Source: OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
GENOMIC TOOLS, GENETIC RESOURCES, AND OUTREACH TO EXPAND COMMERCIAL U.S. HAZELNUT PRODUCTION
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
OTHER GRANTS
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1010026
Grant No.
2016-51181-25412
Cumulative Award Amt.
$3,112,410.00
Proposal No.
2016-04991
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Sep 1, 2016
Project End Date
Aug 31, 2022
Grant Year
2021
Program Code
[SCRI]- Specialty Crop Research Initiative
Recipient Organization
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
CORVALLIS,OR 97331
Performing Department
Horticulture
Non Technical Summary
Two legislatively mandated focus areas are addressed:1. Research in plant breeding, genetics, genomics and other methods improve cropcharacteristics (80%).a. Product taste, quality and appearance, b. Environmental responses and tolerances, d. Pest and disease management, including resistance to pests and disease resulting in reduced application management strategies. We will investigate the feasibility of R gene pyramiding for durable resistance.2. Identify and address threats from pests and diseases (20%). The proposed work includes the use of molecular markers to investigate genetic diversity among isolates of Anisogramma anomala, the causal fungus of eastern filbert blight (EFB). We will also collect Corylus germplasm, evaluate accessions for response to EFB inoculation, and study the inheritance of resistance from our native Corylus americana.Note that production is the primary system, although components address the consumer and markets system (human nutrition and health, vitality of rural communities).Critical stakeholder needs addressed and long-term goals. Hazelnuts are a profitable, high-value, low input, sustainable crop for which steadily increasing world demand now exceeds supply and stakeholders (from producers through consumers) show a significant desire for expanded US production. However, susceptibility to eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala and the limited climatic adaptation of existing cultivars severely limit production in the eastern and Midwestern regions and threaten the sustainability of current production in Oregon. The genetic resources and knowledge to overcome these limiting factors now exist. This SREP "Center of Excellence" project leverages substantial resources and prior investments to develop genomic tools for hazelnut (Approach 1), study gene expression following EFB inoculation (Approach 2), map dominant R genes and study R gene Genomic tools, genetic resources, and outreach to expand commercial U.S. hazelnut production - 7 pyramids and resistance in Corylus americana (Approach 3), enhance Corylus americana germplasm collections (Approach 4), improve knowledge of the pathogen A. anomala (Approach 5), identify superior cultivars and pollenizers (Approach 6), and bolster and implement strategic, coordinated outreach efforts (Approach 7) to address these limiting factors in a targeted, effective, and comprehensive way with longterm goals that include: a) the expanded planting of hazelnut as a food crop, b) the development of new economic options for producers and entrepreneurs, and c) the improvement of national food security by enhancing crop, farm system, and product diversity, adaptation to climatic fluctuations, and improved disease resistance.Outreach plan. Our outreach plan (Approach 7, pg. 27) will directly engage new and existing stakeholder groups and address stakeholder concerns and needs that are related but vary across three climatic zones: the Pacific Northwest where commercial production now exists and is rapidly expanding; the temperate "Fruit Belt" region of the eastern US, where new EFB-resistant cultivars are expected to be released in 3-4 years; and the Midwest and Great Plains, where new hybrids are in the process of being identified with superior nut quality, yield, and adaptation to demanding climates. We will use comprehensive, coordinated, and innovative high-touch, high-tech outreach approaches for education and training activities in the three regions bolstered by demonstration trials and new cooperator field trials, including field tours and "edutainment" events, social media campaigns, stakeholder trainings, and webinars, with publications and presentations focused on the translation of new knowledge and practical applications to engage new and existing local, regional, and national partner stakeholder groups. The Oregon industry has many newcomers who need educational programs. In the Fruit Belt, an emphasis will be placed on "train-the-trainer" meetings early in the project to rapidly disseminate knowledge in support of the first cultivar releases for the region (to be made during this grant period). Targeted, comprehensive, and coordinated national outreach efforts will also be made through the PI institution's web resources and social media, including the Arbor Day Foundation's extensive national membership and related partner connections via their educational website devoted to hybrid hazelnuts and a print newsletter that reaches one million people per year, and a hybrid hazelnut membership program with 80,000 members.Potential economic, social, and environmental benefits. Extensive and strong national/international markets (currently $3.26 billion) exist for hazelnut products and powerful environmental and economic benefits (for producers and rural communities) would be generated by large-scale production of hybrid hazelnuts in the US. Hazelnuts are an ideal choice to integrate into profitable, sustainable agricultural or agroforestry production systems, and are family-friendly for small producers focused on local food issues. Hazelnuts could become a "third crop" in the Midwest and Great Plains (along with corn and soybeans), and have considerable value as a specialty crop in eastern states (Fruit Belt region). Environmental benefits of hazelnut production include reduced runoff and soil erosion, enhanced water quality, relatively few inputs of fertilizers and pesticides, improved wildlife habitats, and increased carbon sequestration - impacts that benefit farm families and residents of both rural and urban communities. Further, they can be grown without irrigation in many regions and do not require bees for pollination. Hazelnut kernels are widely recognized for their health promoting effects, have a long storage life, and have robust local-to-international markets for a variety of value-added products. The economic potential of hazelnut is documented by Oregon's annual acreage increase (3,000 acres since 2009), world annual production (870,000 metric tons/year), the wholesale price/pound of dry, unshelled nuts ($1.70) and the world annual hazelnut revenue ($3.26 billion). Across the central states, many producers looking to diversify their operations beyond corn and soybeans have shown intense interest in hazelnuts. Ten-year average yields of superior selections grown in field trials in NE indicate that net returns from hybrid hazelnuts will likely compete very well with or exceed returns from agronomic crops.
Animal Health Component
25%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
70%
Applied
25%
Developmental
5%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
20212101040100%
Knowledge Area
202 - Plant Genetic Resources;

Subject Of Investigation
1210 - Filbert;

Field Of Science
1040 - Molecular biology;
Goals / Objectives
develop genomic tools for hazelnut study gene expression following EFB inoculationmap dominant R genes and study R gene pyramids and resistance in Corylus americana enhance Corylus americana germplasm collectionsimprove knowledge of the pathogen A. anomala identify superior cultivars and pollenizersbolster and implement strategic, coordinated outreach effortsto address these limiting factors in a targeted, effective, and comprehensive way
Project Methods
1. Approach for constructing a high-density genetic linkage map, including new markers from GBS, ddRADseq and BAC end sequences, and integration with the physical map. We hypothesize that GBS and ddRADseq present cost-effective means for saturating the genetic map, which will allow precise mapping of genes and facilitate the integration of the linkage and physical map. This in turn will lead to markers for important traits, and breeding approaches that are informed and more efficient. Methods, including sequence of activities. Hazelnut is a highly polymorphic diploid species with a small genome, and cultivars are highly heterozygous clones. Analysis of 'Jefferson' genome and transcriptome sequences indicate a SNP frequency of one in 193 bases in the transcriptome and one in 50 bases in the genome. Alignment of the genome sequences of 7 accessions with the 'Jefferson' reference discovered 3 million SNPs between each accession and 'Jefferson'. The draft genome for 'Jefferson', assembled from Illumina reads, has 36,642 contigs. The linkage map of Mehlenbacher et al. (2006) was constructed using RAPD and SSR markers. To this map, ~450 SSR markers, a few ISSR markers, and 3100 genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) markers from ApeKI enzyme (Elshire, 2011) have been added. The parents of 'Jefferson' (which are the parents of the mapping population) are highly heterozygous. At each place in the genome, 'Jefferson' inherited one haplotype from its maternal and one from its paternal parent. Knowledge of the haplotype and parental origin are essential for alignment of the linkage and physical maps.2. Approach to identify & quantify expression of genes in susceptible and resistant interactions. We hypothesize that RNA-Seq following inoculation can identify genes involved in the infection process, that expression level can be quantified, that the 'Gasaway' R gene is of the NBS-LRR type, that its sequence will match those of candidate genes on BAC 43F13, and that long-range PCR can generate orthologous DNA sequences from other resistant hazelnuts. Sequence of activities: In year 2, 'Ennis' and 'Jefferson' will be inoculated with spores of A. anomala, RNA extracted post-inoculation, and sequences from RNA-Seq identified. qPCR will quantify expression of candidate genes. In years 3-5, additional resistant genotypes will be added. Primers designed from candidate genes and adjacent sequences will be used to amplify 5 other accessions with LG6 resistance. The resulting PCR products will be cloned, and their sequences aligned and compared.3. Approach to map dominant EFB resistance genes, study disease response in selections with pyramids of R genes, and study resistance from Corylus americana. We hypothesize that the use of multiple sources of EFB resistance will lead to new cultivars expressing durable resistance. Current research funded by a NIFA AFRI grant ending in August 2016 and focused on C. avellana will be extended to include >30 new sources of resistance in C. avellana, C. americana, and other Corylus. Sequence of activities: Over years 1-5, 100s of existing hazelnut progenies segregating for response to EFB from a wide diversity of sources will be evaluated in OR, NJ, and NE and segregation patterns for disease response examined; additional progenies will be developed from new sources of resistance and exposed to EFB (greenhouse, field or structure); R genes segregating in Mendelian patterns will be mapped; existing progenies segregating for 2 R genes (pyramids) will be studied.4. Approach to collect and study native C. americana. We hypothesize that C. americana collections will yield plants of significant value to breeding efforts. Sequence of activities: Yr 1 study existing collection of C. americana selections with SSR markers; collect more germplasm. Yrs 2-5 continue to collect seed/establish new plants; evaluate phenotypic traits; use genotypic and phenotypic data to identify superior selections.5. Approach to improve sequence coverage and genome assembly of Anisogramma anomala and further study its genetic diversity. We hypothesize that a better understanding of the EFB pathogen will increase the success of breeding for long-term durable resistance. Key personnel: Rutgers, Hillman, Honig, Molnar; OSU, Mehlenbacher. Sequence of activities: completed as described, Yr 1-2. 6. Approach to efficiently identify widely adapted cultivars and pollenizers. Through multi-region breeding/selection efforts, we will identify hybrid cultivars for a wide range of climates.Sequence of activities. Yrs 1-5, ongoing: multilocation program with progeny generation at OSU and field evaluations at UNL and Rutgers, then early clonal trials at UNL and Rutgers, followed by replicated trials across the US (outside of grant timeline). Yrs 1-2, propagate 17 previously-identified selections and establish trials in 10-12 locations; evaluate C. americana and hybrids as cold-hardy pollenizers at Rutgers/UNL to support new Fruit Belt releases.7. Approach for comprehensive outreach/extension to effectively translate research and breeding results to stakeholders. A comprehensive outreach program targets the unique needs of 3 three climate zones. Innovative outreach efforts will utilize several means, including electronic and social media venues, to target and reach existing and potential stakeholders. Outreach/Education teams will engage stakeholders to foster substantially increased adoption of hazelnut production. Outreach will span Yrs 1-5 in the PNW, with expansion of activities later in the Fruit Belt and Midwest/Great Plains as trials are established and new cultivars released

