Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Environmental Remediation agencies or organizations who are looking for a bio-based treatment option for soils and water contaminated with heavy metals and nutrients. Government Agencies and Businesses who are seeking technically and economically feasible strategies to mitigate climate change by removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Agricultural, Biofuel and Chemical Industry who are interested in the bio-energy production, energy storage, catalysis, environmental protection and other biochar-based materials production for industrial purposes. Small farmers who are interested in growing miscanthus grass on their marginal lands to improve farm revenue. Graduate students who have interests in the area of biotechnology, bioenergy, biobased products and waste management. This project demonstrates to the above target audience how to develop a sustainable system to treat waste biomass, recover energy, mitigate CO2 emission and produce biochar-based functional materials for various new state-of-art applications. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project provided training opportunities to graduate and undergraduate students who will have more chances to be hired in the bio-based industry. The project also provided hands-on learning opportunities for the undergraduate and graduate students in Biological Engineering program, Energy and Environmental Science, and Nanoscience and Nanoengineering. The students are able to conduct research for their dissertation, thesis, and senior design by participating in the project. In addition, the project also provide opportunity for high school student from Research Apprenticeship Program (RAP) to gain research experience and understand the importance of renewable energy. As a result, the students gained research experience in biochar production and processing, energy storage technologies and biobased materials development. Major activities in which students were involved in this project are listed below: Students learned hands-on lab experience on how to prepare feedstock and produce biochar from various biomass via pyrolysis and hydrothermal technologies. Students learned hands-on lab experience on how to develop biochar-based materials for various applications. The related work has been presented at the national and international conferences. Students are being provided the opportunity to learn the biochar and develop multiple interesting biochar based products from biomass. Five journal papers have been published including top Journals such as Biomass & Bioenergy, Fuel. Students also have gained hands-on training and learning experience on a number of state-of-the- art instruments (e.g., BET, SEM, TGA-DSC-MS, Electrochemical workstation, PY1-1050, Elemental analyzer) and biomass/bioproducts characterization. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Presentation of results at national and international conferences helped to disseminate the research results to the scientific community in the biofuels and biobased products sector. Manuscripts that were prepared for publishing in scientific, technical, or professional journals, books and conference proceedings helped to disseminate the results to a broader audience and interested parties. Multiple advanced biochar-based materials were developed via the biochar synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation trials in this project. These materials can be used at various agricultural, biofuel and chemical industries market. The utilization of these carbonaceous materials developed from this project can provide new business opportunities for various industries/stakeholders. Recommendations were developed and delivered to research scientists, entrepreneurs and industrial clients. The technical and economic data for the integrated green biorefinery system were also evaluated. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We worked on all the objectives during the reporting period. The major activities and achievements during the reporting period are summarized as follows: Biochar production from various biomass via pyrolysis and HTC. Miscanthus, wood bark and swine manure were chosen as feedstock based on their different structures. The effect of biomass components on char yield and properties during HTC and pyrolysis were investigated. Pyrolysis and HTC was performed in a Thermolyne Types F79300 tube furnaces and 350ml batch Parr Reactor, respectively. The effects of reaction condition (e.g. different pyrolysis temperatures) on the yield and characteristics of biochar were investigated. Biochar characterization. The structure of biochar was analyzed using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface area and pore structure was analyzed using the BET method using N2 as sorbate gas. The principal bulk elements of biochar C, H, N and O were analyzed by elemental analyzer. