, USA. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 293: 106838.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Eustis, A., K. Murphy, F.H. Barrios-Masias (2020). Leaf gas exchange performance of ten quinoa genotypes under a simulated heat wave. Plants 9: 81. Doi:10.3390/plants9010081
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wieme, R., L. Carpenter-Boggs, D. Crowder, K. Murphy, J.P. Reganold (2020). Agronomic and economic performance of organic forage, quinoa, and grain crop rotations in the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest, USA. Agricultural Systems 177: 102709.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hinojosa, L., M. Sanad, D. Jarvis, P. Steel, K. Murphy*, A. Smertenko (2019). Impact of heat and drought stress on peroxisome proliferation in quinoa. The Plant Journal 99: 1144-1158. doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14411
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hinojosa, L., N. Kumar, K.S. Gill, K. Murphy* (2019). Spectral reflectance indices and physiological parameters in quinoa under contrasting irrigation regimes. Crop Science 59: 1927-1944. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2018.11.0711
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ashley Eustis, MSc degree, University of Nevada-Reno. Thesis title Effects of heat stress on the photosynthetic apparatus in quinoa
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Barrios-Masias, F., Eustis, A., Murphy, K. (2019) Leaf carbon assimilation and dark respiration responses to heat stress on quinoa. Oral presentation. ASA? CSSA?SSSA, San Antonio, TX Nov. 10?13, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Maul, J.E., Emche, S., Ditman, J., Lugo Arroyo, A.M., Bagley, G. 2020. Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria in the Rhizosphere of Chenopodium quinoa. 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium Aug. 19, 2020 on-line
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Jellen, E. 2020. Genetic Resources & Breeding of Goosefoots (of quinoa). 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. August 16-19, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Maughan, J. 2020. Amaranthaceae Genetic Resources. 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. August 16-19, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ganjyal, G. 2020. Quinoa End-use Quality and Processing. 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. August 16-19, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Murphy, K. 2020. Contributions of the NPGS to a Decade-Old Quinoa Breeding Program at Washington State University. 2020 CSSA C1-C8 Joint Symposium: Translating Genetic Resources into New, Improved, and Rediscovered Crops. November, 2020. CSSA, ASA, SSSA International Conference.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Murphy, K. 2020. Soil to Society: Developing Crops for Enhanced Human Health and Nutrition. Extension All-unit meeting. February 25, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Murphy, K. 2020. The Intersection of Agriculture and Human Health at WSU. Inland Northwest Research Symposium. March 27, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Murphy, K. 2020. Impact of heat stress in quinoa. 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. August 16-19, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Murphy, K. 2020. Developing a postharvest phenotyping platform. 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. August 16-19, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Kellogg, J. 2020. Evolutionary Participatory Quinoa Breeding for Organic Agroecosystems in the Pacific Northwest. 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. August 16-19, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wieme, R. 2020. Productivity and soil quality in organic dryland crop rotations with quinoa. 2nd International Quinoa Research Symposium. August 16-19, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Craine, E., K. Murphy. 2019. Essential Amino Acid Content of a World Core Quinoa Collection. 2019 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting | Nov. 10-13 | San Antonio, Texas
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Packer, D., E. Craine. 2019. Beyond Yield: Incorporating Nutritional Quality Phenotyping to Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Variety Trials Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and X-Ray Fluorescence. 2019 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting | Nov. 10-13 | San Antonio, Texas

Progress 09/01/18 to 08/31/19

Outputs
Target Audience:We targeted small-, mid-, and large-scale growers, backyard gardners, chefs, consumers, bakers, millers, processors,researchers, scientists, and the general public. Each of these audience groups was reached through a series of field days, publications in peer reviewed academic journals, one book chapter, and talks at academic conferences, farmer meetings,and other venues. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?During this reporting period we published seven papers in peer-reviewed academic journals, one book chapter, and submitted two manuscripts for publication in peer-reviewed academic journals. Our lab groups have given multiple presentations, both poster and oral, at farmer meetings, departmental seminars and scientific conferences. These papers, manuscripts and presentations range across the following topics: quinoa breeding, physiology, high-throughput phenotyping, genetics, nutrition and food science. Additionally, we have begun preparations for the 2020 International Quinoa Research Symposium to be held in WA State. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Where approriate, we plan to conduct the third (and fourth in some locations) year trials of Objective 1 and 2 above, and continue research on Objectives 3 to 5. We intend to continue to carry out a robust dissemination program (Objective 6).