Progress 09/01/16 to 07/07/22

Outputs
Target Audience: Plant breeders Basic agricultural science researchers Applied agricultural science researchers Graduate and undergraduate students Producers of agricultural commodities The public at large Citizen scientists interested in nut culture Nut enthusiasts curious about hybrid hazelnuts and technology Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Four grad students are pursuing PhD degrees - two each from OSU and Rutgers. The OSU and Rutgers projects hire many undergraduate student workers and expose them to experimental design, data development and entry, field work, and professional interactions. Opportunities for professional development are provided to growers, farm workers, packers and handlers through Extension events, many of which are organized by the Nut Growers Society (NGS) of OR, WA, and BC - the educational arm of the industry. The NGS and OSU Extension work closely to deliver programs for the winter meeting, summer tour and other events. The NGS annual report publishes summaries of winter meeting presentations and the growers' handbook, a reference in the industry. Growers were trained in principles of airblast spraying, how to properly calibrate the sprayer, and nozzle selection. Growers were exposed to integrated pest management information through multiple outreach events. Growers were trained on pruning techniques for hazelnuts including mechanical hedging. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Dissemination to producers is through Extension events coordinated with the Nut Growers' Society, interviews with the Capital Press agricultural newspaper, and articles in Pacific Nut Producer magazine. Dissemination to peers is through publications in refereed journals, presentations at professional meetings, and seminars to faculty, graduate and undergraduate students. Citizen scientists interested in nut culture and nut enthusiasts curious about hybrid hazelnuts are reached through presentations at the annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association and articles contributed to their quarterly magazine "The Nutshell." What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1) 1a. PacBio sequencing of 7 hazelnut genomes. 1b. Illumina genome sequences of diversity panels of Corylus avellana and C. americana. 1c. Seedling pop'ns created for EFB resistance on LG2 [sources Georgia and Holmskij (Russia)] and LG7 [sources 'Ratoli' and Sochi (Russia)]. Fine mapping by 2 PhD students underway. 2) 2a. In the 'Jefferson' V3 genome, 'Gasaway' EFB resistance is between genes 25613 and 25626 in a region with resistance gene analogs (RGA) on one strand and protein kinase genes on the other. Of other assemblies, only the father of 'Jefferson' (OSU 414.062) has the same layout. In the published 'Tombul' genome, a pocket of RGA genes (25611-25613) appears and begins again at 25621. A few predicted NBS-LRR genes have full domains, but most appear to be incomplete, decoys, or have unique structures. Accurate gene calling was prevented because NBS-LRRs are rich in repeats. The OSU Genomics and Bioinformatics Lab will soon finish the 'Jefferson' V4 genome; it will include haplotype phasing (mother vs. father contributions) and new gene annotation. We will then revisit this region. 2b. Identify, quantify genes expression in susceptible and resistant interactions Resistant 'Jefferson' and susceptible 'Ennis' were inoculated with the pathogen, morning and evening, and samples collected 0, 24, 96, and 192 h post-inoculation; 3-5 biological reps for each treatment. Young leaves were flash frozen in liquid N and stored at -80 °C until RNA extraction. We collected A. anomala inoculum and 5 single-leaf mock (water) libraries each for cultivar. RNA was extracted with CTAB, purified using the Zymo RNA clean kit; a total of 41 cDNA pools were prepared for sequencing. Of these, 12 ('Sant Pere', 'Daviana', 'Gasaway', 'Ratoli', 'Tombul Ghiaghli' and 7 numbered selections) were leaf samples from the field. cDNA libraries were prepared using the NEB Next Single Cell/ Low Input RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina. Purified cDNA libraries were sequenced on the Ion Torrent platform (4 Ion Express chips). Of the 115 million reads generated, 51% aligned to the Jefferson V3 genome. The pools of 'Jefferson' and 'Ennis' reads = mock and inoculated - totaled 20 million reads that aligned to Jefferson V3, with significant variation in the number of aligned reads in the pools. All cDNA library sequences were aligned to the Anisogramma anomala genome (Rutgers assembly of Oregon isolate) and coding sequences; alignment was very good. For the 'Gasaway' resistance region (LG6), notes were taken on the 'Jefferson' and 'Ennis' libraries for about 200 genes. Alignment that occurred in spaces not annotated were examined, looking for unique transcripts; many were found. Consensus sequences in unannotated regions were BLASTed against the NCBI database. Several programs were used in subsequent analyses. 2c. To complement the gene expression studies and validate gene annotation in 'Jefferson' V3, 184 qPCR primer pairs were designed to target 58 genes in the LG6 resistance region. Many were gene-specific, with one primer of the pair designed to anneal at an exon-exon junction and the second targeted to a single exon. Initial amplification and sizing used 'Jefferson' genomic DNA as template. Initial screening of exon-spanning primers compared the true PCR product size with the in silico predicted size, noting complete lack of amplification by the exon-exon junction primers. Most exon-spanning primers amplified as expected when the expected fragment size was <1000 bp, but as expected most of the exon-exon primers did not amplify the genomic DNA. Then primer screening used pooled 'Jefferson' leaf cDNA as template. Amplification of cDNA, visualized on agarose gels, was weak; amplicon size was estimated for primer pairs giving the best amplification. 3) 3a. New sources of EFB resistance were assigned to LGs based on correlation with mapped SSR markers. Crimean selections H3R07P07 and H3R07P11 were assigned to LG6; Turkish selections OSU 1229.082, OSU 1240.131 and OSU 1289.028 and OSU 1168.098 from Sochi, Russia were assigned to LG2. Resistance in Crimean selection H3R12P62 was assigned to LG7. To date, 30 sources have been assigned to a LG: 17 on LG6, 5 on LG2, 8t on LG7. Resistance from 20 sources (13 Avellana, 2 Americana, 5 hybrids) has not yet been assigned. SSRs at 25 cM intervals on all LGs have been chosen to investigate these. 3b. Quantify EFB resistance The OSU breeding program has identified dozens of selections with few and smaller cankers, including 'Sacajawea', 'Tonda di Giffoni', 'Mortarella', 'Sant Pere', 'Closca Molla', 17 selections of Turkish origin, and 19 others from eastern Europe/Caucasus. The selections are from imported seed lots shared by OSU and Rutgers. For further genetic studies, selections were crossed in pairs and the seedlings planted with the parents in NJ and MO. Quantitative resistance was mapped in populations of three C. americana selections, each crossed with EFB-tolerant 'Tonda di Giffoni'. QTLs were identified on LG11 of the OSU 403.040 map and LG 10 of the 'Tonda di Giffoni' map. 3c. Pairwise crosses were made to combine pairs of R genes. A few selections are in replicated yield trials and more seedlings are in the field. 3d. Pairwise crosses among unrelated F1 hybrid hazelnuts generated the F2; seedlings are growing in OR, NJ, NE and MO. Early results from NJ show that most F1 parents expressed moderate to severe EFB, but segregation in the F2 followed a distribution curve expected for quantitatively controlled traits; the offspring recovered tolerance and resistance. Transgressive segregation was common; individual seedlings had less EFB than either parent. Narrow sense heritability estimates support the presence of additive gene action. The results support development of F2 populations. C. americana collections. No additions to the collection at Rutgers. 4) The A. anomala genome (343 Mb) is massive compared to other ascomycetes. We determined blocks of the sequence are compartmentalized into 1) gene-rich, repeat-poor regions with higher GC content and low activity of the anti-transposon genome RIP (repeat-induced point mutation) defense mechanism and 2) gene-poor, repeat-rich regions with low GC content and high RIP activity. Housekeeping genes tend to be in gene-rich regions. Conserved genes are in gene-rich regions and distant from repeat elements. Highly adaptable genes involved in virulence and host-pathogen interactions (including effectors) are closer to transposons, often nestled within repeat-rich regions. 7) 7a. Planted 1100 new seedlings from OSU on 1.8 acres near Lincoln, NE. 7b. Ten top selections from field trials in NE identified, coppiced, and scheduled for propagation via mound layering in late summer 2022. 7c. Planted 258 clones of top selections from OSU and Rutgers in Plattsmouth and Lincoln (NE). 8) 8a. Hybrid hazelnut information and research was disseminated through https://www.arborday.org/programs/hazelnuts/. Total pageviews on the hazelnuts pages from 7/1/21 to 6/17/22 are 25,872, with 15,171 total unique people on those pages. 8b. Hybrid hazelnut info was disseminated in print to 750,000 Arbor Day Farm members and to 550,000 by email in the Jan/Feb 2022 Foundation newsletter in the article "Hazelnuts: a field report." The newsletter noted the release of OSU 541.147 and availability of 'Grand Traverse' and directed people to nurseries. 8c. Arbor Day Farm staff led a 1-hour hybrid hazelnut tour in August 2021 of the farm's hazelnut orchard (25 participants). 8d. A dedicated limestone path was constructed through the Arbor Day Farm Hybrid Hazelnut orchard, giving farm guests an opportunity to engage the orchard in a walking tour.

Publications

  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Mehlenbacher, S.A. and T.J Molnar. 2022. Hazelnut breeding. In: Plant Breeding Reviews, Irwin Goldman (ed.). Published 22 October 2021. copyright 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119828235.ch2
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Lombardoni, J.J. J.A. Honig, J.N. Vaiciunas, R.S. Revord, and T.J. Molnar. 2022. Segregation of eastern filbert blight disease response and single nucleotide polymorphism markers in three EuropeanAmerican interspecific hybrid hazelnut populations. 2022. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS05112-22
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Webber, J.B., V.O. Stockwell, S. Wada, and N.G. Wiman. 2021. Susceptibility of some Corylus avellana L. cultivars to Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina. Frontiers Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.800339
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Muehlbauer, M., J. Capik, and T.J. Molnar. 2021. Choosing plants for a hazelnut orchard in New Jersey. Rutgers University New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Cooperative Extension Bulletin E368. https://njaes.rutgers.edu/e368/
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Wiman, N.G., and E. Chernoh. 2022. Hazelnut pests. In Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook. Cooperative Extension Systems of University of Idaho, Oregon State University, and Washington State University. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. In: Hollingsworth, C.S., editor. Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook [online]. Annual checks of chemicals, updating hazelnut pests and management info.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Wiman, N.G., J. Pscheidt, and M. Moretti. 2022. Hazelnut pest management guide for the Willamette Valley. Traditional PDF guide and new application format. Oregon State University Extension Service Publication EM 8328.
  • Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2022 Citation: Murray, K., I. Sandlin, P. Ellsworth, P. Jepson, A. Fournier, H. Luh and N.G. Wiman. 2022. Pest Impact Report for Oregon Hazelnut. Oregon State University Extension Service Publication EM XXXX (In Press).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2022 Citation: Cohen, A.B., Cai, G., Price, D.C., Molnar, T.J., and Hillman, B.I. 2022. Factors driving genome evolution of Anisogramma anomala, the Eastern Filbert Blight fungus, reveal lifestyle and pathogen biology. Poster presented at the 31st Annual Fungal Genetics Conference, Asilomar, CA. March 17.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2021 Citation: Mehlenbacher, S.A. 2021. Hazelnut breeding at Oregon State University. Abstracts of the annual meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS). Denver, CO, August 8, 2021. (oral presentation). SCRI support acknowledged.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2021 Citation: Mehlenbacher, S.A. 2021. Release of OSU 541.147 hazelnut by the Hybrid Hazelnut Consortium. Annual meeting (virtual) of the Northern Nut Growers Association. August 2, 2021. The pre-recorded presentation was shown by Zoom followed by a live question-and-answer session, and archived on the NNGA website. Brief article submitted to The Nutshell. SCRI support acknowledged.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2021 Citation: Medberry, A.N., R. Patel, N. Patel, D. Kobayashi, J.M. Capik, T.J. Molnar. 2002. Investigating unexpected disease symptoms of bacterial blight (Xanthomonas arboricola) on hazelnut in New Jersey. Proc. 31st Annual Rutgers Turfgrass Symposium. Center for Turfgrass Science. School of Environmental and Biological Sciences. Rutgers Univ. p. 54-55. March 17, 2022 https://turf.rutgers.edu/research/posters/
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2021 Citation: Jacobs, D.C., J.M. Capik and T.J. Molnar. 2021. Long term response of eastern filbert blight resistant hazelnut germplasm in New Jersey. HortScience 56(9) S96 Abstracts of the annual meeting of ASHS. Denver, CO, August 8, 2021. (oral presentation). SCRI support acknowledged.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2021 Citation: Hlubik, D., J.M. Capik, and T.J. Molnar. 2021. Investigation of growing degree day requirements of European, American, and hybrid hazelnuts in New Jersey. HortScience 56(9) S96 Abstracts of the annual meeting of ASHS. Denver, CO, August 8, 2021. (oral presentation). SCRI support acknowledged.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Justin J. Lombardoni, Ph.D. in Plant Biology, Rutgers Univ. 12/21 (Copyright date 2022). Title: Enhancing disease resistance and yield traits of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) using genomic technologies.


