Progress 09/01/15 to 08/31/21
Outputs
Target Audience:Providing high quality, unbiased education materials and educational opportunities to potential farmers, potential investors, and industry representatives will be vital for grower adoption of canola in the PNW. The most important component of this, and thus our main emphasis, will be the farming community. Extension activities will include grower and consultant networking, education, and on-the-ground problem solving. Our extension efforts will communicate information about the development and availability of new cultivars, along with data collected on crop rotations, optimized crop productivity, and potential disease issues that arise throughout this project. In addition, information will include fully integrated solutions to problems that growers face when adopting canola crops. Variety trials, germplasm evaluations, rotation trials, and agronomy trials will be featured during field days and tours across each region. Annual meetings already exist for growers in Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and Montana and canola production information will be included at these meetings as a complementary crop to enhance the long-term sustainability of dryland agriculture in the region. Educational sessions will consist of targeted plenary talks, smaller concurrent sessions (crop management, crop value products, marketing), and poster sessions. All performance results along with variety performance, crop rotation, optimized production practices, and economic information will be detailed on websites and in newsletters. Results of variety trials will be presented for each location and year, with regional and single-site averages for each variety. Available variety performance information will include yield, oil content, date of flowering, crop maturity, and disease and insect damage observations. Enterprise budgets for these crops will be added to current sets of cost and return estimates for each state and then disseminated to industry and grower groups. In addition this project will educate the next generation of canola breeders and agronomists on the latest research in these topic areas. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Education:Three graduate students conducted research in plant breeding/genetics, molecular genetics and plant pathology. Nine undergraduate students were trained in aspects of laboratory, glasshouse and field trials as full-time employees over summer and part-time during semester. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Extension Outreach:A critical part of our project is to deliver knowledge and results from our research to local growers and industry so that any innovative ideas can be readily adopted by the growers to increase acreage base. For example, over the last year we have presented information on canola at three Oilseed Workshops (318 attendees), 8 Grain Schools (425 attendees), and a blackleg scouting training school where 137 growers/industry attended. In addition, we have held 15 Variety Trial plot tours (303 attendees). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1:Develop and identify canola cultivars.Winter and spring canola and rapeseed breeding programs at the University of Idaho (UI) continued to develop better genotypes for release as superior cultivars in the region. Over the reporting period, new parent-cross combinations produced and F1seed produced in the glasshouse. In the winter canola program, Progeny 160 F2families were field tested. In addition, 45 F4& 20 F5lines were yield tested at two locations, and 12 advanced lines were entered regional testing. In the winter rapeseed program, 4 advanced line was entered into regional testing.SPS and Mx 2-row seed increase plots were planted from all F4+selections within the winter programs. In the spring canola and rapeseed breeding programs, progeny from 160 new F2 families were field tested, and a total of 1,380 SPS and Mx 2-row seed increase plots were planted for evaluation in the field. In addition, 75 & 30 F4& F5lines (most tolerant to either or both glyphosate andimidazolinoneherbicides) were yield tested at two locations, and 12 advanced lines were entered into regional testing. SNP genotyping was completed on 250 spring canola (B. napus) selections from a long-term selection efficiency study spanning the past 5 years. Data from both these study is already started being analyzed to identify Genomic Wide Association Studies and to identify molecular markers for agronomically important traits that can improved selection efficiency and speed future breeding efforts. PVP application packages were submitted for the following new cultivar releases: 'Industrious' spring industrial rapeseed, a high yielding spring rapeseed cultivar with excellent oil content and fatty acid profile making the oil suitable for high-quality industrial end uses. Combined with very low seed meal glucosinolates to provide a high-value livestock feed. 'Chinook' winter canola (05.WC.15.7.5.IMI), a high yielding winter canola cultivar with yield exceeding that of 'Amanda', and with good agronomic adaptability, good oil content and oil quality and tolerance to IMI herbicide allowing it to be planted in rotations where IMI herbicide are used on wheat or legumes. 'Impress' winter rapeseed (05.WI.45.2.2.IMI), with higher yield than 'Durola' winter rapeseed, excellent winter-hardiness, very high seed oil content, and excellent industrial oil quality, and tolerance to IMI herbicide allowing it to be planted in rotations where IMI herbicide are used on wheat or legumes. PVP application packages were drafted for the following new cultivar releases: 'Monarch' spring canola (07.SC.27.19.B3), with specialty oil characteristics and which produces HOLL quality canola oil (High Oleic Low Linoleneic) suitable for use as non-hydrogenated oil in fry processing while having lone shelf-life. 'Industrious' spring rapeseed (07.SI.8.A10) with high seed yield potential and adaptability to a range of PNW environments, with high oil content and excellent industrial oil quality. Objective 2: Effects of growing canola in rotations with wheat. The third year to examine the effect of including winter and spring canola into cereal rotations was completed. Results show that including winter canola in crop rotations can significantly increase following wheat yields (by 20-25% or 20-22 bu acre-1). Including canola in rotations improves grass weed control and allows for significantly greater water infiltration of alternative crops Objective 3. Determine the effects of row spacing, seeding rate, planting date, and mowing on winter survivability and productivity of early-planted winter canola.This study was initiated as a result a grower's survey that showed these were the most important questions that need to be address. Last years was the fourth (and final) consecutive year of testing. Over years and sites there was no significant difference between early and late planting and narrow and wide row spacing, each producing high seed yield. Many growers consider early planting to allow livestock forage grazing in fall, and again fall grazing did not reduce seed yield. However, early planted crops with wide row spacing produced significantly higher forage yield than narrow row spacing, and hence offer great grower return when livestock areinvolved. Because of these trials many growers now plant winter canola 2-4 weeks earlier than traditionally, and those grazing livestock up to 6 weeks earlier than had been customary. This study will no longer be investigated as part of this proposal and resources will be directed towards addressing new grower needs. Objective 4. Survey the PNW for potential for blackleg development in the region.Winter and spring canola fields were scouted for blackleg symptoms in fall 2018. The identities of isolates from surveys were confirmed by a combination of pathogenicity assays on canola seedlings and by DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer. Isolates are being characterized for the presence of avirulence genes using specific PCR primers and a collection of plant differentials. At least 15 distinct races are present in northern Idaho based solely on 7 PCR tests. Selected isolates are being used in large scale evaluation of a canola germplasm collection to identify resistance genes. Objective 5.Produce a Pacific Northwest Canola Production Manual. We have continued compiling a comprehensive PNW Canola Production Manual for growers and local industry to allow them to make decisions on how best to utilize winter and spring canola in their existing crop rotation systems. The manual is being produced in hard and electronic copies to allow widest possible accessibility to growers. Extension Outreach:A critical part of our project is to deliver knowledge and results from our research to local growers and industry so that any innovative ideas can be readily adopted by the growers to increase acreage base. Over the past year we have presented information on canola at three Oilseed Workshops (318 attendees), 8 Grain Schools (425 attendees), and a blackleg scouting training school where 137 growers/industry attended. In addition, we have held 15 Variety Trial plot tours (303 attendees).