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? In 2019, organic quinoa variety trials were carried out in mulitple locations and are currently being processed and analyzed for yield, seed size, seed color, mineral concentration and amino acid content. This information will assist us in determining which variety or varieties to release prior to, or soon after, the close of the grant. One of the most common nutritional claims for quinoa is that it is a complete protein. These claims are widely accepted, though they are based only on a few varieties in a few environments. In 2018, we tested this claim by examining 23 amino acids in 100 quinoa samples from four environments. We followed this up in 2019 with a rigorous statistical analysis and further refinements of our calibration processes, and the manuscript describing our results is in the final stages prior to submission. Significantly, we found that for adults, many of the quinoa varieties were complete proteins, but a significant portion were not. For infants and young children, a much higher number of the quinoa varieties were not complete proteins, but a significant portion were. The limiting amino acid was most commonly leucine, followed by lysine and tryptophan. This suggest that it is important to select for amino acid content as we develop new quinoa varieties. We are also analying the functionality and consumer preference of different quinoa products. First, we are developing complete seed compositional analysis profiles of our top 25 breeding lines (and multiple others). This is a multi-year project, and we are making excellent progress each year. These lines were grown in our multi-state variety trials and will continue to be analyzed for each year and location moving forward. Our goal is to identify, classify and develop different market classes of quinoa; this information is currently unavailable. The only available market classesare currently based only on seed color, whereas functionality is often completeley ignored. Second, we concluded our quinoa baking trials with pan bread, hearth bread and pancakes, where we tested different quinoa/wheat ratios for quality, functionalilty and flavor. The manuscript is currently in final stages of prepartion and is scheduled to be submitted prior to 2020. All our food science and nutritional trials made significant progress this year, and are ongoing through 2019 as well. We continued our heat and drought tolerance trials, and in 2018, two manuscripts were published on heat and/or drought tolerance in quinoa, and two more submitted. These have now been published and have contributed significant new information to the literature on heat/drought tolerance in quinoa. In one paper published in The Plant Journal, we showed a correlated peroxisome proliferation with tolerance to heat and drought stress. This could provide a relatively high-throughput method for testing for abiotic stress tolerance in quinoa as we develop new varieties. In a second paper, we tested different spectral reflectance indices and physiological parameters in irrigated and non-irrigated treatments for their relationship with yield potential and heat and drought tolerance. We found that NDVI is the most predicitve index for seed yield in quinoa; leaf greeness index was useful for identifying heat tolerance in quinoa. In another published paper, we showed that pollen viability under heat-stressed conditions is genotype-specific; we were able to identify genotypes with variation in pollen viability under abioticstress, and the impact on plant growth and seed yield in quinoa. At the University of Nevada, Reno, Ashley Eustis, a graduate student in the MSc Environmental Sciences Program under the guidance of Felipe Barrios Masias, developed protocols to grow and evaluate quinoa in greenhouses and evaluate responses to heat stress in growth chambers. Plants were exposed to simulated heat waves based on Pullman, WA data, and it was concluded that higher temperatures were necessary to observe better plant responses. Ten genotypes known to differ in heat tolerance were provided by WSU. Evaluations included: 1) Cell membrane stability from plants exposed to heat in growth chambers and from tissue exposed to heat in a laboratory setting. In the laboratory we have evaluated different incubating temperatures to define which one can provide a better separation between genotypes. At least five experiments have been conducted with no less than 120 plants per experiment (10 reps pergenotype); 2) Changes in the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus using the PhotosynQ (https://photosynq.org/). Thesemeasurements have been conducted at pre-dawn and during the day in four round of experiments. Each experiment had atleast 120 plants; 3) Leaf gas exchange measurements using the LiCor 6400. Measurements have been conducted in threeexperiments and two are growing in the greenhouse to conduct measurements before the end of 2018; 4) Leaf respirationusing the LiCor 6400. We have conducted work to understand the effects of high temperatures to respiration. Measurements have been conducted at night. 