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) was used to characterize the inorganic species (K, Mg, Ca, Na, Si, Al, Fe, Mn, etc.) in biochar. Biochar application to energy storage. A laboratory scale supercapacitor cell was manufactured and assembled. A CHI660E Electrochemical workstation was used to measure the electrochemical properties of the supercapacitor. Biomass-derived biochar was used as the precursor to synthesize porous carbons for supercapacitor electrodes. The biochar was first activated with KOH to generate porous carbon material and then fabricated into highly flexible porous carbon nanofibers(ECNF) by electrospinning technique. In addition, mechanically flexible mats consisting of electrospun carbon nanofibers were for the first time fabricated by electrospinning aqueous mixtures contain free water algae (Chlorella powder) together with PAN at various mass ratio. The algae based ECNF mats were tested as free-standing and/or binder-free electrodes of supercapacitor. Biochar application to catalyst, biochar supported molybdenum carbide nanoparticles were synthesized for CO2 reforming of CH4. A simple procedure was developed to synthesize molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) nanoparticles by carburization of ammonium molybdate on biochar without using any gaseous carbon source or reducing gas. Biochar application to environmental protection, specifying in phosphate removal from water, a detailed research plan has been conducted.Biochar was produced from different feedstock such as wood, Miscanthus and swine manure under different temperatures (250, 260, 270, 500 0C) and production conditions (Hydrothermal Carbonization and Pyrolysis). Once carbonization completed, Biochar is activated by mixing biochar and KOH at 1:3 ratios. Furthermore, Ferrous and ferric chloride were impregnated on the biochar surface area to improve adsorption capacity. A HACH DR6000™ UV VIS Spectrophotometer was assembled and tested. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the removal of phosphate from aqueous solution by biochar derived from objective 1. A comparative life cycle assessment was conducted on hydrochar from wood feedstock and activated carbon from coconut shells for phosphate recovery from wastewater. The economic, energy, and environmental sustainability of the integrated green biorefinery system were evaluated. The specific knowledge learned from this study may be summarized below: Pyrolysis produced biochars with higher surface area than hydrochars from HTC. The biochar-based carbon nanofiber exhibited high electrochemical performance with highest gravimetric capacitance of 108 F/g at current density of 0.5 A/g. Highly mechanically flexible mats consisting of electrospun carbon nanofibers can be successfully fabricated by electrospinning aqueous mixtures contain free water algae (Chlorella powder) together with PAN at various mass ratio. PAN/Algae derived ECNFs exhibited better electrochemical performance due to the higher surface area and more suitable active sites stimulated by N based groups. The PAN/Algae derived CNF electrodes all showed excellent electrochemical stability with the highest of about 272% of its initial value after 5000 cycles. The results indicated that biomass-derived biochar can potentially be applied as a raw material for the production of low cost high performance electrode materials for supercapacitor. For dry reforming of CH4 reaction, the Mo2C nanoparticles catalyst resulted in 94% CH4 conversion and 97% CO2 conversion at a GHSV of 6000 h-1, a CH4/CO2 ratio of 1, at 875 oC for the 50-h duration of the experiments, but would deactivate fast due to the oxidation of the catalyst to molybdenum oxides at a temperature below 825 oC. Overall, the biochar-based materials were comparable to the industry standards at blocking ionizing radiation. The pressed polymer biochar seemed to perform most efficiently with every type of radiation given its density and thickness. Alpha radiation was greatly reduced by every form of radiation protection. Characterization results show that hydrochars have higher heating value, oxygen functional groups and volatile matter content compared to pyrochars. Magnetic biochars showed higher adsorption capacity thanks to the magnetite iron formation than non-magnetic biochars. The results suggested that Miscanthus hydrochar can be used as efficient phosphate adsorbent from wastewater due to its higher ion exchange capacity compared to pyrochar. The results of the life-cycle analysis show a 59.44% improvement in the environmental impact of the biochar compared to activated carbon, from 1.61 kg CO2 Eq to 3.97 kg CO2 Eq.The emission results showed that production of activated carbon filter emitted over 2.44 times more of carbon dioxide and approximately 4.12 times more methane compared to those made from biochar. Our findings imply that there exists a significant potential to make inexpensive biochar based advanced carbonaceous materials commercially competitive in several important applications.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Xiu, S., Gbewonyob, S., Shahbazi, A., and Zhang, L. (2019). Production of Biochar Based Porous Carbon Nanofibers for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications. Trends in Renewable Energy, 5, 151-164
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Gbewonyo, S., Xiu, S., Shahbazi, A. and Zhang, L.(2019). Low thermal conductivity carbon material from electrospinning and subsequent chemical activation. Carbon Lett. (2019):1-9.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Xiu, S., Shahbazi, A, Sennnou, K. Sutton, and Mims, M. (2019). Biochar Production and Characterization-An Experimental Comparison Between pyrolysis and Hydrothermal Carbonation. 2019 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Boston, MA, July 7-10th, 2019.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Xiu, S., Gbewonyob, S., Shahbazi, A., and Zhang, L. Hydrochar-based hierarchical carbon nanofibers as highly flexible freestanding nanofibrous electrode material for supercapacitor. 2019 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Boston, MA, July 7-10th, 2019.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Li, R., Shahbazi, A., Wang, L.J., Zhang, B., Chung, C., Dayton, D., Yan, Q. 2018. Nanostructured molybdenum carbide on biochar for CO2 reforming of CH4. Fuel, 403:403-410.