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Esser, A.D., J. Brown and J.B. Davis, 2020. Spring canola and chickpea value in a cereal grain rotation. Presented at the WSU Annual Field Day, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Brown, J, Z. Zhang, H. Dong, J. Kuhl, J.B. Davis, and A. Job, 2020. A new SNP genomic selection system to determine parent and cross worth indices in canola (Brassica napus) breeding. EUCARPIA Meeting 2020.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Zhang C., A. W.A. Craine, R.J. McGee, G.J. Vandemark, J.B. Davis, J. Brown, S.H. Hulbert and S. Sankaran, 2020. Image Based Phenotyping of Flowering Intensity
in Cool Season Crops. Sensors 2020, 20, 1450
|
Progress 09/01/19 to 08/31/20
Outputs
Target Audience:Growers, Grower Cooperatives, Canola industry, Seed companies, Plant Scientist Researchers Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Education: Two graduate students conducted research in plant breeding/genetics, molecular genetics and plant pathology. Seven undergraduate students were trained in aspects of laboratory, glasshouse and field trials as full-time employees over summer and part-time during semester. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Extension Outreach: A critical part of our project is to deliver knowledge and results from our research to local growers and industry so that any innovative ideas can be readily adopted by the growers to increase acreage base. Over the past year we have presented information on canola at three Oilseed Workshops (318 attendees), 8 Grain Schools (425 attendees), and a blackleg scouting training school where 137 growers/industry attended. In addition, we have held 15 Variety Trial plot tours (303 attendees). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to complete progects in each of the Objectives listed in a timely manner.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Develop and identify canola cultivars. Winter and spring canola and rapeseed breeding programs at the University of Idaho (UI) continued to develop better genotypes for release as superior cultivars in the region. Over the reporting period, new parent-cross combinations produced and F1 seed produced in the glasshouse. In the winter canola program, Progeny 160 F2 families were field tested. In addition, 45 F4 & 20 F5 lines were yield tested at two locations, and 12 advanced lines were entered regional testing. In the winter rapeseed program, 4 advanced line was entered into regional testing.SPS and Mx 2-row seed increase plots were planted from all F4+ selections within the winter programs. In the spring canola and rapeseed breeding programs, progeny from 160 new F2 families were field tested, and a total of 1,380 SPS and Mx 2-row seed increase plots were planted for evaluation in the field. In addition, 75 & 30 F4 & F5 lines (most tolerant to either or both glyphosate and imidazolinone herbicides) were yield tested at two locations, and 12 advanced lines were entered into regional testing. SNP genotyping was completed on 250 spring canola (B. napus) selections from a long-term selection efficiency study spanning the past 5 years. Data from both these study is already started being analyzed to identify Genomic Wide Association Studies and to identify molecular markers for agronomically important traits that can improved selection efficiency and speed future breeding efforts. PVP application packages were submitted for the following new cultivar releases: 'Chinook' winter canola (05.WC.15.7.5.IMI), a high yielding winter canola cultivar with yield exceeding that of 'Amanda', and with good agronomic adaptability, good oil content and oil quality and tolerance to IMI herbicide allowing it to be planted in rotations where IMI herbicide are used on wheat or legumes. 'Impress' winter rapeseed (05.WI.45.2.2.IMI), with higher yield than 'Durola' winter rapeseed, excellent winter-hardiness, very high seed oil content, and excellent industrial oil quality, and tolerance to IMI herbicide allowing it to be planted in rotations where IMI herbicide are used on wheat or legumes. PVP application packages were drafted for the following new cultivar releases: 'Monarch' spring canola (07.SC.27.19.B3), with specialty oil characteristics and which produces HOLL quality canola oil (High Oleic Low Linoleneic) suitable for use as non-hydrogenated oil in fry processing while having lone shelf-life. 'Industrious' spring rapeseed (07.SI.8.A10) with high seed yield potential and adaptability to a range of PNW environments, with high oil content and excellent industrial oil quality. Full results will be available at http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/brassica/. Objective 2: Effects of growing canola in rotations with wheat. The third year to examine the effect of including winter and spring canola into cereal rotations was completed. Results show that including winter canola in crop rotations can significantly increase following wheat yields (by 20-25% or 20-22 bu acre-1). Including canola in rotations improves grass weed control and allows for significantly greater water infiltration of alternative crops. Objective 3. Determine the effects of row spacing, seeding rate, planting date, and mowing on winter survivability and productivity of early-planted winter canola. This study was initiated as a result a grower's survey that showed these were the most important questions that need to be address, and we completed the final phase of the study during this reporting period. Last years was the third consecutive year of testing. Over years and sites there was no significant difference between early and late planting and narrow and wide row spacing, each producing high seed yield above 3,500 lb. acre -1. Many growers consider early planting to allow livestock