Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/21
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience includes poultry scientists, turkey producers that produce their own turkey feed; commercial poultry nutritionists and consultants; poutlry feed industry; and amino acid suppliers. Owners and youth working with small flocks. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Undergraduate and graduate students received training on feed analyses, bird care, data collection, data entry, data summarization and preparation of report tables and graphs. Two of the students gained experience writing an abstract for presentation at the annual summer meeting of the Poultry Science association and preparing their presentation in front of a national audience. . How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Through industry meetings in the midwest and national meetings such as the Poultry Science Association, and Nutrition Conferences - Minnesota Nutrition conference. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
For Goals 1 and 2, research results indicated an updating of amino acid requirements and ratios are needed for older market turkeys. The research emphasized amino acid nutrition of market turkeys and soybean meal as it provides the majority of crude protein and lysine in turkey diets while also contributing anti-nutritional factors, which need to be considered in feed formulation. Available amino acid requirement data is very outdated with sparse new information especially for older turkeys. A series of feeding trials determined the digestible lysine requirement of market turkeys and ideal protein ratio at different ages. The digestible lysine requirement differed from available recommendations as bird age increased after 8 weeks of age. At 16 wks of age, the estimated digestible lysine requirement of 1.07% was 1.5x greater than the NRC (1994) estimated digestible lysine requirement. Many poultry nutritionists have moved toward using ideal protein ratio, expressed as the ratio of digestible amino acid to digestible lysine in formulating diets. A sensitivity test was conducted using existing ratio information with lower and higher levels of key digestible amino acids to determine if the existing ratio was adequate to use in feed formulation in market turkeys based on weight gain and feed conversion. In young poults, the more appropriate ratio for arginine was 1.06 vs 1.01. In growing turkeys, a higher ratio was noted for valine (.74), which was similar to the finding in older market turkeys, where the more appropriate ratio for valine was .75 compared to .7. For Goal 5, specialty products derived from soybean were found to improve turkey performance. These products had lower levels of anti-nutritional factors and in some cases had immune-stimulating components included. Metabolizable energy content of the new product determined with young turkeys was found to increase with removal of the oligosaccharides from the meal. To help utilization of typical soybean meal especially in an antibiotic free, vegetable-based feeding program, alpha-galactosidase addition to the feed was assessed. Enzyme addition improved turkey performance to 9 weeks of age. Litter moisture in pens of turkeys fed high levels of soybean meal in the diet resulted in greater litter moisture suggesting a higher level of litter management is needed in AV feed program. Enzyme supplementation was beneficial in young bird diets when soybean meal level was at their highest. The interplay of research in Goals 1, 2 and 5 was examined under the conditions of providing additional nutrients in early starting diets as well exploring delayed placement of turkey poults after hatching on performance during brooding and influence on final market body weights. Increased density of protein, lysine and threonine were more consistent in having a positive impact on market weight as well as at the end of brood. Delayed placement of 48 hrs post hatch resulted in decreased weights at 6 wks of age. For Goal 4, biosecurity compliance was explored in commercial and small flock settings. Small flocks are more likely to move birds from the farm especially for competition. A survey of biosecurity practices of 4-H exhibitors was conducted at the Minnesota State Fair. Some deficiencies were found relative to incomplete knowledge of quarantine and avian respiratory diseases. This subsequently led to an effort to educate small flock owners of respiratory diseases, diagnostics and biosecurity.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
A. Neu, K. Lautenschlager, S. Voss, S. Noll, and D. Lauer. 2018
Preparing poultry producers to develop an effective biosecurity plan.Poult. Sci. 97(E-Suppl . 1):178
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
SL Noll, Z. Jiang,PB Tillman. 2016. Digestible amino acid ratios for starting and finishing male market turkeys. Poult. Sci. 95(E-Suppl. 1) p138
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Cortus, E., Neu, A.E., Janni, K.A., Noll, S.L., Clanton, C.J. 2019. Simulating risk reduction using biosecurity practices on farm. ASABE Paper No. 1900870. St. Joseph, MI. ASABE.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
E. Theis, W. Martin, SL Noll, R. Porter, C. Carlson, M. Olson, Abby Neu-Schuft. 2021. An online webinar series to teach backyard flock
owners about poultry viral respiratory diseases.Poult. Sci. 100 (E-Suppl 1): 14.
