ECONOMICS OF THE FOOD SECTOR: CONSUMPTION, PRODUCTION, TRADE AND MARKETING

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1010309
• Project Start Date: Jul 18, 2016
• Project End Date: Jun 30, 2021
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
2229 Lincoln Way
AMES,IA 50011

Performing Department
Economics

Non Technical Summary
"From farm to fork," is an adage heard widely today in policy debates and discussions of consumer, retailer and producer concerns among the many facets of the supply chain. The adage could also be the theme of this proposal that leverages the expertise in the Department of Economics at Iowa State University to examine key challenges of all of the actors in today's complex and interconnected food marketing chain. This research project examines i) food consumption; ii) agricultural production and industrialization, and iii) agricultural trade, with food policy woven throughout.Agricultural and food policies play a role in making a safe and nutritious food supply widely available and accessible. These policies, as well as consumer preferences and choices can affect the production, processing, and marketing sectors and affect the health and well-being of families and individuals. The design of effective policies and programs depends on understanding the role of consumer choices of food, as well as underlying relationships in agricultural production and processing that lead to a safe and nutritious food supply. The public sector is involved in food and agricultural markets through regulation of markets in an effort to protect public health, assure truthful market information and the quality of foods available to consumers.Economic behaviors and factors play an important role in determining and managing food system risks. The project will examine food decision making including the neural components of food choices and how the brain encodes those choices. The importance of this research can be seen in the myriad uses of labels and advertisements that entice consumers towards and away from particular types of foods.This project will also improve our understanding of life satisfaction by examining the relationship between subjective well-being (or life satisfaction) and diet and food choices. There is now widespread acknowledgement that happiness and subjective wellbeing are an essential part of measuring quality of life alongside other social and economic dimensions. Better understanding the drivers of life satisfaction and subjective wellbeing will assist in government decision making processes to improve the world's wellbeing and sustainable development, including the allocation of resources.At the same time, the design and choice over new risk-based regulations on hazards in foods may affect the ability of firms of different sizes to implement changes in a cost-effective manner, and hence affect the structure of markets. This project will provide better understanding of how the food and agricultural sector meets the needs of food consumers. Through careful evaluation of the food system, human decision making, and related public policies, the research will provide guidance to better inform public policies for food markets and to assure a safe and nutritious food supply.A number of market forces are driving U.S. commodity agriculture toward a larger production scale, both at the firm and farm level. There may be advantages to scale, including lower per unit costs of production, as well as enhanced ability to invest in assets, new technology and new business development. However, as processors and input suppliers become larger and fewer in number, there is a concern of decreased competition and the repercussions for business succession and transition. Anti-competitive outcomes may be partially mitigated by the existence of producer-owned cooperative businesses.Consumer concerns about how food is prepared and the industrialization of agriculture can lead to government policies and processing input specifications that necessarily impact Iowa farmers. For example, row crop farming in the Midwest has been increasingly singled out as a major non-point source of water pollution, putting pressure on farmers to adopt conservation practices. Unfortunately, there is a lack of science-based information on the potential return on investment at the farm-level associated with the use of conservation practices by Midwest row crop farmers. Moreover, assessment of financially stressed farming operations in general is hampered by a limitation imposed by data availability. At present there is no single, publicly available indicator of the financial health of Iowa farm operations that can be tracked by producers, policy makers, Extension professionals, lenders, and other stakeholders. Along with new data, the tradeoff between parsimony and flexibility in the estimation of the effectiveness of U.S. agricultural technology, and the impact of adopting alternative specifications on the characterization of the underlying technology is needed.Livestock production is facing increasing pressure to change production practices (i.e., increased animal welfare standards, improved biosecurity assurances, sustainability, etc.). To effectively respond and adapt to these movements, an enhanced understanding of consumer perceptions, beliefs, and behaviors is needed. Furthermore, proper assessment of current producer sentiment is needed to guide educational endeavors, to assess the livestock sector's ability and willingness to properly respond to changing consumer perceptions and demands, and to examine economic welfare impacts stemming from potential adjustments in production practices. It is paramount that producers contemplating management and marketing adjustments implement economically sound decisions to ensure their operations are not only sustainable, but well-positioned to succeed.Relatedly, farm real estate, which accounts for more than 80 percent of U.S. farm assets and is the single largest investment item in a farmer's portfolio, necessitates more research into how farm income affects land value, what factors affect appraisals, and how commodity price changes impact land values.Global food supply chains involve standards and policies in different countries with redundancies, heterogeneous requirements and potential protectionism and unnecessary interventions. Sorting out and rationalizing these standards along food supply chains would reduce the cost of food while preserving food safety and quality and consumer welfare. Understanding the policies, will likewise help mitigate risk in the U.S. For example, in April 2016, China announced that it will replace market price support mechanisms for corn with decoupled payments to corn growers. The new policy appears to give up on the long held corn self-sufficiency policy. How will this policy change impact U.S. producers? Exploring land use patterns in China using satellite data will allow researchers to predict future changes in land use under the new policy, which will help agricultural policy makers and stakeholders in the United States better forecast supplies.Trade agreements are shaping more than ever agricultural and food sectors. An emphasis of trade agreements is the removal of trade barriers such as tariffs and quantitative restrictions. Technical barriers to trade limit the import of products based on standards adopted by the importing country and have become increasingly important, are sometimes considered protectionist measures and are an integral part of trade agreements. Technical barriers to trade are more difficult to define than tariff and import quotas and it is more difficult to quantify their trade impacts. Methods to measure the effects of technical barriers to trade are still being developed and their full impacts are not yet well understood. Better measures of technical trade barrier impacts for the settlement of trade disputes over technical barriers, which are becoming more common and more economically meaningful.Two important outcomes of this research include:Well trained MS and Ph.D. graduate students who participate on this project.Academic and Extension research that will contribute to both economic science and applications to help producers and consumers make informed decisions.

Animal Health Component

70%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

30%

Applied

70%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
601	6110	3010	100%

Knowledge Area
601 - Economics of Agricultural Production and Farm Management;

Subject Of Investigation
6110 - Economy of the United States and sectors thereof;

Field Of Science
3010 - Economics;

Keywords

iowa

agricultural economics

international trade

food decision making

food safety

food labeling

crop production

livestock management

consumer food concerns

agricultural and food policy

Goals / Objectives
1. Determine the economics of consumer food choices and the interplay of these choices with demographic and psychographicmeasures.2. Examine the effects of structural change and diversification in the agricultural industry.3. Evaluate production methods and technology in U.S. and Iowa agriculture to assess economic returns and technological change and productivity in the sector.4. Examine livestock marketing to determine the value of a set of well-defined production and marketing practices that could enhance livestock producer and stakeholder profitability.5. Investigate the farm and non-farm factors that affect the temporal and spatial changes in farmland values and farm income.6. Analyze agricultural and trade policy, including the economic impact of nontariff measures and barriers such as phytosanitary measures, technical requirements, and other policies impacting import decisions.

Project Methods
Objective 1. Data on product purchases include scanner data and other household data available under restricted access agreements with USDA. Empirical analyses will use available statistical and econometric methods to determine and test underlying relationships with the data. Applications and extensions of the analysis may be of a more synthetic and descriptive style.A multi-phase research design: i) identifieshow consumers' brains respond to the controversial food technologies of animal cloning and nanotechnology as compared to product price changes, ii) determines whether and how brain activations predict consumer choice, and iii) determines the relationship between brain activations when consumers are making ex ante choices between food options as compared to that when consumers are ex post evaluating the desirability of the food option received. To estimate the econometric model of life satisfaction, we will consider the categories of life satisfaction ordinal and to account for the panel data, we will estimate random effects ordered logistic model. Second, if we consider the categories of life satisfaction cardinal, and account for endogeneity resulting from reverse causality from dependent and independent variables, we will employ the Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) estimator.Objective 2. Our research methods will employ descriptive and econometric analysis tools to analyze temporal and spatial structural changes in the agricultural industry, including consolidation and mergers and the impacts on commodity prices and competition and shifts in land ownership and transition rates. Initial efforts will be directed at compiling agricultural firm data via survey and administrative records. With that and secondary data available from governmental agencies, we will utilize spatial econometric techniques, panel data estimation, and geo-spatial tools.Objective 3. The method to collect data consists of a first round of focus groups with farmers with at least 3 years of experience with cover crops; a pilot survey among the focus group participants; and a regional survey reaching more than 20,000 farmers. The method of analysis consist of qualitative data analysis in the NVivo software for the focus group discussions, and quantitative analysis of survey data to create partial budgets for different cover crops in alternative cash crop rotations. Additional data will be collected from long term controlled field experiments already running in Land Grant Universities. Economic evaluations will be run on alternative tillage gradients across different types of soils and rotations.Objective 4. There is a wide body of published research that will be reviewed to document specific practices. This portion of the project will be less concerned with economic feasibility of particular practices, but focused more on populating and ranking the list of practices that have the most substantial potential to enhance profitability. Targeted personal interviews will identify, rank, and solicit valuation of specific practices providing estimates on the value to downstream stakeholders. The approach used will be similar to Parcell, Tonsor, and Schroeder (2009) for soliciting opinions regarding preferences for certification. To determine valuation we will use a conjoint approach (e.g. Hobbs 1996) to collect similar information from supermarket companies in the UK. We will Develop detailed partial budgets for individual producer use in assessing implementation of specific production and marketing practices. Investigators will consider how implementation varies by operation size to evaluate economies of scale associated with the identified practices. To assess trade-offs of specific production and marketing practices on impact (effectiveness) and feasibility (practicality) dimensions and estimate willingness to change (WTC) of livestock producers we will employ survey instruments to gain information from producers throughout the livestock (e.g., beef, dairy, and pork) industries. We expect to find very heterogeneous awareness of specific production protocols that could profitably enhance livestock production and willingness to change production practices. This heterogeneity has been found in nearly every other setting in which livestock industry stakeholders have been examined and presents an opportunity to refine education and ultimately improve resulting production and marketing practices. The data gathered from producer surveys will be analyzed using traditional techniques. Data provided by multiple simulations of the equilibrium displacement model will be used to summarize both aggregate economic impacts and within industry distributional effects to guide broader policy and industry leadership level assessment of alternative practices and regulations that may be considered.Objective 5. Hedonic price models and novel approaches such as regression discontinuity design and difference-in-difference models will be used to analyze how farm-specific factors affect farmland values, such as changes in the Corn Suitability Rating system in Iowa, differences in land ownership restrictions, and changes in crop and livestock commodity prices.Objective 6. On NTMs, the research procedures will be based on applied partial-equilibrium micro-economic models of the representative food markets calibrated to the relevant NTM policies to be analyzed. Calibration parameters will come from econometric studies and from the evolving literature on NTMs. Both consumer valuation and cost of production effects will be covered to capture the potential demand-enhancing effects and supply shifting effects of these NTMs. Econometric studies will be based on cross-section or panel data sets on these NTMs for different food items and countries.A first part of the project will be to continue on current effort to estimate the welfare impacts of US Country Of Origin Labeling (COOL) in red meat. The COOL measure negatively affected US imports of cattle from Canada and Mexico (Pouliot and Sumner, 2014). Although WTO dispute settlement panels have sided with Canada and Mexico, the measurement of the impacts of the COOL measure is of interest to economist and debated in some circles. Current research focuses on breaks in market integration and new way to control for transportations costs. Application of this work to other labeling issues is possible.A second part of the project will be to measure the determinant of food import refusals and examine the economic factors that affect the quality of imported food. Different methods to tackle this problem will be explored. One is to use modeling techniques in the literature that have been used to address similar endogeneity problems in count data for hospitalization or count data on patents. A second method to deal with endogeneity is to gain access to data that are not currently publically available through the use of FOIA. Whether access to these data will be possible and whether they will help control for endogeneity is unknown at this time.Satellite maps dating back thirty years will be used to estimate; the total area of crop ground, the total area devoted to corn production and the annual changes in crop production and corn production. These maps can be adapted to show different colors for crop fields in general and corn in particular. Production costs budgets and world prices will then be used to calculate the optimal cropping pattern for Chinese farmers under the new policy. A field trip to China in late 2016 will be used to collect data on how the new policy will be implemented. It is anticipated that China's corn acreage will fall significantly and that production of labor intensive high value crops will grow.Referencs in proposal.

