Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/21
Outputs
Target Audience:Growers, plant pathologists, plant physiologists, plant breeders and geneticists Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two graduate students and one technician worked on the project. Through this they are learning techniques of plant pathology and physiology as well as experimental design and critical writing skills. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?through publications and a presentation on the effects of DMN at the August 2021 MSU potato field day. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Skin set and repair of harvest-related damage by suberization is important for ling term storage of potato tubers. The skin or periderm serves as the fist line of defense against water loss and pathogen infection. Tubers were treated with two different sprout inhibitors (1,4-dimethylnaphthalene, DMN) or CIPC (Chlorpropham) either alone or in combination. Ae 30 and 90 days after treatment, periderm samples were obtained, and the weight and lignin content of the periderm determined. In season 1 (2019), there were differences in periderm weight using any treatment against the control (None) except for CIPC/DMN and DMN which had similar weights. At Day 30, treatment of DMN and CIPC/DMN had higher periderm weight for all varieties and the lignin yield was highest for DMN treatment on all varieties. Day 90 indicates treatment of DMN had higher periderm weights on Lamoka, Snowden and Manistee but not Pike. Treatment of CIPC/DMN and CIPC were higher for Pike. Unlike Day 30, the lignin yield outcomes were based on the interaction of variety and treatment. Lamoka and DMN treatment had highest lignin yield, Manistee highest lignin yield for CIPC/DMN treatment and Snowden and Pike was CIPC treatment. In season 2 (2020), there were differences in periderm weight using any treatment against the control (None). CIPC/DMN-CIPC also had showed differences in periderm weight. The weights between CIPC/DMN-DMN and DMN-CIPC were similar. At day 30, CIPC/DMN treatment results in higher mean weight for Lamoka and Manistee. CIPC and DMN have higher mean weight for Pike and Snowden. At day 90 DMN results in higher mean weight only for Lamoka. CIPC/DMN yield higher mean weight for Manistee, Pike and Snowden. At day 30, relative lignin thioglycolic acid (LTGA) yields are higher for CIPC on Lamoka, DMN on Snowden and Pike, and yields higher for CIPC/DMN on Manistee. At day 90, relative lignin thioglycolic acid (LTGA) yields are higher for DMN on Lamoka and Manistee, yields higher for CIPC/DMN on Snowden and Pike. Overall, periderm weight increased for DMN and/or CIPC/DMN treated tubers at 30 days after treatment. This was also reflected in an increase in lignin yield. At Day 90, DMN and/or CIPC/DMN treatment had higher periderm mass and lignin yield. This suggests that the periderm mass and lignin yield for the different varieties is enhanced by DMN or a combination of CIPC/DMN. The antimicrobial activity of 1,4-DMN was tested against Fusarium sambucinum,F. oxysporum, Helminthosporium solani, and Phytophthora erythroseptica at commercial rate concentration. DMN inhibited growth of the pathogens only if the compound was present. When the culture were returned to ambient air, growth proceeded. DMN was also tested to determine if it would stop infection by F. sambucinum. Incubation of inoculated tuber slices in the presence of DMN did not reduce the development of the pathogen into the tuber tissue. Streptomyces isolated from potato and turnip were evaluated for certain biochemical characteristics and effects of plant tissues. Streptomyces spp. isolated were tested for the ability to grow and produce enzymes on media containing pectin, polygalacturonic acid, or cellulose as a sole carbon source. Most of the isolates that caused most tissue damage were among the highest enzyme producers. However. some isolates that produced high levels of enzymes did not induced symptoms. Several Streptomyces isolates that caused in turnip root tissues either caused either less severe or no symptoms on potato tuber tissue. Inoculating surnip seedling resulted in symproms in most varieties. Inoculated roots were stunted, lacked lateral roots, and exhibited necrosis as compared to controls. Application of the phytotoxins thaxtomin and coronatine also caused stunted hypocotyls and symptoms on turnip roots.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Rhodes G, Chuang Y-H, Hammerschmidt R, Zhang W, Boyd SA, Li H. 2021. Uptake of Cephalexin by lettuce, celery, and radish from water. Chemosphere 263: Article Number: 127916, DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127916
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Smart A, Byrne J, Hammerschmidt R, Snover-Clift KL, Stack JP, Brenes-Arguedad T, Jones JB, Harmon CL. 2021. Evolving plant diagnostics during a pandemic. Plant Heath Progress https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-08-20-0074-MR
