Source: PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
ADVANCING AGRONOMIC CROPPING SYSTEMS IN THE NORTHEAST
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1009362
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
PEN04600
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Apr 1, 2016
Project End Date
Mar 31, 2021
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Duiker, SJ, W.
Recipient Organization
PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY
208 MUELLER LABORATORY
UNIVERSITY PARK,PA 16802
Performing Department
Plant Science
Non Technical Summary
The activities of the proposed research project will impact Multistate Research and Extension. Within the Crop, soil, and weed management objective, we will develop cropping systems that: i) minimize nutrient and soil loss, ii) build soil organic nitrogen and carbon pools, and beneficial soil properties for crop productivity; iii) enhance agroecosystem biological diversity and ecological interactions for pest management and crop productivity, and iv) are energetically efficient and productive. Sustainable cropping systems results will be disseminated broadly throughout the region. Within the Nutrient management and soil fertility objective, we will i.) evaluate techniques to estimate residual nutrient effects in soils and integrate this into improved nutrient recommendation systems; ii) evaluate the application of nitrogen and phosphorus management strategies in crop- livestock systems; and iii) develop decision support systems for managing residual nutrients in crop-livestock systems. And within the Genetic resources in grain and forage we will i) assess yield and agronomic traits of corn, corn silage, soybeans, winter wheat and winter barley in replicated trials at multiple locations, focusing on potential value added traits that can impact their performance and value in Pennsylvania cropping systems. This will provide unbiased data to assess the potential economic benefit of these lines and new alternatives that are developed by industry and; ii) Identify and evaluate forage species/varieties and management practices suitable for conserved forage production and/or grazing in Pennsylvania. Results from the genetic resource evaluation trials will be used as a foundation for extension programs that focus on hybrid and variety selection with a particular emphasis on the value of new or novel traits. Finally all of these efforts will provide an opportunity to develop satellite studies on cropping system interactions that might improve sustainability. This project will link its research with extension outreach by presenting results and findings directly to crop management professionals, including cooperative extension ag educators, the ag industry, public sector and government employees, private consultants, and farmers. Integrated into this project is the involvement of the Departments of Entomology, Dairy and Animal Science, Horticulture, and Plant Pathology. Also included are the USDA-ARS Pasture Systems and Watershed Research Management Unit, the USDA-ARS Beltsville, MD and the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Producers in neighboring states will also benefit from the project via their extension educators who will use the results of this research in their educational programs.
Animal Health Component
0%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
75%
Developmental
25%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
1021599107025%
1112499108025%
2051699106040%
2160430114010%
Knowledge Area
102 - Soil, Plant, Water, Nutrient Relationships; 111 - Conservation and Efficient Use of Water; 205 - Plant Management Systems; 216 - Integrated Pest Management Systems;

Subject Of Investigation
1699 - Pasture and forage crops, general/other; 0430 - Climate; 1599 - Grain crops, general/other; 2499 - Plant research, general;

Field Of Science
1060 - Biology (whole systems); 1070 - Ecology; 1080 - Genetics; 1140 - Weed science;
Goals / Objectives
This project has three broad goals:1.) Crop, soil, and weed management:Within this objective, we will develop cropping systems that: i) minimize nutrient and soil loss, ii) build soil organic nitrogen and carbon pools, and beneficial soil properties for crop productivity; iii) enhance agroecosystem biological diversity and ecological interactions for pest management and crop productivity, and iv) are energetically efficient and productive. Various cropping system strategies will be compared and will include: diverse crop rotations with perennials, legumes, and cover crops; double crop corn silage and winter annuals such as rye, cover crop interseeding or companion seeding; no-till, manure injection, winter canola, and integrated pest management. Within this objective we will examine continuous no-tillage systems with special emphasis on optimizing manure N management with double crops and cover crops as well as cover crop termination strategies. Weed management strategies that promote conservation tillage, cover crop adoption, and reduced herbicide inputs will also be a focus. Strategies will include increased weed suppression by cover crops, integration of reduced rate herbicide technologies such as banding, and incorporation of mechanical weed control strategies such as high residue cultivation. Some of these tactics will also be investigated in an organic cropping system that focuses on reduced tillage. This will allow for lower herbicide rates, fewer herbicide applications, fewer problems with herbicide resistant weeds, and greater adoption of sustainable and organic agriculture.2.) Nutrient management and soil fertility:Within this objective, i) we will evaluate techniques to estimate residual nutrient effects in soils and integrate this into improved nutrient recommendation systems; ii) Evaluate the application of nitrogen and phosphorus management strategies in crop- livestock systems; and iii) develop decision support systems for managing residual nutrients in crop-livestock systems.3.) Genetic resources in grain and forage:Within this objective, we will i) Assess yield and agronomic traits of corn, corn silage, soybeans, winter wheat and winter barley in replicated trials at multiple locations, focusing on potential value added traits that can impact their performance and value in Pennsylvania cropping systems. This will provide unbiased data to assess the potential economic benefit of these lines and new alternatives that are developed by industry and; ii) Identify and evaluate forage species/varieties and management practices suitable for conserved forage production and/or grazing in Pennsylvania.
Project Methods
The following work will be performed in our laboratories, at the research farms, and on farm fields.1) Crop, soil, and weed management: Cropping systems designed for multiple agroecosystem services will be evaluated at the Penn State research farms and on participating farms. Cropping systems research will evaluate diverse crop rotations that include integrating perennials, winter annuals, cover crops, and integrated pest management as compared to grain crop rotations with low crop diversity systems with prophylactic pest management practices. Cropping systems will compare: i) no-till and manure injection to no-till with surface application of animal manure, ii.) corn-winter annual double-cropping strategies; iii.). terminating cover crops 2 weeks prior to subsequent crop planting versus at planting; iv) strategies to reduce herbicide use including occasional tillage and planting annual companion crops at perennial crop establishment, versus using herbicides for perennial crop termination and weed control. Herbicide banding and high-residue cultivation will be evaluated for their weed control contribution in this experiment. Weed management research will also specially look at how winter cover crop management can reduce herbicide inputs and manage glyphosate resistant weeds include horseweed (Conyza canadensis L.). Cover crops will include both winter cereals and legumes. Multiple performance indicators, will be monitored including pest and beneficial organism populations; nutrient conservation; indicators of soil health, energetic efficiency; cover crop C:N ratio crop yield and quality, and economic profitability. In other trials, new cover crop technologies such as cover crop interseeding or companion seeding will be examined at the Penn State research farms and with farmers. Some of this research will be conducted in organic cropping systems. Effects of cover crops and tillage system on crop yield and soil quality will be evaluated.2.) Nutrient management and soil fertilityThe three focus areas include i.) Availability of nutrients in animal manure and treated animal wastes such as composts will be evaluated. Field studies will be conducted with manures and residuals from manure treatment processes to determine the fate of the nutrients in these materials. Two extensively instrumented sites for this research have been established at the Agronomy Research Farm at Rock Springs. A state of the art research manure spreader has been built and will be used for this research. Manure will be applied using a variety of no-till manure injection methods using the research spreader. Measurements of surface losses of P and sediment will be made using a large scale rainfall simulator and from permanently established passive runoff plots. Ammonia N losses will be measured using ammonia trapping chambers, nitrate leaching will be measured using established monolith lysimeters. Economics of these systems will be evaluated using the USDA-ARS Farming Systems Model. ii) The practical application of nitrogen and phosphorus management strategies in crop-livestock systems will be evaluated. Specifically alternative manure application systems that can be integrated into management systems will be evaluated in field studies. An example is the evaluation of alternative no-till manure injection systems and different methods to reduce ammonia volatilization from surface applied manure. These studies are field studies that look at multiple fate pathways for manure nutrients applied to crop fields. iii) Decision support systems to assist farmers with making agronomically, economically, and environmentally sound nutrient management decisions will be developed. Nutrient management planning tools (publications such as the Agronomy Guide and factsheets, computer programs and worksheets) will be developed or revised to reflect the development of new or improved techniques for managing nutrients. These tools will also be developed to be sensitive to changing environmental constraints on the nutrient management process in crop-livestock systems. The goal is to facilitate the implementation of improved nutrient management plans. The efficacy and practical utility of Phosphorus Site Index parameters will continue to be evaluated.3.) Genetic resources in grain and forage production:In this project, evaluations of corn, soybean, wheat and barley genotypes will be conducted to characterize agronomic traits and assess the benefits of value added traits. i) Corn hybrid evaluation trials will be coordinated annually at multiple locations in the state in each of the four maturity zones across the state. These will be conducted for both grain and silage performance.In the grain trials, yield, moisture and lodging will be measured at each site. For silage, harvesting will take place when the silage is between 65 and 70% moisture for the majority of the hybrids in each maturity test. Sub samples will be taken from each plot and sent immediately to Cumberland Valley Analytical Services, Hagerstown, MD for analyses. The samples will be analyzed for 48 hour and 24 hour digestibility and NDF digestibility (NDFD) data using NIRS. We will also determine crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, (NDF), and starch on each sample. ii) Soybean trials will be coordinated with commercial seed companies and universities to examine the potential of full season soybeans at Rock Springs and Landisville research stations. Double crop soybeans will be evaluated at the Landisville station. All lines would be evaluated for yield, lodging, height, seed size and maturity at each location in 20 foot long plots that would be replicated four times. Grain quality samples will be collected to evaluate them for oil and protein. iii) Small grains trials will be coordinated with commercial seed companies and universities to examine the potential of soft red winter wheat and hulled and hulless winter barley. Our experimental locations would include our Rock Springs and Landisville research stations. All lines would be evaluated for yield, lodging, height, and test weight and disease resistance at each location in 20 foot long plots that would be replicated four times. Grain quality samples will be collected from the hulless entries to evaluate them for starch and protein. This will provide us with information on how well the grain is suited for feed use and ethanol production and how stable these traits are over multiple environments. iv) Superior quality and high yielding forage species/varieties will be identified for geographical or environmental conditions of Pennsylvania. Forage species will be evaluated at research stations and "on farm" for productivity under grazing and/or hay systems. Currently planned research includes alfalfa, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinaecea L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), bromegrass (Bromis inermis L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae L.) and perennial and annual ryegrass (Lolium sp.).