Progress 07/18/16 to 06/30/21

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience included farmers, lending officers, agribusiness professionals, academic researchers, university and governmental administrators and the general public through media publications and presentations. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Training for Extension outreach participants was provided at a variety of meetings as described in the accomplishments section. Over the 5 years of the project, 15 doctoral students received their PhD degrees from major professors who were PIs on this project and numerous other doctoral studentsreceived training from PIs of this project who were committee members but not major professors. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Manuscripts were submitted to peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences and other university departments; numerous Extension reports and bulletins were presented to stakeholders. Along with these reports and tools, specifically 18 journal articles were either published or forthcoming by the end of calendar year 2021 and 12 conference presentations had been made. A variety of other papers, working papers, tools, Extension briefings, and policy briefs were disseminated. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? IMPACT: The complex network from commodity production to consumer food demand has never been more important to study. As farming changes and consumers demand healthier and more varied foods, understanding the complexities of this system through economic modeling is crucial. Investigators at Iowa State University examined food choices, food safety, industry changes, production methods and the impacts of trade. Researchers ascertained the impacts on consumer welfare and producer profitability and developed decision tools to aid Iowa farmers. Outputs of the project allow the scientific community, Iowa and Midwest producers to better understand and adapt to an ever-evolving food system, and to make informed decisions. Objective 1. Online grocery shopping is a growing medium through which households purchase food in the U.S. Analysis was conducted to determine if online shopping affects the healthfulness of purchases and the demand for grocery products. Food purchases have also been impacted by the recent pandemic. Analysis was conducted to determine if online shopping affects the healthfulness of purchases and the demand for grocery products. The SNAP program helps 1 in 8 Americans purchase food. Analysis of what is purchased with SNAP benefits as well as how the distribution of these benefits influences purchasing patterns is important for understanding how to serve the needy in the U.S. Objective 2.Explored bias in US Soybean futures contracts. Analyzed regional and plant-size impacts on COVID-19 on beef processing. Examined changes in regional hog slaughtering during COVID-19. Began a comprehensive, historical analysis of concentration in US agricultural industries from farm to processing to retail presenting preliminary results at conference. Objective 3.An analysis of optimal nitrogen applications in Iowa under abnormal rainfall was completed. The profitability penalty for incorrect nitrogen application doubles under abnormal rainfall. As a result, environmental damages and environmental protection costs increase with abnormal rainfall. Results were published and presented at conference. Row crop farming in the Midwest has been increasingly singled out as a major non-point source of water pollution, putting pressure on farmers to adopt conservation practices. The anticipated outcomes of this work are a reduction in producers' uncertainty associated with costs and benefits of conservation practices, and a resulting increased adoption of those practices; along with a more balanced approach to discussing water quality issues in the Midwest and the exploration of potential rural-urban collaborative arrangements to share the financial burden of implementing the necessary actions to improve water quality. Developed a method to measure and compare biases in agricultural productivity measurement. Presented results at conference. Evaluated the economics of cover crops and no-till, the impact of land tenure in conservation practice adoption, and the additionality of cost-share payments on cover crop adoption. Developed an extension program on agricultural carbon programs, with extension publications, in-state and out-of-state extension presentations, and prepared manuscripts. Examined the burgeoning markets for agricultural carbon credits as well as the policy surrounding these markets. Examined the tax impacts of the Families Plan on Iowa farmland owners. Specifically, the AFP proposes increasing the top marginal tax rate for ordinary income, taxing some capital gain at ordinary income tax rates, subjecting more income to the 3.8% Medicare tax, and taxing unrealized capital gain at death or upon gift. Examined rising farmland values and investigated how surveyed experts update their farmland value estimates, and quantified the effects of recent Federal Reserve interest rate changes, specifically recent hikes and cuts in the federal funds rate since 2015, on Midwestfarmland values. Using 587 crop and livestock farmers' responses to the 2019 Iowa Farm Transfer Survey, we examine factors driving the gender imbalance in farm successor choices among Iowa farmers with a focus on female successors and landowners. Objective 4.Prepared 46 articles for extension, outreach, and industry newsletters providing information, analysis, and practical perspective on the livestock market situation and outlook and other timely, relevant topics that impact livestock producers. Prepared 3 extension reports providing in-depth analysis of market trends or important issues, or more detailed 'how-to' for decision-making. Supported 25 factsheets, 14 decision tools, and 2 regularly updated livestock returns websites that help producers make production, marketing, or other management adjustments based on enterprise-specific resources. Gave 63 media interviews and 2 regularly schedule media interviews on the livestock market situation and outlook and other timely and relevant topics spanning the livestock and meat industry supply chain. Gave 21 presentations on the livestock market situation and outlook, risk management for livestock producers, livestock production and management, and livestock and emerging issues. Objective 5.An analysis of adaptation to droughts and floods using a novel integrated dataset of hydrologic and agricultural data in Brazil was completed. The results highlight the limits of adaptation to disaster as disaster frequency increases. Adaptation through water reservoirs and migration are limited to about 40% of economic output and decrease with drought and flood frequency and severity. A preliminary analysis of the effect of transportation infrastructure and agricultural export potential on rural development was completed and presented at the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association annual meeting in 2021. The results show how the contribution of transportation infrastructure increases with open trade and export potential, clarifying previous mixed results in the literature. Objective 6. Conducted research on China's pork corn and soybean market and import potential. Calculated economic damages to US agriculture caused by the trade war with China. Examined the competitive positioning of the US vis-à-vis its major export competitors for beef, corn, soy and wheat; related export values to comparative advantage across all exports.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Sawadgo, W., W. Zhang, and A. Plastina. 2021. "What drives landowners conservation decisions? Evidence from Iowa." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 76 (3) 211-221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2021.00115.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Sawadgo, W., and A. Plastina. 2021. "Do Cost-Share Programs Increase Cover Crop Use? Empirical Evidence from Iowa." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 1-9. doi:10.1017/S1742170521000132.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Plastina, A., S.H. Lence, and A. Ortiz-Bobea. 2021. "How weather affects the decomposition of total factor productivity in U.S. agriculture." Agricultural Economics 52(2):215-234.https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12615.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Sawadgo, W., and A. Plastina. Forthcoming. The Invisible Elephant: Disadoption of Conservation Practices in the United States. Choices Magazine. Accepted on 08/22/2021.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Li, Z. and D.J. Hayes The hedging pressure hypothesis and the risk premium in the soybean reverse crush spread. Journal of Futures Markets November 2021.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Elobeid, A., J. Dumortier, M. Carriquiry and D. Hayes China-U.S. Trade Dispute and its Impact on Global Agricultural Markets, the U.S. Economy, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2021.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Hayes, D.J, L.L. Schulz, C.E. Hart, and K.L. Jacobs. 2021. A Descriptive Analysis of the COVID-19 Impacts on U.S. Pork, Turkey, and Egg Markets. Agribusiness: An International Journal 37(1): 122-141.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Weersink, A., M. von Massow, J. Ifft, J. Maples, K. McEwen, M. McKendree, C. Nicholson, A. Novakavic, A. Rangarajan, T. Richards, B. Rickard, J. Rude, M. Schipanski, G. Schnitkey, L.L. Schulz, K. Schwartzkopf-Genswein, M. Stephenson, J. Thompson, K. Wood. 2021. COVID-19 and the Agri-Food System in the United States and Canada. Agricultural Systems 188, Article 103039: 1-16.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Lusk, J.L., G.T. Tonsor, and L.L. Schulz. 2021. Beef and Pork Marketing Margins and Price Spreads during COVID-19. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 43(1): 4-23.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: McKendree, M.G.S, G.T. Tonsor, and L.L. Schulz. 2021. Management of Multiple Sources of Risk in Livestock Production. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 53(1): 75-93.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Mitchell, J.L., G.T. Tonsor, and L.L. Schulz. 2021. The Market for Traceability with Applications to U.S. Feeder Cattle. European Review of Agricultural Economics 48(3): 447-476.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Pudenz, C.C., J.L. Mitchell, L.L. Schulz, and G.T. Tonsor. 2021. U.S. Cattle Producer Adoption of Secure Beef Supply Plan Enhanced Biosecurity Practices and Foot-and-Mouth Disease Preparedness. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8(660857): 1-11.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Pudenz, C.C. and L.L. Schulz. 2021. Packer Procurement, Structural Change, and Moving Average Basis Forecasts: Lessons from the Fed Dairy Cattle Industry. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 46(3): 425-446.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Lee, J., L.L. Schulz, and G.T. Tonsor. Swine Producer Willingness to Pay for Tier 1 Disease Risk Mitigation under Multifaceted Ambiguity. Agribusiness: An International Journal 37(4): 858-875.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Johnson, A., R. Rademacher, J. Eggers, N. Gabler, L. Greiner, J. Kaisand, L. Karriker, S. Millman, J. Patience, B. Ramirez, L. Schulz, S. Webb, and J. Ross. Innovative Strategies for Managing Swine Welfare During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iowa. Translational Animal Science.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Harris?Lagoudakis K. Online shopping and the healthfulness of grocery purchases. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 2021 Oct 18.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Basha, A., W. Zhang, and C. Hart. 2021. The Impacts of Interest Rate Changes on US Midwest Farmland Values, Agricultural Finance Review
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Zhang, W., S. Lence, and T. Kuethe, 2021. Are Expert Opinions Accurate? Panel Data Evidence from Iowa Land Value Survey, Land Economics
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Crespi, J.M. and J.M. MacDonald. Concentration in Food and Agriculture. What Matters In Agricultural Economics? Setting The Agenda for the Handbook of Agricultural Economics. Agricultural and Applied Economics Association. April 2, 2021.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Jacobs, K., J. Crespi, B. Martens, C. Hart, D. Hayes and L. Schulz. Agricultural Supply Chain Disruptions, Costs, and Mitigation Strategies to Enhance Resiliency of the U.S. Food Supply. USDA-NIFA Seminar Series, February 17, 2021.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Choi, E., DePaula, G., Kyveryga, P. and Suzanne Fey Adapting Nitrogen Management to Climate Change: Evidence from Field Experiments in Iowa" Invited paper at Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting in 2021. Invited paper at Association of Environmental and Resources Economics Annual Meeting. Invited paper at the Missouri Valley Economic Association Annual Meeting.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: He X., DePaula, G, and Zhang, W. Roads, Trade, and Development: Evidence from the Agricultural Boom in Brazil" Invited paper at Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting in 2021. Invited paper at the International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium Annual Meeting.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Harris-Lagoudakis K. and Wich, H. Measurement Error and the SNAP Benefit Cycle: Evidence from Supermarket Panel Data Cornell University, September 2021.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Jeddi, B, DePaula, G., Fortes, Ary Land-saving Agriculture Intensification: Evidence from the Soy-Corn Double-cropping Boom in Brazil. Invited paper at the Midwest Economic Association Annual Meeting.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Harris-Lagoudakis K. and Wich, H. Measurement Error and the SNAP Benefit Cycle: Evidence from Supermarket Panel Data Invited paper at the Western Economic Association International, June 2021.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Harris-Lagoudakis K. and Wich, H. Measurement Error and the SNAP Benefit Cycle: Evidence from Supermarket Panel Data Invited paper at the Southern Economic Association, November 2021.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Harris-Lagoudakis K. The Effect of Online Shopping Channels on Product Exploration and Price Elasticities USDA-ERS, March 2021.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Harris-Lagoudakis K. The Effect of Online Shopping Channels on Product Exploration and Price Elasticities Presented paper at Midwest Economic Association, March 2021.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Zhang, W. 2021. Will Iowa Farmland Values Continue to Rise? Presentation at the 2021 32nd Integrated Crop Management Conference
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Zhang, W. 2021. Will Iowa Farmland Values Continue to Rise? Presentation at the Kirkwood Community College.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: He, Xi, D.J. Hayes, and W. Zhang. Is China's Hog Rebuilding Complete? Reconciling Inventory and Price Data. Agricultural Policy Review, Winter 2021.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Wongpiyabovorn, O., A. Plastina, and J. Crespi. US Agriculture as a Carbon Sink: From International Agreement to Farm Incentives. Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. CARD Working Paper 21-WP 627, November 2021.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Crespi, J.M. and K.A. Tidgren. The First Legal Step for an Agricultural Carbon Market is in the Growing Climate Solutions Act of 2021. Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. CARD Policy Brief 21-PB 33, May 2021.
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Plastina, A. 2021. How Do Data and Payments Flow Through Ag Carbon Programs? Ag Decision Maker File A1-77.
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Plastina, A., and O. Wongpiyabovorn. 2021. "How to Grow and Sell Carbon Credits in US Agriculture." Ag Decision Maker File A1-76.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Chen, C-T., J.M. Crespi and Y. Jie. The United States Competitive Positions in Beef, Corn, Pork, Soy, and Wheat Exports: 1980-2019 Agricultural Policy Review. Winter 2021.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: He, X., G. DePaula, and W. Zhang (2021) Brazils Transportation Infrastructure and Competitiveness in the Soybean Market, Agricultural Policy Review, Iowa State University, Fall 2021 Edition.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Zhang, W. 2021. Will Iowa Farmland Values Continue to Rise?, Agricultural Policy Review, Iowa State University Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD), Spring 2021.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Harris-Lagoudakis K. and Wich, H. The SNAP Disbursement Schedule and its Effects Agricultural Policy Review. Fall 2021.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: He, X., M. Carriquiry, W. Zhang, and D.J. Hayes. Predicting China's Corn Acreage and Production in 2021/22 and 2022/23. Agricultural Policy Review, Fall 2021.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Mitchell, J.L., L.L. Schulz, and G.T. Tonsor. Food Safety and Traceability. In A Modern Guide to Food Economics. J. Roosen and J. Hobbs (editors). Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Maule, B., W. Zhang, and Q. Liu, July 2021. Of Women and Land: How Gender Affects Successions and Transfers of Iowa Farms.
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Zhang, W. 2021. "Outlook for Land Values in 2021 and Beyond: Results from the 2020 Iowa Land Value Survey" Ag Decision Maker Newsletter. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. January 2021.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Tidgren, K., and W. Zhang. 2021. The Tax Implications of the American Families Plan on Iowa Farmland Owners CARD Policy Brief 21-PB 35, August 2021, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University.

Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience included farmers, lending officers, agribusiness professionals, academic researchers, university and governmental administrators and the general public through media publications and presentations. Changes/Problems:Sonya Huffman retired. Edward Balistreri resigned. Sebastian Pouliot resigned. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Manuscripts were submitted to peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences and other university departments; numerous Extension reports and bulletins were presented to stakeholders. Along with these reports and tools, specifically 13 journal articles were either published or forthcoming by the end of calendar year 2020 and 10 conference presentations had been made. A variety of other papers, working papers, tools, Extension briefings, and policy briefs were disseminated. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue working on the major goals of the project, disseminating information at conferences, Extension meetings, invited seminars, through outreach products, books, book chapters and journal outputs.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? IMPACT: The complex network from commodity production to consumer food demand has never been more important to study. As farming changes and consumers demand healthier and more varied foods, agricultural producers need to know the economic impacts of current and potential changes, which are sometimes in their control and sometimes not, in order to successfully manage their operations. Project investigators examined food choices, food safety, industry changes, production methods, impacts of COVID-19,and the impacts of trade.Researchers ascertained the impacts on consumer welfare and producer profitability and developed decision tools to aid Iowa farmers. Outputs of the project allow the scientific community, Iowa and Midwest producersto better understand and adapt to an ever-evolving food system. 1. Determine the economics of consumer food choices and the interplay of these choices with demographic and psychographicmeasures. Online grocery shopping is a growing medium through which households purchase food in the U.S. Analysis was conducted to determine if online shopping affects the healthfulness of purchases and the demand for grocery products.Food purchases have also been impacted by the recent pandemic.COVID-19 has produced a number of notable policy changes to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), National School Lunch (NSLP) and the National School Breakfast Program (NSBP) and WIC. Research was conducted to identify and summarize changes to these programs. The SNAP program helps 1 in 8 Americans purchase food. Analysis of what is purchased with SNAP benefits as well as how the distribution of these benefits influences purchasing patterns is important for understanding how to serve the needy in the U.S. 2. Examine the effects of structural change and diversification in the agricultural industry. An analysis of optimal nitrogen application on Iowan corn farms using a novel experimental dataset identifiedopportunities to optimize nitrogen rates under abnormal rainfall. An analysis of farmer adaptation to the Soybean Asian Rust outbreak in Brazil was completed. The study finds that the adoption of early-maturing crops mitigated most of the impact of the plant disease. Used proprietary cooperative financial and operational data to construct representative agricultural cooperatives for policy analysis, tax implications, and stakeholder education. Developed a theoretical model of the regulatory and political economy impacting the structure of large and small farms. Examined the impacts of environmental regulations on concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). Produced 52 articles for extension, outreach, and industry newsletters providing information, analysis, and practical perspective on the livestock market situation and outlook and other timely, relevant topics that impact livestock producers. Produced 10 extension reports providing in-depth analysis of market trends or important issues, or more detailed 'how-to' for decision-making. Support 23 factsheets, 10 decision tools, and 2 regularly updated livestock returns websites that help producers make production, marketing, or other management adjustments based on enterprise-specific resources. 115 media interviews and 2 regularly schedule media interviews on the livestock market situation and outlook and other timely and relevant topics spanning the livestock and meat industry supply chain. Gave 33 presentations on the livestock market situation and outlook, risk management for livestock producers, livestock production and management, and livestock and emerging issues. 3. Evaluate production methods and technology in U.S. and Iowa agriculture to assess economic returns and technological change and productivity in the sector. An analysis of soybean and corn supply in Brazil shows that the corn-soybean double-cropping system absorbed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural land expansion. A novel dataset linking agriculture land and the Brazilian river network was completed. The dataset is being used to study the effect of disasters such as floods and abnormal rainfall on the agriculture industry. Evaluated the role of sustainability as a change factor at the farm level. Analyzed the net returns to cover crops before corn in Iowa, for 2 planting systems, 3 seed populations, 3 locations, 2 years, and 2 termination dates using experimental plot data. Developed a survey to evaluate socioeconomic aspects of cover-crop adoption in Georgia, and implemented a survey in South Carolina. Evaluated the intersectoral spillovers of changes in total factor productivity between agriculture and 50 other sectors of the US economy. We find evidence supporting the hypothesis that adoption is lower on rented land for cover crops, buffer strips, and sediment basins, but not for no-till. Our results also show that the large proportion of the state's land owned by non-operating landowners and absentee landowners could present a barrier to increasing adoption of conservation practices. 4. Examine livestock marketing to determine the value of a set of well-defined production and marketing practices that could enhance livestock producer and stakeholder profitability. Investigations of the structure of beef, pork, dairy, and egg supply chains and markets and their performance during COVID-19 will explore the efficiency-resiliency tradeoffs and suggest investments to mitigate future supply-chain disruptions. 5. Investigate the farm and non-farm factors that affect the temporal and spatial changes in farmland values and farm income. An analysis of the distributional effect of climate change on agriculture was completed. The study finds warming affects low and high productivity farms equally in cold climates but significantly differently in warm climates. Analyzed the evolution of financial liquidity among Iowa farms using detailed records from the Iowa Farm Business Association. Analyzed the impacts of recent interest rate hikes since 2015 and the March 2020 cuts by the Federal Reserve on Midwest farmland values for 11 states. Analyzed how surveyed experts to ISU Land Value Survey update their farmland value estimates over time using individual responses from 2005 to 2015. We find that experts almost fully correct their prior "errors" in a single period. Experts' opinions also incorporate most of the prevailing price innovations in one period. 6. Analyze agricultural and trade policy, including the economic impact of nontariff measures and barriers such as phytosanitary measures, technical requirements, and other policies impacting import decisions. An analysis of the tradeable allowance instrument for forest conservation in Brazil was completed. The study finds that market instruments are insufficient to protect the Amazon forest. Disseminated several products regarding the US agricultural trade with China with a focus on the phase one trade deal. One of these involved the use of machine learning to correct an enormous flaw in Chinese hog production data. This has major implications for corn and pork US exports. Analyzed the impacts of the U.S.-China phase one trade deal on China's imports of key agricultural commodities; the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Chinese economy as well as Chinese agricultural imports; the impacts of critical China agricultural market trends such as African Swine Fever.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: DePaula, Guilherme. (2020). The distributional effect of climate change on agriculture: Evidence from a Ricardian quantile analysis of Brazilian census data. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 104. 102378. 10.1016/j.jeem.2020.102378.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Shao, Yongtong, Tao Xiong, Minghao Li, Dermot Hayes, Wendong Zhang, and Wei Xie. "China's Missing Pigs: Correcting China's Hog Inventory Data Using a Machine Learning Approach." American Journal of Agricultural Economics (2020).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Chen, C-T., J.M. Crespi, W. Hahn, L.L. Schulz, and F. Taha. Long-Run Impacts of Trade Shocks and Export Competitiveness: Evidence from the U.S. BSE Event. Agricultural Economics 51(2020):941-957.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Pudenz, C.C. and L.L. Schulz. Packer Procurement, Structural Change, and Moving Average Basis Forecasts: Lessons from the Fed Dairy Cattle Industry. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Mitchell, J.L., G.T. Tonsor, and L.L. Schulz. The Market for Traceability with Applications to U.S. Feeder Cattle. European Review of Agricultural Economics.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Lusk, J.L., G.T. Tonsor, and L.L. Schulz. Beef and Pork Marketing Margins and Price Spreads during COVID-19. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: McKendree, M.G.S, G.T. Tonsor, and L.L. Schulz. Management of Multiple Sources of Risk in Livestock Production. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Zhang, W. October 2020. The Case for Healthy U.S.-China Agricultural Trade Relations Despite Deglobalization Pressures. Accepted at Applied Economic Policy & Perspectives, https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13115
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Sawadgo, W., W. Zhang, and A. Plastina. March 2020. What Drives Landowners Conservation Decisions? Evidence from Iowa, Accepted at Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, https://www.card.iastate.edu/products/publications/synopsis/?p=1312
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Shao, Y., M. Li, D.J. Hayes, W. Zhang, T. Xiong, and W. Xie. August 2020. Chinas Missing Pigs: Correcting Chinas Hog Inventory Data Using a Machine Learning Approach, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12137
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Li, M., E. Balistreri, and W. Zhang. June 2020. The U.S.-China Trade War: Data and General Equilibrium Analysis. Journal of Asian Economics, Vol. 69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2020.101216
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Liu, H., W. Zhang, E. Irwin, J. Kast, N. Aloysius, J.F. Martin, and M. Kelcic. April 2020, Best Management Practices and Nutrient Reduction: An Integrated Economic-Hydrological Model of the Western Lake Erie Basin, forthcoming at Land Economics
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Hayes, D.J., L.L. Schulz, C.E. Hart, and K.L. Jacobs. A Descriptive Analysis of the COVID-19 impacts on U.S. pork, turkey, and egg markets. Agribusiness. 2020;0-0. https://doi.org/10/1002/agr.2167.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: DePaula, G. and Fortes, A. Climate Adaptation and Innovation: Evidence from the Double-cropping Boom in Brazil Invited paper at the American Agricultural Economics Association annual meeting in 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: DePaula, G. and Justino, L. Can Markets Save the Brazilian Forests Invited paper at the American Agricultural Economics Association annual meeting in 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Jeddi, B., DePaula, G., Fortes, A. "Incorporating Large-scale Double-cropping into the Identification of Agricultural Supply Elasticities: Implications for Biofuel and Conservation Policies" Invited paper at the American Agricultural Economics Association annual meeting in 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Kenkel, P., K. Jacobs, G. McKee, M. Boland, B. Briggeman, and J. Park. Constructing Representative Cooperatives for Policy Analysis and Stakeholder Education. Selected paper, NCERA-210 Annual Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, November 6, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Zhang, W., 2020, China Remains an Indispensable Trading Partner of US Agriculture, Ohio State University 2020 Agricultural Policy and Outlook Conference
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Zhang, W., 2020, Agricultural Transformations in China and its Global Trade Implications, the IALF Alumni Series, Illinois Agricultural Leadership Foundation
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Zhang, W., 2020, Agricultural Transformations in China and its Global Trade Implications, the Way Forward Series, U.S. Heartland China Association
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Zhang, W., and N. Paulson. 2020, US-China Ag Trade and Shifting Consumption Patterns in China, FarmDoc Daily Webinar on Coronavirus and Ag
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kenkel, P., G. McKee, M. Boland, and K. Jacobs. The New Role of Agricultural Cooperatives in Pooling and Distributing Tax Deductions. Selected paper, NCERA-210 Annual Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, November 6, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Chen, C-T. and J.M. Crespi The Clean Water Act and CAFOs: Effects of Regulatory Avoidance on Productivity. 2020 Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting, July 26-28, Kansas City, Missouri.

Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience included farmers, lending officers, agribusiness professionals, academic researchers, university and governmental administrators and the general public through media publications and presentations. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Training for Extension outreach participants was provided at a variety of meetings as described in the accomplishments section. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Manuscripts were submitted to peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences and other university departments, Extension reports and bulletins were presented to stakeholders. 11journal articles were either published or forthcoming by the end of calendar year 2019. A variety of other papers and working papers were disseminated. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue working on the major goals of the project, disseminating information at conferences, Extension meetings, invited seminars, through outreach products, books, book chapters and journal outputs.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Overall impact statement: The complex network from commodity production to consumer food demand has never been more important to study. As farming changes and consumers demand healthier and more varied foods, understanding the complexities of this system through economic modeling is crucial. Investigators at Iowa State University examinefood choices, food safety, industry changes, production methodsand the impacts of trade. Researchers ascertained the impacts on consumer welfare and producer profitability and developed decision tools to aid Iowa farmers. Outputs of the project allow the scientific community, Iowa and Midwest producersto better understand and adapt to an ever-evolving food system. Objective 1... Determine the economics of consumer food choices and the interplay of these choices with demographic and psychographic measures. Examined whether agricultural mechanization affects the BMI of rural Chinese farmers. The BMI of farmers utilizing agricultural mechanization is about 10 percent larger than those who do not. Our results suggest that the adoption of agricultural mechanization has a positive and statistically significant effect increasing the BMI of rural Chinese farmers by 7.8 percent and significantly reduces hours of farm work. The reduced hours of farm work due to the adoption of agricultural mechanization explains 30 percent of the BMI increase. Objective 2... Examine the effects of structural change and diversification in the agricultural industry. Consolidation among the agribusinesses basic to corn and soybean production and middlemen in the agricultural input supply chain is documented and analyzed to understand the impacts on farm gate commodity prices and firm market power. Analyzed the role of private-public collaborations in maintaining the relevance of farm management extension in the Land Grant system. Objective 3... Evaluate production methods and technology in U.S. and Iowa agriculture to assess economic returns and technological change and productivity in the sector. Perennial grasses and crop residue to meet the RFS cellulosic biofuel target faces significant barriers to commercialization. A spatial pricing model and analysis shows how higher-cost biomass sources like perennial grasses may be relevant given the contracting structure and pricing of corn stover. Regenerative landscapes address water and soil quality issues associated with intensive Midwest crop patterns. An evaluation of the agronomic and economic feasibility of regenerative landscapes identifies the where technological advances can be made to improve the economic profile of the system. Evaluated the role of sustainability as a change factor at the farm level. Analyzed the economic effects of cover crops in corn production in Iowa, and in a cotton/peanut rotation in Georgia. Evaluated the impact of cost-share programs and land tenure on the adoption of conservation practices. Evaluated the impact of imposing alternative sets of theoretical production restrictions in the estimation of a flexible production function in U.S. agriculture using Bayesian methods, including a fully theoretically consistent model that satisfies all restrictions at each point of the data. Objective 4... Examine livestock marketing to determine the value of a set of well-defined production and marketing practices that could enhance livestock producer and stakeholder profitability. Used a general and partial equilibrium modeling system to measure the impact of retaliatory duties placed by Mexico and China on US agricultural prices and employment. Examined size-based livestock regulations and their impact on environmental quality. Generated 46 articles for extension, outreach, and industry providing information, analysis, and practical perspective on the livestock market situation and outlook and other timely, relevant topics that impact livestock producers; 2 extension reports providing in-depth analysis of market trends or important issues, or more detailed 'how-to' for decision-making; supported 23 factsheets, 10 decision tools, and 2 regularly updated livestock returns websites helping producers make production, marketing, or other management adjustments based on enterprise-specific resources. Participated in 38 media interviews and 2 regularly scheduled interviews on the livestock market situation and outlook and the meat industry supply chain. Made 24 presentations on the livestock market situation and outlook, risk management for livestock producers, livestock production and management, and emerging issues. Objective 5... Investigate the farm and non-farm factors that affect the temporal and spatial changes in farmland values and farm income. Analyzed the evolution of financial liquidity among Iowa farms. Objective 6... Analyze agricultural and trade policy, including the economic impact of nontariff measures and barriers such as phytosanitary measures, technical requirements, and other policies impacting import decisions. Examined the relative competitiveness of the US and its major competitors in the world beef market focusing specifically on phytosanitary bans. Examined the relative general competitiveness of the US and its major competitors in soybeans, corn, wheat, beef and pork. Initiated the development of an integrated general-equilibrium and partial-equilibrium modeling system to analyze trade and other policy shocks under general equilibrium at the crop level. Continued the development of a state-level modeling system to analyze the impacts of international trade disruptions on state economies.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Balistreri, E.J., D.T. Kaffine, and H. Yonezawa (2019) Optimal environmental border adjustments under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Environmental and Resource Economics, 74(3).
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Li, M., E.J. Balistreri, and W. Zhang (2019) The U.S.-China trade war: Tariff data and general equilibrium analysis CARD working paper, 19-WP 595.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Weitzel, M. E.J. Balistreri, B.C. ONeill, and X. Ren (2019) A GAMS/MPSGE implementation of the PET model, CARD working paper, 19-WP 593.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Balistreri, E.J. (2019) International Trade Policy: Insights from a General-equilibrium Approach, Agricultural Policy Review, Winter 2019, CARD, Iowa State University.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wang, P., W. Zhang, M. Li, and Y. Han, 2019, Does Fertilizer Education Program Increase the Technical Efficiency of Chemical Fertilizer Use? Evidence from Wheat Production in China, Sustainability, 11(2), 543, https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020543
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gao, L., W. Zhang, Y. Mei, A. Sam, Y. Song, and S. Jin. 2018. Do Farmers Adopt Fewer Conservation Practices On Rented Land? Evidence from Straw Retention in China, Land Use Policy, 79: 609-621, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.08.026
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Irwin, E.G., G.L. Buckley, M. Gnagey, N. Irwin, D. Newburn, E. Pierce, D. Wrenn and W. Zhang. "The Role of Regulations and Norms in Land Use Change." In Science for the Sustainable City: Empirical Insights from the Baltimore School of Urban Ecology, edited by Steward T. A. Pickett, Mary L. Cadenasso, J. Morgan Grove, Elena G. Irwin, Emma J. Rosi, Christopher M. Swan, 112-31. NEW HAVEN; LONDON: Yale University Press.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Qu, S., W. Zhang, M. Li, L. Rodriguez, G. Han, E. Cork, and J.M. Gbeda. 2019.Midwest Crop Farmers Perceptions of the U.S.-China Trade War, CARD working paper 19-PB 26, October 2019, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhang, W., 2019. The Impacts of Trade Wars on US Agricultural Economy via Historical and Contemporary Lenses, Farmland Insights, Summer 2019.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhang, W.and M. Duffy, 2019, Comparing the Stock Market and Iowa Land Values: A Question of Timing Ag Decision Maker Newsletter, Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, July 2019
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhang, W. 2018. 2018 Iowa State University Land Value Survey: Overview, CARD working paper 18-WP 586, December 2018, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhang, W., L. Rodriguez, and S. Qu. 2019. "3 Reasons Midwest Farmers Hurt by the US-China Trade War Still Support Trump", the Conversation, November 2019
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhang, W., 2019. Seven Things to Know About China to Understand the Trade War, Ag Decision Maker Newsletter. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. February 2019
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhang, W. Midwest Crop Farmers' Perception of US-China Trade War, 2019 National Agricultural Credit Conference / NC-1177 Multi-State Hatch Project Meeting, Dallas, TX, October 8, 2019
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhang, W. Actual and Perceived Impacts of US-China Trade War, Iowa Corn Growers Association Board of Directors Meeting, August 13, 2019
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhang, W. Land Tenure and Conservation: What drives Landowners Conservation Decisions? Iowa Soil and Water Conservation District Commissioners 73rd Annual Conference, Ames, Iowa, August 2, 2019
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhang, W. Iowa and US Farmland Market: An Introduction, 2019 Ag Credit School, ISU Extension and Outreach, Ames, Iowa, June 4, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhang, W. Seven Things You Should Know About China to Understand the Trade War, 75th Annual Conference of ASFMRA Iowa Chapter, Ames, Iowa, February 7, 2019.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Plastina, A., K. Leibold and M. Stockton. 2019. "The Farm Management Extension Audience of 2030." Choices. Quarter 2. Available online: http://www.choicesmagazine.org/choices-magazine/theme-articles/the-future-of-farm-management-extension/the-farm-management-extension-audience-of-2030.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Marcillo, G., S. Carlson, M. Filbert, T. Kaspar, A. Plastina, and F. Miguez. 2019. Maize system impacts of cover crop management decisions: A simulation analysis of rye biomass response to planting populations in Iowa, U.S.A. Agricultural Systems 176-102651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102651.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Plastina, A., and S.H. Lence. 2019. "Theoretical Production Restrictions and Agricultural Technology in the Unites States." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 101(3):849869. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aay106.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Plastina, A., and R. Massey. Meeting Changing Public Demands for Sustainability. Invited Paper, Extension Track Session, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Annual Meetings. Atlanta, GA. Jul 22, 2019.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Plastina, A., S.H. Lence, and A. Ortiz-Bobea. How Weather Affects the Decomposition of Total Factor Productivity in U.S. Agriculture. Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky, Invited Seminar. Lexington, KY. Nov 1, 2019.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Moore, K.J., R.P. Anex, A.E. Elobeid, S. Fei, C.B. Flora, S. Goggi, K.L. Jacobs, P. Jha, A.L. Kaleita, D.L. Karlen, D.A. Laird, A.W. Lenssen, T. Lubberstedt, M.D. McDaniel, D.R. Raman, S.L. Weyers. 2019. Regenerating Agricultural Landscapes with Perennial Groundcover for Intensive Crop Production. Agronomy 9(8): 458.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Plastina, A., S.H. Lence, and A. Ortiz-Bobea. How Weather Affects the Decomposition of Total Factor Productivity in U.S. Agriculture. Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois, Invited Seminar. Urbana-Champaign, IL. Dec 2 , 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Plastina, A., W. Sawadgo, and W. Zhang. How Do Cost-Share and Land Tenure Affect Cover-Crop Adoption in Iowa? Midwest Agriculture and the Environment: Improving Farm Practices and Sustainability, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Invited Presentation. Chicago, IL. Nov 20, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Plastina, A., S.H. Lence, and A. Ortiz-Bobea. How Weather Affects the Decomposition of Total Factor Productivity in U.S. Agriculture. Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting, Selected Paper. Atlanta, GA. Jul 23, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sawadgo, W., W. Zhang, and A. Plastina. Land Tenure and Conservation Practice Use: Evidence from Landowners Decisions in Iowa. Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting, Selected Paper. Atlanta, GA. Jul 22, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sawadgo, W., W. Zhang, and A. Plastina. What Drives Landowners Conservation Decisions? Evidence from Iowa. 4th Annual Meeting of the Soil Health Institute, Selected Poster. Sacramento, CA. Jul 16-17, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hancock, G.A., Liu, Y., Smith, A.R., and A. Plastina. An Economic Analysis of Cover Crop Utilization in Georgia Cotton and Peanut Production. Southern Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Selected Paper. Birmingham, AL. Feb, 2019.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Plastina, A. Soil Health and Farm Profitability. Panel Discussion, Soil Health Conference, ISUEO. Ames, IA - Feb 4, 2019.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Plastina, A. 2019. Declining Liquidity in Iowa Farms: 2014-2017. Journal of the American Society of Farm Managers and Rural Appraisers, 21-26.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Xia, T., Crespi, J.M. and K. C. Dhuyvetter. Could Packers Manipulate Spot Markets by Tying Contracts to Futures Prices? And Do They? Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 67 (2019).
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Chen, C-T., J.M. Crespi, W. Hahn, L. Schulz, F. Taha. Long-Run Impacts of Trade Shocks and Export Competitiveness: Evidence from the U.S. BSE Event. Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. CARD Working Paper 19-WP 594, September 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Elobeid, A.E., M.A. Carriquiry, D.A. Swenson, D.J. Hayes. Effects of Chinese and Mexican Retaliatory Tariffs on Select US Agricultural Commodities on the US Economy and Global Markets. 2019 Annual Meeting, July 21-23, Atlanta, Georgia. Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Guo, Z., Jiang, Y., and Huffman, S. K., "Agricultural Mechanization and BMI for Rural Workers: A Field Experiment in China" 2018. Economics Working Papers: Department of Economics, Iowa State University, 18010.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Guo, Z., Jiang, Y., and Huffman, S. K., Agricultural Mechanization and BMI for Rural Workers: A Field Experiment in China. paper presented at the 2018 International Conference on Agricultural and Food Science (ICAFS2018), October 28-30, 2018. Istanbul, Turkey.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Li, C., D. Hayes, and K. Jacobs. 2018. Biomass for Bioenergy: Optimal Collection Mechanisms and Pricing when Feedstock Supply Does Not Equal Availability. Energy Economics 76: 403-410.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Crespi, J.M and T.L. Saitone. Has Specialization Put a Limit on How Far Cattle Contracting Can Go? Agricultural Policy Review. Winter 2019.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Chen, C-T. and J.M. Crespi. Global Competition made 2018 a Bad Time to Start a Trade War. Agricultural Policy Review. Fall 2019.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Crespi, J.M. and C-T. Chen. The United States Fraught Competitive Position in the World Wheat Market. CARD Policy Brief. 19-PB 27, December 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Chen, C-T, G.E. Lade, J.M. Crespi and D.A. Keiser. Size-Based Regulations & Environmental Quality: Evidence from the U.S. Livestock Industry (poster). Heartland Environmental & Resource Economics Workshop, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, September 28-29, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Chen, C-T, G.E. Lade, J.M. Crespi and D.A. Keiser. Size-Based Regulations & Environmental Quality: Evidence from the U.S. Livestock Industry. AAEA Annual Meeting. Atlanta, D.C. July 21, 2019.

Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience included farmers, lending officers, agribusiness professionals, academic researchers, university and governmental administrators and the general public through media publications and presentations. Changes/Problems:Dr. Helen Jensen retired in fall 2018. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Training for Extension outreach participants was provided at a variety of meetings as described in the accomplishments section. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Manuscripts were submitted to peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences and other university departments, Extension reports and bulletins were presented to stakeholders. 21 journal articles were either published or forthcoming by the end of calendar year 2018. A variety of other papers were disseminated. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue working on the major goals of the project, disseminating information at conferences, Extension meetings, invited seminars, through outreach products, books, book chapters and journal outputs.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Overall impact statement: The complex network from commodity production to consumer food demand has never been more important to study. As farming changes and consumers demand healthier and more varied foods, understanding the complexities of this system through economic modeling is crucial. Investigators at Iowa State University examinefood choices, food safety, industry changes, production methodsand the impacts of trade. Researchers ascertained the impacts on consumer welfare and producer profitability and developed decision tools to aid Iowa farmers. Outputs of the project allow the scientific community, Iowa and Midwest producersto better understand and adapt to an ever-evolving food system. Objective 1... Determine the economics of consumer food choices and the interplay of these choices with demographic and psychographic measures. Provide evidence on diet and lifestyles on life satisfaction in Russia. Diet has a statistically significant effect on life satisfaction levels. In addition, living in a region with higher per capita income increases life satisfaction. Living in a rural area, having health problems, and having young children affect individual life satisfaction in a negative way. Life satisfaction is also positively correlated with education and income, and negatively with unemployment. USDA operates several food assistance programs aimed at alleviating food insecurity. Evidence from USDA's FoodAPS survey shows that the marginal impact of participating in both SNAP and WIC programs is strictly positive and the programs are independent and not redundant. US demographics and behavioral indicators provide insight on how fruit and berry consumption might be increased. Using data from a nationwide online survey of U.S. pork chop eaters, this research determined changes in demand in response to a potential change in U.S. government policy that would introduce a new pork quality grading system based on color scores. Objective 2... Examine the effects of structural change and diversification in the agricultural industry. Extension articles, media, workshops and presentations highlight the economic trade-offs of agricultural consolidation particularly among ag cooperatives and the impacts on producers' finances and market power. Data on licensed warehouses and agribusiness storage capacities for agricultural input firms are being collected. These and crop basis data will be analyzed to understand the storage investments, impacts of consolidation among grain marketing firms, market shares and power of grain marketing firms, and land tenure and valuation. Cooperative grain marketing and input supply firm location data from 1979 - 2018 was updated and is being coded as an online resource. Disseminated results through peer-reviewed publications, extension articles, webinars, web portal and selected papers at professional conferences. Objective 3... Evaluate production methods and technology in U.S. and Iowa agriculture to assess economic returns and technological change and productivity in the sector. The structural and contract conditions and barriers of corn stover biomass for biofuels were examined. Completed a study using sub-field agricultural data and economic variables to evaluate the viability of switchgrass in Iowa. Developed a new methodology to evaluate the components of Total Factor Productivity change based on structural parameters recovered from an input distance function. Estimated yield-price elasticities by blending information from market-based datasets with experimental production data using a Bayesian procedure. Yield-price elasticities are dictated by features of the underlying production technology; therefore, data on crop response to relevant inputs provide extra information about parameters of interest. Evaluated the effectiveness of ARC-CO as a safety net program, using farm level data from the Iowa Farm Business Association, and concluded that ARC-CO is not an effective safety net program. Developed a case study of the economic contribution of Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Results suggest that the laboratory is responsible for $2,162.46 million in direct output, $2,832.45 million in total output, $1,158.19 million in total value added, and $31.79 million in state taxes in normal years. Analysis of livestock biosecurity adoption and animal health management. Objective 4... Examine livestock marketing to determine the value of a set of well-defined production and marketing practices that could enhance livestock producer and stakeholder profitability. Developed a model of optimal hedging nesting expected utility and expected target utility. We use this model to characterize optimal hedging with and without reference price dependence. The model's predictions are tested with a unique database consisting of every forward contract written with a major grain marketing firm by Iowa corn producers over a five-year period. Analysis of marketing and industrial organization factors in livestock markets including price-weight relationships for beef-bred and Holstein feeder cattle; feedlot operator price risk management; Farm-to-Retail meat price spreads, and vertical coordination in livestock markets through contracting. 49 articles for extension, outreach, and industry newsletters providing information, analysis, and practical perspective on the livestock market situation and outlook and other timely, relevant topics that impact livestock producers. Support 23 factsheets, 12 decision tools, and 2 regularly updated livestock returns websites that help producers make production, marketing, or other management adjustments based on enterprise-specific resources. Objective 5... Investigate the farm and non-farm factors that affect the temporal and spatial changes in farmland values and farm income. An analysis of the diffusion of two types of soybean technology in Brazil using agricultural census data explains why the soybean supply function becomes very responsive to permanent price increases with the adoption of capital-intensive technologies. An analysis of higher average temperatures finds that small increases in temperature may double inequality in farm productivity. A model of contract farming with technological change was developed to explain under which conditions contract farming can enable rapid diffusion of agricultural technologies. In particular, the model shows how the combination of migration of high skilled farmers in Brazil with the use of contract farming led to an unexpected increase in agricultural productivity. A new dataset is developed to assess the rapid expansion of soybean-corn double cropping systems in Brazil in response to a large incidence of Asian Soybean Rust. Objective 6... Analyze agricultural and trade policy, including the economic impact of nontariff measures and barriers such as phytosanitary measures, technical requirements, and other policies impacting import decisions. Developed a state-level modeling system to analyze the impacts of international trade disruptions (tariffs and non-tariff measures) on state economies. Specific application to the quantification of the 2018 US tariff escalations and retaliations. Through a multi-state effort among co-op experts, we examined the effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2018 on producers and cooperatives; Our analyses were shared with producers, cooperatives, lenders, and tax professionals through a combination of extension engagements (2) and research presentations (2). Evaluated China's commodity import potential under a complete liberalization of China's agricultural markets Analysis of retaliatory duties on U.S. pork exports on hog prices and of recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions on commodity checkoffs. 16 presentations on the livestock market situation and outlook, risk management for livestock producers, livestock production and management, and livestock and emerging issues.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Plastina, A. and C. Hart. 2018. "Is ARC-CO Acting as a Safety Net Program? Evidence from Iowa." Choices. Quarter 1.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Plastina, A., Liu, F., Sawadgo, W., Miguez, F., and S. Carlson. 2018. ⿿Partial budgets for cover crops in Midwest row crop farming.⿝ Journal of the American Society of Farm Managers and Rural Appraisers, pp.90-106.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Huffman S. and M. Rizov. 2018. ⿿Life satisfaction and diet in transition: evidence from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey.⿝ Agricultural Economics 49, issue 5.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Burton-Freeman, B.M., P.M. Guenther, M. Oh, D. Stuart, and H.H. Jensen. ⿿Assessing consumption of berries and associated factors in the United States using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007-2012.⿝ Food & Function, Royal Society of Chemistry. 2018, 9:1009-1016.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Chao, Li, Dermot Hayes and Keri Jacobs "Biomass for bioenergy: Optimal collection mechanisms and pricing when feedstock supply does not equal availability" Energy Economics 2018
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Rosas, Francisco, Sergio Lence and Dermot Hayes ⿿Crop Yield Responses to Prices: A Bayesian Approach to Blend Experimental and Market Data" European Review of Agricultural Economics 2018. doi 10.1093/erae/jby032
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lusk, Jason L., Glynn Tonsor, Ted Schroeder, Dermot J Hayes. "Effect of government quality grade labels on consumer demand for pork chops in the short and long run." Food Policy, 2018
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jacobs, Keri L., Ziran Li, Dermot J Hayes. "Reference-Dependent Hedging: Theory and Evidence from Iowa Corn Producers." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2018
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Schulz, L.L. VFD Implementation Impacted Pig Farmers, Their Veterinarians, and Feed Providers: Perspectives and Lessons Learned. A Workshop Organized by USDA⿿s Economic Research Service in Collaboration with Farm Foundation⿿Challenges to Changing Antibiotic Use in Food Animal Production: Economics, Data & Policy. Washington, DC.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Tonsor, G.T. and L.L. Schulz. Impact of Indemnity Expectations on Producer Biosecurity Effort. Selected presentation at the 2018 International Society for Economics and Social Sciences of Animal Health. Montpellier, France.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pudenz, C.C., L.L. Schulz, and G.T. Tonsor. Adoption of Secure Pork Supply Plan Biosecurity by U.S. Swine Producers. Selected poster presented at the 2018 International Society for Economics and Social Sciences of Animal Health. Montpellier, France.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mitchell, J., G.T. Tonsor, and L.L. Schulz. Policy Expectations and Biosecurity Investment by Livestock Producers. Selected poster presented at the 2018 International Society for Economics and Social Sciences of Animal Health. Montpellier, France.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pudenz, C.C. and L.L. Schulz. Market Dynamics and the Dairy-Beef Fed Cattle Price Spread. Selected paper presented at the 2018 Western Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting. Anchorage, AK.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Schulz, L.L., B.L. Boetel, and K.C. Dhuyvetter. Price⿿Weight Relationships for Feeder Cattle: An Updated Dairy⿿Beef Assessment. Western Economics Forum.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Xia, T., Crespi, J.M. and K. C. Dhuyvetter. ⿿Could Packers Manipulate Spot Markets by Tying Contracts to Futures Prices? And Do They?⿝ Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2018.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Crespi, J.M. and T. L. Saitone. ⿿Are Cattle Markets the Last Frontier? Vertical Coordination in Animal-Based Procurement Markets?⿝ Annual Review of Resource Economics 10(2018).
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Schroeder, T.C., G.T. Tonsor, L.L. Schulz, B.J. Johnson, and C. Sommers. USDA ERS Meat Price Spread Data Product Review. Report submitted to USDA Economic Research Service.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Crespi, John M. ⿿Are Marketing Orders and Checkoffs in Legal Trouble Again?⿝ Agricultural & Resource Economics Update 21(6):1-4. July/August 2018.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Chen, C-T, G.E. Lade, J.M. Crespi and D.A. Keiser. Size-Based Regulations, Productivity and Environmental Quality: Evidence from the U.S. Livestock Industry. AAEA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C. August 6, 2018.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: McKee, G. and K. Jacobs. 2017. ⿿Governance Structures and the Value of the Firm: The Case of Great Lakes Cooperative and Green Plains Renewable Energy.⿝ Journal of Cooperatives 32:46-58.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Li, C., D. Hayes, and K. Jacobs. 2018. ⿿Biomass for Bioenergy: Optimal Collection Mechanisms and Pricing when Feedstock Supply Does Not Equal Availability.⿝ Energy Economics https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.10.006
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jacobs, K. and M. Boland. ⿿Consolidation and Producer Impacts in U.S. Ag Co-ops: Is Bigger Better?⿝ Invited paper at the International Cooperative Alliance Research Conference, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, July 5, 2018.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jacobs, K. ⿿Challenges Facing Agricultural Cooperatives: Consolidation, Efficiency and Market Power.⿝ Invited joint seminar, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Centre for the Study of Co-operatives, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, May 11, 2018.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jacobs, K.. ⿿What the Tax Reform Means for Your Cooperative and Its Members.⿝ Cooperative Network⿿s Dairy Issues Forum, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, April 10, 2018.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jacobs, K. ⿿The Sec 199A Pass-Through Deduction: What it Means for Producers and Cooperatives.⿝ Iowa State University ProAg Series, Carroll County Extension Office, Carroll, Iowa, November 11, 2018.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jacobs, K. ⿿Sec 199A Pass-Through Decisions for Co-op Boards.⿝ Iowa Institute for Cooperatives CFO/Controller Conference, Ames, Iowa, October 10, 2018.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jacobs, K., C. Li and D. Hayes. ⿿The ⿿Stover Availability versus Supply⿿ Puzzle and Contracting Options for Cellulosic Biomass.⿝ Agricultural Policy Review. Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Winter 2018.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jacobs, K. ⿿A Discussion of the Sec 199A Deduction and its Potential Impacts on Producers and Grain Marketing Firms.⿝ farmdoc daily (8): 13, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, January 26, 2018.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hart, C.E., D.J. Hayes, M. Li, L. Schulz, D.A. Swenson, W. Zhang, and J.M. Crespi. ⿿The impact of the 2018 trade disruptions on the Iowa economy,⿝ with C.E. Hart, D.J. Hayes, M. Li, L. Schulz, D.A. Swenson, W. Zhang, and J.M. Crespi, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) Policy Brief, Iowa State University, Sept. 2018.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Balistreri, E.J. and I. Sue Wing (2018) ⿿Computable general equilibrium models for policy evaluation and economic consequence analysis,⿝ in S. Chen, M. Kaboudan, and Y. Du (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Computational Economics and Finance, Oxford University Press, 139-203.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: DePaula, G. ⿿Technological Diffusion and Bundled Contracts: Soy Boom in Brazil⿝. Presentation at Midwest Economics Association Annual Meeting, March 2018.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: DePaula, G. ⿿The Distributional Impact of Climate Change in Brazilian Agriculture: A Ricardian Quantile Analysis with Census Data⿝. Center for Agricultural and Rural Development. Working Paper 18 -WP 583. July 2018.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: DePaula, G. ⿿Relational Contracts and the Diffusion of Agricultural Technologies in Brazil⿝. Center for Agricultural and Rural Development. Agricultural Policy Review. Winter 2018. Pages 4-5.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Plastina, Alejandro; Liu, Fangge; Sawadgo, Wendiam; Miguez, Fernando E.; Carlson, Sarah; and Marcillo, Guillermo (2018) "Annual Net Returns to Cover Crops in Iowa," Journal of Applied Farm Economics: Vol. 2 : Iss. 2 , Article 2.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Plastina, A., Liu, F., Miguez, F., & Carlson, S. (2018). Cover crops use in Midwestern US agriculture: Perceived benefits and net returns. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 1-11. doi.org/10.1017/S1742170518000194
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Brandes, E. , Plastina, A. and Heaton, E. A. (2018), Where can switchgrass production be more profitable than corn and soybean? An integrated subfield assessment in Iowa, USA. GCB Bioenergy, 10: 473-488.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ren, X., P. Lawrence, M. Weitzel, B. O⿿Neill, S. Levis, P. Meiyappan, E.J. Balistreri, and M. Dalton (2018) ⿿Avoided economic impacts of climate change on agriculture: integrating a land surface model (CLM) with an economic model (iPETS), Climatic Change 146(3-4), 517-531.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: DePaula, G. ⿿Technology Adoption and the Agricultural Supply Response Function⿝. Presentation at American Agricultural Economic Association, August 2018.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Plastina, A. and S.H. Lence; A Parametric Estimation of Total Factor Productivity and Its Components in U.S. Agriculture, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Volume 100, Issue 4, 1 July 2018, Pages 1091⿿1119.

