Progress 03/01/16 to 02/28/21
Outputs
Target Audience:The primary target audience for this project includes nanomaterial manufacturers, food companies, governments, regulatory agencies, researchers and scientists seeking to understand the behavior of nanobiomaterials in the gastrointestinal tract and their health implications. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?University of Georgia: three Ph.D. students had worked on the project including experimental design and implementation, and data analysis, andwriting reports/manuscripts. They also attended and presented results atconferences. University of Missouri:twodoctoral students and one Master's student were involved in the project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of this project have been published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at professional conferences including the Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting (IFT),International Association for Food Protection (IAFP) annual conference, andTAPPI International Conference on Nanotechnology for Renewable Materials. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We have successfully finished this project. We synthesized nanocomposites based on cellulose nanofibril coated with titanium dioxide nanoparticle (CNF/TiO2NP), evaluated the use of CNF/TiO2NP used for PVA-based food packaging materials, and investigated the intestinal toxicity of the nanocomposites. Using a mixing method, TiO2NPs with a zeta potential of 10.8 mV were attached to the surface of CNFs primarily due to electrostatic interactions. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of PVA films were significantly enhanced. For the PVA films containing CNF/TiO2NP nanocomposites (PCT5 and PCT10 films), their transmittance at the wavelength of 200-800 nm decreased almost to zero. Moreover, a high amount of CNF/TiO2NP nanocomposites (10 mg/mL) did not show notable negative effects on the growth of Escherichia coli P-24, Lactobacillus acidophilus ADH, and Bifidobacterium animalis Bif-6 cells. The results show that most TiO2NPs attached firmly on CNFs and few were released, resulting in negligible toxicity to intestinal bacteria and colon cells. These results indicate that CNF/TiO2NP nanocomposites can be potentially used as active fillers for a PVA-based packaging system. In the second study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were incorporated into bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) via reduction and UV-assisted methods with the addition of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to develop an environmentally friendly antimicrobial film. By mixing with 3% PVA solution, the elongation at break of the films was improved 20 times than that of the pure BNC film. The films exhibited higher oxygen barrier capacity while water vapor permeability was slightly improved. The SEM results showed the surface structure of the films and the uniform incorporation of AgNPs with a size around 20-30 nm. Antimicrobial activities against E. coli O157:H7 were observed from both films. Up to 7 and 3 log CFU/mL of reductions were observed in liquid medium and on raw beef, respectively. TEM and membrane permeability test were conducted on film-treated E. coli to investigate the antimicrobial mechanism of AgNPs. The UV film showed a higher antimicrobial activity than the reduction film. Moreover, a beef shelf-life test suggested that the films were able to inhibit the growth of natural bacteria on raw beef for at least 10 days at 4oC. The physical and antimicrobial properties described above gave the AgNP/PVA/BNC films a potential in application of food packaging. In the third study, a novel antimicrobial cellulose nanofibril/silver nanoparticle (CNF/AgNP) nanocomposite was synthesized by an ultraviolet irradiation method and evaluate the toxicity of the nanocomposite to human colon cells. AgNPs coated on CNFs have an average size of ~28 nm and exhibited a surface plasma resonance absorption peak at 402 nm. Coating AgNPs on CNFs interfered with the formation of intra-chain and inter-chain hydrogen bonds of cellulose. Moreover, the CNF/AgNP nanocomposite exhibited significant antimicrobial activities against E. coli O157:H7 by inhibiting DNA replication and damaging cell wall. No apparent toxicity of the nanocomposite was observed except a high content of CNF/AgNP nanocomposite (≥500 μg/mL) was used to treat Caco-2 and FHC human colon cells in which a significant decrease of cell viability was observed. The toxicity was related to the content, size, and surface charge of UV-synthesized AgNPs on CNFs. These results indicate that the antimicrobial CNF/AgNP nanocomposite prepared by UV irradiation method can be potentially used as an active filler applied in food packaging materials. We also developed novel multifunctional soy protein-based packaging materials with the incorporation of cellulose nanofibril (CNF). The effects of the loaded components on the physical and functional properties of nanocomposites were evaluated. Results indicate that the incorporation of CNF into the composite enhanced its tensile strength due to the filling effects of CNF. The addition of CNF and PNE greatly enhanced the light barrier property of films. Moreover, the films containing PNE displayed strong antioxidant activity and significantly improved antimicrobial effects on foodborne pathogens (E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus, S. Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes). The incorporation of CNF modified the antimicrobial performance of composite films by mitigating the release of PNE and lactic acid from the film matrix. These results demonstrate that as-prepared nanocomposites possess excellent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and light barrier capacities, which gives them great potential to be used as an active biodegradable food packaging material. Weinvestigated the influence of three types of nanocellulose (nano-fibrillated cellulose (also called cellulose nanofibrils (CNF)), TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) oxidized CNF (TEMPO-CNF) & nano-crystalline cellulose (also called cellulose nanocrystals (CNC))) on food digestion and nutrient absorption as well as its behavior during gastrointestinal digestion using a simulated static in vitro digestion model. It was found that all three types of nanocellulose exerted hypoglycemic potential, delayed lipid digestion and free amino nitrogen (FAN) absorption at high NC concentrations. The viscosity was observed to play a major role in the effects of all three types of NC on food (starch, lipid and protein) digestion and nutrient absorption. Specifically, the addition of higher concentrations of NC (corresponding to higher viscosity) resulted in lower initial digestion rates, even though the final amount of digestion products released were almost the same with 4% (w/w) CNC as an exception (which resulted in significantly lower amounts of FAN released). Nanocellulose at higher concentrations (0.5~1% (w/w) CNF, 0.36% (w/w) TEMPO-CNF and 2~4% (w/w) CNC) was found to significantly retard nutrient absorption, especially glucose and FAN diffusion. Furthermore, compared to cellulose, CNF had higher glucose and cholesterol adsorption capacity as well as bile acid retardation effects. Interactions can also occur between NC and food products. TEMPO-CNF and CNC bound with whey protein isolate (WPI) at the initial and gastric phase, resulted in changes in mean particle size and viscosity. Three types of NC showed different behaviors during digestion. In particular, CNF and cellulose were morphologically stable during the digestion, while TEMPO-CNF became aggregated and CNC formed hydrogels at the gastric phase. This study indicates that all three types of nanocellulose are advantageous than cellulose in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in terms of increasing digesta viscosity, delaying food digestion and nutrient absorption, and has potential to be used in the development of functional foods to control nutrient absorption and promote satiety. To assess the safety risk of nanocellulose, mice were fed with a Western diet and 30 mg/kg body weight of three types of nanocellulose daily for six weeks. Different nanocellulose did not show a harmful effect on basic physiological parameters.We alsodetermined the effects of subchronic oral CNF consumption on various health aspects of Western diets (WD)-fed mice. The results demonstrated that CNF decreased fat absorption in the jejunum and attenuated WD-induced fatty liver, but slightly decreased lean body mass and affected glucose homeostasis. Additional in vivo studies showed that CNF decreased the intestinal absorption. The in vitro studies suggested that CNF did not decrease the viability of any cells used; however, they prevented epithelial and T cells, but not macrophages, from accessing the viability dye. Taken together, CNF decreased the intestinal absorption non-specifically, which might lead to nutritional risks after long-term exposure.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Liu L, Kerr WL, Kong F. 2019. Characterization of lipid emulsions during in vitro digestion in the presence of three types of nanocellulose. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 545: 317-29.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Liou, P., Nayigiziki, F.X., Kong, F., Mustapha, A. and Lin, M., 2017. Cellulose nanofibers coated with silver nanoparticles as a SERS platform for detection of pesticides in apples. Carbohydrate Polymers, 157, pp.643-650
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Liu L, Kerr WL, Kong F, Dee DR, Lin M. 2018. Influence of nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC) on starch digestion and glucose absorption. Carbohydrate Polymers. 196: 146-53.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Liu L, Kong F. 2019. Influence of nanocellulose on in vitro digestion of whey protein isolate. Carbohydrate Polymers. 210: 399-411.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Yu Z, Wang W, Kong F, Lin M, Mustapha A. 2019. Cellulose nanofibril/silver nanoparticle composite as an active food packaging system and its toxicity to human colon cells. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 129: 887-94.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Yu Z, Wang W, Sun L, Kong F, Lin M, Mustapha A. 2019. Preparation of cellulose nanofibril/titanium dioxide nanoparticle nanocomposites as fillers for PVA-based packaging and investigation into their intestinal toxicity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 156: 1174-1182.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Lin YJ, Shatkin JA, Kong F. 2019. Evaluating mucoadhesion properties of three types of nanocellulose in the gastrointestinal tract in vitro and ex vivo. Carbohydrate Polymers. 