4) Preliminary work is being conducted with a thermal imaging camera FLIR T530sc. Results indicate that quinoa has great capacity to acclimate to high temperatures and doesn't show changes in cell membrane stability and leaf gas exchange. We have also observed that the conditions in the greenhouse prior to the experiment (e.g,. minimum andmaximum temperature) impact the plant response, and this is going to be taken into consideration for the upcoming experiments. Results will be presented at the 2019 Tri-Societies meeting in San Antonio, TX. Germplasm Collection: The ability of American farmers to be engaged in long-term, sustainable organic quinoa production at low altitudes will depend on breeders' access to diverse sources of genetic-based pest, disease, and heat tolerance. With that goal in mind, researchers at BYU have been collecting quinoa's wild sister species, Chenopodium berlandieri (pitseedgoosefoot). Multiple collections by Rick Jellen and David Jarvis of 56 Chenopodium populations were carried out in Southeast Arizona. These included 14 populations of pitseed goosefoot (vars. sinuatum and zschackei) as wellas populations of diploid C. arizonicum, C. fremontii, C. neomexicanum, C. palmeri, C. sonorense, and C. watsonii. Additionally, Jellen, Jarvis, and Jeff Maughan flew to South Texas and collected seed from 23 populations of the berlandieri interior ecotype, six populations of the Gulf Coast boscianum ecotype, plus seven populations of putativediploid C. albescens. October 3-5, 2018 Jellen and a student flew to Oklahoma and collected eight populations of the sinuatum ecotype, four of the zschackei ecotype, and eight populations of a unique ecotype with intermediate characteristics between vars. sinuatum/zschackei and berlandieri, along with numerous narrow-leaved diploid. Genome Wide Association Studies: Sequencing A total of 479 samples of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) were genotyped using tGBS® Genotyping by Sequencing technology with the restriction enzyme Bsp1286I. Samples were sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq X instrument, and reads werealigned to the Chenopodium quinoa v1.0 reference genome after debarcoding and trimming. SNP calling was conducted using only those reads that align to a single location in the reference genome. The genotyping was contracted out to Freedom Markers who generated several sets of SNPs within the population. The first set termed "ALL SNPs" is a less stringent SNP set containing 309,224 SNP sites. A second (more stringent, higher quality) set of 198,288 SNP sites was also produced wherein each SNP site was genotyped in at least 50% of the samples and to as MCR50 SNP set. Each of theseSNPs is supported on average by 31 tGBS reads/SNP/genotyped sample. This work is ongoing and a publication is anticipated in 2020.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wieme, R., L. Carpenter-Boggs, D. Crowder, K. Murphy, J.P. Reganold (2019). Agronomic and economic performance of organic forage, quinoa, and grain crop rotations in the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest, USA. Agricultural Systems (accepted, in press).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hinojosa, L., M. Sanad, D. Jarvis, P. Steel, K. Murphy*, A. Smertenko (2019). Impact of heat and drought stress on peroxisome proliferation in quinoa. The Plant Journal 99: 1144-1158. doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14411
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hinojosa, L., N. Kumar, K.S. Gill, K. Murphy* (2019). Spectral reflectance indices and physiological parameters in quinoa under contrasting irrigation regimes. Crop Science 59: 1927-1944. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2018.11.0711
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ludvigson, K., J.P. Reganold, K. Murphy* (2019). Sustainable intensification of quinoa in peri-urban environments in western Washington state utilizing transplant vs. direct-seed methods. Ciencia e Investigatcion Agraria 46: 100-112. doi: 10.7764/rcia.v45i2.2169
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sankaran, S., C. Zuniga Espinoza, L. Hinojosa, X. Ma, K. Murphy (2019). High-throughput phenotyping to assess irrigation treatment effects in quinoa. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 2: 180063. doi:10.2134/age2018.12.0063