Progress 04/01/16 to 03/31/21

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience includes agricultural producers and landowners, agricultural services and businesses, government organizations, certified crop advisers, certified nutrient management planners, Technical Service Providers, and manure applicators. Changes/Problems:Of the eight original authors of the project proposal, fiveretired or left during the project period, and threenew faculty members joined this project during this period. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Our group actively supports the Certified Crop Adviser program by offering opportunities for Continuing Education Credits (CEUs). At these events we typically highlight results from the different aspects of cropping systems research. Every summer from 2016-2019 the Field Diagnostics Clinic was organized where participants could get Soil and Water, Pest Management, Crop Management, and Nutrient Management CEU credits. Instead of a Field Diagnostic Clinic, fiveweekly 'Virtual Agronomy Field Days' were offered in August and Sept 2020 with an average attendance of 25-50. Between 2016 and 2020, outreach for PAOneStop included approximately 12 county based workshops reachingapproximately 100 farmers. At the conclusion of each workshop farmers had a completed farm map and Agricultural Erosion and Sedimentation Control plan meeting PA compliance requirements. We have offered multiple workshops, field days, webinars and presentations for agronomic consultants, dairy and animal nutritionists, nutrient management planners, manure brokers, government agency personnel and agricultural educators, and farmers. Examples include presentations on double cropping winter annuals and fall manure management at the Pennsylvania Dairy Summit and the Mid-Atlantic Nutrition conference in 2019, a webinar with Sustainable Chesapeake in 2019, a workshop for nutritionists and farmers in 2018, a presentation about planting green to PA Agronomic Education Society in 2016. Each year we have also organized field tours at cooperating commercial farms and our Penn State Dairy Cropping System experiment site and have offered continuing education credits for NRCS personnel, manure haulers, Penn State Cooperative extension educators, soil analytical laboratory directors, pesticide applicators, and farmers. We have also presented our research at scientific meetings that are attended by other agricultural extension faculty, educators and students. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?One important outlet for our research results is Penn State's Field Crop News. This newsletter is the result of weekly discussions via conference call between cooperative extension educators and extension specialists. This results in a weekly electronic newsletter that has now more than 10,000 subscribers. Cropping systems research results also find their way into Penn State's Agronomy Guide, that is redacted every two years. Results of corn, soybean, small grain, and forage variety trials are made available in research reports published on Penn State Extension's website. Every year (with the exception of 2020) a research tour is organized as part of Ag Progress Days to demonstrate cropping systems research. Small grains and weed management tours are organized annually. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many activities had to be cancelled or redirected to on-line offerings. Also, virtual sessions were offered for Ag Progress Days. We have advertised and offered multiple field tours and presentations on farms or in regional conferences to reach consultants, educators and farmers in the regions of Pennsylvania where they reside. We have also presented webinars, prepared extension bulletins and videos that are available online. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Productive and sustainable crop production despite constantly changing socioeconomic and biophysical circumstances is essential to sustain our human civilization. We worked on different facets of cropping systems to achieve the twin goals of productivity and sustainability. Goal 1) Over eightyears, we compared innovative conservation practices in Pennsylvania no-till dairy cropping systems for conservation goals. Two rotations included diverse and continuous plant cover with perennials, double and cover crops; along with integrated pest and nutrient management. Shallow disk manure injection was compared to standard surface manure application in one rotation. Manure injection resulted in similar crop productivity with reduced inorganic nitrogen application. Reducing herbicide use through integrated weed management was compared to standard herbicide use. Although weed biomass was greater and tended to increase over time in the corn and soybean in the reduced herbicide system, weed biomass was again similar between systems by year twoof perennial forages, showing the importance of perennial forages in our cropping systems. The innovative conservation practices produced similar crop yield, quality, and milk production while reducing nutrient losses, and herbicide, pesticide and energy use. To extend cover crop benefits, we also evaluated delaying cover crop termination until cash crop planting (planting green) for threeyears on fivefarms with differing crop rotation, soil, weather, and equipment. Planting green of soybeans was successful, but yield reductions were observed with corn, due to reasons that are the subject of future research (Karsten). We investigated the effect of different crops in continuous no-till on soil health showing the potential negative effect of soybeans on soil health and productivity. Twenty years of no-till preserved soil conditions resulting in high wheat yield when it included either pastures or maize or sorghum in the rotation. When soybean replaced the two summer cereals, soil properties degraded resulting in reduced wheat yield. The importance of soil health for crop yield was also shown in an on-farm research project in Pennsylvania focused on no-till soybeans. The results strongly suggest, but do not prove, that manure applications improved soil physical properties, particularly infiltration capacity, and that these conditions explain why some fields achieved near record soybean yields. Interestingly, commonly used soil quality indicators failed to reflect the productivity of the soil. In an evaluation of crop simulation models, we discovered that they accurately simulate biomass production of maize and alfalfa in the northeastern USA, but they likely overestimate water use. Increasing CO2 may shift production towards more alfalfa due to the change in productivity, or to more corn if the rationale is that the same alfalfa can be produced in smaller area. Our machine learning work illustrated how large panels of data can be used to learn the comparative response to climate of maize, sorghum and soybean. We estimated that the location of the core of the corn belt will move to Minnesotaand the Dakotas in the year 2064 due to climate change (Kemanian). In Pennsylvania, farm plan requirements vary based on state and federal regulations. Education, technical support and decision support tools were developed to assist non-concentrated animal operation (CAO) or concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) farms to comply with planning standards, specifically, to develop an Agricultural Erosion and Sedimentation Control Plan (Ag E&S Plan) and a Manure Management Plan. PAOneStopFarm Planning System provides an online decision support tool for farm mapping and Ag E&S Plan development and associated educational support through Penn State Extension. In 2019, PAOneStop was improved to better serve PA farmers and end-users. A few highlights include: 1) aerial imagery update, 2) move to PAOneStop.psu.edu, 3) report generation updates (on-going), and 4) development of a Manure Management Plan application (currently in testing/evaluation). As of October 1, 2019, PAOneStop reached: 6,500 users across 26,000 farms. These farms represented a total of 200,000 fields. Users include farmers as well as state agency and private sector staff assisting farmers with map and plan development (Weld). Fragipan soils cover 30% of the land surface of Pennsylvania and 27 million acres in the U.S. A study was conducted to determine whether subsoiling an Andover loam soil with a shallow fragipan and seasonally high water table - would result in corn yield improvement compared with no-till. Approximately 64% of the soil surface remained undisturbed guaranteeing soil erosion protection from crop residue and soil health maintenance. On average, subsoiling increased maize yields 11%. This research shows that subsoiling with reduced surface disturbance can increase maize yields on soils with shallow fragipan while maintaining the benefits of conservation tillage for soil health (Duiker). The goal of the weed management component is to facilitate adoption of Integrated Weed Management (IWM) practices that contribute to field crop production goals without compromising the environmental quality and economic viability of individual farms. We developed and communicated weed management concepts that can be adapted by farmers to address unique, context-dependent weed management problems. Since 2019, we have provided in-person continuing education on weed management for over 3,500 individuals, and contributed to the publication of four weed management guides (Wallace). Goal 2) The goals of the nutrient management and soil fertility component are to deliver educational programs and conduct research that will improve understanding of the four Rs (Right source, Right rate, Right timing, and Right placement), understanding of the relationship between farm management and nutrient dynamics, compliance with regulations, and overall water quality. We provided training for 345 Certified Nutrient Management Specialists who develop and approve nutrient management plans for 1,217 Pennsylvania farms with 228,296 acres of farmland. The planning tools we develop for these farm operations help to protect water quality by identifying appropriate manure application rates and methods that minimize the risk of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses. As a result of this work and the work of others, 11 of 15 USGS water quality monitoring stations in Pennsylvania show a declining trend in total N levels and 8 of 14 stations show a declining trend in total P levels. The Penn State Agricultural Analytical Services Lab (AASL) provides analytical testing and research-based recommendations to support sustainable resource management decisions. Each year the AASL fulfills 42,000 soil fertility tests, 1,500 pre-sidedress soil nitrate tests, 6,700 plant tissue tests, and 2000 manure, compost, and biosolids tests (White). Goal 3) Soybeans are an important crop in Pennsylvania, being grown on more than 600,000 acres. Full season soybeans are most common, but double cropped soybeans after small grain harvest are also grown in the southern part of the state. In this project we annually evaluated yields of 14-31 different early and 26-58 late maturing soybean varieties in three different locations. We also evaluated 17-30 double crop soybean varieties per year in southeastern Pennsylvania. To serve clientele interested in non-GMO crops, we also evaluated 18 and 24 non-Roundup-Ready soybean varieties in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Winter barley variety evaluations support the animal and growing artisanal beer production industries. Annually, a total of 7-19 feed barley varieties and 8-12 malting barley varieties were evaluated. Pennsylvania winter wheat is used in baking products as well as for animal feed. Annually 54-65 different winter wheat varieties were evaluated (Roth [retired]).