210: 157-66.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Liu L, Kong F. 2019. In vitro investigation of the influence of nano-cellulose on starch and milk digestion and mineral adsorption. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 137: 1278-85.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Liu L, Kong F. 2019. In vitro investigation of the influence of nano-fibrillated cellulose on lipid digestion and absorption. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 139: 361-6.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Yu Z, Wang W, Dhital R, Kong F, Lin M, Mustapha A. 2019. Antimicrobial effect and toxicity of cellulose nanofibril/silver nanoparticle nanocomposites prepared by an ultraviolet irradiation method. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 180: 212-20.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Chen Y, Lin YJ, Nagy T, Kong F, & Guo TL. 2020. Subchronic exposure to cellulose nanofibrils induces nutritional risk by non-specifically reducing the intestinal absorption. Carbohydrate Polymers. 229:115536. p. 1-11.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Wang W, Yu Z, Alsammarraie FK, Kong F, Lin M, Mustapha A. 2020. Properties and antimicrobial activity of polyvinyl alcohol-modified bacterial nanocellulose packaging films incorporated with silver nanoparticles. Food Hydrocolloids. 100:105411. p. 1-10.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Liu L, Kong F. Influence of nanocellulose on starch digestion and glucose absorption. 2017 10TH Mini Summit on Food Safety, Policy, and Sustainability. College Park, MD. Oct 29-31, 2017.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Lin Y, Kong F. Assessing mucoadhesion properties of nanocellulose in gastrointestinal tract in vitro. 10TH Mini Summit on Food Safety, Policy, and Sustainability. College Park, MD. Oct 29-31, 2017.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Kong F. Establishing the safety of cellulose nanomaterials for food related uses. IFT annual meeting. Chicago IL. July 16-18, 2018.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Liu L, Kong F. Influence of nano-fibrillated cellulose on starch digestion and glucose absorption. IFT annual meeting. Chicago IL. July 16-18, 2018.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Lin Y, Kong F. Evaluating mucoadhesion properties of nanocellulose in gastrointestinal tract. 2018 TAPPI International Conference on Nanotechnology for Renewable Materials. Madison, WI. June 11 - 15, 2018.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Liu,Lingling. Ph.D. Dissertation. "IN VITRO INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF NANO-CELLULOSE ON FOOD DIGESTION AND NUTRIENT ABSORPTION". The University of Georgia. 2018
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Lin, Yu-Ju. Ph.D. Dissertation. "BEHAVIOR AND EFFECT OF NANOCELLULOSE ON MUCUS AND MUCOSAL LAYER IN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT". The University of Georgia. 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Hannah Xu, Zhiping Wang, Avani Patel, Yingjia Chen, Callie McDonough, Tai L. Guo, MODULATION OF MICROBIOME AND GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS IN MICE FOLLOWING DAILY DOSAGE OF NANOCELLULOSE DIETARY SUPPLEMENT; the 60th Society of Toxicology annual meeting; 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Liu L, Kong F. Characterization of lipid emulsions during in vitro digestion in the presence of three types of nanocellulose. IFT annual meeting. New Orleans, LA. June 2 - 5, 2019.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Liu L, Kong F. Influence of nanocellulose on in vitro digestion of whey protein isolate. IFT annual meeting. New Orleans, LA. June 2 - 5, 2019
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Lin YJ, Chen Y, Guo T, Kong F. Sub-chronic effect of nanocellulose on small intestine in vivo. The Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) annual meeting. New Orleans, LA. June 2 - 5, 2019
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Kong F. In vitro investigation of the behavior of nanocellulose in human gastrointestinal tract and the influence on food digestion. 13th International Congress on Engineering and Food (ICEF). Melbourne, Australia. September 20-23. 2019.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Yoo, A., Lin, M., Mustapha, A.* 2021. Zinc oxide and silver nanoparticle effects on intestinal bacteria. Materials. 14(10), 2489.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Yu, Z., Dhital, R., Wang, W., Sun, L., Zeng, W., Mustapha, A.*, Lin, M.* 2019. Development of multifunctional nanocomposites containing cellulose nanofibrils and soy proteins as food packaging material. Food Packag. Shelf Life. 21, 100366.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Yu, Z., Lin, S., Wang, W., Zeng, W., Mustapha, A., Lin, M.* 2018. Soy protein-based films incorporated with cellulose nanocrystals and pine needle extract for active packaging. Ind. Crops. Prod. 112, 412-419.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Yu, Z., Alsammarraie, F.K., Nayigiziki, F.X., Wang, W., Vardhanabhuti, B., Mustapha, A.*, Lin, M.* 2017. Effect and mechanism of cellulose nanofibrils on the active functions of biopolymer-based nanocomposite films. Food Res. Int. 99(1), 166-172.