forage grazing in fall, and again fall grazing did not reduce seed yield. However, early planted crops with wide row spacing produced significantly higher forage yield (7,048 lb. acre -1) than narrow row spacing (5,897 lb. acre -1), and hence offer great grower return when livestock areinvolved. Because of these trials many growers now plant winter canola 2-4 weeks earlier than traditionally, and those grazing livestock up to 6 weeks earlier than had been customary. This study will no longer be investigated as part of this proposal and resources will be directed towards addressing new grower needs. Objective 4. Survey the PNW for potential for blackleg development in the region. Winter and spring canola fields were scouted for blackleg symptoms in fall 2018. In total, 46 sites were examined across four northern Idaho counties. Fields included both spring and winter canola, winter rapeseed, and mustard. Of the sites examined, 83% were positive for blackleg and a collection of 130 isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans and 10 isolates of L. biglobosa was generated. The identities of these isolates were confirmed by a combination of pathogenicity assays on canola seedlings and by DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer. Isolates are being characterized for the presence of avirulence genes using specific PCR primers and a collection of plant differentials. At least 15 distinct races are present in northern Idaho based solely on 7 PCR tests. Selected isolates are being used in large scale evaluation of a canola germplasm collection to identify resistance genes. Objective 5. Produce a Pacific Northwest Canola Production Manual. We have continued compiling a comprehensive PNW Canola Production Manual for growers and local industry to allow them to make decisions on how best to utilize winter and spring canola in their existing crop rotation systems. The manual is being produced in hard and electronic copies to allow widest possible accessibility to growers.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Brown, J., Z.S. Zhang, H. Dong, J. Kuhl, J.B. Davis, & A. Job, 2019. A new SNP geneomic selection system to determine parent and cross worth indices in canola (Brassica napus L.) breeding. 2019 ASA-CSSA-SSSC International Annual Meeting, November 10-13, 2019, San Antonio, Texas.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Brown, J., Z.S. Zhang, H. Dong, J. Kuhl, J.B. Davis, & A. Job, 2019. Practical applications of marker assisted selection in canola (Brassica napus) breeding. International Rapeseed Congress, June 16-19, 2019, Berlin, Germany.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Brown, J., E. Ireton, J.B. Davis, & A. Job, 2019. Effect of Spring and Winter Rotation Crops on Subsequent Winter Wheat Productivity and Profitability in a Two-Year Crop Rotation in Northern Idaho. International Rapeseed Congress, June 16-19, 2019,
|
Progress 09/01/18 to 08/31/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Canola, growers, canola oilseed crushing and seed meal processors, canola researchers and agronomists and plant breeders. Changes/Problems:No changes to the proposed research. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Three graduate students conducted research in plant breeding/genetics, molecular genetics and plant pathology. Nine undergraduate students were trained in aspects of laboratory, glasshouse and field trials as full-time employees over summer and part-time during semester. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A critical part of our project is to deliver knowledge and results from our research to local growers and industry so that any innovative ideas can be readily adopted by the growers to increase acreage base. Over the past year we have presented information on canola at three Oilseed Workshops (318 attendees), 8 Grain Schools (425 attendees), and a blackleg scouting training school where 137 growers/industry attended. In addition, we have held 15 Variety Trial plot tours (303 attendees). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?All projects are progressing as planned.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Develop and identify canola cultivars. Canola breeding efforts continued to develop superior cultivars in the region. Last year 217 new winter F1 and 90 new spring F1 populations were generated. In the winter program, 3,000 F3 single plant plots, 162 F4 & F5 lines yield tested at 2 locations, and 30 advanced lines entered into regional trials. In the spring program, 2,000 F3 SPP's, 110 & 200 F4 & F5 lines were yield tested at 2 locations, and 11 advanced lines were entered into regional testing. PVP application packages were drafted for the following new cultivar releases: 'Chinook' winter canola (05.WC.15.7.5.IMI), a high yielding winter canola cultivar with yield exceeding that of 'Amanda', and with good agronomic adaptability, good oil content and oil quality and tolerance to IMI herbicide allowing it to be planted in rotations where IMI herbicide are used on wheat or legumes. 'Monarch' spring canola (07.SC.27.19.B3), with specialty oil characteristics and which produces HOLL quality canola oil (High Oleic Low Linoleneic) suitable for use as non-hydrogenated oil in fry processing while having lone shelf-life. 