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Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:Environmental remediation agencies or organizations who are looking for a bio-based treatment option for soils and water contaminated with heavy metals and chemicals. Government Agencies and Businesses who are seeking technically and economically feasible strategies to mitigate climate change by removing CO2 from the carbon cycle. Agricultural, Biofuel and Chemical Industry who are interested in the bio-energy production, energy storage, catalysis, environmental protection and other biochar-based materials production for industrial purposes. Small farmers who are interested in growing miscanthus grass on their marginal lands to improve farm revenue. Graduate students who have interest in the area of biotechnology, bioenergy, biobased products and waste management. This project demonstrates how to develop a sustainable system to treat waste biomass, recover energy, mitigate CO2 emission and produce biochar-based functional materials for various new state-of-art applications. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project provided training opportunities to graduate and undergraduate students, such that they could have more chances to be hired in the bio-based industry. The project also provided hands-on learning opportunities for the undergraduate and graduate students in Biological Engineering program, Energy and Environmental Science, and Nanoscience and Nanoengineering. The students are able to conduct research for their dissertation, thesis, and senior design by participating in the project. In addition, the project also provided opportunity for high school student from Research Apprenticeship Program (RAP) to gain research experience and understand the importance of renewable energy. As a result, students gained research experience in biochar production and processing, energy storage technologies and biobased materials development. Major activities that students carried out in this project are listed below: Students learned hands-on lab experience on how to prepare feedstock and produce biochar from various biomass via pyrolysis and hydrothermal technologies. Students learned hands-on lab experience on how to develop biochar based materials for various applications. The related work has been presented at the national and international conferences. Students are being provided the opportunity to understand and characterize biochar and develop multiple biochar based products from biomass. Five journal papers have been published including top Journals such as Biomass & Bioenergy, and Fuel. Students also have gained hands-on experience and training on a number of state-of-the-art instruments (e.g., BET, SEM, TGA-DSC-MS, Electrochemical workstation, PY1-1050, Elemental analyzer) and biomass/bioproduct characterization. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Presentation of results at national and international conferences helped to disseminate the research results to the scientific community in the biofuels and biobased products sector. Manuscripts that were prepared for publishing in scientific, technical, or professional journals, books and conference proceedings helped to disseminate the results to a broader audience and interested parties. Multiple advanced biochar-based materials were identified via the biochar synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation trials in this project. These materials can apply to various agricultural, biofuel and chemical industries market. The utilization of these carbonaceous materials developed from this project can provide new business opportunities for various industries/stakeholders. Recommendations were developed and delivered to research scientists, entrepreneurs and industrial clients. The technical and economic data for the integrated green biorefinery system were also evaluated. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We worked on all the objectives during the reporting period. The major activities and achievements during the reporting period are summarized as follows: Biochar production from various biomass via pyrolysis and HTC. Miscanthus, wood bark and swine manure were chosen as feedstock based on their different structures. The effect of biomass components on char yield and properties during HTC and pyrolysis were investigated. Pyrolysis and HTC was performed in a Thermolyne Types F79300 tube furnaces and 350ml batch Parr Reactor, respectively. The effects of reaction condition (e.g. different pyrolysis temperatures) on the yield and characteristics of biochar were investigated. Biochar characterization. was analyzed using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface area and pore structure was analyzed using the BET method using N2 as sorbate gas. The principal bulk elements of biochar (C, H, N and O) were analyzed by elemental analyzer. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) was used to characterize the inorganic species (K, Mg, Ca, Na, Si, Al, Fe, Mn, etc.) in biochar. Biochar application in energy storage. A laboratory scale supercapacitor cell was manufactured and assembled. A CHI660E Electrochemical workstation was used to measure the electrochemical properties of the supercapacitor. Biomass-derived biochar was used as the precursor to synthesize porous carbons for supercapacitor electrodes. The biochar was first activated with KOH to generate porous carbon material and then fabricated into highly flexible porous carbon nanofibers (ECNF) by electrospinning technique. In addition, mechanically flexible mats consisting of electrospun carbon nanofibers were for the first time fabricated by electrospinning aqueous mixtures contain free water algae (Chlorella powder) together with PAN at various mass ratio. The algae based ECNF mats were tested as free-standing and/or binder-free electrodes of supercapacitor. Biochar application to radiation absorption and CO2 absorption, an ionizing and neutron radiation resistant fluoride intercalated biochar was developed. Fluoride was chosen in order to create strong bonds to resist the displacement of carbon atoms during neutron radiation. In specific, the pyrolysis biochar was activated with dilutions of hydrofluoric acid under sonification at different concentration up to 40%. This modified biochar was also used to produce a film by adding polymer additive in order to create a useful material. Biochar application to catalyst, biochar supported molybdenum carbide nanoparticles were synthesized for CO2 reforming of CH4. A simple procedure was developed to molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) by carburization of ammonium molybdate on biochar without using any gaseous carbon source or reducing gas. Biochar application to environmental protection, a detailed research plan has been developed for use in phosphate removal from water, A HACH DR6000™ UV VIS Spectrophotometer was assembled and tested. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the removal of phosphate from aqueous solution by biochar derived from objective 1. A comparative life cycle assessment was conducted on hydrochar from wood feedstock and activated carbon from coconut shells for phosphate recovery from wastewater. The economic, energy, and environmental sustainability of the integrated green biorefinery system were evaluated. The specific knowledge learned from this study may be summarized below: Pyrolysis produced biochars with higher surface area than hydrochars from HTC. The biochar based carbon nanofiber exhibited high electrochemical performance with highest gravimetric capacitance of 108 F/g at current density of 0.5 A/g. Highly mechanically flexible mats consisting of electrospun carbon nanofibers can be successfully fabricated by electrospinning aqueous mixtures contain free water algae (Chlorella powder) together with PAN at various mass ratio. PAN/Algae derived ECNFs exhibited better electrochemical performance due to the higher surface area and more suitable active sites stimulated by N based groups. The PAN/Algae derived CNF electrodes all showed excellent electrochemical stability with the highest of about 272% of its initial value after 5000 cycles. The results indicated that biomass-derived biochar can potentially be applied as a raw material for the production of low cost high performance electrode materials for supercapacitor. For dry reforming of CH4 reaction, the Mo2C catalyst resulted in 94% CH4 conversion and 97% CO2 conversion at a GHSV of 6000 h-1, a CH4/CO2 ratio of 1, at 875 oC for the 50-h duration of the experiments, but would deactivate fast due to the oxidation of the catalyst to molybdenum oxides at a temperature below 825 oC. The results of the life-cycle analysis show a 59.44% improvement in the environmental impact of the biochar compared to activated carbon, from 1.61 kg CO2 Eq to 3.97 kg CO2 Eq.The emission results showed that production of activated carbon filter emitted over 2.44 times more of carbon dioxide and approximately 4.12 times more methane compared to those made from biochar. Our findings imply that there exists a significant potential to make inexpensive biochar based advanced carbonaceous materials commercially competitive in many important applications.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Li, R., Shahbazi, A., Wang, L. J., Zhang, B., Chung, C., Dayton, D., and Yan, Q. 2018. Nanostructured molybdenum carbide on biochar for CO2 reforming of CH4. Fuel, 403:403-410.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Xiu, S., and Shahbazi, A. 2018. Production of Biochar-based carbon nanofibers for use as high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials. 2018 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Detroit, Michigan, July.29-Aug.1, 2018 (Poster presentation)