|
Progress 03/01/19 to 02/29/20
Outputs
Target Audience:The primary target audience for this project includes nanomaterial manufacturers, food companies, governments, regulatory agencies, researchers and scientists seeking to understand the behavior of nanobiomaterials in the gastrointestinal tract and their health implications. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?University of Georgia: three Ph.D. students worked on experimental design and implementation, and data analysis, and writing reports. They also attended IFTannual conference (2019).University of Missouri: two doctoral students and one Master's student wereinvolved in this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of this project have been disseminated in peer-reviewed journals, at the professional conferences including IFT and IAFP conferences. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to study the healthimpact of nanocellulose ingestion using cell models andmice models.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We determined the effects of subchronic oral CNF consumption on various health aspects of Western diets (WD)-fed mice. The results demonstrated that CNF decreased fat absorption in the jejunum and attenuated WD-induced fatty liver, but slightly decreased lean body mass and affected glucose homeostasis. Additionalin vivostudies showed that CNF decreased the intestinal absorption. Thein vitrostudies suggested that CNF did not decrease the viability of any cells used; however, they prevented epithelial and T cells, but not macrophages, from accessing the viability dye. Taken together, CNF decreased the intestinal absorption non-specifically, which might lead to nutritional risks after long-term exposure. We also studiedthe effects of CNF, CNC, and Tempo-CNF onin vitromilk digestion and mineral adsorption. The effects of anionic NC (TEMPO-CNF and CNC) onin vitrostarch digestion and glucose diffusion were also investigated. Results show that TEMPO-CNF and CNC at high concentrations caused significant reductions in glucose diffusion, especially at 0.36% (w/w) TEMPO-CNF and 2-4% (w/w) CNC. In addition, CNF and TEMPO-CNF at 0.30% (w/w) significantly reduced the amount of free fatty acid produced during intestinal digestion of milk fat. CNC at a concentration of 0.3% (w/w) delayed diffusion of free amino nitrogen during intestinal digestion of milk protein. All three types of NC adsorbed significant amount of Fe, and CNC adsorbed significant amount of Zn, while no significant adsorption was observed on other minerals (Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu and Ag). Results from this study suggest that all three types of NC, when incorporated in food or supplements as zero-calorie fiber, may affect food digestion and nutrient absorption. We also developed novel multifunctional soy protein-based packaging materials with the incorporation of cellulose nanofibril (CNF), Cedrus deodara pine needle extract (PNE), and lactic acid. The effects of the loaded components on the physical and functional properties of nanocomposites were evaluated. Results indicate that the incorporation of CNF into the composite enhanced its tensile strength due to the filling effects of CNF. The addition of CNF and PNE greatly enhanced the light barrier property of films. Moreover, the films containing PNE displayed strong antioxidant activity and significantly improved antimicrobial effects on foodborne pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes). The incorporation of CNF modified the antimicrobial performance of composite films by mitigating the release of PNE and lactic acid from the film matrix. These results demonstrate that as-prepared nanocomposites possess excellent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and light barrier capacities, which gives them great potential to be used as an active biodegradable food packaging material.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Liu L, Kong F. 2019. In vitro investigation of the influence of nano-cellulose on starch and milk digestion and mineral adsorption. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 137: 1278-85.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Liu L, Kerr WL, Kong F. 2019. Characterization of lipid emulsions during in vitro digestion in the presence of three types of nanocellulose. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 545: 317-29.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Liu L, Kong F. 2019. In vitro investigation of the influence of nano-fibrillated cellulose on lipid digestion and absorption. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 139: 361-6.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Chen Y, Lin YJ, Nagy T, Kong F, & Guo TL. 2020. Subchronic exposure to cellulose nanofibrils induces nutritional risk by non-specifically reducing the intestinal absorption. Carbohydrate Polymers. 229:115536. p. 1-11.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Yu, Z., Wang, W., Kong, F., Lin, M.*, Mustapha, A.* 2019. Cellulose nanofibril/silver nanoparticle composite as an active food packaging system and its toxicity to human colon cells. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 129, 887-894