'Syringa' spring canola (07.SI.7.8.8.7.RR-IMI) the first US spring canola cultivar with dual IMI/Roundup herbicide tolerance, allowing it to be planted in rotations where IMI herbicide are used on wheat or legumes but where Roundup can be applied for weed control. We have used transgenic technology to develop cold- and drought-tolerant canola varieties that should efficiently utilize water and express extreme winter hardiness. The RC12A gene plays a significant role in abiotic stress tolerance, and encodes a plasma membrane-related protein that is specifically related to cold stress tolerance. We isolated cDNAs of BnRC12A and AtRC12A from Arabidopsis and canola, respectively, and further cloned them into the plant expression vector pBin-ARS. We completed western blots (WB) which indicates expression of BnRC12A and AtRC12A genes in plant cells. Several transgenic canola explants expressing BnRC12A or AtRC12A genes have were generated and PCR-based molecular technique has verified two transgenic lines of Athena that over-express the AtRC12A gene at high levels. Several transgenic canola explants expressing BnRC12A or AtRC12A genes have been generated and PCR-based molecular technique has verified two transgenic lines of Athena that over-express the AtRC12A gene. Transgenic Athena seeds have been increased and initial cold tolerance screening will begin at green house conditions in 2019. In 2018, 17 different commercial companies and public breeding programs submitted66 cultivars for regional trial testing,27 winter types and 39 spring types. Three control varieties were included in each trial, for a total of30 winter and 42 spring entries. Winter trials were grown at eight sites while spring trials were grown at nine sites. Full results will be available at http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/brassica/. Objective 2: Effects of growing canola in rotations with wheat. Rotation studies continued in Idaho and Washington. In Idaho, spring barley and spring wheat had highest yield, and pea lowest yield. At local grain prices, however, spring canola had higher gross return compared to either spring cereal. Winter wheat following spring canola produced 14% higher yield (96 cw 85 bu acre-1) and two-year gross return of spring canola-winter wheat gross return ($1,035 a-1) was significantly higher than other rotations. Similarly, in Washington, spring wheat was significantly higher yielding than spring canola but there was no significant different in gross return from each. In Washington, spring wheat following spring canola was 16% higher yielding (73 cw 63 bu acre-1), and two-year grow return of spring canola-spring wheat was significantly higher than wheat-wheat. We completed the first winter canola rotation cycle. Gross return from winter canola was $616 acre-1, significantly higher than from winter wheat ($436 acre-1). Winter wheat following winter canola was 26% higher (128 cw 101 bu acre-1) and two-year gross return as 34% higher ($1,141 cw $850 acre-1). Soil water infiltration after spring or winter canola was almost double the infiltration after wheat. No difference was detected in residual nitrogen to a depth of 4 ft. and chickpea had significantly more residual moisture compared to wheat or canola. Residual soil moisture following chick pea was 4.7 inches 4 feet-1, while following spring canola and wheat was only 3.9 and 3.8, respectively, inches 4 feet-1. Both rotational studies will be repeated in 2017-2018 and used to complete two-year enterprise budgets. These data will be invaluable in addressing issues that growers have and have potential to greatly increase acreage of canola in the region when we can quantify the advantageous rotational benefits of canola crops. Objective 3. Determine the effects of row spacing, seeding rate, planting date, and mowing on winter survivability and productivity of early-planted winter canola. This study was initiated as a result a grower's survey that showed these were the most important questions that need to be address. Last years was the third consecutive year of testing. Over years and sites there was no significant difference between early and late planting and narrow and wide row spacing, each producing high seed yield above 3,500 lb. acre -1. Many growers consider early planting to allow livestock forage grazing in fall, and again fall grazing did not reduce seed yield. However, early planted crops with wide row spacing produced significantly higher forage yield (7,048 lb. acre -1) than narrow row spacing (5,897 lb. acre -1), and hence offer great grower return when livestock areinvolved. Because of these trials many growers now plant winter canola 2-4 weeks earlier than traditionally, and those grazing livestock up to 6 weeks earlier than had been customary. This study will no longer be investigated as part of this proposal and resources will be directed towards addressing new grower needs. Objective 4. Survey the PNW for potential for blackleg development in the region. Winter and spring canola fields were scouted for blackleg symptoms in fall 2017. In total, 46 sites were examined across four northern Idaho counties. Fields included both spring and winter canola, winter rapeseed, and mustard. Of the sites examined, 83% were positive for blackleg and a collection of 130 isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans and 10 isolates of L. biglobosa was generated. The identities of these isolates were confirmed by a combination of pathogenicity assays on canola seedlings and by DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer. Isolates are being characterized for the presence of avirulence genes using specific PCR primers and a collection of plant differentials. At least 15 distinct races are present in northern Idaho based solely on 7 PCR tests. Selected isolates are being used in large scale evaluation of a canola germplasm collection to identify resistance genes. Objective 5. Produce a Pacific Northwest Canola Production Manual. We have begun compiling a comprehensive PNW Canola Production Manual for growers and local industry to allow them to make decisions on how best to utilize winter and spring canola in their existing crop rotation systems. The manual is being produced in hard and electronic copies to allow widest possible accessibility to growers.