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Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20
Outputs
Target Audience:The targeted audience for this work are turkey producers, poultry nutritionists, and retailers with interest in selling meat products produced from turkeys fed all vegetable-based feed. Changes/Problems:Gut contents were collected for microbiome analyses in both studies and results are delayed due to COVID restricting laboratory access. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A research associate was trained in the methodology of metabolizable energy determination in poultry and in design, animal care, sample collection, and data analyses. Undergraduate students (3) were trained in bird care, sample collection/processing/analyses; data handling, analyses and data summarization. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated through regional publications and regional/national conference presentations targeted to turkey producers and poultry nutritionists; informal meetings with poultry nutritionists and processors. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Complete remaining laboratory work on gut microbiome analyses.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
For Goals 5 and 7, the role of soybean meal in turkey performance and litter conditions was examined. Soybean meal (SBM) is a high protein feed ingredient critical to meeting the dietary protein and amino acid needs of commercial turkeys which have an inherently high requirement compared to other poultry. Since large quantities of SBM are needed in the turkey diet, characterization and knowledge of the nutrient characteristics and contribution of anti-nutritional components is needed for effective use. The reported studies demonstrated that 1) In young turkeys, that SBM from aged seeds resulted in reduced performance and, 2) in a feeding trial to market age, diets with SBM as the primary source of protein, resulted in poorer growth and feed conversion in younger turkeys. Further study is needed to better define nutrient characteristics and approaches to maintain young turkey growth in corn-soybean meal diets. One study was conducted to test the nutritional value of SBM produced from beans varying in seed size, growing condition (shade), storage (aged), protein, and oleic acid content. Comparisons were made to a commodity soybean meal and the control soybean material. Amino acid content (total and digestible) were determined. The live bird tests included determination of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), a young turkey growth assay which included measuring the impact on excreta moisture and growth of gut associated organs and tissues. Diets contained 44% of the sourced soybean meal. Lysine digestibility coefficients were similar for the various meals and ranged from 85 to 88%. No clear distinctions were observed among the different meals for organ or gut growth. The lowest AME content was observed for the meal derived from seed grown in shade. Depending on the control group for comparison, approximately 30% less energy was observed. Meals derived from high protein, large seed, small seed, or beans grown in shade resulted in heavier body weights at 2 wks of age as compared to the remaining bean types while poults fed meal from aged seeds tended to have excreta that was wet and with poorer growth. An area for exploration in the future would be to assess the impact and length of storage on the energy content and nutritional value. The second study examined feeding corn-soybean meal based diets to commercial turkeys from hatch to market age. For certain consumer markets, retailers want meat generated from animals fed diets without animal byproduct inclusion. These products contribute significant amounts of protein, minerals, and vitamins to the diet. Because turkeys have such a high requirement for amino acids, there are few plant protein sources with sufficient amino acid concentration to replace meat meal. Soybean meal (SBM) is readily available and is the most concentrated source of plant protein. However, SBM has some negatives when feeding to high inclusion levels that might be needed in all vegetable type diets. These include difficulties in supplying energy (higher supplemental fat level needed), and presence of indigestible fibers, high potassium, phytate and other antinutritional factors. These various issues impact bird performance, footpad dermatitis, gut health and litter characteristics. It is anticipated that the negative impact of the high inclusion levels of SBM will be exacerbated in antibiotic free (ABF) production systems. Tools that could help negate the high SBM level plant based diets would be to use appropriate enzymes to increase energy and nutrient digestibility or increase use of amino acid supplements (lysine, methionine, and threonine). The project goal was to assess available tools for all-vegetable feed program (AV) using high soybean meal type diets. Turkey tom performance and litter condition were assessed. Male turkeys were reared to 18 wks of age and fed diets formulated with varying levels of SBM. The test diets were supplemented with and without enzyme (alpha-galactosidase). The test diets were: Conventional (C) with meat meal and BMD (Bacitracin) (T1); Corn-SBM (AV) and BMD (T2); As T2, no BMD (T3); As T3 with staggered reductions of SBM and increased amino acid supplementation (T4, T5). Results obtained indicated the following significant