Progress 09/01/20 to 08/31/21

Outputs
Target Audience: Plant breeders Basic agricultural science researchers Applied agricultural science researchers Graduate and undergraduate students Producers of agricultural commodities The public at large Citizen scientists interested in nut culture Nut enthusiasts curious about hybrid hazelnuts and technology Changes/Problems:COVID-19 significantly hindered field work in 2020-21 and will continue to challenge us. In the past 18 months, universities restricted travel and did not allow us to go to the field plots for most of the growing season. Students were very restricted on time in the laboratory, delaying research significantly. The hiring of student and temp workers was difficult, and limits were placed on laboratory and on-station occupancy. Field propagation plans were abandoned, and greenhouse seedling propagation was negatively impacted. Planned spring field trial establishment was delayed; we hope to do this work in the fall of 2021 but have no institutional guarantees. Most in-person outreach events scheduled for 2020-21 were cancelled due to COVID 19. COVID reduced meeting opportunities and hosting of workshops, and interfered with our ability to complete publications. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The annual summer tour of the Nut Growers Society of OR, WA and BC was held in-person on August 4, 2021.It was well-attended by growers and processors.The OSU breeding program's student workers and graduate students attended.Dr. Nik Wiman was one of the speakers. Although COVID canceled or curtailed many events, we disseminated information to our stakeholders via pre-recorded videos.OSU's annual Breeding Plot Tour was a professional video recording shown at the winter meeting of the Nut Growers Society and on the industry website (oregonhazelnuts.org). Dr. Mehlenbacher presented on OSU 541.147 at the virtual annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association, and hosted a discussion session. Dr. Mehlenbacher hosted virtual seminars to students at OSU, Rutgers, and New Zealand hazelnut growers. Drs. Mehlenbacher and Wiman met virtually with colleagues in Italy and Spain. Learning events for growers and consultants. Many informal interactions not captured by the metrics. Professional development for undergraduates and technical staff. UNL presented a Facebook live event hosted by the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum (NSA) on October 1, 2020 about hazelnut cultivation and biology. The archived video is available on the NSA Facebook page and had been viewed 550 additional times. https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?v=348886073225326&ref=watch_permalink Conducted virtual hazelnut flowering webinar on March 1, 2021, with 14 attendees from Nebraska, to educate growers from the Nebraska Nut Growers Association about collecting flowering observations on the hybrids they were field testing. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Social media and web content OSU projects have two Facebook pages: OSU Breeding Program, OSU Hazelnut Extension. Through published extension publications, newsletters, journal articles. Through presentations to academic peers at national and international conferences. As documented in the cited publications.First extension bulletin on hazelnuts published from Rutgers University in 2021 https://njaes.rutgers.edu/e368/ Grower meetings and field tours, farm visits. Through guest visits to the Arbor Day Farm and retail products associated with hazelnuts Engaged the public at large through social media and web content on: https://www.arborday.org/programs/hazelnuts/ Engaged 680,000 Arbor Day Farm members through the Jan/Feb issue of our national newsletter publishing an article titled - "A Breakthrough in Hazelnut Production" detailing the release of "the Beast OSU 541.147" selection." Engaged nut enthusiast interested in nut culture and hybrid technology through the updating of the Arbor Day Farm Hybrid Hazelnut Consortium website: https://www.arborday.org/programs/hazelnuts/learn/consortium-members.cfm Updates include: - In May of 2020 member pages were updated with names and CVs of members. - Added 2021 Rutgers University publication Molnar, T.J., J. Capik, M. Muehlbauer. (2021). Choosing Plants for a Hazelnut Orchard in New Jersey. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Bulletin E368 Added the University of Missouri's Center for Agroforestry to the partner page, including a section on Dr. Ron Revord. Guests visiting the Arbor Day Farm experiencing our hybrid hazelnut orchard behind the Lied Lodge and Conference Center. Updated interpretive plaques and signs for the orchard. With Lovelace seeds, Great Plains Nursery, and Grimm's Gardens raised awareness about hybrid hazelnuts and recent improved releases. In person conversation about sustainable woody agriculture production utilizing hybrid hazelnuts with US Congressman Jeff Fortenberry. Fielded many questions about hybrid hazelnuts from within and outside the PNW production region. More than 15 Ask-an-Expert questions pertaining to hazelnuts Through teaching events, documents, video. UNL: Via online webinars, Facebook live events and video recordings of those events. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Obj. 1. OSU will assemble and annotate the genome sequences of ten hazelnuts being sequenced. Obj. 2: Potted trees were inoculated with EFB in the greenhouse in a time-course experiment early summer 2021. RNA will be extracted from the leaves now stored at -80C. Genes expressed in 'Jefferson' and 'Ennis' after inoculation with EFB will be compared with each other and uninoculated checks. Obj. 3: Seedlings of progenies segregating for resistance from additional new sources have been exposed to EFB, disease scores taken, DNA extracted, and are being investigated by new grad students. Sources of resistance include Turkey, Georgia, Crimea and Dickum hybrid OSU 1044.086 (C. americana x C. avellana). Controlled pollinations will generate new seedling populations to study inheritance from different sources of qualitative resistance. Seeds from 31 pairwise F1 crosses (2021) will be shared with Rutgers and UNL in the near future. The F2 seedlings will allow us to investigate EFB resistance from C. americana.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Obj. 1: 14,030 SNP markers added to reference linkage map. Coordinates known of all SNP and SSR markers in the Jefferson genome (V3, 11 scaffolds). Gene annotation performed; diploid phasing continues. Genomes are being used in research for resistance. Six more genomes representing 5 resistance sources were sequenced. Gasaway resistance region narrowed to 135 kb, covered by one V2 contig. Aligned contigs in assembled genomes and Betula pendula. Gene content in resistance region closely resembles the RB region in Solanum bulbocastanum; only RGA3 and RGA4 clusters in the Gasaway region identified. Multi-protein alignment of Jefferson RGAs with S. bulbocastanum and diverse tree species shows Corylus genes diverge from Solanum spp. but are greatly similar to other tree species. Several RGAs contain leucine-rich repeat, transmembrane, and coiled-coil domains. OSU developed 73 long-range primer pairs to tile and amplify 3 target areas of the Gasaway resistance region. All amplicons are 6.5-13 kb. Obj. 2. Time-course inoculation of Jefferson & Ennis examined interaction of host and pathogen. We will compare cDNA pools of native vs. inoculated Jefferson & Ennis leaf tissue to identify constitutive and induced gene expression and pursue genes with differential expression. OSU is testing 184 qPCR primers that target 58 genes in the Gasaway resistant and susceptible homologues, and L-type lectin-domains containing receptor kinase genes. Primers span exon-exon boundaries. Obj. 3. OSU developed, characterized, mapped and found the genome coordinates of new SSR markers in resistance regions on LG2, LG6 and LG7 for new resistance sources. New LG6 sources include 6 from Russia (Moscow #23 & #26 and 4 from Holmskij), OSU 1185.126 (Crimea), OSU 533.129 (Michigan), C. heterophylla Ogyoo (Korea), and Estrella #1. OSU 1187.101 (Holmskij) is a LG2 source. The 4 LG7 sources are from Russia (Moscow #2 & #27, OSU 1166.123) and H3R12P62 (Crimea). Resistance from 5 others did not correlate with SSR marker scores on LG 2, 6 or 7. We exposed seedlings segregating for new sources, scored disease, and extracted DNA. 31 crosses between parents with quantitative EFB resistance made. Crossed F1 hybrids (C. americana x C. avellana); seeds of 13 pairwise crosses (F2) in 2020 and 31 more in 2021 shared with Rutgers and Nebraska. Rutgers investigated the durability of EFB resistance from C. avellana of 162 resistant selections. Under exposure to high EFB pressure, the 162 plants were re-evaluated in 2016 and 2021. In 2016, 128 of the 162 were disease free and others had minor infections. In 2021, only 66 were EFB free EFB and trees moderately infected (2016) showed much EFB. EFB increase was in specific seedlots, indicating a breakdown of major resistance gene(s). At Rutgers, EFB response of seedlings from 3 interspecific pairwise crosses [American hazelnuts OSU 533.069, OSU 403.040, CCOR 710.001 (all EFB-free) with Tonda di Giffoni] followed a normal distribution, indicating multigenic inheritance. Genotyping-by-sequencing and QTL mapping discovered >36K SNPs in the sequences of each progeny. Of the 193 SSR anchor markers screened, >116 were polymorphic in each progeny. Filtering reduced the marker number (SNP + SSR) to ~3,100 in each progeny; constructed linkage maps and identified five QTL for tolerance/resistance. Three QTL on LG10 and 1 on LG6 were from Tonda di Giffoni. A fifth QTL was on LG11 of American OSU 403.040. Resistance from the American parents may be highly quantitative and not resolved by this analysis. We collected detailed data on nut and kernel quality and phenology. Rutgers made controlled crosses between susceptible selections and new resistant accessions from Poland, Turkey, Russia, and Latvia to study inheritance. Many additional crosses were made to produce progenies segregating for quantitative resistance and pairs of major genes that can withstand NJ disease pressure. Rutgers evaluated EFB response in F2 hybrids and their parents. In 2014 and 2015, OSU selected 26 progenies for nut traits from pairwise crosses of 30 F1s sans high EFB pressure. These were field grown for 5 years in NJ under heavy EFB pressure, then rated on a scale of 0 = no EFB to 5 = heavily infected. Most F1 parents expressed moderate to severe EFB (mean score 4.01); several were highly tolerant/resistant (score <3.0). Mean EFB scores for progenies were 0.67-4.92; overall mean was 2.98. Overall distribution was continuous; some progenies skewed toward high susceptibility; others produced an unexpected abundance of disease-free offspring. F2 means were regressed on mid-parent values; the heritability estimate of EFB rating was 0.64. In general, when one or both parents scored ≤3.5, their progeny had a low mean EFB score. Transgressive segregation was common; many susceptible parents produced significant resistant offspring. Nebraska rated 2083 seedlings representing 40 F2 families with C. americana resistance for EFB in field plots. Compiled and shared disease ratings with Rutgers for comparison to the same populations grown in NJ. Obj. 4. 1,841 seedlings from 158 unique seed lots span the native range of Corylus americana. Most are now nut bearing. Selected core plants for new crosses to expand hybrid diversity. We evaluate the collection for nut and kernel traits and phenology. A graduate thesis (NB) will summarize results in fall 2021. Obj. 5. An Oregon isolate of A. anomala was annotated in detail. The final assembly was ~343 Mb and 112 scaffolds, far larger than other ascomycete genomes. The predicted protein set included 94.4% of fungal BUSCOs, demonstrating a high-quality genome assembly and near complete gene set. A. anomala genome encodes more than 450 potential carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes), 762 predicted secreted proteins, and 165 candidate effector molecules; >85% of the genome is epeat content. A comprehensive, non-redundant repeat library was constructed. Transposable elements accounted for ~88% of the genome; the vast majority were long terminal repeat retroelements; some appear active based on intact gag and pol protein domains and transcripts from RNA-seq data. improved sequence coverage and depth. Sequenced isolates of A. anomala from a tree protected by Gasaway resistance (E187), and from a susceptible tree (HMP117) to 32x and 98x sequencing depth, respectively. Acquired 3 replicates of transcriptome data for each isolate from RNA isolated from cultured ascospores. Annotated both genomes with the analyses as the Oregon isolate. All 3 genomes may provide genomic features important to breakdown of resistance in hazelnut. Obj. 6. OSU 541.147 "The Beast" released by Hybrid Hazelnut Consortium April 2020; U.S. Plant Patent granted in June 2021, being micropropagated and sold by licensed nurseries. OSU pollinations provided 78 F1 interspecific selections; ongoing field evaluation. Fluorescence microscopy identified the incompatibility alleles of selections from Rutgers, Ontario (Canada) and McGraw (New York) and others. Rutgers identified and propagated 60 F1 EFB-resistant hybrids with improved kernel quality and EFB tolerance/resistance for distribution to the Universities of NE, MO, WI, and MN for colder climate evaluation. Raritan, Monmouth, Somerset, Hunterdon from Rutgers and The Beast established in first mid-Atlantic hazelnut orchards. Obj. 7. Nut Growers Society annual meeting (virtual) of OR, WA and BC. On-line webinars, Facebook live events, video recordings, social media and web content, newsletters. Guest visits to Arbor Day Farm and hybrid hazelnut orchard. Promoted sales of improved hybrid releases. In-person conversation with US Congressman Jeff Fortenberry.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Komaei Koma, G., M. Sekerli, J.W. Snelling and S.A. Mehlenbacher. 2021. New sources of eastern filbert blight resistance and simple sequence repeat markers on Linkage Group 6 in hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). Front. Plant Sci. 12:684122 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.684122
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: ?ekerli, M., G. Komaei Koma, J.W. Snelling and S.A. Mehlenbacher. 2021. New simple sequence repeat markers on Linkage Groups 2 and 7 and investigation of new sources of eastern filbert blight resistance in hazelnut (Corylus avellana). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 146 (published on-line 11 May 2021), 18 pages. doi: 10.21273/JASHS05040-21
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Hill, R., C. Baldassi, J.W. Snelling, K.J. Vining and S. Mehlenbacher. 2021. Fine mapping of the locus controlling self-incompatibility in European hazelnut. Tree Genetics and Genomes 17:6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-020-01485-5
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Choosing Plants for a Hazelnut Orchard in New Jersey by Megan Muehlbauer, John Capik, and Thomas J. Molnar. https://njaes.rutgers.edu/e368/
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Mehlenbacher, S.A. 2021. Hazelnut breeding at Oregon State University. Published abstract of oral presentation at the annual meeting (hybrid format) of the American Society for Horticultural Sciences, Denver, CO, August 8, 2021. Abstract.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Jacobs, D.C., J.M. Capik and T.J. Molnar. 2021. Long Term Response of Eastern Filbert Blight Resistant Hazelnut Germplasm in New Jersey. Published abstract of oral presentation at the annual meeting (hybrid format) of the American Society for Horticultural Sciences, Denver, CO, August 8, 2021. Abstract.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Hlubik, D, J.M. Capik and T.J. Molnar. 2021. Investigation of Growing Degree Day Requirements of European, American, and Hybrid Hazelnuts in New Jersey. Published abstract of oral presentation at the annual meeting (hybrid format) of the American Society for Horticultural Sciences, Denver, CO, August 8, 2021. Abstract.