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Noratto, G.D., K. Murphy, B.P. Chew (2019). Quinoa intake reduces plasma and liver cholesterol, lessens obesity-associated inflammation, and helps to prevent hepatic steatosis in obese db/db mouse. Food Chemistry 287: 107-114.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hinojosa, L., J. Matanguihan, K. Murphy* (2019). Effect of high temperature on pollen morphology, plant growth and seed yield in quinoa. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 205: 33-45.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Murphy, K., J. Matanguihan, F. Fuentes, L. Gomez-Pando, R. Jellen, J. Maughan, D. Jarvis (2018). Advances in quinoa breeding and genomics. Plant Breeding Reviews 42: 257-320.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hinojosa, L, J.A. Gonzalez, F.H. Barrios-Masias, F. Fuentes, K. Murphy* (2018). Quinoa abiotic stress responses: A review. Plants 7: 106.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kellogg, J., K. Murphy (2019). Evolutionary participatory quinoa breeding for organic agroecosystems in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, In: Farmer participation in plant breeding: Adapting crops, institutions and policies, Issues in Agricultural Biodiversity Series, Routlege Taylor & Francis Group.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Washington Tilth Producers Annual Meeting, Spokane, WA, November 2018: Developing Grain and Seed Crops with Enhanced Nutritional Value and Resilience Across Diverse Environments. K. Murphy
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Crop Science Society of America, Tampa Bay, November 2018: Effect of Two Quinoa Flour Blends on the Chemical and Physical Properties of Pancakes, Hearth Bread and Pan Bread. H. Choi, A. Kiszonas, C. Ross, C. Morris & K. Murphy
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Crop Science Society of America, Tampa Bay, November 2018: Seed Composition and Amino Acid Profiles for Quinoa Grown in Washington State. E. Craine & K. Murphy
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Plant and Animal Genome Conference, San Diego, CA, January 2019: Evaluation of Diverse Quinoa Genotypes for Essential Amino Acid Composition. K. Murphy & E. Craine
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Cascadia Grains Conference, Olympia, WA, January 2019: Production of nutritionally important specialty grains. K. Murphy
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Foundation for Food and Agriculture Convening Event: Research Harvest for Health: Improving Wellbeing through Resilient Agriculture, National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, January/February 2019: Farmer Perspectives on Nutritious Specialty Grain Production. K. Murphy
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: WSU BIOAg Symposium, Pullman, WA, February 2019: The Intersection of Agriculture and Human Health: Developing Opportunities for Research and Education. Panel Discussion led by J. Roll, P. Monsivais & K. Murphy
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: VII Congreso Mundial de la Quinua, Iquique, Chile, March/April 2019, Keynote Presentation: Mejoramiento Gen�tico Participativo con Agricultores en Washington, Estados Unidos y Ca�ar en Ecuador. K. Murphy
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Clean Tech Breakfast Keynote, Seattle, WA, May 2019, Breeding grains for environmentally sound farming systems, bioremediation opportunities, and enhanced nutritional value. K. Murphy
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Inland Northwest Artisan Grains Conference, Pullman, WA/Moscow, ID, July 2019, Breeding for flavor and nutrition: Quinoa, Millets, Food Barley and Spelt. K. Murphy
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Halle Choi, M.S. in Crop Science, Graduated Spring 2019 Thesis: Genotype x Environment Interactions on ?-glucan in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and End-Use Quality of Whole Seed Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Flour
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Cedric Habiyaremye, Ph.D. in Crop Science, Graduated Summer 2019 Dissertation: Evaluating Agronomic Traits of Quinoa, Millet, and Food Barley Varieties for Adoption in Rwanda and the U.S. Pacific Northwest

Progress 09/01/17 to 08/31/18

Outputs
Target Audience:We targeted small-, mid-, and large-scale growers, backyard gardners, chefs, consumers, bakers, millers, processors, researchers, scientists, and the general public. Each of these audience groups was reached through a series of field days, publications in peer reviewed academic journals, an extension bulletin, and talks at academic conferences, farmer meetings, and other venues. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?During this reporting period we published six papers in peer-reviewed academic journals, one extension bulletin, and submitted six manuscripts for publication in peer-reviewed academic journals. Our lab groups have given multiple presentations, both poster and oral, at farmer meetings, departmental seminars and scientific conferences. These papers, manuscripts and presentations range across the following topics: quinoa breeding, physiology, high-throughput phenotyping, genetics, nutrition and food science. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to conduct the thirdyear trials of Objective 1 and 2 above, and continue research on Objectives 3 to 5. We intend to continue to carry out a robust dissemination program (Objective 6).