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Bunchek, J.M., J.M. Wallace, W.S. Curran. D.A. Mortensen, M.J. VanGessel and B.A. Scott. 2020. Alternative performance targets for integrating cover crops as a proactive herbicide-resistance management tool. Weed Science doi: 10.1017/wsc.2020.49
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Busch, A., M. Douglas, G. Malcolm, H.D. Karsten and J.F. Tooker. 2020. A high-diversity/IPM cropping system fosters beneficial arthropod populations, limits invertebrate pests, and produces competitive maize yields. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 292,106812
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Casta�o-Sanchez, J., A. Rotz, H.D. Karsten and A.R. Kemanian. 2020. Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide effects on dairy crops in the Northeast US: A comparison of model predictions and observed data. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 291, 108093
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Caswell, K., J.M. Wallace, W.S. Curran, S.B. Mirsky and M.R. Ryan. 2019. Cover crop species and cultivars for drill-interseeding in Mid-Atlantic corn and soybean. Agronomy Journal. 111:1060-1067
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Champagne, R., J.M. Wallace, B. Baraibar and W. Curran. 2019. Agronomic and economic tradeoffs between alternative cover crop and organic soybean sequences. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. doi:10.1017/S174317052000006X.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Duiker, S. W. 2020. In-row subsoiling benefits maize yield on soil with a shallow fragipan. Crop, Forage & Turfgrass Management, 6(1). ISBN/ISSN #/Case #/DOI #: doi 10.1002/cft2.20008
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ernst, O. R., A.R. Kemanian, G. Siri-Prieto, S. Mazzilli and S. Dogliotti. 2020. The dos and don'ts of no-till continuous cropping: evidence from wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Field Crops Research 257, 107934.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Fae, G. S., A.R. Kemanian, G.W. Roth, C. White and J.E. Watson. 2020. Soybean yield in relation to environmental and soil properties. European Journal of Agronomy, 118, 126070.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Hoffman, A. L., A.R. Kemanian and C.E. Forest. 2020. The response of maize, sorghum, and soybean yield to growing-phase climate revealed with machine learning. Environmental Research Letters, 15, 094013
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Stachelek, J., W. Wang, C.C. Carey, A.R. Kemanian, K.M. Cobourn, T. Wagner, K.C. Weathers and P. Soranno. 2020. Agricultural land-use and lake water quality relationships differ when considering predictor granularity at macroscales Ecological Applications. e02187.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Stefani Fae, G. O., A.R. Kemanian, G.W. Roth, C. White and J.E. Watson. 2020. Soybean yield in relation to environmental and soil properties. European Journal of Agronomy, 118, 126070
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Stockle, C. O. and A.R. Kemanian. 2020. Can crop models identify critical gaps in genetics, environment, and management interactions? Frontiers in Plant Science, 11.doi 10.3389/fpls.2020.00737
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Collick, A.S., T.L. Veith, D.R. Fuka, P.J.A. Kleinman, A.R. Buda, J.L. Weld, R.B. Bryant, P.A. Vadas, M.J. White, R.D. Harmel and Z.M. Easton. 2016. Improved simulation of edaphic and manure phosphorus loss in SWAT. Journal of Environmental Quality. 45(4):1215-25. doi: 10.2134/jeq2015.03.0135
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Finney, D. M., C. White and J.P. Kaye. 2016. Biomass production and carbon/nitrogen ratio influence ecosystem services from cover crop mixtures. Agronomy Journal, 108(1), 39-52. ISBN/ISSN #/Case #/DOI #: 10.2134/agronj15.0182
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Finney, D. M., E.G. Murrell, C. White, B. Baraibar, M.E. Barbercheck, B.A. Bradley, S. Cornelisse, M.C.Hunter, J.P. Kaye, D.A. Mortensen, C.A. Mullen and M.E. Schipanski. 2017. Ecosystem Services and Disservices Are Bundled in Simple and Diverse Cover Cropping Systems. Agricultural & Environmental Letters, 2(1). ISBN/ISSN #/Case #/DOI #: 2471-9625
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Murrell, E. G., M.E. Schipanski, D.M. Finney, M.C. Hunter, M. Burgess, J.C. LaChance, B. Baraibar, C. White, D.A. Mortensen and J.P. Kaye. 2017. Achieving Diverse Cover Crop Mixtures: Effects of Planting Date and Seeding late. Agronomy Journal, 109(1), 259-271. ISBN/ISSN #/Case #/DOI #: 0002-1962
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wallace, J. M., S. Isbell, R. Hoover, M. Barbercheck, J. Kaye and W. Curran. 2019. Cover crop interseeding establishment methods in organic field corn. Journal of Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. doi: 10.1017/S174217051900043
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wallace, J., W.S. Curran and D.A. Mortensen. 2019. Cover crop effects on horseweed (Erigeron canadensis) density and size inequality at time of herbicide exposure. Weed Science. 67:327-338
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: White, C., B. Bradley, D. Finney and J.P. Kaye. 2019. Predicting Cover Crop Nitrogen Content with a Handheld Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Meter. Agricultural & Environmental Letters, 4(1). ISBN/ISSN #/Case #/DOI #: 10.2134/ael2019.08.0031
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: White, C., D.M. Finney, A.R. Kemanian and J.P. Kaye. 2016. A Model-Data Fusion Approach for Predicting Cover Crop Nitrogen Supply to Corn. Agronomy Journal, 108(6), 2527-2540. ISBN/ISSN #/Case #/DOI #: 10.2134/agronj2016.05.0288
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: White, C., S.T. Dupont, M.M. Hautau, D. Hartman, D.M. Finney, B. Bradley, J.C. LaChance and J.P. Kaye, J. P. 2017. Managing the trade off between nitrogen supply and retention with cover crop mixtures. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 237, 121-133. ISBN/ISSN #/Case #/DOI #: 10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.016
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Araujo, A., J. Kienzle, B. Sims, S. Mkomwa, O. Al Gharras, H. Singh, E. Haque, L. Hongwen, E. Gonzalez, B. Streit, J. Desbiolles, S.W., Duiker, R. Pereitti, D. Bolonhezi, A.A. Nurbekov and T., Friedrich. 2020. The status of mechanization in Conservation Agriculture systems. p. 427-496. In Kassam, Amir (Ed.) Advances in Conservation Agriculture Volume 1: Systems and Science. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/AS.2019.0048.11
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Basch, G., F. Teixeira and S.W. Duiker. 2020. Weed management practices and benefits in Conservation Agriculture systems. In Kassam, Amir (Ed.) Advances in Conservation Agriculture Volume 2. Practice and Benefits. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/AS.2019.0049.04
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Rice, T. 2020. Shortlived grass and cover crop variety evaluations. https://extension.psu.edu/2019-2020-short-lived-grass-and-cover-crops-trial
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Rice, T. 2020. Forage variety trials report. https://extension.psu.edu/forage-variety-trials-reports
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Summers, H. 2020. Evaluating integrated weed management tactics to reduce herbicides and control herbicide-resistant weeds. M.S. Thesis. The Pennsylvania State University
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Adam, J., J.M. Wallace and D. Lingenfelter. 2020. "Fall and spring herbicide programs for horse weed management in cereal rye," Northeast Plant, Pest, and Soils Conference, Philadelphia PA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ficks, T., J.M. Wallace and D. Lingenfelter. 2020. "Cereal rye seeding rate effects on weed suppression in planting green soybean," Northeast Plant, Pest, and Soils Conference, Philadelphia PA.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Sharpley, A., P. Kleinman, C. Baffaut, D. Beegle, C. Bolster, A. Collick, Z. Easton, J. Lory, N. Nelson, D. Osmond, D. Radcliffe, T. Veith, and J. Weld. 2017. Verification of phosphorus site assessment tools: lessons from the U.S. Journal of Environmental Quality. 46(6):1250-1256. doi:/10.2134/jeq2016.11.0427
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Veith, T. L., S.C. Goslee, D.B. Beegle, J.L. Weld and P.J.A. Kleinman. 2017. Analyzing within-county hydrogeomorphological characteristics as a precursor to Phosphorus Index modifications. Journal of Environmental Quality 46(6):1365-1371. doi: 10.2134/jeq2016.10.0416
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Mazzone, T. and J.M. Wallace. 2020. "Residual herbicide program effects on interceded annual ryegrass in corn grain," Northeast Plant, Pest, and Soils Conference, Philadelphia PA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wallace, J. and E. Maloney. 2020. "Relative sensitivity of cover crops to seedling root and shoot inhibitors," Northeast Plant, Pest and Soils Conference, Philadelphia PA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Weld, J. and R. Neiderer. 2020. PAOneStop Mapping Overview. Pork and Poultry Expo, Manheim, PA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Weld, J., 2020. Manure Matching Overview. NFWF Project Spotlight: Manure/Litter Matching Services: Building Markets and Connecting Farmers. March 26, 2020. Webinar presentation, 50 in attendance, National.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: White, C., 2020. Nitrogen Recommendations for Corn that Credit Cover Crops and Soil Organic Matter. https://extension.psu.edu/nitrogen-recommendations-for-corn.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Baraibar, B., E.G. Murrell B.A Bradley, M.E. Barbercheck, D.A. Mortensen, J.P. Kaye and C.M. White. 2020. Cover crop mixture expression is influenced by nitrogen availability and growing degree days. PloS one, 15(7), e0235868.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Binder, J., H. D. Karsten, D. B. Beegle, and C. J. Dell. 2020. Manure injection and rye double cropping increase nutrient recovery and forage production. Agronomy J. published online. DOI:10.1002/agj2.20181


Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Our audience includes, producers, agribusiness, government and non-government organizations who advise crop producers and fellow scientists. Agencies and NGOs responsible for nutrient and crop management policy. Farmers and public and private farm advisors who must implement improved practices for farm profitability and environmental protection. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Our group supported multiple conferences for professional training in Pennsylvania including the 22nd Annual Grazing Conference in Clarion, PA; the 74th International Annual Conference of the Soil and Water Conservation Society, Crop Scout School, Crop Diagnostic Clinic, Keystone Crops Conference, PA Agronomic Education Society Conference, multiple nutrient management, soybean, hay, weed and soil health workshops. In addition our group contributed to training sessions in other states as well as internationally. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Our group uses multiple methods of disseminating our work to our communities of interest. We publish an electronic newsletter weekly - Field Crop News - throughout the growing season and distribute it to more than 8,000 of our clientele. Our material is also published in various farming publications including Lancaster Farming, Farmshine, Corn and Soybean Digest, Ohio Farm and Dairy, and No-Till Farmer. We also contribute actively to the Penn State Extension website where we share research results and other timely information. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue research in the context of the Long Term Agricultural Research Network, of which one site is at the Penn State Agronomy Research Farm and contribute to a study to test 31 soil health parameters in long-term crop rotation and tillage studies in North America. We are also leading a study on the economic and soil health effects of cover crop grazing. We are investing in new manure spreading equipment to test design improvements in manure injection, to be able to perform variable rate manure applications, and to measure real-time nutrient analysis of liquid manure as it is being applied.Our on-farm trials to improve nitrogen recommendations will continue through partnership with several organizations, including the PA No-Till Alliance, Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable Agriculture, and Stroud Water Research Center. We plan to continue forage and grain evaluation trials and initiate new trials in the fall spring. Each year we adapt and improve the trials to meet the needs of clientele.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Crop Soil and Weed Management In a case-study watershed (Spring Creek), we compared applying eight best management practices (BMPs) recommended by the watershed implementation plan to using a calibrated watershed model (Topo-SWAT) to identify the most-cost effective BMPs. With this site-specific cost-analysis approach, we found that 5 BMPs selected by Topo-SWAT could meet the EPA water quality goals for 26% less cost than the 8 BMPs recommended in the WIP. Using a Calibrated model at fine-resolution can result in more cost-effective achievement of water quality goals. Several of our project team members were involved with the organization of the 2nd Northeast Cover Crop Council Conference held November 15th, 2018 in State College. The conference drew approximately 155 participants from Maine to West Virginia. The Northeast Cover Crop Council aims to support successful implementation of cover crops to maximize economic, environmental and social benefits. It does that by facilitating collaboration between farmers, researchers, and the public to foster the exchange of information, inspiration, and outcome-based research. The 2018 conference featured keynote speakers Blake Vince, who farms corn, soybeans, and wheat on 1,200 acres in Ontario, Canada and Ray Weil, University of Maryland soils professor and father of the tillage radish. Farmers, researchers, and graduate students shared practices, ideas and research about cover crop adoption and education, cover crops and livestock production, cover crops in vegetable and row crops, nutrient management benefits of cover crops, and cover crop mixtures research in 23 breakout presentations. Participants also had the opportunity to talk to about 20 poster presenters in the morning and discussed a variety of cover crop themes in 'World Café' roundtables in the afternoon. 2. Nutrient Management and Soil Fertility In the 2018-2019, 38 new individuals received training toward becoming a certified nutrient management specialist. These 38 individuals will have the opportunity to join the existing 287 Nutrient Management Planners that have received certification by attending our training series and completing continuing education requirements. In 2018, these nutrient management planners developed and approved plans for 1,217 Pennsylvania farms accounting for 228,296 acres of farm lands. Additionally, 34 new manure haulers and brokers were certified through these trainings. One hundred and twenty Nutrient Balance Sheets were developed using worksheets and spreadsheets created and managed by our team, accounting for manure applications of 13 million gallons and 73,000 tons on 27,000 acres. Fertilizer recommendations developed through our project were used to provide nutrient recommendations on 42,000 soil fertility tests, 1,500 pre-sidedress soil nitrate tests, 6,700 plant tissue tests, 700 manure tests, and 1,000 compost tests. A series of dedicated soil fertility workshops were held in February and March in 3 regions of the state. These workshops reached 21 farmers managing 8,267 acres and 6 industry or agency personnel that attended from 14 counties. Twenty to 29 of the participants increased knowledge in various topics including processes affecting nutrient availability, how to collect soil sample and interpret a soil test report, managing nitrogen, and calculating nutrient availability from manure. Twelve to 19 participants increased their likelihood to do various practices including routine soil testing, follow soil test recommendations, perform adaptive nitrogen management, obtain a nutrient analysis for manure, and use a nutrient balance sheet to calculate manure application rates and supplemental fertilizer requirements. In aggregate, participants reported that they expected to have a positive cash impact of $24,130 across their farming operations based on information they learned at the workshop. 3. Genetic Resources in Grain and Forage We have evaluated variety performance of alfalfa, sorghum sudangrass, forage sorghum, cool-season perennial forages (timothy, tall fescue, festulolium, meadow fescue, ryegrass, and grass mixtures) as well as corn for silage during the past six months. A short-lived annual/cover crops trial (ryegrass, triticale, rye, mixes) as well as a trial analyzing small grains for forage (spring planted oats, rye, triticale) was conducted. Results are currently being analyzed to disseminate to industry professionals and producers. As a result of this process, we are in the process of identifying high yielding and high quality forages. Online course Grazing 101: Sustainable Pasture Management for Grazing Livestock has been completed and launched, which focuses on educating participants on proper grazing management practices for optimal pasture and livestock productivity. https://extension.psu.edu/grazing-101. The 2018 Pennsylvania Forage Conference was held in February in Grantville, PA in collaboration with the Pennsylvania Forage and Grassland Council. Topics ranged from cool-season perennial forage production to annual forage crops and attendees were from 4 different states in the Northeast.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Amin, M.G. M. T. Veith, J. Shortle; H. D. Karsten, and P. J.A. Kleinman. 2019. Addressing the spatial disconnect between national-scale total maximum daily loads and localized land management decisions. J. Environ. Qual. doi: 10.2134/jeq2019.03.0120
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Baraibar, B., D.A. Mortensen, M.C. Hunter, M.E. Barbercheck, J.P. Kaye, D.M. Finney, W.S. Curran, J. Bunchek, and C.M. White. 2018. Growing degree days and cover crop type explain weed biomass in winter cover crops. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 38(6).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Billman, E., Williamson, J., Soder, K., Andreen, D., & Skinner, H. Forage Yield, Quality, and Botanical Composition of Mixed-Species Pastures under Mob vs. Rotational Grazing in the Northeastern United States. Agronomy Journal. [Accepted September 2019].