results (P<.05): 1) AV feed program resulted in reduced turkey weight through 9 wks of age in comparison to T1; 2) Supplementation of BMD in AV resulted in similar performance of T2 (AV) with T1 (C); 3) Increasing amino acid supplementation while reducing diet soybean level resulted in decreased weight; 4) Enzyme supplementation to 9 wks resulted in similar feed conversion and body weight; 5) Litter moisture was correlated with SBM such that higher SBM resulted in more moisture in the litter. In conclusion, an AV feed program results in both formulation and performance challenges. Ingredient cost per ton could be reduced with enzyme use and/or reduction in the diet level of SBM however those costs need to be balanced with performance. Use of BMD was beneficial in the AV diet but will not be present in ABF programs to moderate the lowered growth response when coupled with AV feeding. A higher level of litter management will be needed in AV feed programs.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Noll, S. L., 2020. Reducing the negative impact of high inclusion levels of soybean meal in all vegetable type diets for turkeys. Presented at virtual 81st Minnesota Nutrition Conference. Minnesota Extension Service.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Noll, S.L., J. Brannon, S. Naeve, T. Johnson. 2020. Soybean composition impact on turkey gut health and nutrition. Gobbles (July), Vol. 77, No. 5. Pg 5
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Noll, S. L., J. Brannon, T. J. Johnson, 2020. Reducing the negative impact of high inclusion levels of soybean meal in all vegetable type diets for turkeys. Gobbles (November), Vol. 77, No. 9. Pg 10
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Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience includes soybean meal processing companies, poultry nutritionists, consultants, feed industry and producers of commercial turkeys. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Undergraduate and graduate students received training in feed analyses, care of poultry, collection of data, data entry and quality checks, data summarization and preparation of report tables. Involved in the project were four undergraduate students - one animal science, one pre-medical and two pre-veterinary students; and one graduate student. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Initial results were presented at a fall conference (2018, reported previously). Results were also reported to the Minnesota Soybean Research group. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Research has been initiated in relation to Goal #5 regarding the impact of different types of soybean meal varying in genetics and growing conditions in relation to metabolizale energy content and young turkey performance.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Research emphasis focused on Goal #5 (Determine performance of turkeys fed diets containing ... high quality/alternative ingredients). For most commercial meat poultry, soybean meal remains the main contributor of quality protein and amino acids in the feed. However, other portions of the ingredient contain factors which can have negative impact on bird performance and gut health. Newer processing methods has allowed development of a high protein material with less antinutritional factors present. The specially processed soybean meal material was tested as an additive in starting turkey diets with performance followed through to market weight. The material (NutriVanceTM, Midwest Ag Enterprises, Inc) was included at levels of 2.5 and 5%, or incorporated with other speciality protein products identified as Fermotide and Neptide and fed at 2.5% diet inclusion level. Comparison was made to a control containing conventionally produced soybean meal. Performance (body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency) was collected through to time of marketing.The European Efficiency Index (EEI) Score was used to assess the combined effect of rate of gain and feed conversion ratio. Diets containing 2.5% Nutrivance or 2.5% Fermotide or Neptide had an EEI average score of 5 while the control score was 4.6. It was concluded when feeding to 6 wks of age, Nutrivance at 2.5% resulted in the best turkey tom performance to market weight followed by Fermotide and Neptide products in comparison to the control. An acceptable inclusion level in turkey diets was 2.5% and recommended to be fed to six weeks of age.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Noll, S. L. Enhancing poultry performance with specialized soy products. https://www.auri.org/2020/01/enhancing-poultry-performance-with-specialized-soy-products/