Progress 09/01/19 to 08/31/20

Outputs
Target Audience: Plant breeders Basic agricultural science researchers Applied agricultural science researchers Graduate and undergraduate students Producers of agricultural commodities The public at large Citizen scientists interested in nut culture Nut enthusiasts curious about hybrid hazelnuts and technology Changes/Problems:COVID-19 has significantly hindered field work efforts. The universities have restricted travel and laboratory and on-station occupancy. We were not allowed to travel to the field plots for most of the growing season. Field propagation plans were abandoned, and greenhouse seedling propagation negatively impacted. Planned spring field trial establishment was delayed; we hope to do this work in the fall of 2020 but have no institutional guarantees. In person outreach events scheduled for 2020 were cancelled due to Covid 19. The PD has initiated a no-cost extension so that work on the research objectives may be accomplished with quality outputs and outcomes. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The annual meeting of the Nut Growers Society of OR, WA and BC in January, 2020 was attended by about 850 people. Presented hazelnut research to over 100 people at the Upper Midwest Hazelnut Growers Conference in Decorah, IA, in March 2020. Hosted booth and presented hazelnut research to 20 people at the Missouri Chestnut Roast. Reached 40 people. Hosted booth at Arbor Day Farm during applejack festival. Reached approximately 50 people. Developed hazelnut grower contact list that now includes 190 farms, for enhanced communication with interested growers in the eastern US region. Regional tour of hazelnut program and research plots for farmers. September 18, 2019. 42 guests representing 22 farms. 4-hour tours and presentation: Building on breeding advances to create new opportunities for farmers and beyond. Invited presentation at Blue Hill Restaurant Chef's meeting. November 11, 2109. We hosted regional farmer tour of hazelnut program and research plots. September 18, 2019. 42 guests representing 22 farms. Arbor Day Farm partner tours concerning hazelnut production Forestry Field Day at Horning Research Farm, Plattsmouth, NE A hazelnut flowering observation collecting training was conducted at Forestry Hall on UNL East Campus on Saturday, February 29th. Three growers attended the training, which was recorded via zoom for later dissemination. Six undergraduate and five PhD students were trained in plant breeding. One G.H. Cook Senior thesis on eastern filbert blight in hazelnuts was completed in 2020. Many planned extension teaching events were cancelled because of COVID Co-organizer: Hazelnut Stewardship Program Launch. 2020. Nut Growers Society of OR, WA and BC with SureHarvest. Virtual Workshop Event. 11 June. (46 attendees) Co-organizer: 2020 Nut Growers Society of OR, WA and BC Winter Meeting Program. LaSells Stewart Center, Corvallis OR. 16 Jan. (880 attendees) Organizer: 2019 Bacterial blight workshop. North Willamette Research and Extension Center. 29 Oct. (62 attendees) How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Through social media and web content Through published extension publications, newsletters, journal articles Through grower meetings and field tours, farm visits Through professional presentations to academic peers, with associated published abstracts and proceedings Through guest visits to the Arbor Day Farm and retail products associated with hazelnuts What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Obj. 2: Propagated layers will be inoculated with EFB in the greenhouse in early summer 2021. Obj. 3: Submit for publication two manuscripts on mapping of new sources of EFB resistance, including new SSR markers developed for LG2, LG6 and LG7. Study segregation for EFB response and map resistance from four new sources. Finalize research and submit manuscript describing new EFB-resistant and tolerant germplasm from Turkey and Latvia. Continue work to identify S-alleles and additional nut and disease evaluations of select accessions. Finalize research and submit manuscript describing linkage mapping and identification of QTLs associated with EFB resistance in three F1 C. americana x C. avellana hybrid populations. Finalize research and submit per reviewed manuscript describing genetic diversity and population structure in 227 accessions of C. avellana that includes a new collection from the Republic of Georgia using a genotyping by sequencing approach. Obj. 5: Finalize research and submit manuscripts describing improved genome sequence coverage and gene annotation, etc. of three Anisogramma anomala isolates. Obj. 6: Send test plants to new 12 collaborator sites in 6 states for further testing in different climates. This will bring the number of collaborator sites to 35 in 13 states. Propagate superior cultivars and pollenizers for replicated yield trials and testing at collaborator sites. At least 3 different plants are targets for propagation. Evaluate trees for eastern filbert blight resistance and size of nut crop. Harvest nuts from best trees. An estimated 800-1000 trees will be evaluated and nuts will be harvested from approximately 10% of those for further examination. Continue to evaluate diverse progenies of plants (C. avellana, C. americana and interspecific hybrids) segregating for EFB disease response in field trials as well as breeding selections in clonal replicated trials in support of ongoing and concurrent breeding and research efforts. Plant hundreds of new seedlings for trial in the field. Propagate 60 elite hybrid hazelnut selections through mound layering for replicated field testing at Rutgers and in Nebraska (UNL and Arbor Day). Establish replicated farmer yield trials on 20 locations in northeastern US and at Rutgers' Cream Ridge and Snyder research and extension farms. Obj. 7: Publish Jan/Feb 2021 newsletter featuring Consortium story on new Consortium release OSU 541.147 "Beast" Maintain Facebook page and grow likes to 500 Maintain Consortium webpage, complete with additions, etc Host two hazelnut farmer meetings and tours at Rutgers Complete extension publications and grower guides, currently in draft form. Publish three NJ Agricultural Extension bulletins for New Jersey orchards.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1. Added 14,030 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers with known sequences and coordinates to the reference linkage map. Reciprocal translocation on LG2 and LG7 of the male parent resulted in the merger of these two linkage groups. It was elucidated by bioinformatic methods. End sequences for bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) minimal tiling path were aligned to the V2 & V3 'Jefferson' genome sequences. Assembled V3 genome (PacBio plus Dovetail proximity ligation) into 11 chromosomes; performed gene annotation. We sequenced 'Jefferson' parents OSU 252.146 and OSU 414.062 with PacBio and Illumina technology. Eastern filbert blight (EFB) resistance in 'Jefferson' is on LG6. Genome sequences were generated for OSU 1026.073 and its parents (LG7 resistance), and OSU 1477.047 (LG2 resistance) and its parents. These genome assembly trios support investigation of various sources of EFB resistance. The finely mapped EFB resistance region in 'Jefferson' contains 23 genes, of which 14 are from its resistant parent. More than 100 SNP markers differentiate the genes from the resistant and susceptible parents. Primers for long-range PCR (73 pairs) were developed to amplify 3 target areas in the 'Gasaway' resistance region, of which 90% produced a product of the expected size. Objective 2. We examined expression of 5 reference genes and identified the best for use in quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR. We designed 184 primers for 58 target genes in the LG6 'Gasaway' resistance locus and its complementary homologous region. We are optimizing amplification conditions using a genomic DNA template. We will examine cDNA pools of EFB-inoculated and non-inoculated 'Jefferson' and 'Ennis' leaf tissue and pursue differentially expressed genes. Sequence alignment revealed that several genes in the homologous target regions show great similarity, so gene-specific primers that spanning exon-exon boundaries are necessary to quantify gene expression. Objective 3. At OSU, new SSR markers were developed and characterized for three EFB resistance regions. The new SSR markers (9 on LG6, 24 on LG2 and 12 on LG7) were used to assign new sources of EFB resistance to linkage groups. Based on correlation of disease and marker scores, ten sources were assigned to LG6: Moscow #23 and #26; Holmskij 4-23, 4-28, 4-30 and 13-40; Crimean OSU 1185.126, Farris 533.129, C. heterophylla 'Ogyoo' and 'Estrella #1'. One source (Holmskij OSU 1187.101) was assigned to LG2. Four sources (Moscow #2 and #27; Holmskij 12-62, and Sochi OSU 1166.123) were assigned to LG7. Six additional sources were not assigned to LG6 or LG2 or LG7. Additional sources are being studied in segregating seedling populations. At Rutgers, disease response was studied in three interspecific crosses from three different American hazelnut selections (OSU 403.040, OSU 533.069, CCOR 710.001) crossed with C. avellana 'Tonda di Giffoni'. Considerable variation (largely normally distributed) in disease response was seen among the seedlings in each progeny, indicating multigenic inheritance of resistance/tolerance. Seedling DNA was extracted, and libraries were paired-end Illumina sequenced. The Stacks v1.47 pipeline identified >36,000 SNPs in each library. Analysis of OSU 403.040 x 'Tonda di Giffoni' revealed three QTLs associated with EFB resistance. The QTLs in all three progenies were mapped for publication as a single manuscript. From the same seedlings, nut and kernel quality traits, bloom dates, and leaf budbreak date will be recorded and QTLs associated with these traits identified. A study of EFB in C. americana x C. avellana hybrids (Revord et al., 2020a) enhances our understanding of the genetic control of resistance from the American species and indicates the presence of both horizontal and vertical resistance. Crosses were made using new sources of resistance, and to generate seedlings with pairs of resistance genes, with a focus on R genes that hold up to high disease pressure in NJ. We evaluated EFB response in the field of 40 clonal F1 hybrid selections and a subset of their F2 progeny. The responses ranged from moderately tolerant to highly tolerant to resistant; many progenies included seedlings with less disease than either parent. F2 progeny distributions indicate quantitative (multi-genic) inheritance and major gene resistance. Objective 4. Rutgers completed genetic diversity in a subset of the C. americana collection (Revord et al., 2020b) and evaluated the collection for EFB response (Revord et al. 2020a). Nut and kernel traits and phenology of bloom and budbreak continue to be studied, as does evaluation of C. americana as a pollenizer for European hazelnut. Objective 5. Completed genome assembly and analysis of the Oregon isolate of Anisogramma anomala; summarized statistics and genome features and presented at 2020 American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting. As seen before, repetitive regions account for some 88% of the genome. These are largely Class I Long Terminal Repeats (LTR) retrotransposons. Orthofinder identified gene families shared with related fungal pathogens, and 2,438 single-copy orthologous gene families and their corresponding protein sequences were used to build a super-gene phylogeny. We identified the genetic basis for homothallism through analysis of the mating type locus. Homologs for both MAT1-1 and MAT2-1 idiomorphs were identified in the A. anomala genome. We performed repeat-induced point (RIP) mutation analysis and observed dinucleotide frequencies consistent with RIP-like mutations. Objective 6. Hybrid hazelnut OSU 541.147 was released for the eastern U.S. by the Hybrid Hazelnut Consortium in April 2020 and a plant patent application submitted in August 2020. At OSU, evaluation in replicated trials of 69 F1 hybrid selections continues. In collaboration with OSU, Rutgers released four cultivars ('Raritan', 'Monmouth', 'Hunterdon', and 'Somerset') with high tolerance or resistance to EFB; patent applications were filed. A licensed micropropagator and nursery will increase them. Farmers will plant orchards of these new cultivars and pollinizers in fall 2020. Rutgers identified a superior American hazelnut with high yield, large nut size for the genus, thin shell, relatively open husk, and great kernel blanching. Rutgers identified >60 EFB-resistant F1 hybrid selections, clonally propagated them, and sent a subset to the University of Nebraska for evaluation. Objective 7. Arbor Day published a 2019 Home Harvest Guide and mailed it to 82,231 members; with a request to collect nuts of wild C. americana. Maintenance of the original Consortium website, on the Arbor Day Foundation's site, was updated and completed. For FY 2020, there were 32,514 unique visitors, 1.8 minutes per visitor. and 975 hours of total visitation. The Consortium's Facebook page has reach of 2,100 by Facebook metrics. A workshop on bacterial blight on Oct. 29, 2019 was attended by 62 people. Across the northeastern USA, test farms were initiated at 20 locations. Five invited presentation on hazelnuts were given in the east. One was on October 15, 2019 at the 8th Annual Lehigh Valley Watershed Conference in Bethlehem, PA; "Exciting progress breeding Cornus and Corylus at Rutgers University" was given at the 2019 Tree Symposium on November 9, 2019; "Hazelnuts! A new crop for the northeast" was given to staff at the Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture on November 11, 2109; "Rutgers University Tree Breeding Program: Here Come the Hazelnuts" was given at the Southern Nursery Association Plants Conference on January 7, 2020 in Baltimore, MD; "Rutgers University Tree Breeding Program: Hazelnuts and Dogwoods" was given to the Rhododendron Society of the United States Princeton Chapter on Feb. 16, 2020 at Rutgers University.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Botta, R. T.J. Molnar, E. Erdogan, N. Valentini, D. Torello Marinoni, S.A. Mehlenbacher. 2019. Hazelnut (Corylus spp.) breeding. In: Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies, Vol. 4. Pg 157-219 Nut and Beverage Crops. Al-Khayri, Jameel M., Jain, S. Mohan, Johnson, and Dennis V. (Eds.) Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23112-5
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Hill, Ryan. 2020. Fine mapping and gene expression analysis of self-incompatibility in hazelnut. M.S. Thesis, Oregon State University.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Komaei Koma, Golnaz. 2020. High-density linkage maps for European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) from single nucleotide polymorphism markers and mapping new sources of resistance to eastern filbert blight. Ph.D. Dissertation. Oregon State University.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lombardoni, J.J., J.A. Honig, J. Vaiciunas, C. Kubik, J. Capik, S. Mehlenbacher and T.J. Molnar. 2018. Evaluation of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) genetic diversity using a genotyping-by-sequencing approach. Acta Hort. 1280:11-16. DOI 10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1280.2 USDA-NIFA-SCRI support was acknowledged
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Revord, R, S. Lovell, T. Molnar, K. Wolz, and C. Mattia. 2019. Germplasm development of underutilized temperate U.S. tree crops. Sustainability. 11. 1546. 10.3390/su11061546.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Revord, R.S., S.T. Lovell, J.M. Capik, S.A. Mehlenbacher, and T.J. Molnar. 2020a. Eastern filbert blight resistance in American and interspecific hybrid hazelnuts. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 145:162-173.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Webber, JB, M Putnam, M Sardani, JW Pscheidt, NG Wiman, and VO Stockwell. 2020. Characterization of isolates of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina, the causal agent of bacterial blight, from Oregon hazelnut orchards. Journal of Plant Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-020-00505-6
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wiman, NG, M. Wiseman, L. Merlet, and J.B. Webber. 2019. Identity and pathogenicity of fungi newly associated with hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) trunk cankers in Oregon. PLOS One. PLoS ONE 14(10):e0223500, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223500.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Molnar, T.J., E. Milan, and J.M. Capik. 2020. Introducing the new Rutgers University hazelnut cultivars Raritan, Monmouth, Somerset, and Hunterdon. Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth Annual Rutgers Turfgrass Symposium. Center for Turfgrass Science. School of Environmental and Biological Sciences. Rutgers University. January 10, 2020 Pgs. 47-49
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Dunlevy, A., M.P. Gandler, D. Hlubik, J.M. Capik, and T. J. Molnar. 2019. Examining pathogenic variation and host plant response to eastern filbert blight in hazelnut cultivars protected by the Gasaway resistance gene. HortScience. 54(9) Se 238. (Abstr
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hlubik, D., J.M.Capik, A. DAngelo, A. Mayberry, and T.J. Molnar. 2019. Evaluation of hybrid hazelnut phenology to determine usefulness as pollenizers. HortScience 54(9) Se 329. (Abstr.)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Mayberry, A. J. Capik, S.A. Mehlenbacher, and T.J. Molnar. 2019. Evaluating american hazelnuts for use as cold hardy pollenizers in European hazelnut orchards. HortScience 54(9) Se 176. (Abstr.).
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Pscheidt, J. W., H. Stoven, A. Thompson, A., Edmunds, B. A., Wiman, N., Hilton, R. J. (2020). Managing diseases and insects in home orchards. Oregon State University Extension Service Publication EC631.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Muehlbauer, M., J. Honig, J.M. Capik, and T.J. Molnar. 2019. Evaluation and correlation of kernel characteristics and eastern filbert blight response to genetic backgrounds of hazelnut germplasm from Turkey and the Baltic Region. HortScience 54(9) Se 177. (Abstr.)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Snelling, J., K. Vining and S. Mehlenbacher. 2020. Genomic resources improve resolution of the eastern filbert blight resistance locus in 'Jefferson' hazelnut. Abstracts of the annual meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science (poster presented on-line).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Hill, R., Baldassi, C., Snelling, J. and Mehlenbacher, S. Self-Incompatibility in Hazelnut: Fine Mapping of the S-Locus. Poster Presentation. American Society for Horticultural Science virtual annual conference, August 10-13, 2020.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wiman, NG, and N Bell. 2020. Hazelnut pests. In Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook. Cooperative Extension Systems of University of Idaho, Oregon State University, and Washington State University. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. In: Hollingsworth, C.S., editor. Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook [online].
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wiman, NG, J Pscheidt, and M Moretti. 2016-20. Hazelnut pest management guide for the Willamette Valley. Oregon State University Extension Service Publication EM 8328.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Revord, R.S., S.T. Lovell, P. Brown., J.M. Capik, and T.J. Molnar. 2020b. Using genotyping-by-sequencing derived SNPs to examine genetic structure and identify a core set of Corylus americana germplasm. 2020. Tree Genetics and Genomes. 16:65 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-020-01462-y
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sekerli, Merve. 2019. Microsatellite marker development, characterization, and mapping and investigation of new sources of resistance to eastern filbert blight in European hazelnut (Corylus avellana). M.S. Thesis. Oregon State University.