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? In 2018, statewide variety trials were carried out in the following four states: Maryland, Minnesota, Utah, and Washington. Minnesota and Washington proved to be the environments with the highest yields across the cultivars and breeding lines. This information will assist us in determining which variety or varieties to release prior to the close of the grant. Seed is still being processed at the writing of this report, so seed yield and subsequent data will be available in the next report. One of the most common nutritional claims for quinoa is that it is a complete protein. These claims are widely accepted, though they are based only on a few varieties in a few environments. We tested this claim by examining 23 amino acids in 100 quinoa samples from four environments. Our preliminary analysis shows that for adults, many of the quinoa varieties were complete proteins, but a significant portion were not. For infants and young children, a much higher number of the quinoa varieties were not complete proteins, but a significant portion were. The limiting amino acid was most commonly Leucine. This suggest that it is important to select for amino acid content as we develop new quinoa varieties. We are also analying the functionality and consumer preference of different quinoa products. First, we are developing complete seed compositional analysis profiles of our top 25 breeding lines (and multiple others). These lines were grown in our multi-state variety trials and will continue to be analyzed for each year and location moving forward. Our goal is to identify, classify and develop different market classes of quinoa as this information is sorely lacking. The only available market classes are currently based only on seed color, whereas functionality is ignored. Second, we are conducting quinoa baking trials with pan bread, hearth bread and pancakes, where we test different quinoa/wheat ratios for quality, functionalilty and flavor. All our food science and nutritional trials made significant progress this year, and are ongoing through 2019 as well. We continued our heat and drought tolerance trials, and in 2018, two manuscripts were published on heat and/or tolerance in quinoa, and two more submitted. In one submitted manuscript, we showed a correlated peroxisome proliferation with tolerance to heat and drought stress. This could provide a relatively high-throughput method for testing for abiotic stress tolerance in quinoa as we develop new varieties. In a second submitted manuscript, we tested different spectral reflectance indices and physiological parameters in irrigated and non-irrigated treatments for their relationship with yield potential and heat and drought tolerance. We found that NDVI is the most predicitve index for seed yield in quinoa; leaf greeness index was useful for identifying heat tolerance in quinoa. In a different published paper, we showed that pollen viability under heat-stressed conditions is genotype-specific; we were able to identify genotypes with variation in pollen viability under abiotic stress, and the impact on plant growth and seed yield in quinoa. At the University of Nevada, Reno, Ashley Eustis joined the project in Fall 2017 as a graduate student in the MSc Environmental Sciences Program under the guidance of Felipe Barrios Masias. We developed protocols to grow and evaluate quinoa in greenhouses and evaluate responses to heat stress in growth chambers. Plants have been exposed to simulated heat waves based on Pullman, WA data, and we concluded that higher temperatures were necessary to observe better plant responses. Ten genotypes known to differ in heat tolerance were provided by WSU. Evaluations included: 1) Cell membrane stability from plants exposed to heat in growth chambers and from tissue exposed to heat in a laboratory setting. In the laboratory we have evaluated different incubating temperatures to define which one can provide a better separation between genotypes. At least five experiments have been conducted with no less than 120 plants per experiment (10 reps per genotype); 2) Changes in the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus using the PhotosynQ (https://photosynq.org/). These measurements have been conducted at pre-dawn and during the day in four round of experiments. Each experiment had at least 120 plants; 3) Leaf gas exchange measurements using the LiCor 6400. Measurements have been conducted in three experiments and two are growing in the greenhouse to conduct measurements before the end of 2018; 4) Leaf respiration using the LiCor 6400. We have conducted preliminary work to understand the effects of high temperatures to respiration. Measurements have been conducted at night. Two experiments are growing in the greenhouse and will be evaluated before the end of 2018; 5) Preliminary work is being conducted with a thermal imaging camera FLIR T530sc. Results so far indicate that quinoa has great capacity to acclimate to high temperatures and doesn't show changes in cell membrane stability and leaf gas exchange. We have also observed that the conditions in the greenhouse prior to the experiment (e.g,. minimum and maximum temperature) impact the plant response, and this is going to be taken into consideration for the upcoming experiments. Germplasm Collection:The ability of American farmers to be engaged in long-term, sustainable organic quinoa