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hunter, M.C., C.M. White, J.P. Kaye, and A.R. Kemanian. 2019. Ground-Truthing a Recent Report of Cover CropInduced Winter Warming. Agric. Environ. Lett. 4(1).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jahanzad, E., L. S. Saporito, H.D. Karsten and P. J.A. Kleinman. 2019. Varying Influence of Dairy Manure Injection on Phosphorus Loss in Runoff over Four Years J. Environ. Qual. doi:10.2134/jeq2018.05.0206
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kaye, J., D. Finney, C. White, B. Bradley, M. Schipanski, M. Alonso-Ayuso, M. Hunter, M. Burgess, and C. Mejia. 2019. Managing nitrogen through cover crop species selection in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic. PLoS One 14(4): 123.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Miller, M.D., H.E. Gall, A.R. Buda, L.S. Saporito, T.L. Veith, C.M. White, C.F. Williams, K.J. Brasier, P.J.A. Kleinman, and J.E. Watson. 2019. Load-discharge relationships reveal the efficacy of manure application practices on phosphorus and total solids losses from agricultural fields. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 272: 1928.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Milliron, R.A., H. D. Karsten, and D. B. Beegle. 2019. Influence of Dairy Slurry Manure Application Method, Fall Application-Timing, and Winter Rye Management on Nitrogen Conservation. Agron. J. 111:115. doi:10.2134/agronj2017.12.0743
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Reed, H.K., H.D. Karsten, W.S. Curran, J.F. Tooker, and S.W. Duiker. 2019. Planting green effects on corn and soybean production. Agronomy Journal 111:1-12.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Binder, Jonathan. 2019. Cereal Rye and Manure Management to Increase Nutrient Utilization in Pennsylvania. MS Thesis. May 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Duiker, S.W. 2018. Livestock integration in Conservation Agriculture. Oral Presentation at the 2nd Africa Congress of Conservation Agriculture. 9-12 October, 2018. Johannesburg, South Africa.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Duiker, S.W. 2018. Grazing cover crops to extend the grazing season. Oral Presentation at the 2nd Northeast Cover Crops Council Annual Conference. 15-16 November, 2018. State College, Pennsylvania.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Duiker, S.W. 2018. Cover crop adoption and innovations in Pennsylvania. Oral Presentation at the 2nd Northeast Cover Crops Council Annual Conference. 15-16 November, 2018. State College, Pennsylvania.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Duiker, S.W. 2019. Soil compaction in continuous no-till systems. Oral Presentation at Virginia Crop Production Association Crops Summit. 22 January, 2019. Richmond, Virginia.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Duiker, S.W. 2019. Marketing soil health as a component of grass-fed local products. Oral Presentation at the 22nd Annual Spring Grazing Conference. 13-14 March, 2019. Clarion, Pennsylvania.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Duiker, S.W. 2019. Marketing soil health as a component of grass-fed local products. Oral Presentation at the 74th International Annual Conference of the Soil and Water Conservation Society. July 28-31, 2019. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Summers, H., H.D. Karsten, D. Lingenfelter. 2019. Evaluation of Early and Late-Season Marestail Management in Soybeans. Oral presentation at the 2019 Weed Science Society of America Annual Meeting. 13 February 2019. New Orleans, Louisiana.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Duiker, S.W. 2019. Soil management. p. 1-18. In J. Williamson and D.D. Lingenfelter (Eds). The Agronomy Guide 2019-2020. Penn State Extension, University Park, PA.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Duiker, S.W., C.M. White, W.S. Curran, D.D. Lingenfelter, and J.M. Wallace. 2019. Cover crops. p. 123-138. In J. Williamson and D.D. Lingenfelter (Eds). The Agronomy Guide 2019-2020. Penn State Extension, University Park, PA.


Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Our audience includes, producers, agribusiness, government and non-government organizations who advise crop producers and Fellow Scientists. Agencies and NGOs responsible for nutrient and crop management policy. Farmers and public and private farm advisors who must implement improved practices for farm profitability and environmental protection. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The results of this work and tours of the research sites have been used for resident education activities, inservice training for extension educators, training for CCAs, and tours for various NGOs. Our group supported multiple conferences for professional training in Pennsylvania including a Crop Scout School, Crop Diagnostic Clinic, Keystone Crop Conference, PA Agronomic Education Society Conference, multiple nutrient management, soybean, weed and soil health workshops. In addition, our group participated in similar training sessions in numerous other states in the region. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Our group uses multiple methods of disseminating our work to our communities of interest. We publish an electronic newsletter weekly throughout the growing season and distribute it to more than 1000 of our clientele. Our material is also published in various farming publications including Lancaster Farming, Farmshine, Corn and Soybean Digest, Ohio Farm and Dairy, and No-till Farmer. We also contribute actively to the Penn State Extension website where we share research results and other timely information. The results of the research in this project have been disseminated to stakeholder groups including farmers, extension agents, Ag industry, animal and crop commodity organizations, through extension publications, extension meetings, extension workshops, and local, state, regional, and national conferences. Investigators on this project serve as scientific advisors to a number of Pennsylvania agricultural agencies and serve on government advisory boards. Disseminated forage crop variety understanding and knowledge in the Field Crop News, popular press articles (Lancaster Farming, Progressive Forage Grower, Forage and Grassland News) and 152 educational meeting we've spoken at in the past year. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to continue to work to improve our crop evaluation trials. Each year we adapt and improve the trials to meet the needs of clientele. For example, we are actively developing new strategies for hybrid, variety and cultivar evaluation in collaboration with colleagues from neighboring States to improve results and extend our outreach. Continue research and extension activities to investigate practices to improve soil management and promote their application. Expansion of international work on Conservation Agriculture, especially focused on Africa. Long-term tillage research. Organize the second Northeast Cover Crop Council Conference to be held in State College, PA in November 2018.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1.) Crop, soil, and weed management: We have evaluated variety performance of commercial winter wheat, winter barley, soybeans, corn for grain and corn for silage during the past year. This has included a total of approximately 40 trials. We have provided results from in a timely manner to commercial seedsmen and crop producers through electronic and print resources. Our work has documented the yield potential of various value-added cropping options such as malting barley, hybrid rye, hulless barley, organic small grains, industrial hemp and BMR corn hybrids. We continued our hemp research and outreach program which included 5 to 7 experiments in 2017 and 2018 on variety evaluation and basic agronomic issues such as seeding rate, seeding date, nitrogen response and herbicide efficacy. A project was finalized on integration of grazing and no-tillage crop production. Objectives were: (1) To develop and document integrated grazing/no-till production systems; (2) To evaluate profitability, productivity, soil health and climate resilience of integrated grazing/no-till production systems, and (3) To promote integrated grazing/no-till systems and assist producers to adopt them. We found that no-tillage helped the forages establish quickly without loss of soil health. The diversity in types of forages helped lengthen the grazing season up to 300 days per year. Grazing helped reduce fertilizer application by reducing nutrient export from the farm. Their fuel use was also reduced dramatically. To lessen environmental impact and selection pressure for herbicide-resistant weeds, an eight-year experiment was conducted to test integrated weed management practices in a dairy crop rotation in the Pennsylvania State University NESARE Dairy Cropping Systems experiment at Rock Springs, Pennsylvania. A reduced herbicide input treatment was compared to the use of standard herbicides. We found that in the row crops, weed biomass was often higher in the reduced herbicide than the standard herbicidetreatment,but was not above the economic threshold. Weed biomass did not increase over time in the reduced herbicide treatment indicating herbicide reductions can be feasible and provided diverse crop lifecycles. In the interest of extending soil health benefits longer into the spring, some no-till corn and soybean growers are "planting green," (PG) or delaying cover crop termination until cash crop planting. We completed three experiments on planting green (PG) or delaying cover crop (CC) termination until corn or soybean crop planting. Our results found that with PG soybeans, rye seeding rates should be reduced to 67 kg ha-1 or lower, N fertility should be maintained at conservative levels, and rye should be killed early in dry springs. We evaluated cover crop management effects on corn production by comparing cover crop species (crimson clover, cereal rye, or clover + rye mix), and termination timing (early-killed or PG). We concluded that PG can help manage soil water and corn can maintain similar yields in early-killed CC and PG, but we caution against PG and crimson clover in dry springs due to excessive soil drying and stand establishment complications. We conducted experiments on three cooperating commercial farms and at two Penn State research stations for three years, that evaluated cover crop termination timing (early-killed or PG) effects on corn (4 sites) and soybean (5 sites) production across a range of crop rotations, soils, weather conditions, and equipment. We conclude that corn was more vulnerable to yield losses from conditions created by PG than soybeans; and recommend first consider PG with soybean rather than corn. 2.) Nutrient management and soil fertility: We used Topo-SWAT, a variation of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), w to simulate nutrient and sediment loading processes of four dairy farming scenarios that differed in land area and implemented different feed production and nutrient input strategies: (i) forage crop production only and no best management practice (no-BMP scenario); (ii) forage production only and typical Pennsylvania management, which includes some no-till and cover cropping (typical scenario); (iii) forage and feed crop production