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Carter, A., Shahbazi, A., Xiu, S. 2018. Biochar from biomass used for supercapacitor application. research apprentice program (RAP) student poster showcase. Alumni Center of NC A and T State Univ. July.9th, 2018 (Poster presentation)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Xiu, S., Gbewonyob, S., Shahbazi, A., and Zhang, L. 2018. Production of biochar based porous carbon nanofibers for high performance supercapacitor applications. Material Letters. (Under Review)
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences include: (1) environmental protection agencies or organizations that are looking for a bio-based treatment option for soils and water contaminated with heavy metals and chemicals; (2) government agencies and business that are seeking technically and economically feasible strategies to mitigate climate change by removing CO2 from the carbon cycle; (3) agricultural, biofuel and chemical industries that are interested in the bio-energy production, energy storage, catalysis, environmental protection and other biochar-based materials production for industrial purposes; (4) small farmers who are interested in growing miscanthus grass on their marginal lands to increase farm revenue; and (5) graduate students who have interests in the area of biotechnology, bioenergy, bio-based products and waste management. This project demonstrates to the cited audiences how to develop a sustainable system to treat waste biomass, recover energy, mitigate CO2 emission and produce biochar-based functional materials for various new state-of-the-art applications. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project provided training opportunities to graduate and undergraduate students who have the expertise for employment in bioenergy and the bio-based products industry. Furthermore, the project has also provided hands-on learning opportunities for the undergraduate students in the Biological Engineering program, and graduate students in Energy and Environmental Systems Department and in the Nanoengineering Department. The students can conduct research for their dissertation, thesis, and senior design projects by participating in biochar related initiatives. As a result, students can gain research experience in biomass production and processing, waste treatment technologies, and biobased materials development. The major training and educational activities for students include the following: Students learned hands-on lab experience on how to prepare feedstock and produce biochar from various biomass via pyrolysis and hydrothermal technologies. Students learned hands-on lab experience on how to develop biochar-based materials for various applications. The related work has been presented at national and international conferences. Students are being provided the opportunity to learn about biochar and develop multiple biochar- based products from biomass. Four journal papers have been published including such top journals as Biomass and Bioenergy, and Fuel. Students also have gained hands-on training and learning experience on several state-of-the-art instruments (e.g., BET, SEM, TGA-DSC-MS, Electrochemical workstation, PY1-1050, Elemental analyzer) and biomass/bioproducts characterization. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Presentation of results at national and international conferences helped to disseminate the research results to the scientific community in the biofuels and biobased products industry. Manuscripts that were prepared for publishing in scientific, technical or professional journals, books and conference proceedings helped to disseminate the results to a broader audience and interested parties in government, universities and research centers. Upon completion of the project, multiple advanced biochar-based materials will be identified via the biochar synthesis, characterization and performance evaluation trials. These materials can be marketed at various agricultural, biofuel and chemical industries markets. Using these carbonaceous materials developed from this project will provide new business opportunities for various industries and stakeholders. Recommendations will be developed to deliver to research scientists, entrepreneurs and industrial clients. The technical and economic data for the development of biochar-based functional materials from biomass will be made available for technology transfer to industry. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will start working on Objective 4 and continue working on Objectives 1, 2 and 3 during the next reporting period.