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience included farmers, lending officers, agribusiness professionals, academic researchers, university and governmental administrators and the general public through media publications and presentations. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Training for Extension outreach participants was provided at a variety of meetings as described in the accomplishments section. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Manuscripts were submitted to peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences and other university departments, Extension reports and bulletins were presented to stakeholders. 8 journal articles were either published or forthcoming by the end of calendar year 2017. A variety of other papers were disseminated. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue working on the major goals of the project, disseminating information at conferences, Extension meetings, invited seminars, through outreach products, books, book chapters and journal outputs.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The complex network from commodity production to consumer food demand has never been more important to study. As farming changes and consumers demand healthier and more varied foods, understanding the complexities of this system through economic modeling is crucial. Investigators at Iowa State University examinedfood choices, food safety, industry changes, production methodsand the impacts of trade.Researchers ascertained the impacts on consumer welfare and producer profitability and developed decision tools to aid Iowa farmers.The new knowledge and toolswillallow the scientific community andIowa and Midwest producersto better understand and adapt to an ever-evolving food system. Objective 1. Determine the economics of consumer food choices and the interplay of these choices with demographic and psychographic measures. Results from analysis of household time-use data find higher food prices and being a household with low income or with children are associated with more time in food preparation and in eating at home. The costs and monetized benefits of Iowa's Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program and the Family Nutrition Program were estimated. Analysis of USDA FoodAPS survey data compared food expenditures between WIC-participating households and other eligible households. We examined the role of gender and political affiliation on food choices using preexisting data from an fMRI of participants in a food-labeling experiment. An econometric model estimated the relationship between subjective well-being/life satisfaction and diet composition. Online regional survey on cover crops was undertaken. Results were presented at several conferences and in two working papers. Objective 2. Examine the effects of structural change and diversification in the agricultural industry. Economic modeling of farmer-processor contracts enabling large scale adoption of new crop varieties in the Midwest and other regions of the United states was initiated. The analysis informs agronomists about the economic returns to improving variety traits and the feasibility of long-term partnerships. An examination of cooperative governance and value in the context of consolidation was developed. Extension articles, media, workshops and presentations highlight the economic trade-offs of agricultural consolidation particularly among ag cooperatives and the impacts on producers' finances and market power. Data collected on cooperative grain marketing and input supply firms since 1979 - 2017 was updated. Efforts are underway to make the data accessible online. Analysis of structural changes in beef cattle and swine returns are being collected. Collected US Ag Census data from 1959 to 2012 on market share by farm size by state and by type of farm. Generated a measure of change in industry structure over time and are analyzing the effects of demand and supply factors on market share. Objective 3. Evaluate production methods and technology in U.S. and Iowa agriculture to assess economic returns and technological change and productivity in the sector. Analysis of US domestic consumption of ethanol from E85 and a station-level survey of the consumption of E85 were undertaken. The RFS are implemented using a tax and credit system. The study estimates the level of pass-through at the blending level and is under preparation for submission to a peer-reviewed journal. Estimated whether size and regulation that makes expansion more difficult affects dairy farm production efficiency in Canada. The study has implications for US farms. Examination of the costs of applying the California Leafy Green Products Handler Marketing Agreement show labor costs dominate other costs in providing minimum food safety standard for the industry. The LGMA field-level food safety practices are likely more expensive than similar costs under the Food Safety Modernization Act Produce Rule. Developed a new methodology in primal-dual approach to decompose changes in total factor productivity into technical change, technical efficiency change, allocative efficiency change, a scale factor, an input price effect, and a mark-up component. Data collected and analysis began of livestock biosecurity adoption and animal health management. Data collected and analysis began of veterinary feed directive preparation and impact on the swine industry Objective 4. Examine livestock marketing to determine the value of a set of well-defined production and marketing practices that could enhance livestock producer and stakeholder profitability. Prepared a grant proposal to conduct further policy analysis of the cattle sector accounting for the cattle cycle. The study will apply to the analysis of foot and mouth disease policy that restrict movement of cattle across states in the event of an outbreak. Evaluated competitive position of US pork production using an international benchmark approach. Using data from the Iowa Farm Business Association, evaluated the distribution of financial stress across Iowa farms, the characteristics of financially stressed farms, and the evolution of financial stress. Analysis of price-weight relationships for beef-bred and Holstein feeder cattle are being collected. Data and analysis of feedlot operator price risk management 51 articles for extension, outreach, and industry newsletters providing information, analysis, and practical perspective on the livestock market situation and outlook and other timely, relevant topics that impact livestock producers. Support 23 factsheets, 12 decision tools, and 2 regularly updated livestock returns websites that help producers make production, marketing, or other management adjustments based on enterprise-specific resources. 65 media interviews and 3 regularly schedule media interviews on the livestock market situation and outlook and other timely and relevant topics spanning the livestock and meat industry supply chain. 17 presentations on the livestock market situation and outlook, risk management for livestock producers, livestock production and management, and livestock and emerging issues. Conducted the 2017 ISU Land Value Survey. Compared and contrasted this farm downturn with the farm crisis in the 1920s and 1980s, both using aggregate economic and legal comparisons as well as individual farmer case studies. Analyzed whether farm managers and rural appraisers' crop price forecasts are consistent with their same-horizon land price forecasts. Objective 5. Investigate the farm and non-farm factors that affect the temporal and spatial changes in farmland values and farm income. Data on licensed warehouses and agribusiness storage capacities and utilizations since 1979 are being collected. These and crop basis data will be analyzed to understand the storage investments, impacts of consolidation among grain marketing firms, market shares and power of grain marketing firms, and land tenure and valuation. Evaluated the impact of excess return in the stock market on land values. Objective 6. Analyze agricultural and trade policy, including the economic impact of nontariff measures and barriers such as phytosanitary measures, technical requirements, and other policies impacting import decisions. Model of beef exports was developed to examine U.S. comparative advantage. Potential changes in tax policies affecting cooperativeswere investigated. Extension presentations highlight the impact of these changes on cooperative equity and farms. A model was developed for international meat trade. Scenarios measure the impact of changes in China's import barriers. Extensions consider alternative market structures. A general-equilibrium model estimates Mexico's tariffs on US goods that might be levied in response to US tariffs on Mexican goods. Initiated a new China Ag Center at Iowa State University in collaboration with Chinese Academy of Ag Sciences.