Publications
|
Progress 09/01/17 to 08/31/18
Outputs
Target Audience:Canola, rapeseed and mustard growers, canola and rapeseed crushers and seed meal processors, condiment mustard processors, oilseed and mustard researchers and plant breeders. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Three graduate students conducted research in plant breeding/genetics, molecular genetics and plant pathology.Six undergraduate students were trained in aspects of laboratory, glasshouse and field trials as full-time employees over summer and part-time during semester. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A critical part of our project is to deliver knowledge and results from our research to local growers and industry so that any innovative ideas can be readily adopted by the growers to increase acreage base. Over the past year we have presented information on canola at three Oilseed Workshops (318 attendees), 8 Grain Schools (425 attendees), and a blackleg scouting training school where 137 growers/industry attended. In addition, we have held 15 Variety Trial plot tours (303 attendees). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Full results will not be available until harvest is completed in late August 2018; however, progress to-date is presented. Objective 1: Develop and identify canola cultivars. Winter and spring canola breeding programs at UI continued to develop superior cultivars in the region. Last year 217 new winter F1 and 90 new spring F1 populations were generated. In the winter program, 3,000 F3 single plant plots, 162 F4 & F5 lines yield tested at 2 locations, and 30 advanced lines entered into regional trials. In the spring program, 2,000 F3 SPP's, 110 & 200 F4 & F5 lines were yield tested at 2 locations, and 11 advanced lines were entered into regional testing. Foundation Seed is being produced from two new spring canola cultivars, '07SC.2719B3', a specialty oilseed line with high oleic, low linolenic acid in seed oil for use as a non-hydrogenated fry oil, and '07.IR.7882.RR.IMI' with tolerance glyphosate and imidazolinone herbicides, allowing growers to include spring canola into rotations with IMI wheat or legumes where Pursuit® or Beyond® (imidazolinone) herbicides are applied and allowing growers to control weeds using Roundup®. Breeding research continued into improved breeding efficacy and speed cultivar release, including identifying molecular markers for cold tolerance and genotype by phenotype associations. We have used transgenic technology to develop cold- and drought-tolerant canola varieties that should efficiently utilize water and express extreme winter hardiness. The RC12A gene plays a significant role in abiotic stress tolerance, and encodes a plasma membrane-related protein that is specifically related to cold stress tolerance. We isolated cDNAs of BnRC12A and AtRC12A from Arabidopsis and canola, respectively, and further cloned them into the plant expression vector pBin-ARS. We completed western blots (WB) which indicates expression of BnRC12A and AtRC12A genes in plant cells. Several transgenic canola explants expressing BnRC12A or AtRC12A genes have were generated and PCR-based molecular technique has verified two transgenic lines of Athena that over-express the AtRC12A gene at high levels. Several transgenic canola explants expressing BnRC12A or AtRC12A genes have been generated and PCR-based molecular technique has verified two transgenic lines of Athena that over-express the AtRC12A gene. Transgenic Athena seeds have been increased and initial cold tolerance screening will begin at green house conditions in 2019. In 2018, 17 different commercial companies and public breeding programs submitted66 cultivars for regional trial testing,27 winter types and 39 spring types. Three control varieties were included in each trial, for a total of30 winter and 42 spring entries. Winter trials were grown at eight sites while spring trials were grown at nine sites. Full results will be available at http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/brassica/. Objective 2: Effects of growing canola in rotations with wheat. Rotation studies continued in Idaho and Washington. In Idaho, spring barley and spring wheat had highest yield, and pea lowest yield. At local grain prices, however, spring canola had higher gross return compared to either spring cereal. Winter wheat following spring canola produced 14% higher yield (96 cw 85 bu acre-1) and two-year gross return of spring canola-winter wheat gross return ($1,035 a-1) was significantly higher than other rotations. Similarly, in Washington, spring wheat was significantly higher yielding than spring canola but there was no significant different in gross return from each. In Washington, spring wheat following spring canola was 16% higher yielding (73 cw 63 bu acre-1), and two-year grow return of spring canola-spring wheat was significantly higher than wheat-wheat. We completed the first winter canola rotation cycle. Gross return from winter canola was $616 acre-1, significantly higher than from winter wheat ($436 acre-1). Winter wheat following winter canola was 26% higher (128 cw 101 bu acre-1) and two-year gross return as 34% higher ($1,141 cw $850 acre-1). Soil water infiltration after spring or winter canola was almost double the infiltration after wheat. No difference was detected in residual nitrogen to a depth of 4 ft. and chickpea had significantly more residual moisture compared to wheat or canola. Residual soil moisture following chick pea was 4.7 inches 4 feet-1, while following spring canola and wheat was only 3.9 and 3.8, respectively, inches 4 feet-1. Both rotational studies will be repeated in 2017-2018 and used to complete two-year enterprise budgets. These data will be invaluable in addressing issues that growers have and have potential to greatly increase acreage of canola in the region when we can quantify the advantageous rotational benefits of canola crops. Objective 3. Determine the effects of row spacing, seeding rate, planting date, and mowing on winter survivability and productivity of early-planted winter canola. This study was initiated as a result a grower's survey that showed these were the most important questions that need to be address. Last years was the third consecutive year of testing. Over years and sites there was no significant difference between early and late planting and narrow and wide row spacing, each producing high seed yield above 3,500 lb. acre -1. Many growers consider early planting to allow livestock forage grazing in fall, and again fall grazing did not reduce seed yield. However, early planted crops with wide row spacing produced significantly higher forage yield (7,048 lb. acre -1) than narrow row spacing (5,897 lb. acre -1), and hence offer great grower return when livestock areinvolved. Because of these trials many growers now plant winter canola 2-4 weeks earlier than traditionally, and those grazing livestock up to 6 weeks earlier than had been customary. This study will no longer be investigated as part of this proposal and resources will be directed towards addressing new grower needs. Objective 4. Survey the PNW for potential for blackleg development in the region. Winter and spring canola fields were scouted for blackleg symptoms in fall 2017. In total, 46 sites were examined across four northern Idaho counties. Fields included both spring and winter canola, winter rapeseed, and mustard. Of the sites examined, 83% were positive for blackleg and a collection of 130 isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans and 10 isolates of L. biglobosa was generated. The identities of these isolates were confirmed by a combination of pathogenicity assays on canola seedlings and by DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer. Isolates are being characterized for the presence of avirulence genes using specific PCR primers and a collection of plant differentials. At least 15 distinct races are present in northern Idaho based solely on 7 PCR tests. Selected isolates are being used in large scale evaluation of a canola germplasm collection to identify resistance genes. Objective 5 - added 2017-18. Produce a Pacific Northwest Canola Production Manual. We have begun compiling a comprehensive PNW Canola Production Manual for growers and local industry to allow them to make decisions on how best to utilize winter and spring canola in their existing crop rotation systems. The manual is being produced in hard and electronic copies to allow widest possible accessibility to growers.