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Alzohairy SA, Hammerschmidt R, Hausbeck MK. 2021. Antifungal activity in winter squash fruit peel in relation to age related resistance to Phytophthora capsici. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 114: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2021.101603
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Iles, LC, Fulladolsa, AC, Smart A, Bonkowski J, Creswell T, Harmon CL, Hammerschmidt R, Hirch RR, Rodriguez Salamanca L. 2021. Everything Is Faster: How Do Land-Grant UniversityBased Plant Diagnostic Laboratories Keep Up with a Rapidly Changing World? Annual Review of Phytopathology 59:333-349.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Wahrenburg Z, Benesch E, Lowe C, Jimenez J, Vulavala VKR, L� L, Hammerschmidt R, Douches D, Yim WC, Santos P, Kosma DK. 2021. Transcriptional regulation of wound suberin deposition in potato cultivars with differential wound healing capacity. The Plant Journal 107:77-99.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Vermeulen K. 2021. AN EVALUATION OF STREPTOMYCES PATHOGENICITY IN TURNIP. MS Thesis, Michigan State University. 117 pp.
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Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20
Outputs
Target Audience:Growers, plant pathologists, plant physiologists, plant breeders and geneticists Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One graduate student, one undergraduate student and one technician worked on the project. Through this they are learning techniques of plant pathology and physiology as well as experimental design and critical writing skills. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Analysis of wound healing in a Manistee X Lamoka mapping population was continued. Twenty-eight Lines from the mapping population along with Lamoka and Manistee were examined for wound induced suberization. A three-day wound healing period was used as this is a time point when differences between Manistee and Lamoka are evident. The results once again showed variation in the amount of suberization in the different lines, with clear differences between Manistee and Lamoka. The results also showed a positive correlations between the accumulation of chlorogenic acid and suberized layer masses, and this was in agreement with results from previous years. Tubers were also tested for the effect of bruising on infection by Fusarium sambucinum. Some differences in the amount of infection was observed, none of the lines were able to resist infection through bruises. The effect of glyphosate on the deposition of the polyphenolic polymers induced by wounding was also tested. At 10 mM glyphosate, almost no lignin-like materials were deposited at 7 days after wounding, and at 1 mM, the amount present was only about 20 percent of the control. At lower glyphosate concentrations, however (0.001-0.01 mM), the lignin concentration was higher than that of the deionized water control. This suggests that a hormetic effect of low concentrations of glyphosate is possible. The effect of tuber age on suberization was also examined and were able to confirm that tubers tested after shortly harvest suberized faster than those in storage for over 6 months. Thirty-four advanced breeding lines and varieties from MSU and other programs were tested for resistance to infection by F. sambucinum. While none of the lines or varieties were resistant, there was some variability in the amount of dry rot that developed. Streptomyces isolated from potato tubers and turnip roots are being characterized for virulence using a seedling assay with turnips and by inoculation of potato tuber slices with agar plugs with the pathogen. Isolates were taken from research plots in various Michigan location with the goal of determining the diversity of scab inducing Streptomyces in Michigan. A number of breeding lines were also tested for sensitivity to necrosis induction in tubers by thaxtomin A. No clear correlation was found between field resistance to scab and toxin sensitivity.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Devkota P, Hammerschmidt R. 2020. The infection process of Armillaria mellea and Armillaria solidipes. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 112 (in press).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Kaiser NR, Coombs JJ, Felcher KJ, Hammerschmidt R, Zuehlke ML, Buell CR, Douches DS 2020 .
Genome-wide association analysis of common scab resistance and expression profiling of tubers in
response to Thaxtomin A treatment underscore the complexity of common scab resistance in
tetraploid potato. American Journal of Potato Research (in press).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Rhodes G, Chuang Y-H, Hammerschmidt R, Zhang W, Boyd SA, Li H. 2020. Uptake of Cephalexin by
lettuce, celery, and radish from water. Chemosphere (in press).