with conservation management with broadcast manure (conservation-BM scenario); and (iv) forage and feed crop production with conservation management with injected manure (conservation-IM scenario). The conservation-IM scenario was the most effective for reducing total nutrient (42% N and 51% P) and sediment (41%) load in the watershed. The typical scenario also reduced nutrient and sediment load compared to the no-BMP scenario. Both conservation scenarios significantly reduced the number of in-stream peaks of organic N (73-82%), nitrate-N (43-47%), organic P (41-50%), and soluble P (62-70%) concentration compared to the typical scenario. Introduction of manure injection hindered runoff-mediated loss of nutrients but not leaching. Both conservation scenarios also decreased nitrous oxide emission by reducing denitrification. Additionally, manure injection retarded 91% of the N volatilization that occurred in manure broadcast scenario. The watershed scale study indicates that implementation of the conservation scenarios can largely contribute to the initiatives of achieving a target total maximum daily load in the Chesapeake Bay and incorporating manure also can aid air quality. We evaluated management practices to conserve fall-applied liquid dairy slurry manure when coupled with winter cereal rye. We compared prioritizing manure application or winter rye establishment as well broadcasting or injecting manure on rye grown as a cover crop or silage. The first year of the experiment showed that, averaged across all treatments, rye silage (harvested 1 May) accumulated twice as much biomass as rye cover (sprayed April 24). Injecting manure increased rye silage biomass by 35% and N uptake by 65% comparted to broadcasting manure. In the rye priority system where manure was applied in early November, rye production and N uptake did not differ between manure applications, likely due to cooler temperatures at manure application. When manure was injected, rye had 90% more N than when manure was broadcast. Averaged across treatments, rye silage removed 98% more P than rye cover. Corn silage yields following rye when manure was injected were 11% higher than corn yields when manure was broadcast. 3.) Genetic resources in grain and forage: We have evaluated variety performance of alfalfa, sorghum sudangrass, forage sorghum, perennial forages grasses, short-lived annual/cover crops and small grains for forage production. Results are currently being analyzed to disseminate to industry professionals and producers. As a result of this process, we are in the process of identifying high yielding and high-quality forages. We have evaluated variety performance of commercial winter wheat, winter barley, soybeans, corn for grain and corn for silage during the past year. This has included a total of approximately 35 trials. Our work has documented the yield potential of various value-added cropping options such as malting barley, hybrid rye, hulless barley, organic small grains, and BMR corn hybrids. We launched the Northeast Corn Silage Evaluation Consortium in which Penn State is collaborating with Cornell, University of Vermont, and Western NY Crop Management Association to combine the results of our corn silage evaluation programs and standardize our reporting. The goal of this consortium is to better serve a larger demographic and geographic population of farmers with our trials being standardized across several entities in the Northeastern United States.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Parker, E.T., M.D.K. Owen, M.L. Bernards, W.S. Curran, L.E. Steckel, and T.C.. 2018. A comparison of symmetrical and asymmetrical triazine herbicides for enhanced degradation in three midwestern soils. Weed Sci. 66:673-679.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Curran, W.S, R.J. Hoover, S.B. Mirsky, G.W. Roth, M.R. Ryan, V.J. Ackroyd, J.M Wallace, M.A. Dempsey and C.J. Pelzer. 2018. Evaluation of cover crops interseeded into corn (Zea mays L.) across the Mid-Atlantic region. Agron. J. 110:435-443. (doi: 10.2134/agronj2017.07.0395)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wallace, J.M., A. Williams, J.A. Liebert, V.J. Ackroyd, R.A. Vann, W.S. Curran, C.L. Keene, M.J. VanGessel, M.R. Ryan, and S.B. Mirksy. 2017. Organic rotational no-till corn and soybean production systems in the mid-Atlantic United States. Agriculture 7(4), 34; doi:10.3390/agriculture7040034
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mueller, T.C., E.T. Parker, L. Steckel, S.A. Clay, M.D.K. Owen, W.S. Curran, R. Currie, R. Scott, C. Sprague, D.O. Stephenson, D.K. Miller, E.P. Prostko, W.J. Grihar, J. Martin, L.J. Kruz, K. Bradley, M.L. Bernards, P. Dotray, S. Knezevic, V. Davis, and R. Klein. 2017. Enhanced atrazine degradation is widespread across the United States. Pest Management Sci. doi:10.1002/ps.4566.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mirsky, S.B., V.J. Ackroyd, S. Cordeau, W. Curran, M. Hashemi, C.S. Reberg-Horton, M. Ryan, and J. T. Spargo. 2017. Hairy vetch biomass across the eastern US: effects of latitude, seeding rate and date, and termination timing. Agron. J. 109 (doi:10.2134/agronj2016.09.0556).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mirsky, S.B., J.T. Spargo, W.S. Curran, C.S. Reberg-Horton, M. Ryan, H.H. Schomberg, V.J. Ackroyd. 2017. Characterizing cereal rye biomass and allometric relationships across a range of fall available N Rates in the eastern US. Agron. J. 109 (doi:10.2134/agronj2016.09.0557).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Keene, C.L., W.S. Curran, J.M. Wallace, M.R. Ryan, S.B. Mirksy, M.J. VanGessel, and M.E. Barbercheck. 2017. Cover crop termination is critical in organic rotational no-till systems. Agron J. 109:272-282.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Patches, K.M., W.S. Curran, and D.D. Lingenfelter. 2017. Effectiveness of herbicides for control of common pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.) in corn and soybean. Weed Technol. 31:193-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-16-00043.1
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Prasad, R., S.K. Gunn, C.A. Rotz, H. Karsten, G. Roth, A. Buda, and A.M.K. Stoner. 2018. Project climate and agronomic implications for corn production in the Northeastern United States. PLOS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198623
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Harper, J.K., G.W. Roth, B. Garalejic, and N. Skrbic. 2018. Programs to promote adoption of conservation tillage: A Serbian case study. Land Use Policy, 78:295-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.06.028
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Baldin M, Y. Ying, Y. Fan, G. Roth, D.P. Casper, K.J. Harvatine. 2018. Characterization of linoleic acid (C18:2) concentration in commercial corn silage and grain hybrids. J Dairy Sci. 2018 Jan; 101(1):222-232. PMID: 29103704.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Liebig, M.A., J.E. Herrick, D.W. Archer, J. Dobrowolski, S.W. Duiker, A.J. Franzluebbers, J.R. Hendrickson, R. Mitchell, A. Mohamed, J. Russell, and T.C. Strickland. 2017. Aligning land use with land potential: The role of integrated agriculture. Agricultural & Environmental Letters, 2, 170007. http://Doi:10.2134/ael2017.03.0007.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Afzal, A., S.W. Duiker, J.E. Watson, and D.S. Luthe. 2017. Leaf thickness and electrical capacitance as measures of plant water status. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 60:1063-1074.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Afzal, A., S.W. Duiker, J.E. Watson, and D.S. Luthe. 2017. Leaf thickness to predict plant water status. Biosystems Engineering, 156:148-156.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Amin, M.G., H.D. Karsten, T.L. Veith, D.B. Beegle, P.J. Kleinman, 2018. Conservation dairy farming impact on water quality in a karst watershed in northeastern US. Agricultural Systems. 165:187-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.06.010
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Bhowmik, A., M. Cloutier, E. Ball, M.V. Bruns. 2017. Underexplored microbial metabolisms for enhanced nutrient cycling in agricultural soils. AIMS Microbiology. 3:826-845
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Myer, H. 2017. Effect of delayed cover crop termination on no-till corn and soybean production. Ph.D. Dissertation in Agronomy. Pennsylvania State University.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Rothman, S., A. Cole, M. Bruns and M. Hall. 2018. Wildflower Meadow Restoration on Surface Mines. 2018 PA Botany Symposium. Penn State Univ
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Binder, J., H.D. Karsten, D.B. Beegle, and T. Rice. 2018. Cereal Rye Management to Reduce Nutrient Pollution from a Dairy Cropping System. 48-4. Proceedings of the Annual ASA and CSSA, Nov. 4-7; Baltimore, MD.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Karsten, H.D., V. Ishler, D.B. Beegle, C.J. Dell, J. Tooker, W.S. Curran, R.J. Hoover, P. Kleinman, and C. White. 2018. 145-3 Conservation Strategies and Closing the Nutrient Cycle Enhance Dairy Farming System Performance. Proceedings of the Annual ASA and CSSA, Nov. 4-7; Baltimore, MD.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Rothman, S., A. Cole, M. Bruns and M. Hall. 2018. Wildflower Meadow Restoration on Surface Mines. 2018 PA Botany Symposium. Penn State Univ. Binder, J., H.D. Karsten, D.B. Beegle, and T. Rice. 2018. Cereal Rye Management to Reduce Nutrient Pollution from a Dairy Cropping System. 48-4. Proceedings of the Annual ASA and CSSA, Nov. 4-7; Baltimore, MD. Karsten, H.D., V. Ishler, D.B. Beegle, C.J. Dell, J. Tooker, W.S. Curran, R.J. Hoover, P. Kleinman, and C. White. 2018. 145-3 Conservation Strategies and Closing the Nutrient Cycle Enhance Dairy Farming System Performance. Proceedings of the Annual ASA and CSSA, Nov. 4-7; Baltimore, MD. Myer, H. H.D. Karsten, W.S. Curran, J. Tooker, S.W. Duiker. 2018. Yield Stability of Corn and Soybeans Planted into Living or Desiccated Rye in Pennsylvania. 127-1, Proceedings of the Annual ASA and CSSA, Nov. 4-7; Baltimore, MD.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Summers, H., W.S. Curran, and H.D. Karsten, 2018. Long-Term Effects of Reduced Herbicide Management in a No-till Dairy Cropping System. 1234. Proceedings of the Annual ASA and CSSA, Nov. 4-7; Baltimore, MD.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ball E., A. Bhowmik, M. Cloutier, C. Dell, H. Karsten, M.V. Bruns. 2017. Soil redox potential and carbon fractions in manured and cover-cropped soils under reduced tillage. Soil Biology and Biochemistry Poster 313-1233, Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Oct 24, Tampa, FL.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Bruns, M.V., C.J. Dell, H.D. Karsten, A. Bhowmik, J.M. Regan. 2017. Nitrogen Cycling Considerations for Low-Disturbance, High-Carbon Soil Management in Climate-Adaptive Agriculture. American Geophysical Union Meeting. 11-15, Dec., New Orleans, LA.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hall, M.H., Y.C. Newman, and J.A. Williamson. 2018. Forage Establishment and Renovation, Chapter 25 In J. Nelson, K. Moore and M. Collins (Eds.), Forages: The Science of Grassland Agriculture Volume II. (7th edition). Blackwell Press.


Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The results of this work and tours of the research sites have been used for resident education activities, inservice training for extension educators, training for CCAs, and tours for various NGOs. Our group supported multiple conferences for professional training in Pennsylvania including a Crop Scout School, Crop Diagnostic Clinic, Keystone Crop Conference, PA Agronomic Education Society Conference, multiple nutrient management, soybean, weed and soil health workshops. In addition our group participated in similar training sessions in numerous other states in the region. We are participating in the renovation and updating of an online course - Livestock Grazing Management Home Study Course - which focuses on educating participants on proper grazing management practices for optimal pasture productivity. http://extension.psu.edu/courses/livestock-grazing How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Our group uses multiple methods of disseminating our work to our communities of interest. We publish an electronic newsletter weekly throughout the growing season and distribute it to more than 1000 of our clientele. Our material is also published in various farming publications including Lancaster Farming, Farmshine, Corn and Soybean Digest, Ohio Farm and Dairy, and No-till Farmer. We also contribute actively to the Penn State Extension website where we share research results and other timely information. In the nutrient management area, the results of the research in this project have been disseminated to stakeholder groups including farmers, extension agents, Ag industry, animal and crop commodity organizations, through extension publications, extension meetings, extension workshops, and local, state, regional, and national conferences. Investigators on this project serve as scientific advisors to a number of Pennsylvania agricultural agencies and serve on government advisory boards. Disseminated forage crop variety understanding and knowledge in the Field Crop News, popular press articles (Lancaster Farming, Progressive Forage Grower, Forage and Grassland News) and 137 educational meeting we've spoken at in the past year. We continued to participate in an online short course on dairy management that featured forage production and provided links to our variety testing information. The course has been visited by over 10,000 learners and been completed by over 1000 participants. http://bit.ly/2elEtCK We also contributed to the development of a new interactive, virtual dairy farm extension website developed by the Dairy CAP project. http://wpsudev2.vmhost.psu.edu/virtualfarm/explore What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to continue to work to improve our crop evaluation trials. Each year we adapt and improve the trials to meet the needs of clientele. For example, we are actively developing new strategies for evaluation of corn hybrids in collaboration with colleagues from Cornell that involve starch and advanced fiber digestibility measures. We have also added quality characteristics to our malting barley trials. Continue field research and outreach event presentations, additional scientific publications

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1.) Crop, soil, and weed management: We continued to investigate the interaction of herbicides and cover crops for management of horseweed in corn and soybean. Winter cover crops can provide significant suppression of horseweed reducing both the density and size of individual plants. This could make them more vulnerable to control with herbicides. At the same time, the cover crop could also antagonize herbicide efficacy by reducing the potential contact between the weeds and the herbicide. We will continue to study this potential interaction. We compared two cover crop termination practices prior to corn and soybeans at 5 locations. Either terminating the cover crop: i. at the time of subsequent cash crop planting: "planting green" or ii. 10-14 days prior to cash crop planting, the more typical practice. Results thus far indicate benefits of planting green with soybeans including improved spring and late summer soil moisture management, reduced slug herbivory, weed suppression, and comparable yields. With corn, when planting green in some site years slug herbivory was higher, corn yields were lower, and N management requires more attention. Completed analyses of multi-year cropping systems research that compared: i. standard herbicide (SH) versus reduced herbicide strategies in corn and soybeans for weed management, ii. environmental P loss from dairy slurry manure either injected with a shallow disk injector or broadcasted on the surface in fall or spring prior to a winter annual crop or corn, respectively, and iii. nitrous oxide gas emissions from soil planted to corn with various dairy N sources. During 2013-2015 weed biomass was generally greater in RH, but the Reduced Herbicide (RH) weed control was generally adequate. Corn and soybean yields were similar except in one year when yield differences were attributed to higher plant populations with narrower row spacing. Farm economic net returns were higher with RH in corn silage, but greater in SH with soybean. We continued to participate in an online short course on dairy management that featured forage production and provided links to our variety testing information. The course has been visited by over 10,000 learners and been completed by over 1000 participants. http://bit.ly/2elEtCK 2.) Nutrient management and soil fertility: In 2012-2015, shallow disk injected manure application (IM) reduced manure P losses compared to broadcasting manure (BM) on the soil surface in field-scale lysimeter plots. Phosphorus runoff and subsurface losses were mostly associated with rainfall and snow melt events after manure application or when crops were not growing; and were usually higher from broadcast manure than injected manure. Hydrologic variability of the plots was identified and used to inform new experimental treatments and blocking assignment of the research plots. In 2015-2016, manure injection had 2-3 times greater potential for N2O emissions compared to broadcast manure during this time period. Integration of legumes and grasses in the cropping system reduced inorganic fertilizer use compared to soybean with manure or UAN, however, direct N2O emissions were not reduced. The Random Forest method identified and ranked the most important variables driving N2O emissions which were: time after manure application, time after previous crop termination, soil nitrate, and moisture. 3.) Genetic resources in grain and forage: A short-lived annual/cover crops trial (ryegrass, triticale, rye, mixes) as well as a trial analyzing small grains for forage (spring planted oats, rye, triticale) was conducted. Results are currently being analyzed to disseminate to industry professionals and producers. As a result of this process, we are in the process of identifying high yielding and high quality forages. We have evaluated variety performance of commercial winter wheat, winter barley, soybeans, corn for grain and corn for silage during the past year. This has included a total of approximately 38 trials. Results from these trials are delivered to commercial seedsmen and crop producers in a timely manner through electronic and print resources. Our work has documented the yield potential of various value added cropping options such as malting barley, hybrid rye, hulless barley, organic small grains, and BMR corn hybrids.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wallace, J.M., W.S. Curran, S.B. Mirsky, and M.R. Ryan. 2017. Tolerance of Interseeded Annual Ryegrass and Red Clover Cover Crop to Residual Herbicides in Mid-Atlantic Corn Cropping Systems. Weed Technol. https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.48,
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wallace, J.M., C.L. Keene, W. Curran, S. Mirsky, M.R. Ryan, and M.J. VanGessel. 2017. Rotational No-Till Corn and Soybean in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Weed Sci. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2017.53.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Keene, C.L. and W.S. Curran. 2016. Optimizing high-residue cultivation timing and frequency in reduced-tillage soybean and corn. Agron. J. 108:1987-1906.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Keene, C.L., W.S. Curran, J.M. Wallace, M.R. Ryan, S.B. Mirksy, M.J. VanGessel, and M.E. Barbercheck. 2017. Cover crop termination is critical in organic rotational no-till systems. Agron J. 109: 272-282.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Harper, M.T., J. Oh, F. Giallongo, J.C. Lopes, G.W. Roth, A.N. Hristov. 2017. Using brown midrib 6 dwarf forage sorghum silage and fall-grown oat silage in lactating dairy cow rations. Journal of Dairy Science 100 (7):5250 - 5265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-12552.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Harper, M.T., J. Oh, F. Giallongo, G.W. Roth , A.N. Hristov. 2017. Inclusion of wheat and triticale silage in the diet of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 100(8):6151  6163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-12553
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hristov, A.N., A.T. Degaetano, C.A.Rotz, E. Hoberg, R.H. Skinner, T. Felix, H. Li, P.H. Patterson, G. Roth, M. Hall, T.L. Ott, L.H. Baumgard, W. Staniar, R.M. Hulet, C. J. Dell, A.F. Brito, D. Y. Hollinger. 2017. Climate change effects on livestock in the Northeast US and strategies for adaptation. Climatic Change 1-13, doi: 10.1007/s10584-017-2023-z.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kucek, L.K., E. Dyck, J Russel, L. Clark, J. Hammelman, S. Burns-Leader, S. Senders, J. Jones, D. Benscher, M. Davis, G. Roth, S. Swinger, M. E. Sorrells and J. C. Dawson. 2017. Evaluation of wheat and emmer varieties for artisanal baking, pasta making, and sensory quality. Journal of Cereal Science 74:19-27.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Julius, C. P.H. Heinemann, D.H. Schaufler, G.W. Roth, J. Liu, and A.L . Boehman. 2016. Straight Vegetable Oil as a Replacement Fuel for Diesel: Comparing Tractor Performance in Stationary and Field Tests. Trans. ASAE 59(5):1137-1148. ISSN 2151-0032 doi: 10.13031/trans.59.11701.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Williamson, J.A., et al., 2017. Case Study: Recovery from ergot alkaloid-induced vasoconstriction for steers conditioned to grazing seedhead suppressed and unsuppressed pastures of toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue. Accepted for Publication: Prof. Animal Scientist. PAS-17-01655.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Beck, P.A., D.S. Hubbell, III, T.W. Hess, K.D. Wilson, and J A. Williamson. 2017. Effect of a forage-type soybean cover crop on wheat forage production and animal performance in a continuous wheat pasture system. Accepted for Publication: Prof. Animal Scientist. PAS-1660.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Neu, A.E., C.C. Sheaffer, D.J. Undersander, and M.H. Hall. 2017. Hay Rake-Type Effect on Ash and Forage Nutritive Values of Alfalfa Hay. Agron. J. 109:1-9. doi:10.2134/agronj2017.03.0185.