Progress 09/01/18 to 08/31/19

Outputs
Target Audience: Basic agricultural science researchers Applied agricultural science researchers Producers of agricultural commodities The public at large Field consultants for hazelnut production Farmworkers Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Wiman, NG. 2019. Biology and management of Pacific flatheaded borer in hazelnuts. Pacific flatheaded borer workshop. North Willamette Research and Extension Center. 20 Aug. 48 attendees. Wiman, NG. 2019. Organic pest management in hazelnuts. 3rd Annual Organic Hazelnut Farm Tour. Sherwood and Aurora, OR. 14 Aug. 75 attendees. Wiman, NG. 2019. Hazelnut production at Wayne Chambers and Paul Kuhne Orchards. 2019 Nut Growers Society of OR, WA and BC Hazelnut Summer Tour, schoolbus presentation. Dever-Connor, OR. 8 Aug. 72 attendees. Wiman, NG. 2019. New orchard establishment and management. Willamette Hazelnut Growers Field Day. Christensen Farms, Amity OR. 25 June. 50 attendees. Wiman, NG. 2019. Hazelnut pest management research updates. Nutrien Ag Hazelnut Grower Day (Tangent Branch). Lebanon, OR. 5 June. 60 attendees. Wiman, NG. 2019. Getting Started With The Oregon Hazelnut Sustainability Program. Clackamas Community College Computer Lab. Wilsonvile, OR. 30 April. 25 attendees. Wiman, NG. 2019. Data-driven hazelnut production. Workshop on data science in rural settings, Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing (CGRB). 18 April. Corvallis OR. 20 attendees. Wiman, NG. 2019. Hazelnut irrigation: past and future. Ag Tech Panel: Will technology transform hazelnut management in the Willamette Valley? Independence, OR. 4 April. 50 attendees. Wiman, NG. 2019. Getting Started With The Oregon Hazelnut Sustainability Program. Linn-Benton Community College Computer Lab. Albany, OR. 7 Feb. 15 attendees. Wiman, NG. 2019. Getting Started With The Oregon Hazelnut Sustainability Program. Chemeketa Community College Computer Lab. Salem, OR. 7 Feb. 22 attendeees. Wiman, NG. 2019. Getting off to the best possible start: young hazelnut orchard management. Lower Mainland Horticulture Short Course: Hazelnuts. Abbotsford, BC, Canada. 25 Jan. 75 attendees. Wiman, NG. 2019. Hazelnut irrigation: what works for you? Industry panel presentation and moderator. 2019 Nut Growers Society of OR, WA and BC Winter Meeting. LaSelles Stuart Center, Corvallis OR. 17 Jan. 1100 attendees. Wiman, NG. 2019. Introducing the Hazelnut Industry Sustainability/Stewardship Program. 2019 Nut Growers Society of OR, WA and BC Winter Meeting. LaSelles Stuart Center, Corvallis OR. 17 Jan. 1100 attendees. NJ, NE, and OR each have annual webinars and field days; Rutgers reaching more than 540 producers at field days. NE hosted the national meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association, with field tour. Wild Fruit & Nut Jam and hazelnut cook-off events (NE) reach more than 3,000/year. Rutgers conducted 7/10/19 train-the-trainer workshops for extension educators from surrounding states. Arbor Day Farm partner tours concerning hazelnut growing and production Forestry Field Day at Horning Research Farm, Plattsmouth, NE Conducted a Beginner Hazelnut Cultivation Workshop for 30 people at Horning State Farm, Plattsmouth, NE. Conducted a 4-hour Beginner Hazelnut Cultivation Workshop for 30 people at Horning State Farm in October 2018 for 120 education hours. Update growers on hazelnut research at the Upper Midwest Hazelnut Growers Conference in Eau Claire, WI, (teleconference) March 9, 2019. Three (3) undergraduate student workers have spent May-August 2019 working on maintaining hazelnut plants in the greenhouse and in the field trials. Organizer: Pacific flatheaded borer workshop. North Willamette Research and Extension Center. 20 Aug 2019. 48 attendees. Co-organizer: 2019 Nut Growers Society of OR, WA and BC Hazelnut Summer tour at Wayne Chambers orchards, Dever-Conner, OR. 8 Aug. 980 attendees. Orchard sprayer technology and calibration workshop. 2019. North Willamette Research and Extension Center. 28 Mar. 61 attendees. Co-organizer: 2019 Nut Growers Society of OR, WA and BC Winter Meeting. LaSelles Stuart Center, Corvallis OR. 17 Jan. 1100 attendees. Co-organizer and presenter: 2019 Hazelnut pruning demonstration day. Christensen Farms, Amity OR. 38 attendees. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Through professional publications and presentations to academic peers. Through extension outreach events, field days, and tours. Through industry publications, websites, and newsletters. Through social media posts, likes, and shares. Through media attetion, such as newpaper stories. Through formal education and hands-on training of undergraduate and graduate students. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Publish Jan/Feb 2020 newsletter featuring Consortium story on new releases being shipped through the Arbor Day Foundation Soil suitability maps for hazelnuts (New Jersey) will be included in new NJAES hazelnut website with links to maps and information and fact sheets. Produce and ship 4,000 hazelnut clones based on two, separate releases (2,000 of each hybrid) Develop and publish extension guides. Distribute e-newsletter to database of interested parties Better coordination with other team members for Extension products and social media. Maintain Facebook page and grow likes to 500 Maintain Consortium webpage, complete with additions, etc Genotype A2.035 from the Corylus americana germplasm collection will be moved forward for propagation and use in future breeding efforts. Continue screening and evaluating seedling progeny from crosses made at Oregon State and Rutgers Universities to identify superior and pollinizer genotypes. Collect data from multi-state trial collaborators to evaluated percent survival phenology of new cultivars. Propagate promising genotypes for yield trials. Release 4 patented varieties for Mid-Atlantic region in 2020. Identify expressed genes in host and pathogen Nearly 40 different clones from OSU representing most possible sources of resistance (mostly C. avellana) will be exposed to the EFB strains in NJ that are now virulent on a number of previously "resistant" sources. Identify sequence differences and similarities, identify R-gene classes. Longer term summary and overview/review of different sources of EFB resistance will be compiled in late 2019/2020 for submission and publication prior to grant completion. Work on migration patterns and wide relationships of chloroplast gene diversity in the eastern US to be completed in 2020.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Goal 1: 'Jefferson' selected from reference mapping population (OSU252.146 x OSU414.062); 3,000 markers from enzyme ApeKI added to linkage map. New GBS and RAD-seq markers generated; analysis in progress. 'Jefferson' sequence merged into 11 chromosomes. Parents OSU252.146, OSU414.062 sequenced. GBS and RAD-seq markers scores for newly extracted DNA did not match the previous scores for about 25 seedlings. Initial ApeKI GBS library data analyses identified 3209 significant SNPs in F1 population. A ddRAD library was constructed and sequenced, paired end reads of 150 bp. Non-methylation sensitive enzymes are not specific for coding regions. Jefferson genome (V2) predicted 74888 fragments between 200-600 bp. GBS library for paired-end reads of 150 bp prepared with methylation-sensitive enzyme Cac8. Jefferson V2 genome predicted 83526 in silico fragments between 350-600 bp. Reduced representation libraries sequenced; ~ 700 million PE reads retained after demultiplexing and filtering. Assign BAC contigs to parent (R or S): proximity ligation and analysis effectively ordered and gap-filled Jefferson V2 contigs into chromosomal level scaffolds (V3 genome sequence); both parental segments represented on each scaffold. BAC-end minimum tiling path sequences confirm space, order in assembly. Initial attempts to de-convolute parental haplotypes using parent sequence data yielded low confidence in haplotype status when mapped to Jefferson V3 genome in regions of high homology. Current physical and genetic markers often agree in coarse analysis, but must integrate GBS/ddRAD data with new SNP maps. Goal 2: OSU 1026.073 and OSU 1477.047 sequenced. Leaves collected and stored for analysis. Pilot inoculations performed tracking time points 0,24,96,192 hpi in 'Ennis' and 'Jefferson,' to examine timing of single inoculations. Synthesis of 'Gasaway' region on LG6R shows convergence of BAC, JeffV1, JeffV2, JeffV3, molecular markers, and predicted gene content. LG6S likely contained in scaffold 8, offering possible resistance comparisons between genomes. Sequencing of all 6 parents of the three hazelnut selections is underway. LG6R region may contain L-type gene cluster, receptor kinases predicted to bind Staurosporine, Corav.Jeff_25621-RA, in the region. Goal 3: Highly susceptible 'Ennis', resistant 'Jefferson' inoculated with EFB. Tissue samples were collected and stored for later analysis. Rutgers evaluating durable resistance sources identified previously created a QTL map for a seedling segregation for new resistance source from Georgia. Rutgers will expose 40 unique OSU clones representing most resistance sources to virulent NJ EFB strains effecting previously resistance sources. Mapping of EFB response, recording of nut and kernel traits of 3 C. americana x C. avellana F1 progeny complete. Goal 4: Susceptible selections crossed with new resistance sources; progeny being analyzed. Sixty new SSRs developed in linkage group 6 (LG6) resistance region. Resistance in 'Estrella #1' mapped to LG6 in region as 'Gasaway'. Progeny segregating for EFB resistance from OSU 1187.101 and Molnar selections 3-04-23, 3-04-28, 3-04-30, 3-13-40 (from Holmskij), Molnar selections 3-04-05, 3-12-62 (Crimea), Moscow N02 and C. americana 'Winkler' segregated in a 1:1 ratio, indicating control by single locus. DNA extracted from trees segregating 1:1 for resistance. Sources of resistance: 'Uebov', Crimea, Turkey and Dickum hybrid OSU 1044.086. Preliminary ratings in americana resistance populations segregate for multi-gene control, high tolerance. Map-based cloning of the S-locus controlling pollen-stigma incompatibility in progress. Fifty-sixty selections of F1 hybrids population made. Resistant selections for NE trials have nut and kernel quality greatly improved over upper Midwest hybrids. Crosses with Tonda di Giffoni have very high EFB tolerance/resistance. Scions from southern Ontario selections planted in the field at OSU; the Rutgers selections in lathhouse. Incompatibility alleles identified; dominance hierarchy was revised. F1 hybrids (Americana x Avellana) are good pollen producers; S-alleles identified. Seed provenances (100) of Corylus americana secured; 2,000 seedings field planted in NE and NJ. C. americana plants (400) of diverse origin fingerprinted at