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Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience varies depending on topic. For nutrition the audience includes turkey producers that produce their own turkey feed; commercial poultry nutritionists and consultants; poultry feed industry; and amino acid suppliers. For biosecurity, the audience is poultry producers, extension youth specialists, veterinarians, and 4-H youth. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Undergraduates (5) received training in data handling, analyses and data sumarization. One veterinary student received training in abstract writing, preparing a scientific presentation, and presenting at a national meeting. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of the amino acid and soybean meal studies were reported to turkey producers and commercial poultry nutritionists at a regional nutrition conference (Minnesota Nutrition Conference). For the biosecurity work, these were presented at a national/international poultry science meeting in San Antonio, Texas. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Upcoming work with emphasize the following goals: 1. Determine the dietary lysine requirement for market turkeys at different ages 4. Determine efficacy of biosecurity implementation and litter management to decrease disease transmission and footpad incidence and severity 5. Determine performance of turkeys fed diets containing antibiotic alternatives, high quality/alternative ingredients or with varying diet nutrient density. 6. Within studies for the objectives above, assess development of the gut, microbial community and health status of birds.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
For Goal #2, the amino acid nutrition of turkeys was examined in the 9 to 12 wk age period for commercial market toms. The following ratios of amino acids to lysine on a digestible amino acid basis wer found to be adequate for growth and feed efficiency: methionine (0.38), threonine (.62), arginine (1.03), and valine (.74). For Goal #4, biosecurity practices at fairs was examined by surveying 4-H participants at the time they checked in their birds. Based on survey results, there is a need for on-going education regarding biosecurity in fair poultry. In particular, aspects of quarantine and combining other standard biosecurity practices are needed to improve risk before, during, and after fair activities. For Goal #5, the use of a highly digestible type soybean meal was examined for use in commercial market toms. The soybean meal was processed to reduce the content of complex carbohydrates (oligosaccharides) which are not digested by poultry. The true metabolizable energy content of the specially processed meal was increased over that of conventionally produced soybean meal by 9.4%.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Noll, SL. 2018. Nutritive value of modified soybean meal for meat-type poultry. In Proceedings 79th Minnesota Nutrition Conference , Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota and University of Minnesota Extension. p 25-28.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Noll, SL. 2018. University of Minnesota Research Update: Amino Acids for Commercial Turkey Toms. In Proceedings 79th Minnesota Nutrition Conference , Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota and University of Minnesota Extension. p. 183.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Olson, M. H. Martin, C. Cardona, and S. Noll, 2018. Assessing educational needs and practices of poultry fair participants relative to biosecurity and avian influenza. Poultry Sci. (E-Supplement 1) 97:41
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience includes turkey producers that produce their own turkey feed; commercial poultry nutritionists and consultants; poutlry feed industry; and amino acid suppliers. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A graduate student was trained in the development of regression models for the determination of the lysine requirement. Undergraduate students were trained in data handling, analyses and data summarization. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of the amino acid studies were reported to turkey producers and commercial poultry nutritionists at a national meeting - "Turkey Amino Acid Nutrition Summit" - held November in Minneapolis MN. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Complete the lysine requirement determination in 9 to 12 wk old turkeys Determine turkey response sensitivity to ratios of digestible arginine, methionine, threonine and valine relative to lysine in 9 to 12 wk old turkeys
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Research emphasis was focused on Goal #1 (Determine the dietary lysine requirement for market turkeys at different ages) and Goal #2 (Determine the sensitivity in diet amino acid ratios for market turkeys at different ages). For Goal #1, the digestible lysine requirement was determined for 16 to 19 wk old male market turkeys. An estimated 1.07% digestible lysine requirement was determined based on turkey gain. The requirement was determined using male Hybrid Converter turkeys. Diets with different levels of dlys were fed to 10 replicate pens (10 turkeys/pen). The digestible lysine requirement for gain was substantially greater than the estimated dlys requirement previously published by the NRC (1.07% vs .7% dlys) confirming the need for updated requirement information. For Goal #2, diets with different ratios (low, medium, high) of the digestible amino acids relative to dietary lysine were fed to male market turkeys during 0 to 4 wks and 16 to 19 wks of age. During 0 to 4 wk of age for the amino acids arginine, methionine plus cystine, threonine, and valine, the following respective ratios were found to be acceptable: 1.06, .65, .60, and .75. During 16 to 19 wk of age for arginine, methionine plus cystine, threonine, and valine, the following respective ratios were found to be acceptable: 1.01, .76, .64, and .75. These studies provide greatly needed information on amino acid ratios for turkeys. Diets formulated with appropriate amino acid ratios will lessen the excretion of unused amino acids in the turkey manure.
Publications
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