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Neu, A.E., C.C. Sheaffer, D.J. Undersander, and M.H. Hall. 2017. Hay-Rake Type Affects Ash Content of Alfalfa Hay. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 52:105-106. doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2017.03.164.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Caswell, K.E. 2017. Incorporating cover crops and diversified weed management to improve cropping system productivity. Katherine E. MS. Thesis in Agronomy. Pennsylvania State University.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ponce de Leon, M.A. 2017. Measured And Daycent- Simulated Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Soil Planted To Corn In Dairy Cropping Systems. Maria Alejandra. MS. Thesis in Agronomy. Pennsylvania State University.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mirksy, S., H. Schomberg, W. Curran, C. Reberg-Horton, V. Ackroyd, J. Spargo, and M. Ryan. Predicting late-season rye cover crop biomass from early season observations. Proceedings American Society of Agronomy 328-420.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wallace, J., W. Curran, S. Isbell, R. Hoover. 2016. Performance of interseeded cover crop mixtures in mid-Atlantic organic corn production. Proceedings American Society of Agronomy 405-5.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Champagne, R.J., W.S. Curran, and J.M. Wallace. Successes and challenges of reducing tillage in organic annual row crop production. Proceedings American Society of Agronomy 200-5.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mirsky, S.B., V.J. Ackroyd, S. Cordeau, W. S. Curran, M. Hashemi, S.C. Reberg-Horton, M. Ryan, and J. Spargo. Hairy vetch biomass across the Eastern United States: Effects of latitude, seeding rate and date, and termination timing. Proceedings American Society of Agronomy 363-2.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Myer, H., H.D. Karsten, W.S. Curran, J. Tooker, and S.W. Duiker. Planting green: delayed cover crop termination as a tool for soil conservation, water management, and IPM. Proceedings American Society of Agronomy 29-11.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Bunchek, J.M., W.S. Curran, M.J. VanGessel, and D.A. Mortensen. Optimizing cover crop and herbicide strategies to diversify herbicide resistant weed management in annual grain crops. Proceedings American Society of Agronomy 266-3.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Klodd, A., W. Curran, D. Miller, S. Crawford, D. Lingenfelter, and A. Davis. 2017. Development of an educational mapping tool for documenting and researching the spread of herbicide resistant weeds in the US. Proceedings Northeast Plant, Pest, and Soils Conf. 2:87.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Curran, W., D. Lingenfelter, and H. Myer. Cover crop termination timing can affect weed control and crop performance; the pros and cons of planting green. Proceedings Northeast Plant, Pest, and Soils Conf. 2:86.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wallace, J.M., W. Curran, M. VanGessel, D.A. Mortensen, J.M. Bunchek, and B. Scott. Cover crop traits and management strategies influence horseweed suppression in no-till cropping sytems. Proceedings Northeast Plant, Pest, and Soils Conf. 2:84.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Champagne, R., W. Curran, J.M. Wallace, and T.R. Mazzone. Comparison of two green manure cover crops and varying tillage timing for managing weeds in an organic corn production system. Proceedings Northeast Plant, Pest, and Soils Conf. 2:67.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Bunchek, J.M., J.M. Wallace, M. VanGessel, W. Curran, and D.A. Mortensen. Optimizing herbicide and cover crop programs for integrated weed management in no-till grain systems. Proceedings Northeast Plant, Pest, and Soils Conf. 2:53.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Youngerman, C.Z., A. DiTommaso, J. Losey, W. Curran, S.B. Mirsky, and M. Ryan. Effects of corn planting density on interseeded cover crops and weed seed predation. Proceedings Northeast Plant, Pest, and Soils Conf. 2:52.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Myer, H.K., H.D. Karsten, J. Tooker, W. Curran, and S. Duiker, Benefits and challenges of planting corn and soybean into living cover crops in Pennsylvania. Proceedings Northeast Plant, Pest, and Soils Conf. 2:44.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Bunchek, J.M., J.M. Wallace, M. VanGessel, W. Curran, and D.A. Mortensen. Optimizing herbicide and cover crop programs for integrated weed management in no-till soybean. Proceedings Weed Sci. Soc. Am. 57:6.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Klodd, A., W. Curran, D. Miller, S. Crawford, D. Lingenfelter, and A. Davis. 2017. Development of an educational mapping tool for documenting and researching the spread of herbicide resistant weeds in the US. Proceedings Weed Sci. Soc. Am. 57:86.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Youngerman, C.Z., A. DiTommaso, J. Losey, W. Curran, S.B. Mirsky, and M. Ryan. Effects of cover crops on weed seed predation in corn. Proceedings Weed Sci. Soc. Am. 57:137.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Curran, W.S., J.M. Wallace, S. Mirsky, and M. Ryan. Evaluation of residual herbicides for interseeding cover crops in corn. Proceedings Weed Sci. Soc. Am. 57:209.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wallace, J.M., W. Curran, M. VanGessel, D.A. Mortensen, and J.M. Bunchek The role of fall cover cropping in diversifying weed management of horseweed in conservation tillage systems. Proceedings Weed Sci. Soc. Am. 57:270.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Williamson, J.A. et al., 2017. Integrating Ruminant Livestock and Cropping Systems: Strategies to balance agricultural productivity and environmental quality for sustainable intensification. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Meetings. Abstract.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Myer, H, Karsten, H, Curran, W, Tooker, J, and Duiker, S.. Benefits and Challenges of planting corn and soybean into living cover crops in Pennsylvania. Poster presentation, Northeast Plant, Pest and Soils Conference, Philadelphia, PA. January 2017. First Place Graduate Student Poster Presentation Award.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Myer, H. Karsten, H., Curran, W. Tooker, J. Duiker, S. 2017. Planting Green: Delayed Cover Crop Termination As a Tool for Soil Conservation, Water Management, and IPM. Poster presentation, ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual Meeting, Tampa, FL. Oct. 22-25.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Williamson, J., Karsten, H. D., and K. Soder. Integrating Ruminant Livestock and Cropping Systems: Strategies to Balance Agricultural Productivity and Environmental Quality for Sustainable Intensification. ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual Meeting, Tampa, FL. Oct. 22-25.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Sheaffer, C.C., A.E. Neu, and M.H. Hall. Hay-Rake Type Effects Ash Content of Alfalfa Hay. Equine Science Society of America. Minneapolis, MN. May 12-15, 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Roth, G.W. and M.E. Antle. 2016. 2015 Five-Acre Corn Report. Pennsylvania Corn Growers Association and Department of Plant Science, Penn State University, University Park, Pa. 18 pp. (principal author) http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/grains/corn/club/2015-report.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Roth, G.W. and M.E. Antle. 2016. 2015 Five-Acre Corn Report. Pennsylvania Corn Growers Association and Department of Plant Science, Penn State University, University Park, Pa. 18 pp. (principal author) http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/grains/corn/club/2015-report.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Roth, G.W., J.M Breining, H.L Wells and W.S. Harkcom. 2016. Pennsylvania Commercial Grain and Silage Hybrid Corn Tests Report: 2016 Results. College of Ag. Sciences, Cooperative Extension, Penn State Univ., University Park, PA. http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/grains/corn/hybrid-tests/pa-commerical-grain-and-silage-hybrid-corn-tests-report-2016-results.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Antle, M.E., A. Kirt. And G. W. Roth. 2016. 2015-2016 Pennsylvania Small Grains Performance Report. College of Ag. Sciences, Cooperative Extension, Penn State Univ., University Park, PA. http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/grains/small/trial-reports.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Antle, M.E., A. Kirt and G.W. Roth. 2016. 2016 Pennsylvania Soybean Variety Performance Report. College of Ag. Sciences, Cooperative Extension, Penn State Univ., University Park, PA. http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/grains/soybeans/soybean-variety-tests/2016-results.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Williamson, J.A. 2017. Extending the Grazing Season Using Brassicas. Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. https://extension.psu.edu/extending-the-grazing-season-using-brassicas.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Williamson, J.A. and G.W. Roth. 2017. Interseeding to Enhance and Extend Fall Grazing. Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. https://extension.psu.edu/interseeding-to-enhance-and-extend-fall-grazing.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Williamson, J.A. 2017. Extending the Grazing Season Using Stockpiled Cool-Season Grasses. Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. https://extension.psu.edu/extending-the-grazing-season-stockpiling-pastures-for-fall-grazing.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Williamson, J.A. 2017. Fall Forage Establishment. Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. Williamson, J.A. 2017. Extending the Grazing Season  Using Annual Grasses. Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. https://extension.psu.edu/extending-the-grazing-season-using-annual-grasses.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Williamson, J.A. 2017. Grazing Corn Residue. Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. https://extension.psu.edu/grazing-corn-reside Williamson, J.A. 2017. Preparing for First Cutting. Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Williamson, J.A. 2017. Reducing the Risk of Prussic Acid Poisoning. Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. https://extension.psu.edu/reducing-the-risk-of-prussic-acid-poisoning.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Williamson, J.A., W. Curran, and D. Lingenfelter. 2017. Spring Weed Control in Grass Hay and Pasture. Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. https://extension.psu.edu/spring-weed-control-in-grass-hay-and-pasture-1.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Boone, W., S.D. Harkcom and M.H. Hall. 2017 Forage Trials Report. Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA.