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Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Growers, plant pathologists, plant physiologists, plant breeders and geneticists Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two graduate students, one undergraduate student and one technician are working on the project. Through this they are learning techniques of plant pathology and physiology as well as experimental design and critical writing skills. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Presentation of some of this research at the 2019 Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society and to growers at the 2019 Michigan Potato Industry Commission summer research meeting. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Analysis of wound healing in a Manistee X Lamoka mapping population. One hundred forty six lines from the mapping population along with Lamoka and Manistee were examined for wound induced suberization. A three day wound healing period was used as this is a time point when differences between Manistee and Lamoka were previously observed for wound-induced resistance to infection by Pectobacterium. Suberization was measured by digestion of the upper 0.5 mm of healing tissues with a mixture of cellulase and pectinase followed by measuring the amount of enzyme resistant tissue that remained. At this time period, Manistee averaged 4.6 mg of suberized material per 1 cm disk while Lamoka only yielded 1.68 mg. Thirty two lines healed more slowly than Lamoka while 19 were faster than Manistee. The chemical nature of the wound induced, enzyme resistance material is being investigated. The accumulation of chlorogenic acid, a possible precursor to the phenolic domains of suberin, was also measured. Although wounding did induced the accumulation of chlorogenic acid, there was no correlation between the amount of chlorogenic acid that accumulated and the amount of suberized materials deposited. Development of wound induced resistance to tuber rot pathogens.Tubers of Manistee, Lamoka and a select number of tubers from the mapping population were evaluated for the development of resistance to Fusarium dry rot at the site of damage caused by bruising. Manistee was more effective in restricting the infection of Fusarium sambucinum from bruise sites, suggesting that the wound responses observed in slicing wounds may also be important in rapidity of wound healing in damage caused by bruising. The effects of tuber age on wound healing ability. The potato industry wants to extend the storage time of tubers as long as possible, Because of this, the effect of long-term storage on wound responses in Manistee and Lamoka were examined. Tubers held in storage for one year were compacted to tuber freshly harvested. Old Lamoka tuber tissue accumulated less chlorogenic acid at 3 and 7 days after wounding as compared to new tubers. At three days after wounding, the old Lamoka tubers did not produce any suberized tissue, while new tubers did respond. At 7 days, the old Lamoka tubers had accumulated some suberized tissue, but far less than the newer tubers. Old Manistee tubers did produced suberized tissues at three days after wounded, but far less than the new tubers. By 7 days, both old and new Manistee tubers had produced more suberized tissue. Manistee at all times and ages accumulated less chlorogenic acid than Lamoka. The ability of Manistee to more rapidly deposit a suberized layer was faster than Lamoka at for both ages and at 3 days after wounding. Effects of inhibiting the shikimic acid pathway on wound induced suberization. Tuber disks were treated with 0 to 10 mM glyphosate to test the effect of this shikimic acid pathway inhibitor on the accumulation of chlorogenic acid and the deposition of suberized tissues (as measured by resistance to pectinases and cellulases). Application of 1 or 10mM glyphosate reduced the amount of chlorogenic acid accumulation at 3 and 7 days after wounding and treatment as compared to 0, 0.1, 0.01 or 0.001 mM. Glyphosate at 1 and 10 mM resulted in greatly reduced suberized tissue formation at 3 days after wounding. However, no differences were observed at 7 days. These experiment only used Manistee and tests with other varieties will be carried out. Effect of 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene of tuber infecting pathogens. The sprout inhibitor 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene was tested for its effect on growth of Fusarium sambucinum, F. oxysporum, F. avenaceum, Helminthosporium solani, Phytophthora infestans and P. eythroseptica. Growth of all pathogens, except P. infestans, was reduced, but none were completely inhibited. Pre- or simultaneous treatment of potato tissue with 1,4-DMN had no effect on infection by F. sambucinum, F. oxysporum, F. avenaceum or P. erythroseptica indicating no direct effects on the pathogen or any resistance inducing effects. Tubers treated with 1,4-DMN in a simulated storage experiment showed no reduction in the amount of silver scurf, caused by H. solani. Research on scab. Several isolates of the scab pathogen, Streptomyces scabies, were evlauted for the production of extracellular polysaccharide degrading enzymes. Both cellulases and pectinases were detected. A total of 151 isolates of Streptomyces (39 from turnip roots, 13 beet roots, and 99 from potato tubers) were identified by morphological and molecular methods. Phylogenetic relationship was determined between isolates. Preliminary results showed out of 151 isolated 48 isolates that caused pitted and surface lesions have genes encoding for thaxtomin synthase (txtA and txtAB), tomatinase (tomA) and a necrosis protein (nec1). Preliminary results indicate that isolates from common scab lesions of turnip and potato shared similar molecular charactersitics. Potato isolates recovered from pitted lesions shared similar molecular and morphological characteristics and grouped together based.