Publications
|
Progress 09/01/16 to 08/31/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Providing high quality, unbiased education materials and educational opportunities to potential farmers, potential investors, and industry representatives will be vital for grower adoption of canola in the PNW. The most important component of this, and thus our main emphasis, will be the farming community. Extension activities will include grower and consultant networking, education, and on-the-ground problem solving. Our extension efforts will communicate information about the development and availability of new cultivars, along with data collected on crop rotations, optimized crop productivity, and potential disease issues that arise throughout this project. In addition, information will include fully integrated solutions to problems that growers face when adopting canola crops. Variety trials, germplasm evaluations, rotation trials, and agronomy trials will be featured during field days and tours across each region. Annual meetings already exist for growers in Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and Montana and canola production information will be included at these meetings as a complementary crop to enhance the long-term sustainability of dryland agriculture in the region. Educational sessions will consist of targeted plenary talks, smaller concurrent sessions (crop management, crop value products, marketing), and poster sessions. All performance results along with variety performance, crop rotation, optimized production practices, and economic information will be detailed on websites and in newsletters. Results of variety trials will be presented for each location and year, with regional and single-site averages for each variety. Available variety performance information will include yield, oil content, date of flowering, crop maturity, and disease and insect damage observations. Enterprise budgets for these crops will be added to current sets of cost and return estimates for each state and then disseminated to industry and grower groups. In addition this project will educate the next generation of canola breeders and agronomists on the latest research in these topic areas. Changes/Problems:None anticipated at time of reporting. All goals and objectives are proceeding as planned. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One graduate student has received trained in plant breeding, oilseed chemistry, and field agronomy. One graduate student has received training in plant molecular biology, and gene cloning. One graduate student has received training on blackleg disease and classification. 2-3 undergraduate students have worked on the project and have received training in plant breeding, agronomy, field plot techniques and glasshouse management. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Field trials in this project were featured in various field days in 2017 in Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Montana. These included the regional variety trials, optimized canola agronomy trials (planting date, row spacing, and seeding rates), and crop rotation trials grown are proposed. Variety trials from winter and spring regional testing will be made available to growers and the local canola industry through handouts and via our web site. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue regional variety testing in all PNW states, and complete the next cycle of maximized productivity through field agronomy and quantification of canola rotation effects on following wheat performance. We will utilize agronomic and crop rotation trials to determine best management practices for growers to minimize crop input costs while maximizing profitability and maintaining regional farming sustainability.Wewill continue to compile and produce a PNW Canola Production Guide.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Develop and identify canola cultivars that afford the highest productivity and greatest profitability for different agronomic zones in the PNW. Winter and spring canola breeding programs at the University of Idaho (UI) continued to develop genetically improved genotypes for release as superior cultivars in the region. In the winter program, 154 winter F2 populations were field evaluated along with 800 F3 single plant plots (SPP's), 53 F4 & F5 lines were yield tested at two locations, and 6 advanced lines were entered into regional testing. In the spring breeding program, 196 F2 populations were field evaluated along with 700 F3 SPP's, 550 F4 & F5 lines were yield tested at two locations, and 6 advanced lines were entered into regional testing. At time of reporting approximately 80% of the 2016-2017 winter evaluation trials have been harvested. Breeding selections have been carried out and seed processed allowing for some of the 2017-2018 winter breeding trials to be already planted. At the time of reporting no 2017 spring field trials have been harvested. However, All 2016-2017 field trials and 2017-2018 plantings are expected to be completed in a timely manner. Spring canola cultivar 'Cara' (PVP201700290) was released for commercialization. The two cold tolerance-related genes, BnRC12A and AtRC12A, have been cloned from canola (Brassica napus) and Arabidopsis, respectively. The in-plant expression of these two genes has been verified by Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana (a model plant widely used for in plant expression verification) leaves. BnRC12A and AtRC12A were cloned into the plant expression vector pBin-ARS to generate transgenic canola plants. Several explants and verification of the transgene(s) is in progress. Within this reporting period we have: (1) Verification of the overexpression of BnRC12A and AtRC12A in Nicotiana benthamia leaves via Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression; (2) Completed western blot (WB) indicates expression of BnRC12A and AtRC12A genes in plant cells; and (3) Generated transgenic canola plants which over-express the BnRC12A and AtRC12A genes by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and tissue culture. Regional Cultivar Testing Three control cultivars, plus 23 new winter canola cultivars or advanced breeding lines from 7 commercial companies (including 6 from the UI) were tested at nine locations in Idaho, Washington and Oregon in replicated field trials. At the time of reporting, some of the trials have yet to be harvested and the data is not available. Harvesting of the winter trials is anticipated this week, and the trial results will be made available to growers as soon as they are available. Thirty eight (38) spring canola cultivars from 11 commercial companies (including 3 control cultivars and 6 from the UI) were regionally tested in replicated field trials throughout Idaho, Washington and Oregon. At the time of reporting, none trials have been harvested and the data is not yet available. Harvesting of spring trials will begin the third week of August and trial results will be made available to growers as soon as they are available. In addition, commercially