production at low altitudes will depend on breeders' access to diverse sources of genetic-based pest, disease, and heat tolerance. With that goal in mind, researchers at BYU have been collecting quinoa's wild sister species, Chenopodium berlandieri (pitseed goosefoot). From October 10-11, 2017, Rick Jellen and David Jarvis traveled to Tucson and collected 56 Chenopodium populations in Southeast Arizona. These included 14 populations of pitseed goosefoot (vars. sinuatum and zschackei) as well as populations of diploid C. arizonicum, C. fremontii, C. neomexicanum, C. palmeri, C. sonorense, and C. watsonii. During the period April 19-21, 2018, Jellen, Jarvis, and Jeff Maughan flew to South Texas and collected seed from 23 populations of the berlandieri interior ecotype, six populations of the Gulf Coast boscianum ecotype, plus seven populations of putative diploid C. albescens. Jellen collected two populations of the sinuatum ecotype of C. berlandieri above Malibu, California on June 13. On September 20-24 Jellen and Maughan flew to New England and collected nine populations of the Atlantic Coast macrocalycium ecotype. From October 3-5, Jellen and a student flew to Oklahoma and collected eight populations of the sinuatum ecotype, four of the zschackei ecotype, and eight populations of a unique ecotype with intermediate characteristics between vars. sinuatum/zschackei and berlandieri, along with numerous narrow-leaved diploid Chenopodium populations. ?Genome Wide Association Studies: Sequencing A total of 479 samples of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) were genotyped using tGBS® Genotyping by Sequencing technology with the restriction enzyme Bsp1286I. Samples were sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq X instrument, and reads were aligned to the Chenopodium quinoa v1.0 reference genome after debarcoding and trimming. SNP calling was conducted using only those reads that align to a single location in the reference genome. The genotyping was contracted out to Freedom Markers who generated several sets of SNPs within the population. The first set termed "ALL SNPs" is a less stringent SNP set containing 309,224 SNP sites. A second (more stringent, higher quality) set of 198,288 SNP sites was also produced wherein each SNP site was genotyped in at least 50% of the samples and to as MCR50 SNP set. Each of these SNPs is supported on average by 31 tGBS reads/SNP/genotyped sample.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Murphy, K., J. Matanguihan, F. Fuentes, L. Gomez-Pando, R. Jellen, J. Maughan, D. Jarvis (2018). Advances in quinoa breeding and genomics. Plant Breeding Reviews (accepted, in press).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hinojosa Sanchez, L., J. Matanguihan, K. Murphy* (2018). Effect of high temperature on pollen morphology, plant growth and seed yield in quinoa. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science (available online) https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12302.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wu, G., C. Morris, K. Murphy (2017). Quinoa starch characteristics and their correlations with the texture profile analysis (TPA) of cooked quinoa. Journal of Food Science 82: 2387-2395.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Noratto, G.D., K. Murphy, B.P. Chew (submitted August 2018). Quinoa intake reduces plasma and liver cholesterol, lessens obesity-associated inflammation, and helps to prevent hepatic steatosis in obese db/db mouse. Journal of Functional Foods.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sankaran, S., C.Z. Espinoza, L. Hinojosa, X. Ma, K. Murphy. High-throughput field phenotyping to assess irrigation treatment effects in quinoa. Sensors.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hinojosa, L., M. Sanad, D. Jarvis, P. Steel, K. Murphy*, A. Smertenko*. Peroxisome proliferation correlates with tolerance to heat and drought stress. Plants.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2019 Citation: Gardner, M., M.F.A. Maliro, K. Murphy, J.R. Goldberger. Assessing the potential adoption of quinoa for human consumption in central Malawi. Agriculture and Food Security.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hinojosa, L, J.A. Gonzalez, F.H. Barrious-Masias, F. Fuentes, K. Murphy. Quinoa abiotic stress responses: A review. Plants.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Leonardo Hinojosa, Ph.D. in Crop Science, Graduated Fall 2018 Dissertation: Effect of Heat and Drought Stress in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Halle Choi, Alecia Kiszonas, Carolyn Ross, Craig F. Morris and Kevin M. Murphy. 2018. Effect of two quinoa flour blends on the chemical and physical properties of pancakes, pan bread and hearth bread. ASA-CSSA Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, 2018.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Craine, E., K. Murphy. Seed Composition and Amino Acid Profiles for Quinoa Accessions Grown in Washington State. ASA-CSSA Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD. 2018.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Cedric Habiyaremye, David White, Daniel Packer, Kurtis L. Schroeder and Kevin M. Murphy. Effect of Nitrogen and Seeding Rate on Plant Height, Seed Maturity and Seed Yield of Quinoa and Hulless Barley Grown in No-till in the Palouse. ASA-CSSA Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD. 2018.