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Chuang Y-H, Liua C-H, Sallach J.B, Hammerschmidt R, Zhang W, Boyd SA, Li H. 2019. Mechanistic study on uptake and transport of pharmaceuticals in lettuce from water. Environment International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.104976
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Alzohairy SA, Hammerschmidt R, Hausbeck MK. 2019. Changes in Winter Squash Fruit Exocarp Structure Associated with Age-Related Resistance to Phytophthora capsici. Phytopathology https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-19-0128-R
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Devkota P, Hammerschmidt R. 2019. A rapid and holistic approach to screen susceptibility of Prunus species to Armillaria root rot. Forest Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12547
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Mambetova S, Blaine K, Rosenzweig N, Hammerschmidt R. 2018. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of pathogenic Streptomyces spp. on potato and turnip in Michigan. Phytopathology 108: 52-53
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Mambetova S, Rosenzweig N, Hammerschmidt R, Abney M, Jordan B, Culbreath A. 2019. First report of pod wart disease of peanut caused by Streptomyces spp. in the Western Hemisphere. New Disease Reports 40: http://dx.doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2019.040.004.
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Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:Growers, plant pathologists, plant physiologists, plant breeders and geneticists Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two graduate students and one technician are working on the projectt. Thriugh this this they are learning techniques of plant pathology and phsyiology as well as excperimetnal design and critical writing skills. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Current results were presented at the MSU Potato Reasearch Field Day in August, 2018. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Chlorogenic acid accumulation was compared at 3 and 7 days after wounding in Lamoka and Manistee. Lamoka had a three-day chlorogenic acid reading of 0.123 mg/disc, a seven-day chlorogenic acid reading of 0.126 mg/disk. Manistee had a three-day chlorogenic acid reading of 0.133 mg/disc and 0.074 mg/disc at seven days. At three days after wounding, Lamoka, the suberized layer mass was 1.05 mg/disc, for the seven-day suberized layer mass it was 6.51 mg/disc. For Manistee, in contrast, the three-day suberized layer mass was 5.87 mg/disc. This suggests that Manistee responds very quickly to building its suberized layer. This is also in line with observations that wounds in Manistee become resistant to Pectobacterium infection much more quickly than does Lamoka. Interestingly, the seven-day suberized layer mass for Manistee was 5.22 mg/disc. Based on the disease data, focusing on the early events in suberization appear to be important in preventing infection of wounds. One hundred twenty eight progeny of a Lanoka-Manistee mapping population were evaluated for chlorogenic content and suberized layer mass 3 days and 7 days after wounding. Cross-sections of the outer periderm layer for the same characteristics. A wide range of responses were observed for both the mass of suberized tissue that formed and the amount of chlorogenic acid that accumulated. From these progeny, 30 were selected based on their ability to suberize in relation to the parents (several better than Manistee and several with suberization that was poorer than Manistee). These lines have been planted for to produce tubers for further analyses. Fifty isolates of Streptomyces from scabby potatoes and turnips were characterized gentically using several virulence genes (NEC1, TXTA/B, TOMA), morphology and biochemcial tools (e.g., thaxtomin and cell wall degrading enzymes). The results showed that isolates that caused a pitted lesion type clustered together following a phylogenetic analysis. this will be pursued further using additional isolates and genes. The potato isolates were different genitically than those from turnip, and cross infection studies are now in progress.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Chuang, Y-H, Liu C-H, Hammerschmidt R, Zhang W, Boyd SA, Li Hui. 2018. Metabolic demethylation and oxidation of caffeine during uptake by lettuce. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 66:7907-7915.