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Yu, Z., Dhital, R., Wang, W., Sun, L., Zeng, W., Mustapha, A.*, Lin, M.* 2019. Development of multifunctional nanocomposites containing cellulose nanofibrils and soy proteins as food packaging material. Food Packag. Shelf Life. 21, 100366.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Liu L, Kong F. Characterization of lipid emulsions during in vitro digestion in the presence of three types of nanocellulose. IFT annual meeting. New Orleans, LA. June 2 - 5, 2019.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Liu L, Kong F. Influence of nanocellulose on in vitro digestion of whey protein isolate. IFT annual meeting. New Orleans, LA. June 2 - 5, 2019.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Lin YJ, Chen Y, Guo T, Kong F. Sub-chronic effect of nanocellulose on small intestine in vivo. The Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) annual meeting. New Orleans, LA. June 2 - 5, 2019
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Kong F. In vitro investigation of the behavior of nanocellulose in human gastrointestinal tract and the influence on food digestion. 13th International Congress on Engineering and Food (ICEF). Melbourne, Australia. September 20-23. 2019.
|
Progress 03/01/18 to 02/28/19
Outputs
Target Audience:The primary target audience for this project includes nanomaterial manufacturers, food companies, governments,regulatory agencies, researchers and scientists seeking to understand the behavior of nanobiomaterials in thegastrointestinal tract and their health implications. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?University of Georgia: two graduate students were involved in this project under the supervision of Dr. Kong. They worked on experimental design and implementation, and data analysis, and writing reports. They also attended IFTannual conference (2018). One graduate student worked on animal studies using mice under the supervision of Dr. Guo.University of Missouri: three Graduate students were involved in this project under the supervision of Dr. Lin. Through theproject, we built up close collaboration with USDA and the private sector. Dr. Jo Anne Shatkin, President of Vireo Advisors, LLC,served on the advisory committee for one graduate student. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated to the community through journal publications, and conference presentations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to the study impact of nanocellulose on digestion of lipid emulsions and proteins, as well as the bioavailability of minerals. We will conduct in vivo trials tostudy the toxicological effect and the impact on animal growth.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In the reporting period, we studiedthe behavior of three types of nanocellulose and its influence on lipid emulsions during digestion.The changes in physicochemical characteristics (including particle size,microstructure, viscosity, and zeta potential) of the emulsions as well as the amount of freefatty acidreleased were studied and compared among the addition of different types/concentrations of fiber as well as digestion phases. We found the colloidal stability of three types of NC differed during each digestion phase. Specifically,cellulosenanocrystals(CNC) formedhydrogelnetworks during the gastric phase, resulting in increased digesta viscosity. Cellulose nano-fibrils (CNF) were stable and had no morphological changes during digestion. TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nano-fibrils (TEMPO-CNF) de-swelled and showed aggregation at the gastric phase. Results showed that all three types of nanocellulose at high concentrations (1% CNF, 0.25-0.36% TEMPO-CNF or 2-3% CNC) delayed initialin vitrodigestion of emulsions, though the final lipolysis extent was nearly the same amongst all (47-55%). In another study,a simulated digestion model, consisting of salivary, gastric and intestinal digestion