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Balistreri, E.J., and R.H. Hillberry (2017) 21st Century Trade Wars working paper, October.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Bruce, A.S., J.M. Crespi, J.L. Lusk. Economics Working Papers. Department of Economics. Iowa State University. A Simple Economic Conjecture of Neural Activations, Information Retrieval, Discount Rates with an Application to fMRI. Working Paper No. 17019, 1-19-2017.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wu, Q. Three Essays on Applied Human Behavioral Economics and Individual Choices. Doctoral Dissertation. Iowa State University. 2017.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Schulz, L., G. Artz and P. Gunn. 2016. Succession Planning, Perceived Obstacles, and Attractions for Future Generations Entering Beef Cattle Production. Agricultural Policy Review, Fall.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Schulz, L.L., Artz, G.M., and Gunn, P.J. 2017. "Succession Planning and Perceived Obstacles and Attractions for Future Generations Entering Beef Cattle Production," Journal of Applied Farm Economics 1 (1):1-18.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wynne, G., G. Artz, L. Schulz, and C. Rademacher , 2017. How Do Swine Producers and Veterinarians Expect the VFD to Affect Their Business? Agricultural Policy Review, Fall, pages 4-5.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Huffman, S. K. and M. Rizov, Life Satisfaction and Diet: Evidence from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, ISU Economics Working Papers, #20, February 2017.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Crespi, J.M. Labeling in A. Marciano and G.B. Ramello (eds.) Encyclopedia of Law and Economics. Springer Science+Business Media, New York 2016:1-3. DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_279-1.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chen, C-T., J.M. Crespi and L.L. Schulz. US Export Competitiveness: Do Cattle Inventories Matter? Agricultural Policy Review. Spring 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Crespi, J.M., W. Hahn, K. Jones, L.L. Schulz, and C-T. Chen. A Study in U.S. Export Beef Competitiveness: Do Cattle Inventories Matter? ASSA Annual Meeting. Chicago, January 5, 2017.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wang, S. , Plastina, A. , Fulginiti, L. and Ball, E. (2017) Benefits of Public R & D in US Agriculture: Spill-Ins, Extension, and Roads. Theoretical Economics Letters, 7, 1873-1898.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Pouliot S. and B.A. Babcock. 2017. Feasibility of Meeting Increased Biofuel Mandates with E85. Energy Policy, 101: 194-200.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Larue, B., S. Pouliot and A. Singbo. 2017. Production Rigidity, Input Lumpiness, Efficiency and the Technological Hurdle of Quebec Dairy Farms. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 65: 613-641.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jacobs, K. Ag Cooperatives Consolidating, Too. AgriMarketing, April 2017, pages 16 - 18.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Senia, M.C., Jensen, H.H., Zhylyevskyy, O. Time in Eating and Food Preparation among Single Adults. Review of Economics of the Household. 2017, 15.2 : 399-432.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hradek, C., Jensen, H.H., Miller, N.S., Oh, M. 2017. Evaluation of the Cost and Effectiveness of Direct Nutrition Education to Low-Income Audiences in Iowa: EFNEP and SNAP-Ed graduates practicing Optimal Nutritional Behaviors (ONB). CARD Staff Report, November 2017 [17-SR 112]. Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Calvin, L., Jensen, H., Klonsky, K., Cook, R. 2017. Food Safety Practices and Costs Under the California Leafy Greens Marketing Agreement. US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Economic Information Bulletin No. (EIB-173). June.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Calvin, L., Jensen, H., Klonsky, K., Cook, R. 2017. The California Leafy Greens Industry Provides an Example of an Established Food Safety System. Amber Waves, June 07, 2017.