available spring canola cultivars were evaluated at the Eastern Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University under irrigated conditions. Objective 2. Quantify the effects of growing canola in rotations with winter wheat in the PNW. A series of studies were established in Idaho, Washington and Oregon to quantify the rotational benefit of spring wheat, barley, pea and spring canolain Idaho, spring wheat, spring canola and chickpea in Washington and winter wheat, Austrian Winter Pea and winter canola in Idaho and Oregon. All year 1 trials (the variable crop year) were grown successfully. In addition, the spring crop trials in Idaho and Washington had been grown in 2015, which allowed us to evaluate the performance of winter wheat following each spring crop. Winter or spring wheat was seeded following the rotation crop trials to determine rotational effects of each crop. Winter crop rotation trials were harvested the second week of August and the following wheat crops planted after the 2015-2016 rotation crop year were harvested the same week. At the time of reporting the results from these trials has yet to be completed. However, inspection of the wheat following rotations crops have showed significantly higher grassy weed population in winter wheat-winter wheat rotations compared to winter canola-winter wheat rotations. These trials will be repeated in subsequent years to obtain a better quantification of the rotation effects of including canola in rotations with winter wheat. Spring rotation trials and winter wheat following spring rotation trials have yet to be harvested so no data is available at this time for inclusion into the progress report. The data from this year's rotation trials will be combined with the previous year's data to provide cropping systems data and 2-year economic indicators to how growers can best benefit from including winter and spring canola into crop rotations with winter wheat to maximize profitability and maintain sustainability, particularly relating to control of grassy weed populations. Objective 3. Determine the effects of row spacing, seeding rate, planting date, and mowing on winter survivability and productivity of early-planted winter canola in the PNW. Four winter canola cultivars ('Amanda', 'Mercedes', 'HyClass 125-RR' and the advanced breeding line 16UIWC.15.7.5) were grown with two planting dates (late June and early August), two row spacing (10 and 20 inches rows), and with two seeding rates (3 and 5 lb. seed acre-1). This trial was grown with four replicates at each of two locations in northern Idaho. The 2016-2017 trials were established well at both locations. At flowering time there was no visible difference between planting dats, row spacing nor seeding rates. However, these trials have only just been harvested and data has yet to be analyses to provide results at this time. The data from this years rotation trials will be combined with the previous years data to provide agronomic and economic indicators to how growers can best grow winter canola with minimum input costs and highest grower profitability. Objective 4. Survey the PNW's potential for development of blackleg. Winter and spring canola fields were scouted for blackleg symptoms in July of 2017. In total, 18 sites were examined across four northern Idaho counties. Fields included both spring and winter canola (mainly 'Amanda'), winter rapeseed ('Durola'), and some mustard. Of the sites examined, isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans were collected from 12 sites. The identity of these isolates is presently being confirmed by pathogenicity assays on canola seedlings and by DNA sequence analysis. Selected isolates are being examined for virulence on canola and preliminary greenhouse studies are being conducted in preparation for evaluation ofcanola breeding lines from the University of Idaho breeding program. Objective 5. Produce a Pacific Northwest Canola Production Manual. We have begun collecting and compiling data from a wide range of agronomic, variety testing and genetic/breeding studies carried out throughout the Pacific Northwest Region to make available a comprehensive PNW Canola Production Manual to growers and local industry to allow them to make decisions on how best to utilize winter and spring canola in their existing crop rotation systems. The manual will be available in paper and electronic copy and the first sections of the manual are anticipated prior decision making for planting crops in spring 2018.
Publications
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Ireton, E. Agronomic condition to maximize productivity of winter canola in the Pacific Northwest and rotational effects of winter and spring canola grown in rotation with small grain cereals.
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Progress 09/01/15 to 08/31/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Canola growers, canola crushing industry, livestock feed industry, and agricultural researchers. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One graduate student has received trained in plant breeding, oilseed chamistry, and field agronomy and another graduate student has received training in plant molecular biology, and gene cloning. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Field trials in this project were featured in various field days in 2016 in Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Montana. These included the regional variety trials, optimized canola agronomy trials (planting date, row spacing, and seeding rates), and crop rotation trials grown are proposed. Variety trials from winter and spring regional testing have been made available to growers and the local canola industry through handouts and vis our web site. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue regional variety testing in all PNW states, and complete the second cycle of maximized productivity through field agronomy and quantification of canola rotation effects on following wheat performance. In addition we have added an new objective to the project, being that we will compile and produce a PNW Canola Production Guide.