Rutgers. Fingerprinting, phenotype data will inform selection of a core collection. Chloroplast gene diversity will elucidate migration patterns in eastern US. Goal 5: Repeat ID and gene prediction on sequenced genomes of 3 A. anomala isolates performed. The NJ isolates differ from OSU in ability to cause disease on 'Gasaway' cultivars. Isolate E187 overcomes 'Gasaway' resistance; HMP117 infects susceptible tree. All repeat libraries combined as comprehensive repeat library for each genome. Outputs of repeat predictions classified for naming consistency. A non-redundant library at >80% identity created. Masked ~ 88% of bases in each genome, respective bases are counted as a malice for gene model prediction. Predicted gene models evaluated for accuracy. Functional annotations are predicted with sequence similarity to related fungi. Repeat families in fungal genome examined for genetic potential of active transposons. Orthologous genes between 3 isolates identified to elucidate expansion or shrinkage of gene families, genes evolving. OR Anisograma isolate assembly improved; 2 additional isolates 2 sequenced. Unmasked protein coding genes number 9,972-11,468. Alleles at 18 SSR loci identified in 200 isolates. Dendrogram constructed, structure groups identified. Goal 6: Hybrid selection OSU 541.147 'The Beast' (25% C. americana, 75% C. avellana) is solid performer in NJ without EFB symptoms EFB; seeking Plant Patent. Seedling population plantings continue: 7,000 seedlings in NJ > 85% survival; selections being propagated for trials. Trees of ~15 superior C. avellana clones and > 50 F1 hybrids propagated for testing. Joint Rutgers-OSU C. avellana selections 'Raritan', 'Monmouth', 'Somerset', and 'Hunterdon' plant patents applied for; under micropropagation. Trial sites identified in NJ, NY, WV; survival rates > 85%. Tracking phenology of americana, hybrids, and avellana selections. S-alleles of ~ 15 C. avellana and several C. americana selections identified. Genotype A2.035 (americana germplasm collection) is superior with high yield, nut size, thin shell, very good fill percentage, excellent blanching, good taste. Goal 7: OSU: Two existing extension publications updated yearly and one active website. Intra-regional hazelnut best practices exchange among Extension faculty. UNL: One publication per year planned; OSU resources adapted to needs of Fruit Belt, Midwest and Great Plains land grants and NR agencies. Rutgers: soil suitability maps in advanced draft form, developing concept map of emerging industry in eastern US; to release 3 extension bulletins in 2020. Arbor Day Foundation (ADF) updating Consortium website and social media efforts. Site drew 54,900 unique page views, time on page 1.5 min, total viewing time > 1300 h FY18-19. Hazelnut centerfold Jan-Feb Arbor Day newsletter (1.1 M circulation) featured SCRI research, potential production beyond Oregon. Targeted mailings to 80,000/y ADF Hazelnut Member Program, 2 e-newsletters to > 2,000 people/issue. ADF Hazelnut Patron website updated; 50% increase in page views. All: social media campaign, 25% annual viewer increase. Immersive environmental Treetop Village at ADF site will increase hazelnut exposure.

Publications

  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Andrews, H and NG Wiman. 2019. The very hungry caterpillar: omnivorous leaftier in hazelnuts. Pacific Nut Producer. 1 May.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Andrews, H and NG Wiman. 2019. Trunk protectors and sunburn on young hazelnuts. Pacific Nut Producer. 1 Aug.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Arbor Day Foundation. 2018. Home Harvest Guide. Nebraska City, NE
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bhattarai, G. and S.A. Mehlenbacher. 2018. Discovery, characterization and linkage mapping of simple sequence repeat markers in hazelnut. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 143:347-362. doi.org/10.21273/JASHS04461-18
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Clare, Aaron and Alex Hamm 2018. Beginner Hazelnut Cultivation Video. Nebraska Forest Service, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. https://mediahub.unl.edu/media/10204
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Honig, J. A., M.F. Muehlbauer, J.M. Capik, C. Kubik, J. N. Vaiciunas, S. A. Mehlenbacher, and T. J. Molnar. 2018. Identification and Mapping of Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance Quantitative Trait Loci in European Hazelnut Using Double Digestion Restriction Site Associated DNA Sequencing. 2019. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mehlenbacher, S.A., D.C. Smith and R.L. McCluskey. 2018. 'York' and 'Felix' hazelnut pollenizers. HortScience 53:904-910. doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI12836-18
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mehlenbacher, S.A., D.C. Smith, and R.L. McCluskey. 2018. 'Burgundy Lace' ornamental hazelnut. HortScience 53:387-390 https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI12623-17
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Molnar, T.J, S.A. Mehlenbacher, P. Engel and J.M. Capik. 2019. Multiple sources of eastern filbert blight resistance provide breeding utility in New Jersey. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. (in press).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Muehlbauer, M.F., Tobia J., Honig, J.A., Zhang N., Hillman, B.I., Morey Gold, K., and Molnar, T.J. 2019. Population differentiation within Anisogramma anomala in North America. Phytopathololgy. 109:1074-1082. Published Online: 29 Apr 2019 https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-06-18-0209-R
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ronald S. Revord, Sarah T. Lovell, John M. Capik, Shawn Mehlenbacher, Thomas J. Molnar. 2019. Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance in American and Interspecific Hybrid Hazelnuts (Corylus americana � C. avellana). Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: T.J. Molnar, P. Engel, S. Mehlenbacher, and J. Capik. 2019. Multiple sources of eastern filbert blight resistance provide breeding utility in New Jersey. Journal of the American Pomological Society. 73(3): 178-192.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Thomas J. Molnar, Josh A. Honig, Alex Mayberry, Ronald S. Revord, Sarah T. Lovell, Shawn A. Mehlenbacher, and John M. Capik. 2018. Corylus americana: a valuable genetic resource for developing hazelnuts adapted to the eastern United States. Acta Hort 1226: 115-121 (DOI 10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1226.11)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Thomas J. Molnar, Justin J. Lombardoni, Megan F. Muehlbauer, Josh A. Honig, Shawn A. Mehlenbacher, and John M. Capik. 2018. Progress breeding for resistance to eastern filbert blight in the eastern United States. Acta Hort 1226: 79-85 (DOI 10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1226.11).
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wiman, NG, J Pscheidt, and E Peachey. 2016-18. Hazelnut pest management guide for the Willamette Valley. Oregon State University Extension Service Publication EM 8328.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wiman, NG, Michele Wiseman, Lea Merlet, and John Bryan Webber. 2019. Identity and pathogenicity of fungi newly associated with hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) trunk cankers in Oregon. PLOS One.
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wiman, NG. 2016-19. Hazelnut pests. In Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook. Cooperative Extension Systems of University of Idaho, Oregon State University, and Washington State University. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. In: Hollingsworth, C.S., editor. Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook [online].
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mehlenbacher, S.A., D.C. Smith and R.L. McCluskey. 2019. 'PollyO' hazelnut. HortScience 54:1429-1432.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wiman, NG. 2019. Brown marmorated stink bug in hazelnuts, an underappreciated problem. Pacific Nut Producer. 1 Aug.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wiman, NG. 2019. Winter hazelnut tasks. Pacific Nut Producer. 1 Jan.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Justin Lombardoni, Josh A. Honig, Jennifer Vaiciunas, Christine Kubik, John Capik, Shawn Mehlenbacher, and T.J. Molnar. Evaluation of European Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) Genetic Diversity Using a Genotyping-by-Sequencing Approach. Submitted Aug. 2018. International Hort Congress. Istanbul, Turkey, August 12-16, 2018. Preliminary data presented on GBS diversity study of a wide sample of C. avellana including new sources of EFB resistance from Georgia.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gandler, M., E. Milan, J.M. Capik, and T. Molnar. 2018. Long-term Observation of Resistance Sources to Eastern Filbert Blight in New Jersey. Poster presentation. Proceedings of the 3rd Northeastern Plant, Pest, and Soils Conference 3:28 https://www.newss.org/wp-content/uploads/2018-NEPPSC-Proceedings_FINAL.pdf (Annual Meeting of the Northeastern branch of the American Society for Horticultural Science. Philadelphia, PA, Jan. 6, 2018)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mayberry, A., J. Capik, E. Milan, D.J. Hlubik, M. Gandler, and T. Molnar. 2018. Flowering phenology and phenotypic characterization of commercially valuable traits in wild American hazelnut (Corylus americana). Proceedings of the 3rd Northeastern Plant, Pest, and Soils Conference 3:47 https://www.newss.org/wp-content/uploads/2018-NEPPSC-Proceedings_FINAL.pdf (Annual Meeting of the Northeastern branch of the American Society for Horticultural Science. Philadelphia, PA, Jan. 6, 2018)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 15019 = OSU 1029.039 x 1356.050 (Uebov)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 15022 = Sac x OSU 1399.089 (Uebov)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 15025 = OSU 1113.035 x Molnar 3-12-58 Crimean
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 15026 = OSU 1113.035 x Molnar 3-7-7 Crimean
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 15032 = OSU 1233.145 (Gir 530) x OSU 1113.035
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 15033 = Sac x OSU 1233.007 (Gir 362)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 15035 = OSU 1044.086 (Dickum Hyb) x OSU 1040.087
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 15036 = OSU 1044.086 (Dickum Hyb) x OSU 1435.085
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Revord, R. 2019 TOWARDS THE EXPLOITATION OF THE AMERICAN HAZELNUT (CORYLUS AMERICANA. Dissertation. University of Illinois, Urbana - Champaign. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/90489