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The objective of the project is to perform research on thermochemical (both pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization) technology to convert a vast range of potential wastes and inexpensive carbonaceous materials into biochar. The next goal is to convert biochar into functional materials with high performance in many important industrial applications. These applications include energy storage in supercapacitors and batteries, catalysis and environmental protection by removing pollutants from air and water. We aim to determine how to tailor feedstock composition, carbonization conditions, and post-carbonization functionalization process for optimized performance in a specific application. Specific objectives include: Objective 1: Biochar production from various biomass via pyrolysis and HTC Objective 2: Surface chemistry, structural and molecular characterization of biochar Objective 3: Performance evaluation of biochars in several key applications Objective 4: Analyze the economic, energy and environmental impacts and benefits of different feedstocks, process conditions and end uses. We are mainly working on objectives 1, 2 and 3 during this reporting period. Application in environmental protection involves removing phosphate contaminants from water. A detailed research plan has been developed for this application. Oak wood was chosen as feedstock and then ground and sieved to particle size of 2mm before use. Pyrolysis of oak wood was performed in Thermolyne Types F79300 tube furnaces. The effects of reaction condition (e.g. different pyrolysis temperatures) on the characteristics of biochar and adsorption rates were investigated. In addition, we will evaluate the effect of adding metal oxide to biochar on biochar-characteristics and adsorption rates. For biochar application to energy storage, a laboratory scale supercapacitor cell was manufactured and assembled. A CHI660E Electrochemical workstation was used to measure the electrochemical properties of the supercapacitor. Corn cobs will be used as feedstock for the biochar production via pyrolysis. Meanwhile, the PI has collected some biochar that was produced from the fast pyrolysis of biomass from the research center of the Research Triangle Institute in N.C., to conduct preliminary tests. An electrode preparation method was developed to prepare and fabricate the working electrode. Preliminary studies were conducted on the biochar-based materials as electrochemical supercapacitor electrode materials. For biochar application to radiation absorption and CO2 absorption, research focuses on developing an ionizing and neutron radiation resistant fluoride intercalated biochar. This biochar must be capable of blocking alpha, beta, and gamma neutron particles. Fluoride was chosen to create strong bonds to resist the displacement of carbon atoms during neutron radiation. This biochar will be used as a film, or as an additive to concrete or to polymer to create a useful product. The pyrolyzed biochar was activated with dilutions of hydrofluoric acid under sonification. The dilutions were up to 40% with 10 percent increments starting from 0 (control). The primary analysis will be carried out by a BET instrument and an elemental analyzer to examine the fluoridation of the bio-char and the performance. For biochar application to catalyst, we are working on developing reusable, solid acid catalysts derived from wood-based biochar and activated carbon to esterify acetic acid with methanol at different mix ratio, catalyst loading and reaction time.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Xiu, S., Shahbazi, A., and Li, R. 2017. Characterization, Modification and Application of Biochar for Energy Storage and Catalysis: A Review. Trends in Renewable Energy, 3(1), 86-101.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Boakye-Boatena, N.A., L Kurkalova, Xiu, S., Shahbazi, A. 2017. Techno-economic analysis for biochemical conversion of Miscanthus x giganteus into bioethanol. Biomass and Bioenergy 98, 85-94
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Xiu, S., Zhang, B., Boakye-Boaten, N.A., Shahbazi, A. 2017. Green Biorefinery of Giant Miscanthus for Growing Microalgae and Biofuel Production. Fermentation 3, 66.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Xiu, S., Shahbazi, A., Li, R. 2017. Frontiers in Biochar Application for Energy Storage and Catalysis: a review. Current Organic Chemistry
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Xiu, S., A. Shahbazi. 2017. Integrated Utilization of Giant Miscanthus Biomass in the Green Biorefinery. 18th 1890 Association of Research Directors (ARD) Research Symposium. Atlanta, GA, April 1-4th, 2017. (Poster presentation)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Xiu, S., Shahbazi, A., Zhang, B. 2017. Esterification of Organic Acids in bio-oil using Solid Acid Catalysts Generated from Bio-char and Activated Carbon. 2017 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Spokane, Washington, July.16-19, 2017. (Poster presentation)
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