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Develop and identify canola cultivars that afford the highest productivity and greatest profitability for different agronomic zones in the PNW. Winter and spring canola breeding programs at the University of Idaho (UI) continued to develop better genotypes for release as superior cultivars in the region. New parent-cross combinations produced 143 new winter F1 and 97 new spring F1 populations. In the winter program, 110 F2 populations were field evaluated along with 1,000 F3 single plant plots (SPP's), 65 F4 & F5 lines were yield tested at two locations, and 10 advanced lines were entered into regional testing. In the spring breeding program, 120 F2 populations were field evaluated along with 1,750 F3 SPP's, 250 F4 & F5 lines (most tolerant to either or both glyphosate and imidazolinone herbicides) were yield tested at two locations, and 7 advanced lines were entered into regional testing. Spring canola cultivar 'Empire' (PVP201600064) was released and. Foundation seed was produced from a new spring specialty fry oil cultivar ('16.UISC.12.A10.19.12'), and two new winter canola cultivars ('06.UIWC.6.4.3' and ('06.UIWC.9.7.5.7') that are highly tolerant to imidazolinone and sulphonylureas class herbicides. The two cold tolerance-related genes, BnRC12A and AtRC12A, have been cloned from canola (Brassica napus) and Arabidopsis, respectively. The in-plant expression of these two genes has been verified by Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana (a model plant widely used for in plant expression verification) leaves. BnRC12A and AtRC12A were further cloned into the plant expression vector pBin-ARS to generate transgenic canola plants. To date, we have obtained several explants and verification of the transgene(s) is in progress. Regional Cultivar Testing Twenty five winter canola cultivars from 5 commercial companies (including 8 from the UI) were tested at nine locations in Idaho, Washington and Oregon in replicated field trials. Averaged over all sites harvested highest seed yield was obtained from 'Mercedes' (5,679 lb. acre-1, Rubisco), 'Arsenal' (5,357 lb. acre-1, LimaGrain, and 'Amanda' (5,138 lb. acre-1, University of Idaho). Fifty spring canola cultivars from 11 commercial companies (including 7 from the UI) were regionally tested in replicated field trials throughout Idaho, Washington and Oregon. Highest yielding test entries included 'G49733-RR' (2,883 lb. acre-1, Monsanto Company), 'Hyclass.955-RR' (2,863 lb. acre-1, Croplan by Winfield), ''Invigor.L130-LL' (2,677 lb. acre-1, Bayer CropScience LP), 'NCC.1015' (2,774 lb. acre-1, Photosyntech), and 'Star 402-RR' (2,671 lb. acre-1, Star Specialty Seed, Inc.) In addition, 25 commercially available spring canola cultivars were evaluated at the Eastern Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University under irrigated conditions. Canola seed yield in the Montana trial ranged from 775 to 1,919 lb. acre-1. HyClass 955 performed the best with a yield of 1,919 lb. acre-1. There were several other good varieties, including Hyclass 970, G49773, DKL70-10-RR, DKL30-20-RR, and C1511 which each yielded within the range of 1,790-1,850 lb. acre-1. Objective 2. Quantify the effects of growing canola in rotations with winter wheat in the PNW. A series of studies were established in Idaho, Washington and Oregon to quantify the rotational benefit of spring wheat, barley, pea and spring canolain Idaho, spring wheat, spring canola and chickpea in Washington and winter wheat, Austrian Winter Pea and winter canola in Idaho and Oregon. All year 1 trials (the variable crop year) were grown successfully. In addition, the spring crop trials in Idaho and Washington had been grown in 2015, which allowed us to evaluate the performance of winter wheat following each spring crop. Winter or spring wheat was seeded following the rotation crop trials to determine rotational effects of each crop. In the Washington spring rotation trial, spring wheat produced higher seed yield (3,779 lb. acre-1) then both spring canola (1,835 lb. acre-1) and chickpea (1,794 lb. acre-1). In Idaho, grain yields were generally higher with 5,205 lb. acre-1 for spring wheat, 5,554 lb. acre-1 for barley, 3,032 lb. acre-1 for spring canola and 1,662 for pea. However, with commodity grain prices set at the market value for November 2016, being $0.0197 lb-1 for wheat, $0.1734 lb-1 for canola, $0.3600 lb-1 for chickpea, and $0.0950 lb-1 for pea, then from the Washington trial markedly higher gross returns were obtained from chickpea ($645 acre-1) than spring canola ($362 acre-1), and lowest gross returns ($301 acre-1) from spring wheat. Similarly, in Idaho highest gross return was from spring canola ($526 acre-1), followed by spring wheat ($415 acre-1) and barley ($319) and lowest returns from pea ($158 acre-1). Winter canola seed yield (3,609 lb. acre-1) was lower than winter wheat (5,651 lb. acre-1) but with current grain prices grow returns from winter canola ($626 acre-1) were significantly higher than winter wheat ($450 acre-1). In the subsequent winter wheat crop seeded after the 2015 spring rotation crops grain yield of following winter wheat was significantly higher in both Idaho and Washington following spring canola (73.3 bu acre-1 and 95.8 acre-1, in WA and ID respectively), compared to winter wheat following spring wheat (61.3 acre-1 and 84.8 acre-1, in WA and ID respectively). These trials will be repeated in subsequent years to obtain a better quantification of the rotation effects of including canola in rotations with winter wheat. Objective 3. Determine the effects of row spacing, seeding rate, planting date, and mowing on winter survivability and productivity of early-planted winter canola in the PNW. Four winter canola cultivars ('Amanda', 'Mercedes', 'HyClass 125-RR' and the advanced breeding line 16UIWC.15.7.5) were grown with two planting dates (late June and early August), two row spacing (10 and 20 inches rows), and with two seeding rates (3 and 5 lb. seed acre-1). This trial was grown with four replicates at each of two locations in northern Idaho. Highest seed yield was obtained from Mercedes (4,789 lb. acre-1), followed by 16UIWC.15.7.5 (3,909 lb. acre-1), Amanda (3,975 lb. acre-1), and HyClass 125-RR (3,744 lb. acre-1). In contract to what has been found in previous years, early planting had significantly lower yield (2,916 lb. acre-1) than planting in August (4,217 lb. acre-1). Wide rows produced higher yield (4,224 lb. acre-1) than narrower rows (3,982 lb. acre-1), and there was no difference in seed yield from the different seeding rates. These trials were repeated by planting in late June and early August 2016. Objective 4. Survey the PNW's potential for development of blackleg. Winter and spring canola fields were scouted for blackleg symptoms in July of 2016. In total, 21 sites were examined across four northern Idaho counties. Fields included both spring and winter canola (mainly 'Amanda'), winter rapeseed ('Durola'), and mustard. Of the sites examined, 37 isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans were collected from 15 sites. The identity of these isolates is presently being confirmed by pathogenicity assays on canola seedlings and by DNA sequence analysis. Selected isolates are being examined for virulence on canola and preliminary greenhouse studies are being conducted in preparation for evaluation ofcanola breeding lines from the University of Idaho breeding program.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Davis, Jim, B., M. Wingerson, J. Brown, D. Wysocki and A. Wernsing. 2016. Pacific Northwest Winter Canola Variety Trial Results 2016. A flyer published by the University of Idaho Canola Program.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Davis, Jim, B., M. Wingerson, J. Brown, D. Wysocki and A. Wernsing. 2016. Pacific Northwest Spring Canola Variety Trial Results 2016. A flyer published by the University of Idaho Canola Program.
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