phases, was used to investigate the effects of NFC on lipid digestion and absorption. To better understand the mechanisms behind, the effects of NFC on lipase activity, micellar solubility of cholesterol and bile acid diffusion were studied in addition to the cholesterol adsorption capacity of NFC, with conventional cellulose as a comparison. Results showed that NFC slightly reduced lipase activity, but NFC or cellulose at concentrations up to 1.1% (w/w) did not significantly influence lipid digestion under simulated intestinal conditions. Moreover, NFC showed greater bile acid retardation effect than cellulose, and slightly higher cholesterol adsorption capacity probably due to its larger specific surface area. Nonetheless, NFC did not significantly affect micellar solubility of cholesterol. These results suggest that NFC, when added into fat-rich foods, may have health benefitsviaits viscosity effect and retardation effect on bile acid absorption. We also synthesized a novel antimicrobial cellulose nanofibril/silver nanoparticle (CNF/AgNP) nanocomposite by an ultraviolet irradiation method and evaluate the toxicity of the nanocomposite to human colon cells. AgNPs coated on CNFs have an average size of ~28 nm and exhibited a surface plasma resonance absorption peak at 402 nm. Coating AgNPs on CNFs interfered with the formation of intra-chain and inter-chain hydrogen bonds of cellulose. Moreover, the CNF/AgNP nanocomposite exhibited significant antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli O157:H7 by inhibiting DNA replication and damaging cell wall. The nanocomposite also inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus by disrupting cellular functions with the AgNPs attached to cell surfaces and penetrating the cell membrane. No apparent toxicity of the nanocomposite was observed except a high content of CNF/AgNP nanocomposite (≥500 μg/mL) was used to treat Caco-2 and FHC human colon cells in which a significant decrease of cell viability was observed. The toxicity was related to the content, size, and surface charge of UV-synthesized AgNPs on CNFs. These results indicate that the antimicrobial CNF/AgNP nanocomposite prepared by UV irradiation method can be potentially used as an active filler applied in food packaging materials.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Liu L, Kong F. 2019. Influence of nanocellulose on in vitro digestion of whey protein isolate. Carbohydrate Polymers. 210: 399-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.071. (Impact factor: 6.044)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Liu L, Kerr WL, Kong F, Dee DR, Lin M. 2018. Influence of nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC) on starch digestion and glucose absorption. Carbohydrate Polymers. 196: 146-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.116. (Impact factor: 7.182)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Lin YJ, Shatkin JA, Kong F. 2019. Evaluating mucoadhesion properties of three types of nanocellulose in the gastrointestinal tract in vitro and ex vivo. Carbohydrate Polymers. 210: 157-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.029. (Impact factor: 7.182)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Kong F. Establishing the safety of cellulose nanomaterials for food related uses. IFT annual meeting. Chicago IL. July 16-18, 2018.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Liu L, Kong F. Influence of nano-fibrillated cellulose on starch digestion and glucose absorption. IFT annual meeting. Chicago IL. July 16-18, 2018.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Lin Y, Kong F. Evaluating mucoadhesion properties of nanocellulose in gastrointestinal tract. 2018 TAPPI International Conference on Nanotechnology for Renewable Materials. Madison, WI. June 11 - 15, 2018.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Yu, Z., Lin, S., Wang, W., Zeng, W., Mustapha, A., Lin, M.* 2018. Soy protein-based films incorporated with cellulose nanocrystals and pine needle extract for active packaging. Ind. Crops. Prod. 112, 412-419.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Xiong, Z., Lin, M.*, Lin, H., Huang, M. 2018. Facile synthesis of cellulose nanofiber nanocomposite as a SERS substrate for detection of thiram in juice. Carbohydr. Polym. 189, 79-86.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Yu, Z., Wang, W., Dhital, R., Kong, F., Mustapha, M., Lin, M.* 2019. Antimicrobial effect and toxicity of cellulose nanofibril/silver nanoparticle nanocomposite prepared by an ultraviolet irradiation method. Colloids Surf. B. 180, 212-220.