Progress 09/01/17 to 08/31/18

Outputs
Target Audience: Plant breeders Basic agricultural science researchers Applied agricultural science researchers Graduate students Applied Agricultural Scientists Producers of agricultural commodities Citizen scientists interested in nut culture Agricultural consultants The public at large Other Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Four (4) undergraduate students workers have spent May-August 2018 maintaining hazelnut plants in the greenhouse and in the field trials. Masters: Emil Milan, 2016-current and Matt Milburn 2018-current PhD: Megan Muehlbauer, graduated 2017; Justin Lombardoni, 2016- current; Alex Mayberry, 2016- current; Michael Gandler, 2017- current; David Hlubik 2018 current Thomas Molnar Committee member of: Ronald Revord (Univ. of Illinois, Sarah Lovell primary advisor) and Alanna Cohen (Rutgers, Brad Hillman primary advisor) Thomas Molnar GH Cook Senior theses Advisor (Undergraduate): David Hlubik graduated May 2018 and Janine Tobia graduated May 2018 Forestry Field Day at Horning Research Farm, Plattsmouth, NE How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Through Extension teaching events, social media outreach, and Extension documents. Through Consortium website, Arbor Day Foundation newsletters, Home Harvest Guides, tours, field days, and guest visits to the Arbor Day Farm What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue outreach efforts to Oregon hazelnut growers and begin working collaboratively with other institutions on Extension materials that educate about hybrid hazelnuts for hazelnut growers in the mid-Atlantic and Midwestern US. Continue screening and evaluating seedling progeny from crosses made at Oregon State and Rutgers Universities to identify superior and pollinizer genotypes. Collect data from multi-state trial collaborators to evaluated percent survival, and potential flowering timing of new cultivars. Propagate promising genotypes for yield trials. Conduct hazelnut cultivation and processing workshop for public at Forest Festival held at Horning State Farm on October 27, 2018. Connect retail nurseries with propagator of 'OSU541.147' and 'Gran Traverse' to make available to for public purchase. Develop and Publish extension guides for prospective growers and general public. We continue to evaluate new sources of EFB resistance including populations segregating for 2 genes as well as F1 and F2 progeny of crosses of C. americana and C. avellana. EFB resistance GBS-derived SNP QTL mapping is underway for three F1 progenies (amerciana x C. Avellana). Progenies show possible segregation for major genes and quantitative inheritance CCOR 710.001 Wisconsin x Tonda di Giffoni (Ron Revord, Univ. of Illinois) OSU 553.069 Pennsylvania x Tonda di Giffoni (Josh Honig and team) OSU 403.040 Nebraska x Tonda di Giffoni (Justin Lombardoni/Josh Honig) Will also examine nut-related traits in these populations and associated QTLs Publish Jan/Feb 2019 newsletter, publish 2019 Home Harvest Guide, distribute e-newsletter to database of interested parties, maintain Facebook page, maintain up to date Consortium website, participate in annual Forestry Field Day in Nebraska

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1 The parents OSU 252.146 and OSU 414.062 were sequenced using Illumina technology. Objective 2 New GBS and RAD-seq markers have been generated using pairs of enzymes and paired-end Illumina sequencing for which analysis using bioinformatics tools is in progress. Trees of 'Ennis' (highly susceptible) and 'Jefferson' (resistant) were inoculated with the pathogen Anisogramma anomala. Tissue samples were collected at different times post-inoculation and frozen in liquid nitrogen, now in -80 °C freezer. Progenies segregating for EFB resistance from OSU 1187.101 and Molnar selections 3-04-23, 3-04-28, 3-04-30 and 3-13-40 (all from Holmskij, Russia), Molnar selections 3-04-05 and 3-12-62 (both from Crimea), Moscow N02 and C. americana 'Winkler segregated in a 1:1 ratio, indicating control by single loci. Objective 3 Sixty new simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were developed in the linkage group 6 (LG6) resistance region. The PacBio genome sequence of 'Jefferson' was merged into 11 chromosomes by Dovetail Genomics using Hi-C technology and HiRise™ proximity ligation genome scaffolding software. Resistance in 'Estrella #1' was mapped to LG6 in the same region as 'Gasaway' resistance. Rowley (2016) added 3000 genotyping-by-sequencing markers from enzyme ApeKI to the linkage map. Objective #4. As part of the Hybrid Hazelnut Consortium we have collected C. americana germplasm since 2009 with the help of partners, colleagues, and the interested public around the USA. The collection currently holds 1,899 seedlings obtained from 126 individual seed lots that span 23 states and two Canadian provinces. These bushes are being evaluated for EFB response, other diseases and insect pests, flowering and vegetative bud break phenology, cold hardiness, nut yield, and nut and kernel characteristics. Genetic diversity and population structure of the collection is evaluated using several molecular approaches, including genotyping by sequencing and subsequent SNP analysis, SSR allelic variation, and chloroplast haplotype determination. We hope to identify superior, diverse selections for inclusion in systematic breeding efforts to develop new cultivars adapted to the eastern USA, especially seeking consistent cropping in regions with increasingly variable year-to-year climates. We continue to collect germplasm of C. americana and expect about 250 new seedlings per year with target for southern range. Ron Revord University of Illinois PhD student completed GBS-SNP diversity study of subset of the collection. Alex Mayberry (PhD student) working on chloroplast gene-based diversity study. Maternal inheritance will allow us to study evolutionary history and movement of wild hazelnut. Mayberry also studying phenology and physical traits across the collection for any link to provenance and also identify breeding-useful outliers. Rutgers and OSU studying pollen production and compatibility S alleles in the collection. The incompatibility alleles of several selections were identified using fluorescence microscopy. These include selections from OSU, Rutgers and southern Ontario. F1 hybrids (Americana x Avellana) are good pollen producers. Their S-alleles have been identified. Crosses were made between EFB-susceptible selections and new sources of EFB resistance. Scions of selections from Rutgers (78) and southern Ontario (21) were received in February 2017, grafted, and are in post-entry quarantine in an OSU greenhouse. Objective #5. Pacific Biosystems SMRT Sequencing completed for Anisogramma NJ isolate E187 that can overcome Gasaway resistance and NJ isolate HMP117, similar to OR isolate sequenced by Cai et al. 2013. PacBio Sequel at Waksman Genomics Core Facility average reads >15 kb with max reads >100 kb. Improved depth of coverage from past sequence and with longer, more contiguous sequences with fewer gaps. RNA-seq and genome annotation underway. Study completed that uses 18 SSR markers to fingerprint 182 accessions of fungus originating from across North America. Our results, based on summary statistics of the allelic data, a UPGMA dendrogram, population STRUCTURE analysis, and analysis of multilocus genotypes show that A. anomala exhibits considerable genetic diversity across multiple populations. Overall, the results demonstrate the presence of multiple, genetically distinct populations of A. anomala in North America and serve as a reference to assist in understanding and managing EFB. A second study also completed in 2018 includes 60 samples from OR/WA and 151 from NJ. In the dendrogram all the OR/WA isolates are placed in the PNW group with bootstrap support of .944 whereas the NJ isolates are very diverse. Objective #6. Hybrid selection OSU 541.147 (25% C. americana, 75% C. avellana) performs exceptionally well in New Jersey with no symptoms of EFB. It was fingerprinted with SSR markers in anticipation of seeking a U.S. Plant Patent. 'Jefferson' was selected from the reference mapping population (OSU 252.146 x OSU 414.062). Objective 7: Grower learning opportunities provided through collaboration with Rutgers Extension. Hazelnut production knowledge was transferred to Rutgers Extension faculty and professionals during an industry tour in the Willamette Valley. Home Harvest Guide 2017; published and mailed to 65,000 ADF hazelnut members Startup of Consortium Facebook page Website renewal and additions; maintenance January/February 2018 newsletter centerspread story on Consortium research Assisted at Annual Forestry Field Day, Horning Farm, NE; presentation on hazelnut research efforts and the Hazelnut Consortium