Progress 04/01/16 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Our audience includes, producers, agribusiness, government and non-government organizations who advise crop producers and Fellow Scientists. Agencies and NGOs responsible for nutrient and crop management policy. Farmers and public and private farm advisors who must implement improved practices for farm profitability and environmental protection. Changes/Problems:no changes What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The results of this work and tours of the research sites have been used for resident education activities, inservice training for extension educators, training for CCAs, and tours for various NGOs. Our group supported multiple conferences for professional training in Pennsylvania including a Crop Scout School, Crop Diagnostic Clinic, Keystone Crop Conference, PA Agronomic Education Society Conference, multiple nutrient management, soybean, weed and soil health workshops. In addition our group participated in similar training sessions in numerous other states in the region. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Our group uses multiple methods of disseminating our work to our communities of interest. We publish an electronic newsletter weekly throughout the growing season and distribute it to more that 1000 of our clientele. Our material is also published in various farming publications including Lancaster Farming, Farmshine, Corn and Soybean Digest, Ohio Farm and Dairy, and No-till Farmer. We also contribute actively to the Penn State Extension website where we share research results and other timely information. In the nutrient management area, the results of the research in this project have been disseminated to stakeholder groups including farmers, extension agents, Ag industry, animal and crop commodity organizations, through extension publications, extension meetings, extension workshops, and local, state, regional, and national conferences. Investigators on this project serve as scientific advisors to a number of Pennsylvania agricultural agencies and serve on government advisory boards. Disseminated forage crop variety understanding and knowledge in the Field Crop News, popular press articles (Lancaster Farming, Progressive Forage Grower, Forage and Grassland News) and 168 educational meeting I've spoken at in the past 5 years. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to continue to finish our crop evaluation trials and initiate new trials in the fall for winter grains. Each year we adapt and improve the trials to meet the needs of clientele. Continue field research and outreach event presentations, additional scientific publications.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1.) Crop, soil, and weed management: We are still collecting weed data from 2016 and will summarize the results more in next year's report. In short, preliminary results showed several cover crops and mixtures resulted in at least a 75% reduction in horseweed populations at the time of a burndown herbicide application in the spring. Also, winter cover crops resulted in decreased horseweed size at the time of burndown applications. Spraying smaller horseweed plants should result in greater herbicide control and will likely reduce selection for resistant populations. We learned that in a dry year, terminating a cover crop at planting or later can contribute to reduced corn yields; that soybeans were less susceptible to potential yield reductions associated with planting green; and that sufficient nitrogen, planting depth, and soil moisture appear to be important for maintaining corn yield when planting green. In each 6 year no-till crop rotation we compared manure injection to surface application. Manure injection conserved more nutrients, required on average 33% less inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and maintained similar crop yields. We participated in the renovation and updating of an online course - Livestock Grazing Management Home Study Course - which focuses on educating participants on proper grazing management practices for optimal pasture productivity. http://extension.psu.edu/courses/livestock-grazing 2.) Nutrient management and soil fertility: i) In the area of improving nutrient recommendation systems a major survey of the sulfur (S) status of soils and crops in Pennsylvania was continued. This survey has indicated that S levels in crops and soils in the state are declining and that S is reaching a level where yield reductions are possible if additional S is not added. Results of S response trials conducted across the state are being used to develop new S fertility recommendations for crop producers in PA. This is being implemented through extension education programs and the Penn State Agricultural Analytical Services Laboratory. ii) I the area of evaluating the application of nitrogen and phosphorus management strategies in crop- livestock systems, research has been conducted on the interaction between fall applied manure and cover crop management. Preliminary results have shown that coordinating cover crop planting and fall manure application can improve nitrogen use efficiency of the following corn crop. The recommendations evolving from this research would indicate that farmers should focus first on establishing cover crops early in the fall and delay manure application until the cover crop is established and temperatures are cooler. This is contrary to common practices today. We have also been evaluating the use of nitrification inhibitors with injected liquid manure. Earlier work indicated that here was an increase potential for denitrification losses from injected manure. This research has shown that these losses can be reduced by using a nitrification inhibitor. iii) In the area of developing decision support systems for managing residual nutrients in crop-livestock systems our research project has been major contributor to national efforts to develop the next generation Phosphorus Index for use in guiding environmentally sound Phosphorus (P) management. We have applied watershed monitoring and watershed models to define critical sources areas for P loss in agricultural landscapes. This monitoring and modeling allows us to develop field tools for nutrient management planners to assess the risk of P loss and guide appropriate, cost effective management to control these losses. This research has uncovered some limitations to the models and the monitoring approaches and has proposed solutions for working around these limitations. We have also determined that several factors in the current generation P Index can be modified to significantly improve the P Index. Two of the most significant are restructuring the P Index in to a component Index based on the major pathways of P loss and using annual soil lost estimates rather than traditional rotational soil loss estimates. 3.) Genetic resources in grain and forage: Increased understanding and management knowledge of new forage varieties in Pennsylvania. Conducted evaluations of nearly 150 alfalfa varieties and 183 cool-season forage grass varieties. Also completed research on the efficacy of silage additives, optimum harvest management of effects on yield and quality of reduced lignin alfalfa. We have evaluated variety performance of alfalfa, sorghum sudangrass, forage sorghum, perennial forages (timothy, tall fescue, festulolium, meadow fescue, ryegrass, and grass mixtures) as well as and corn for silage during the past six months. A short-lived annual/cover crops trial (ryegrass, triticale, rye, mixes) as well as a trial analyzing small grains for forage (spring planted oats, rye, triticale) was conducted. Results are currently being analyzed to disseminate to industry professionals and producers. As a result of this process, we are in the process of identifying high yielding and high quality forages. We have evaluated variety performance of commercial winter wheat, winter barley, soybeans, corn for grain and corn for silage during the past six months. This has included a total of approximately 40 trials. So far we have provided results from in a timely manner to commercial seedsmen and crop producer on winter wheat, winter rye and winter barley. As a result of this process, we verified the high yield potential of some malting barley varieties for use by the malting industry in the state. We also have identified high yielding rye alternative and management strategies for the distilling and malting industry. We participated in the development of an online short course on dairy management that featured forage production and provided links to our variety testing information. The course has been visited by 7,470 learners and been completed by 704 participants. http://bit.ly/2elEtCK

Publications

  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Duiker, S.W.2016. Infiltration and how to improve it. Field Crop News September 28.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Boone, W., S.D. Harkcom and M.H. Hall. 2015 Forage Trials Report. Penn State University.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Liu, J., Kleinman, P.J., Beegle, D., Dell, C.J., Veith, T.L., Saporito, L.S., Han, K., Pote, D.H., Bryant, R.B. 2016. Subsurface application enhances benefits of manure redistribution. Agricultural and Environmental Letters. doi: 10.2134/ael2015.09.0003.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Milliron, Rachel. 2016. Conserving nitrogen from fall dairy manure applications when coupled with winter annuals before corn silage. MS Thesis. The Pennsylvania State University.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Neu, Abby, Marvin Hall, Dan Undersander, Craig Sheaffer, M. Scott Wells, Dan Kniffin, Devan Catalano and Krishona Martinson. 2016. Effect of rake type on ash content of alfalfa hay. North America Alfalfa Improvement Conference. July 12-14. Madison , WI.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Williamson, J.A. 2016. Grazing Management During Drought. Field Crop News, Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/news/2016/07/grazing-management-during-drought.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Cela, S. , Q.M. Ketterings, K.J. Czymmek, J. Weld, D.B. Beegle and P.J.A. Kleinman. 2016. Nutrient management planners' feedback on New York and Pennsylvania phosphorus indices. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 71:281-288.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ben Tracy, Ken Albrecht, Joao Flores, Marvin Hall, Anowarul Islam, Gordon Jones, Bill Lamp, Jennifer MacAdam, Howard Skinner, and Chris Teutsch. 2016. Evaluation of Alfalfa-Tall Fescue Mixtures across Multiple Environments. Crop Sci. 56:2026-2034. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2015.09.0553.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mueller, D.S., Wise, K.A., Sisson, A.J., Allen, T.W., Bergstrom, G.C., Bosley, D.B., Bradley, C.A., Broders, K.D., Byamukama, E., Chilvers, M.I., Collins, A., Faske, T.R., Friskop, A.J., Heiniger, R.W., Hollier, C.A., Hooker, D.C., Isakeit, T., Jackson-Ziems, T.A., Jardine, D.J., Kinzer, K., Koenning, S.R., Malvick, D.K., McMullen, M.,Meyer, R.F., Paul, P.A., Robertson, A.E., Roth, G.W., Smith, D.L., Tande, C.A., Tenuta, A.U., Vincelli, P. Warner, F. 2016. Corn yield loss estimates due to diseases in the United States and Ontario, Canada from 2012 to 2015. Plant Health Progress 17:211-222. doi:10.1094 / PHP-RS-16-0030.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Snyder, E. M. and H. D. Karsten, and W. S. Curran, G. M. Malcolm, and J. A. Hyde. 2016. Green Manure Comparison between Winter Wheat and Corn: Weeds, Yields and Economics. 2016. Agronomy J. 108:1-11. Doi: 10.2134/agronj2016.02.0084.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Snyder, E. M. and W. S. Curran, H. D. Karsten, G. M. Malcolm, S. W. Duiker, and J. A. Hyde. 2016. Assessment of an Integrated Weed Management System in No-Till Soybean and Corn. Weed Science. 64:712-726. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-16-00021.1.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Roach, E., S.W. Duiker and S. Chopra. 2016. Soil management affects expression of genes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism in maize. Crop Sci. 56:1841-1856.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Cela, S. , Q.M. Ketterings, K.J. Czymmek, J. Weld, D.B. Beegle and P.J.A. Kleinman. 2016. Nutrient management planners' feedback on New York and Pennsylvania phosphorus indices. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 71:281-288.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Angela Parker, R. Mark Sulc, Kenneth Albrecht, Kim Cassida, Marvin Hall, Jeffery Herrmann, Doohong Min, Steve Orloff, Dan Undersander. 2016. Forage Nutritive Value of a Reduced Lignin Alfalfa Cultivar Compared With Conventional Alfalfa Cultivars. North America Alfalfa Improvement Conference. July 12-14. Madison , WI.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Cassida, K., K. Albrecht, M. Hall, J. Herrmann, D. Min, S. Orloff, A. Parker, M. Sulc, and Dan Undersander. 2016. Seeding Year Forage Yield and Nutritive Value of Reduced Lignin and Conventional Alfalfa Cultivars Grown in Diverse Environments. American Society of Agronomy Abstracts. Nov. 6-8. Phoenix, AZ.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Roth, G.W. C. Dillon, W.Curran, and C.Houser. Apparatus and method for no-till inter-row simultaneous application of herbicide and fertilizer, soil preparation, and seeding of a cover crop in a standing crop U.S. Patent 9,456,539 B2, filed March 14, 2014, and issued October 4, 2016.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Williamson, J.A. 2016. How Late is Too Late to Harvest Alfalfa in the Fall? Field Crop News, Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/news/2016/09/how-late-is-too-late-to-harvest-alfalfa-in-the-fall.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Williamson, J.A. 2016. Fall Pasture and Grazing Management. Field Crop News, Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/news/2016/09/fall-pasture-and-grazing-management.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Williamson, J.A. 2016. Reducing the Risk of Prussic Acid Poisoning. Field Crop News, Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/news/2016/10/reducing-the-risk-of-prussic-acid-poisoning.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Williamson, J.A. 2016. Corn Silage Dry Down  Harvesting at the Incorrect Moisture. Field Crop News, Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/news/2016/08/corn-silage-dry-down-2013-harvesting-at-the-incorrect-moisture.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Williamson, J.A. 2016. Corn Silage Dry Down  Dry Weather Hastens Moisture Loss. Field Crop News, Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/news/2016/08/corn-silage-dry-down-dry-weather-hastens-moisture-loss.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Duiker, S. and J.A. Williamson. 2016. Overseeding Small Grains Instead of Perennials into Pasture or Hayfields. Field Crop News, Penn State Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA. http://extension.psu.edu/plants/crops/news/2016/10/overseeding-small-grains-instead-of-perennials-into-pasture-or-hayfields.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Bunchek J, Curran W, Mortensen D, Wallace J, VanGessel M (2016) Integrating cover crops into no-till grain systems to diversify herbicide resistance management in the Mid-Atlantic United States. Proceedings of 7th International Weed Science Congress. Prague.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Roth, G.W. C. Dillon, W.Curran, and C.Houser. Apparatus and method for no-till inter-row simultaneous application of herbicide and fertilizer, soil preparation, and seeding of a cover crop in a standing crop U.S. Patent 9,445,538 B2, filed April 14, 2015, and issued September 20, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wallace J, Curran W, VanGessel M, Mortensen D (2016) Fall cover crop strategies for management of horseweed in no-till grain systems. Proceedings of the Northeastern Plant, Pest, and Soils Conference. Philadelphia, PA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Duiker, S. and J.A. Williamson. 2016. Integration of Grazing and No-Tillage Crop Production to Improve Soil Health and Buffer Against Summer Heat. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Meetings. Abstract. https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2016am/webprogram/Paper99186.html.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Duiker, S.W. 2016. Strategies to improve water use efficiency. Field Crop News July 13.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Duiker, S.W. 2016. Tillage observations. Field Crop News July 20.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Williamson, J.A. 2016. Grazing management during drought. Field Crop News July 27 .
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Williamson, J.A. 2016. Grass and cover crops seeded in September can provide valuable forage next spring. Field Crop News July 27.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Duiker, S.W. 2016. Fall cover crops and supplemental forages. Field Crop News Agust 3.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Duiker, S.W. 2016. Pastures for soil health and forage production. Field Crop News August 3.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Duiker, S.W. 2016. Cover crop season is in full swing. Field Crop News August 24.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Duiker, S.W. 2016. Residue distribution critical for no-till. Field Crop News September 28.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Williamson, J.A. 2016. Fall pasture and grazing management Field Crop News September 28.