Progress 07/18/16 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience included farmers, lending officers, agribusiness professionals, academic researchers, university and governmental administrators and the general public through media publications and presentations. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Training for Extension outreach participants was provided at a variety of meetings as described in the accomplishments section. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Manuscripts were submitted to peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences and other university departments, Extension reports and bulletins were presented to stakeholders. 5 journal articles were either published or forthcoming by the end of calendar year 2016. A variety of other papers were disseminated. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue working on the major goals of the project, disseminating information at conferences, Extension meetings, invited seminars, through outreach products, books, book chapters and journal outputs.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? IMPACT: The complex network from commodity production to consumer food demand has never been more important to study. As farming changes and consumers demand healthier and more varied foods, understanding the complexities of this system through economic modeling is crucial. Investigators at Iowa State University examinefood choices, food safety, industry changes, production methodsand the impacts of trade. Researchers have ascertained the impacts of these changes on consumer welfare and producer profitability and developed decision tools to aid Iowa farmers. Outputs of the project will allow the scientific community, Iowa and Midwest producersto better understand and adapt to an ever-evolving food system. Objective 1.Determine the economics of consumer food choices and the interplay of these choices with demographic and psychographic measures. Research examined the association between food assistance program participation and food choice or food security. Analysis of Nielsen Homescan household panel data shows that participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program was associated with more whole grain purchases during the observed period, and that a regulatory change that increased available whole grain products available to participants in 2009 roughly doubled the associated effect of WIC participation on the purchases of whole grain products. Using fMRI scanner data on the brains of 47 subjects during a food-choice experiment, how consumers prime their decisions (neural antecedents) was determined and the results published in a journal. An econometric model for estimating the relationship between subjective well-being (life satisfaction) and diet composition (calories, fat, protein and diversity) was developed. Objective 2.Examine the effects of structural change and diversification in the agricultural industry. Data on structural changes in beef cattle;swine returns, and agribusiness units handling grain and their storage capacities and utilizations since 1979 are being collected. Coupling thesewith basis data will reveal the impacts of consolidation on grain prices, storage investments, market shares and power of grain marketing firms, and land tenure and valuation. Objective 3.Evaluate production methods and technology in U.S. and Iowa agriculture to assess economic returns and technological change and productivity in the sector. Research with colleagues at the Economic Research Service have developed information on the costs of meeting food safety practices for large, leafy green product producers based on information gathered in interviews with California producers. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach (ISUEO) and the Iowa Farm Business Association will use anonymous farm level data to assess the financial health of Iowa farm operations. Two reports were published and findings were presented to 400 producers, lenders, and farm managers and 35 extension educators. A Track Session proposal to evaluate the current farm financial conditions of Midwestern farms using farm level data from the Farm Business Associations in Iowa, Kansas, Illinois, and Minnesota was submitted for the 2017 Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Conference. A survey questionnaire to evaluate the farm-level net economic benefits of cover crops in Midwest row crop agriculture was finalized. The survey will first be implemented through NASS in Iowaand then to all Midwestern states. An analysis of the drivers of agricultural profitability across US continental states is under way. Bayesian techniques are applied to a distance function framework to decompose changes in profitability into technical change, a scale component, an input price component, a mark-up component, an output quantity component, a technical efficiency component, and an allocative efficiency component. An evaluation of the economic feasibility of integrating livestock into a diversified cropping system in Iowa was conducted. Research shows average annual returns to land and management for an integrated system are similar to a 2-year cash crop rotation, but the higher labor and capital requirements of the integrated system may limit its adoption. An evaluation of the economic feasibility of cover crops in vegetable systems was conducted. Research shows that the yield benefit among several cover crop options varies widely, but that certain cover crops well-suited to Iowa can increase net returns in cauliflower production. An ISUEO decision tool will be available online in Spring 2017. A manuscript describing the results will be submitted in early 2017. Objective 4.Examine livestock marketing to determine the value of a set of well-defined production and marketing practices that could enhance livestock producer and stakeholder profitability. The project produced 43 articles for ISUEO and industry newsletters providing information, analysis, and perspective on the livestock market situation and outlook relevant topics impactingproducers. The project supported 23 factsheets, 10 decision tools, and 2 regularly updated livestock returns websites that help producers make production, marketing, or other management adjustments based on enterprise-specific resources. Principals gave 51 media interviews and 2 regularly scheduled media interviews on the livestock market situation and outlook and other timely and relevant topics spanning the livestock and meat industry supply chain. Principals gave 20 presentations on the livestock market situation and outlook, risk management, production and management, and emerging issues. Data on price-weight relationships for beef-bred and Holstein feeder cattle are also being collected. Objective 5. Investigate the farm and non-farm factors that affect the temporal and spatial changes in farmland values and farm income. Several decision tools were developed to estimate the projected ARC and PLC payments by county and program crop, based on USDA price projections and NASS county yield projections. A published journal article analyzes what drives the changes in land values in Iowa and across the Midwest from 1910 to 2016, assesses the return and profitability of farmland as an alternative investment, and compares the current downturn in US farmland values with historicalfarm crises. Extension outreach articles comparingthe relative return of investment in Midwest farmland and S&P 500 show that the investment timing and holding period are key in determining the relative return of the investment. Objective 6.Analyze agricultural and trade policy, including the economic impact of nontariff measures and barriers such as phytosanitary measures, technical requirements, and other policies impacting import decisions. Two extension outreach articles were published to examine the relationship between crude oil price fluctuations and agricultural crop export changes, as well as the impacts of China's new corn policy reform on U.S. agriculture. Data were collected on the recipients of Value Added Producer Grants from 2001 to 2011 and matched with establishment level data from the National Establishment time series data for Iowa and North Carolina to analyze the effects of VAPG funding on firm survival. Research findings show that survival times are nearly doubled for start-up recipient firms compared with non-recipient peers. A manuscript detailing an analysis of the impact of Value Added Producer Grant funding on firm survival is in preparation. It will be presented at the Southern Agricultural Economics Meetings in February 2017. A manuscript on U.S. export beef competitiveness was prepared and accepted as an invited paper at the Allied Social Sciences Association meetings in Chicago, January 2017. A paper comparing production costs and animal productivity in the US and Chinese pork industries was prepared and presented at the Chinese swine industry symposium.

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Zhang, Wendong. 2016. How Tight is the Iowa Farmland Supply?, Ag Decision Maker Newsletter, Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, October 2016.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hart, Chad and Wendong Zhang. 2016. Crude Oil Prices and US Crop Exports: Exploring the Secondary Links between the Energy and Ag Markets. Agricultural Policy Review, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development. Iowa State University. Spring 2016.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Zhang, Wendong and Mike Duffy. 2016. Comparing the Stock Market and Iowa Land Values: A Question of Timing. Ag Decision Maker Newsletter, Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. April 2016.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Stevenson, Marcie. (2016). Improving rural business development, one firm at a time: A look at the effects of the USDAs Value-Added Producer Grant on firm survival. Unpublished masters thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hayes Dermot J. China within the Global Pork Industry Risk and Sustainability. Pages 002 to 011 Published in the proceedings of the Chinese Swine Industry Symposium in Shanghai China, organized by the American Society of Animal Science.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lusk, J.L., J.M. Crespi, B.R. McFadden, J.B.C. Cherry, L. Martin and A.S. Bruce. Neural Antecedents of a Random Utility Model. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 132 (2016):93-103.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Oh, Miyoung, Helen H. Jensen and Ilya Rahkovsky. Did Revisions to the WIC Program Affect Household Expenditures on Whole Grains? Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy. 2016. 38 (4):578-598. (doi:10.1093/aepp/ppw020)
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Plastina, A. 2016. Iowa Farm Financial Conditions in 2015. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach Ag Decision Maker File C1-11. https://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/wholefarm/pdf/c1-11.pdf
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Plastina, A. 2016. Iowa Farms: From Strong to Vulnerable in a Year? Iowa State University Extension and Outreach Ag Decision Maker File C1-12. https://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/wholefarm/pdf/c1-12.pdf
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Plastina, A. 2016 New Safety Net: PLC, ARC-CO, ARC-IC: 2015 and 2016 Projected ARC Payments. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach Ag Decision Maker File A1-31. https://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/info/farmbill.html
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Plastina, A., Hart, C. and C. Anderson. ARC/PLC Payments per Base Acre in Iowa. ISU Center for Agricultural and Rural Development. http://www.card.iastate.edu/tools/farm-bill/arc-plc/
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Zhang, Wendong, and Zachariah Beek. 2016. Trends and Determinants of U.S. Farmland Values since 1910: Evidence from the Iowa Land Value Survey. Farm Policy Journal, 13(2)
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Zhang, Wendong, and Michael Duffy. August 2016. Land Quality Perceptions in Expert Opinion Surveys: Evidence from Iowa. Revisions requested at Journal of the American Society of Farm Managers and Rural Appraisers.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wu, Qianrong and Wendong Zhang. 2016. Of Maize and Markets: China's New Corn Policy, Agricultural Policy Review, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development. Iowa State University. Fall 2016.