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Growers, plant pathologists, plant physiologists, plant breeders Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two gradate students and a technician are working on aspects of this project. Through this, they are learning basic plant patholgy and physiology techniques along with experimental development and design. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results of the pectinase assay for subeization were presented at the North Central Americdan Phytopathological Society meeting. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Post-harvest losses in the Michigan potato industry have been reported to be as high as 600,000 cwt (out of a total of the 11 million cwt stored). This corresponds to a loss of approximately $6 million dollars. Much of that loss is the result of dehydration and post-harvest disease. Varieties with tubers that have greater wound healing abilities and disease resistance would help offset these losses. Determining the mechanisms of suberization, its timing and host resistance are important factors in developing new varieties of potato that store well and do not decay or lose water in storage. A. Tubers of the varieties Manistee and Lamoka were tested for their ability to suberize. Manistee, a variety that has been reported to store very well, suberized more quickly than did Manistee based on development of resistance to Fusarium. Manistee also had a thicker natural periderm. A mapping population of 110 individuals that were derived from a cross between Manistee and Lamoka were tested for suberization and for the accumulation of chlorogenic acid, a phenolic compound that is related to suberin synthesis. Based on the mass of suberized tissue, Manistee produced more wound induced suberin that did Lamoka. However, there were several members of the mapping population that deposited suberin to a greater extent than Manistee and several that deposited less than Lamoka. Similar trends were seen for the accumulation of chlorogenic acid. These selections are being further investigated. The degree of suberization and chlorogenic acid was tested in four varieties (Manistee, Lamoaka, Pike and Snowden) at 0, 48 and 96 hours after wounding. Manistee accumulated chlorogenic acid at a higher amount and suberized to a greater extent as compared to the three other varieties. Because wounding and damage to potato tubers during harvest and handling provides entry points for infection by tuber rotting pathogens such as dry rot Fusarium spp. and soft rot Pectobacterium spp., suberization (healing) of wounds is an important part of protecting tubers against these pathogens. Because cell wall degrading enzymes are important factors in disease caused by these pathogens and these enzymes cannot degrade suberized tissues, the use of these enzymes to determine the rate of suberization in wounded potato tuber disks was tested. Within 3-5 days of wounding, the upper layer of tissue became resistant to degradation by pectinases and cellulases. This approach demonstrated that the Manistee variety developed a suberized barrier more quickly (3 days) than the Lamoka variety (~5 days). The Manistee variety developed suberization-related resistance to F. sambucinum at 12 days and P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum at ~3 days. The Lamoka variety developed slower suberization-related resistance to F. sambucinum (14 days) and P. carotova (7 days). These results suggest that cell wall degrading enzymes may be useful in monitoring wound induced suberization, and these results provide further information on how suberized barriers may protect potato tubers against infection. The chemical changes in the suberizing tissues that are related to increased disease and enzyme resistance are now being investigated. Varieties and breeding lines harvest in fall of 2017 will be tested this fall and winter for resistance to Fusarium and bruising/bruise healing. Streptomyces spp. were isolated from tubers obtained from several locations in the state. Scab like lesions from turnip were also examined for Streptomyces. Thirty-one isolates from potato and 20 from turnip were examined for pathogenicity on potato tuber slices and for the production of thaxtomin. Thaxtomin production was detected in all of the virulent isolates. The isolates were also examined by PCR using txtAB1/TxtAB2 and Nec1 genes. The potato isolates revealed only one band for each of the genes while some of the turnip isolates were more complex. Sequencing is underway to further confirm these genes. B. Examination of resistance inducers on Fusarium infection of tubers will be initiated with the 2017 fall tuber crop.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Krasnow CS, Hammerschmidt R, Hausbeck MK. 2017. Characteristics of resistance to phytophthora root and crown rot in Cucurbita pepo. Plant Disease 101: 659-665
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Hammerschmidt R. 2017. How glyphosate affects plant disease development: it is more than enhanced susceptibility. Pest Management Science. DOI: 10.1002/ps.452
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