Progress 09/01/16 to 08/31/17

Outputs
Target Audience:We targeted small-, mid-, and large-scale growers, backyard gardners, consumers, bakers, millers, processors, researchers, scientists, and the general public. Each of these audience groups was reached through a series of field days, publications in peer reviewed academic journals, an extension bulletin, and talks at academic conferences, farmer meetings, and other venues. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Farmer training: We conducted an On-Farm Quinoa Selection Workshop: Here we work with farmers in western Washington to conduct both positive and negative selection of multiple diverse populations. As a multi-year endeavor, we are able to show population improvement over time, as well as grow over 200 individual farmer selections in multiple environments. These selections are among the advanced genotypes that will most likely be released as varieties in the near future. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Extension bulletin Oral presentations at conferences (academic, farmer-oriented, and end-user oriented) Poster presentations Field Days Workshops What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to conduct the second year trials of Objective 1 and 2 above, and begin research on Objectives 3 to 5. We intend to continue to carry out a robust dissemination program (Objective 6).

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? In the first year of this project we were able to 1) initiate and carry out a multi-state quinoa variety and breeding line trial (see objective 1); 2) conduct two agronomic trials which addressed the problem of finding the best management practices for quinoa in organic systemes across differing environments (see objective 2). Objectives 3 through 5 are underway and we expect positive results on these research topics after year 2 of the project. Objective 6 was reached through multiple oral and poster presentations, an extension bulletin, research papers, and field days and workshops in Year 1. This will continue throughout the project.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hinojosa, L., K. Murphy (2017). Evaluation of quinoa pollen under high temperature conditions. National Association of Plant Breeders, Davis, CA, August 8, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Habiyaremye, C., D. Packer, K.L. Schroeder, K. Murphy (2017). Effect of nitrogen and seeding rate on plant height, seed maturity and seed yield of quinoa and hulless barley grown in no-till farming systems in the Palouse. WSU BIOAg Symposium, Pullman, WA, March 1, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hinojosa, L., K. Murphy (2017). Evaluation of quinoa genotypes under heat and drought field conditions. WSU BIOAg Symposium, Pullman, WA, March 1, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hinojosa, L., K. Gill, N. Kumar, K. Murphy (2016). High-throughput phenotyping to evaluate heat stress response in quinoa. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, November 7, 2016.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Murphy, K. (2017). Breeding quinoa for novel environments in the climate change era. Agriculture and Climate Change Conference, Sitges, Spain, March 25, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Murphy, K. (2017). Alternative crop production in the PNW. Cascadia Grains Conference, Olympia, WA, January 6, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Murphy, K. (2016). Quinoa cultivation in western North America: Lessons learned and the path forward. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, November 8, 2016.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wu, G., C. Morris, K. Murphy (2017). Quinoa starch characteristics and their correlations with the texture profile analysis (TPA) of cooked quinoa. Journal of Food Science 82: 2387-2395.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Aluwi, N.A., K. Murphy, G.M. Ganjyal (2017). Physicochemical characterization of different varieties of quinoa. Cereal Chemistry 94: 847-856. IF=2.402. (
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wu, G., C.F. Morris, K. Murphy, C.F. Ross (2017). Lexicon development, consumer acceptance, and drivers of liking of quinoa varieties. Journal of Food Science 82: 993-1005. IF=1.649.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Maliro, M.F.A., V.F. Guwela, J. Nyaika, K. Murphy (2017). Preliminary studies of the performance of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes under irrigated and rainfed conditions of central Malawi. Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 227.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jarvis, D.E., Y.S. Ho, D.J. Lightfoot, S.M. Schm�ckel, B. Li, T. Borm, H. Ohyanagi, K. Mineta, C.T. Michell, N. Saber, N.M. Kharbatia, R.R. Rupper, A.R. Sharp, N. Dally, B. Boughton, Y.H. Woo, G. Gao, E. Schijlen, X. Guo, A.A. Momin, S. Negr�o, S. Al-Babili, C. Gehring, U. R?ssner, C. Jung, K. Murphy, S. Arold, T. Gojobori, G. van der Linden, R. van Loo, E.N. Jellen, P.J. Maughan, M. Tester (2017). The genome of Chenopodium quinoa. Nature 542: 307-312.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kristofor Ludvigson, M.S. in Crop Science, Graduated Summer 2017 Thesis: Alternative Planting and Weed Control Methodology for Certified Organic Quinoa Production in Western Washington State
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Julianne Kellogg, M.S. in Crop Science, Graduated Spring 2017 Thesis: Evolutionary Participatory Quinoa Breeding for Organic Agroecosystems in the Pacific Northwest Region of the United States