Publications

  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wiman, NG. 2018. Hazelnut pests. In: Hollingsworth, C.S., editor, Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook. Cooperative Extension Systems of University of Idaho, Oregon State University, and Washington State University. [online].
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wiman, NG. 2018. Aphid populations are high in hazelnuts this year. Pacific Nut Producer. 1 July.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Bhattarai, G., S.A. Mehlenbacher, and D.C. Smith. 2017. Eastern filbert blight disease resistance from Corylus americana Rush and selection 'Yoder #5' maps to linkage group 7. Tree Genetics and Genomes 13:45 doi.org/10.1007/s11295-017-1129-9
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Bhattarai, G., S.A. Mehlenbacher, and D.C. Smith. 2017. Inheritance and mapping of eastern filbert blight resistance from 'Uebov' hazelnut. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 142:289-297.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Capik J. and T.J. Molnar. 2017. An update on sources of resistance to eastern filbert blight disease of hazelnuts in New Jersey. HortScience 52(9):S5. (Abstr.) [Originally published in: Proc. (Vol. 2). The Northeastern Plant, Pest, and Soils Conference. Flessner, M.L, (ed.). 2017].
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hlubik. D., M. Muehlbauer, J. Capik, J. Simon., and T.J. Molnar. 2017. Effect of Pollen Parents on Oil Characteristics in European Hazelnuts. HortScience 52(9):247. (Abstr.)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Honig, J.A., J. Vaiciunas, M. Muehlbauer, and T. Molnar. 2017. Combining field and lab data to reach new heights in the Rutgers hazelnut breeding program. Pg 17-19. Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual Rutgers Turfgrass Symposium. Center for Turfgrass Science. School of Environmental and Biological Sciences. Rutgers University Jan. 13, 2017.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mayberry, A., J. Capik, and T.J. Molnar. 2017. Phenotypic characterization of wild american hazelnut (Corylus americana) germplasm to support future hybrid hazelnut breeding. HortScience 52(9):S3. (Abstr.) [Originally published in: Proc. (Vol. 2). The Northeastern Plant, Pest, and Soils Conference. Flessner, M.L, (ed.). 2017].
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Molnar, T. and J. Capik. 2017. Hazelnut accessions from Crimea and Russia transmit resistance to eastern filbert blight. Annual Report of the Northern Nut Growers Assoc. 107:16-19
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Molnar, T.J. 2017. Going nuts: continuing a 40-year-old woody ornamental breeding program. Acta Hort 1174: 305-312 (Combined Proceedings of the International Plant Propagators Society 67:305-312; DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1174.62)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Molnar, T.J., A. Mayberry, D. Hlubik, J. Capik, and J. Honig. 2018. Collection and evaluation of wild American hazelnut genetic resources: building the foundation for wide expansion of hazelnut production. Pg. 38. Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh Annual Rutgers Turfgrass Symposium. Center for Turfgrass Science. School of Environmental and Biological Sciences. Rutgers University. January 12, 2018.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Molnar, T.J., S.A. Mehlenbacher, P. Engel, and John M. Capik. 2018. Transmission of eastern filbert blight resistance from six sources of resistance in New Jersey. Submitted to the Journal of the American Pomological Society August 2018.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Muehlbauer, M., D. Hlubik, and T.J. Molnar. 2017. Characterization of the effects of hybrid hazelnut pollenizers (Corylus americana x C. avellana) on the oil content and profiles of several European hazelnut (C. avellana) cultivars. HortScience 52(9):S6. (Abstr.) [Originally published in: Proc. (Vol. 2). The Northeastern Plant, Pest, and Soils Conference. Flessner, M.L, (ed.). 2017].
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Tobia, J., M. Muehlbauer, J. Honig, J. Pscheidt, and T.J. Molnar. 2017. Cluster analysis of Anisogramma anomala isolates collected from the Pacific Northwest and New Jersey. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 107:S5.125. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-107-12-S5.125
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Thomas J. Molnar, Justin J. Lombardoni, Megan F. Muehlbauer, Josh A. Honig, Shawn A. Mehlenbacher, and John M. Capik. 2017. Progress breeding for resistance to eastern filbert blight in the eastern United States.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Thomas J. Molnar, Josh A. Honig, Alex Mayberry, Ronald S. Revord, Sarah T. Lovell, Shawn A. Mehlenbacher, and John M. Capik. 2017. Corylus americana: a valuable genetic resource for developing hazelnuts adapted to the eastern United States.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Sathuvalli, V., S. Mehlenbacher, and D. Smith. 2017. High-resolution genetic and physical mapping of the eastern filbert blight resistance region in 'Jefferson' hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). The Plant Genome 10(2) doi:10.3835/plantgenome2016.12.0123
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Poster: Molnar T.J., J.A. Honig, A. Mayberry, R.S. Revord, S.T. Lovell, S.A. Mehlenbacher and J.M. Capik. Corylus americana: a valuable genetic resource for developing hazelnuts adapted to the eastern United States. Abstracts of the IX International Congress on Hazelnut: 104. Samsun, Turkey August 2017
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Muehlbauer, M.F, K. Morey, N. Zhang, B.I. Hillman, and T.J. Molnar. 2018. Characterization of genetic diversity and population structure of Anisogramma anomala using microsatellite markers. Submitted to Phytopathology June 2018.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Muehlbauer, M., J.M. Capik, T.J. Molnar, and S.A. Mehlenbacher. 2018. Assessment of the Gasaway source of resistance to eastern filbert blight in New Jersey. Scientia Horticulturae 235:367-372
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wiman, NG, J Pscheidt, and E Peachey. 2018. Hazelnut pest management guide for the Willamette Valley. Oregon State University Extension Service Publication EM 8328.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Alex Mayberry, John Capik, Emil Milan, David J. Hlubik, Michael Gandler, and Thomas Molnar. Flowering phenology and phenotypic characterization of commercially valuable traits in wild American hazelnut (Corylus americana). Annual Meeting of the Northeastern branch of the American Society for Horticultural Science. Philadelphia, PA, Jan. 6, 2018
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Michael Gandler, John Capik, and Thomas Molnar. 2018 Long-term Observation of Resistance Sources to Eastern Filbert Blight in New Jersey. Annual Meeting of the Northeastern branch of the American Society for Horticultural Science. Philadelphia, PA, Jan. 6, 2018
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: " Andrews, H., Heinrich, A., Mugica, A., and NG Wiman. 2017. Assessment of management tactics against Pacific flatheaded borer in hazelnuts. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Denver, CO. 7 Nov.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Thomas Molnar. 2018. Resistance to eastern filbert blight provides great opportunities for expansion of hazelnut production. West Coast Nut. February 2018 Pgs. 4-12.
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Facebook Page: Willamette Hazelnut Extension: https://www.facebook.com/OSU-Hazelnut-Extension-1139354106122464/ Stats: 376 followers, 399 likes, post reach ~600-1000
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Muehlbauer, M.F. 2017. The use of molecular and biochemical tools to assist in the breeding of hazelnuts (Corylus spp.). Rutgers University. Ph.D. dissertation, 193 pp. https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/53746/
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mugica, A, H Andrews, NG Wiman. 2018. Biology and management of the flatheaded borer in hazelnuts. Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference. Portland, OR. 10 Jan.


Progress 09/01/16 to 08/31/17

Outputs
Target Audience:applied and basic researchers + producers + general public Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The collaborative work done during our annual Consortium meetings, and field days, have engaged growers and that sector of the public with enthusiasm for minor crops. One undergraduate student worker in the hybrid hazelnut progeny screening plot helping with plot maintenance and care of seedlings in the greenhouse. Other students assisted in collecting data related to Japanese beetle damage on the hazelnut plants. Seven undergraduates trained in 2017 Extension Teaching Events - growers and public Events Organized 1. Hazelnut IPM workshop. 2017. North Willamette Research and Extension Center. 23 Aug. 68 attendees. 2. Establishing equitable lease arrangements for hazelnuts. 2017. North Willamette Research and Extension Center. 8 Aug. 38 attendees. 3. Hazelnut pruning for young orchards. 2017. Christensen Farms, Amity OR. 15 Feb. 53 attendees. 4. Orchard sprayer technology and calibration workshop. 2017. North Willamette Research and Extension Center. 7 Feb. 160 attendees. Events at which I Presented Pacific flatheaded borer. Hazelnut IPM workshop. 2017. North Willamette Research and Extension Center. 23 Aug. 2017 68 attendees. Managing big bud mite in hazelnuts. Hazelnut IPM workshop. North Willamette Research and Extension Center. 23 Aug. 2017. 68 attendees. Hazelnut Extension update. Summer tour of the Nut Growers Society of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. Corvallis, OR. 3 Aug. 2017. 1100 attendees. Hazelnut industry of Oregon interview by host Weston Miller). Grow PDX Radio Show and Podcast. XRay FM 91.1. Portland, OR. 12 May. 2017. Hazelnut production research update. Winter meeting of the Nut Growers Society of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. Corvallis, OR. 18 Jan. 2017. 1300 attendees. Hazelnut nutrition basics and OSU research. Crop Protection Services (CPS) Field to Yield Hazelnut Grower Workshop. Salem, OR. 4 Jan. 2017. 328 attendees. New and old hazelnut pests. Pratum Co-op Grower Workshop. Salem, OR. 8 Dec. 2016. 268 attendees. Hazelnut research reports. Wilbur-Ellis hazelnut day. Salem, OR. 6 Dec. 2016. 143 attendees. Establishing and managing hazelnuts on small farms. Small Farms School. Clackamas Community College, Oregon City, OR. 15 Sept. Research presentations to peers: Rising hazelnut acreage could increase pest pressure from wood boring beetles Pacific flatheaded borer Chrysobothris mali and ambrosia beetles Anisandrus dispar and Xyleborinus saxesenii. 101st Annual Meeting of the Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America. Portland, OR. 5 April. 2017 Overview of the Oregon hazelnut industry. Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference. Portland, OR. 12 Jan. 2017 How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Routine electronic communications with academic peers, growers and packers, general public stakeholders such as: email, newsletter, website, Facebook. Presentations and publications for academic peers. Presentations to the hazelnut industry, and to allied Extension audiences and interested members of the general public. Through field days and research reviews. The video was shown during 'Backyard Farmer' on Nebraska Educational Television (NET) which is Nebraska's PBS station. The show reaches a broad segment of the public. The brochures are available at Horning State Farm for visitors to take. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Launch refreshed and redesigned website, with a fresh approach to our stakeholder audiences. Emphasize outreach through Arbor Day Fdn hosted Facebook page. E-newsletter will website and Facebook page. Release of Jan/Feb 2018 Arbor Day newsletter in Dec 2017. Conduct annual collaborative field day with our partners. Handout pertinent information during the Arbor Day Foundation's Partners Make A Difference conference. Mail Home Harvest Guide to the Arbor Day Foundation's 75,000+ members as an established piece of our outreach campaign relating to this federal funding. Plant and grow out 500 new hybrid hazelnut seedlings at Horning State Farm, generated by Oregon State University breeding efforts Screen and grow out 3,000 hybrid nut bearing hazelnut plants for their disease resistance, nut quality and yield. Establish yield trials for superior selections as identified and released by the Hazelnut Breeding Consortium in Nebraska, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Kansas and Arkansas. Host field day at Horning State Farm showcasing the hybrid hazelnut screening efforts and educating the public about the value and opportunity of hybrid hazelnuts. Develop and release for distribution a Professional and Continuing Education course on hazelnut production through OSU's Division of University Outreach and Engagement. Revise OSU's hazelnut extension documents.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Consortium website currently lists all CVs from all known affiliated scientists/partners and we also list out all relevant publications by said partners/scientists. Lectured to class of Nursery Management undergraduate students about the process of growing and screening hybrid hazelnut progeny for disease resistance, nut quality and yield. Developed a trifold brochure describing the hybrid hazelnut progeny screening plots and work being conducted at Horning State Farm in Plattsmouth, NE as part of the Hybrid Hazelnut Consortium. Produced ~4 minute video explaining the hybrid hazelnut progeny screening plots and work being conducted at Horning State Farm in Plattsmouth, NE as part of the Hybrid Hazelnut Consortium. Video was broadcast during 'Backyard Farmer' on Nebraska Educational Television (NET) and is posted to youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnE3EzLVbuM&feature=youtu.be

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wiman, NG. 2016. Hazelnut biology. Proceedings of the Nut Growers Society of Oregon Washington and British Columbia. 1 Aug.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wiman, NG. 2016. Wood boring insects: a new problem in hazelnuts. West Coast Nut. 1 Oct.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wiman, NG. 2017. Mid-season hazelnut pest management update. Pacific Nut Producer. 1 July.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wiman, NG. 2017. Winter Injury in hazelnuts. Pacific Nut Producer. 1 June.
  • Type: Websites Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hazelnut Consortium website under the Arbor Day Foundation domain. http://www.arborday.org/consortium.
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hazelnut Consortium Facebook page
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hazelnut Breeding Program Oregon State University Facebook Page
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: trifold brochure describing the hybrid hazelnut progeny screening plots and work being conducted at Horning State Farm in Plattsmouth, NE as part of the Hybrid Hazelnut Consortium.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Arbor Day Foundation annual e newsletter
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wiman, NG. 2017. Hazelnut pests. In Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook. Cooperative Extension Systems of University of Idaho, Oregon State University, and Washington State University. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. In: Hollingsworth, C.S., editor. Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook [online].
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wiman, NG, J Pscheidt, and E Peachey. 2017. Hazelnut pest management guide for the Willamette Valley. Oregon State University Extension Service Publication EM 8328.