|
Progress 03/01/17 to 02/28/18
Outputs
Target Audience:The primary target audience for this project includes nanomaterialmanufacturers, food companies, governments, regulatoryagencies, researchers and scientists seeking to understand the behaviorof nanobiomaterials in the gastrointestinal tract and their healthimplications. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?University of Georgia: two graduate students were involved in this project under the supervision of Dr. Kong. They had workedon experimental design and implementation, and data analysis, and writing reports. They also attended IFT annualconference (2016). One graduate student worked on animal studies using mice under supervision of Dr. Guo. University of Missouri: three Graduate students were involved in this project under the supervision of Dr. Lin. Through the project, we built up close collaboration with USDA and private sector. Dr. Jo Anne Shatkin,President of Vireo Advisors, LLC, served in the advisory committee for our graduate student. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated to the community through conference presentations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to study impact of nanocellulose on digestion of lipid emulsions and proteins, as well as bioavailability of minerals. We will also use cell model and mice model to study toxicological effect and the impact on animal growth.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In the past year, our study focused on the effects of added NFC on solution viscosity, starch digestion and glucose absorption. NFC did not affect α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, but significantly retarded glucose diffusion, delayed amylolysis and reduced the amount of glucose released during in vitro digestion of starch. Specifically, 1% NFC retarded ∼26.6% of glucose released during the amylolysis process. The greatly increased viscosity of NFC at concentrations >0.5% was thought to be the main mechanism for its potential hypoglycemic effects. NFC suspensions also had higher glucose adsorption capacity than those containing cellulose. In addition, NFC bound 35.6% of the glucose when the initial glucose level was within the range of 5-200 mM. These results suggest that NFC may be useful for building viscosity in food products and serving to inhibit glucose absorption in vivo in starch-containing products. Nanocellulose (NC) could enter human body as food or packaging additives or contaminants andposes unknown risks to health. We studied NC with different modifications for theirmucoadhesive properties in the digestive condition in vitro by four different assays to investigatethe potential impact when consuming NC. Mucoadhesive level of cellulose nanofiber (CNF),2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-oxidized CNF (T-CNF), and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)under gastric and intestinal condition was different for all assays. Overall 0.5% CNF showedhighest mucoadhesive ability in viscometric method both in gastric and intestinal condition, while0.465% T-CNF and 0.5% CNC showed better mucoadhesion by zeta potential and particle sizemethod, respectively. CNF was further tested by the flow-through method and showed retentionon porcine stomach and duodenum specimen. These results showed NC might be mucoadhesive, and future study of the interaction between NC and mucin and mucous membrane is needed. In addition, we havedeterminedthe effects and mechanisms of cellulosenanofiber (CNF) coating incorporated with chitosan and trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) on thesurvival of different kinds of pathogens on whole and fresh-cut cantaloupes, respectively.The results showed that the CNF coating formed a dense film attached on the sample surface. Itwas effective for elimination of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the rind,but had relatively inferior effect on the reduction of Listeria monocytogenes. The incorporation of chitosan increased the pH and zeta potential values (P < 0.05), indicating an improvement of thepositive charges on the coating surface. The incorporation of TC had no effect on the pH or zetapotential (P > 0.05), but improved antimicrobial capacity of the coatings on all three kinds ofpathogens. Also, the oxygen barrier capacity of coatings were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05)after incorporating chitosan and/or TC, which was closely related to the increased reduction of theaerobic mold and yeast total colonies (P < 0.05). Overall, the CNF-based coating was preferredfor improving the microbiological safety of whole cantaloupe, but less effective for the fresh-cutsamples.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Lin Y, Kong F. Assessing mucoadhesion properties of nanocellulose in gastrointestinal tract in vitro. 2017 10TH Mini Summit on Food Safety, Policy, and Sustainability. Oct 29-31. Maryland.
Liu L, Kong F. Influence of nanocellulose on starch digestion and glucose absorption. 2017 10TH Mini Summit on Food Safety, Policy, and Sustainability. Oct 29-31. Maryland.
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Progress 03/01/16 to 02/28/17
Outputs
Target Audience:The primary target audience for this project includes nanomaterial manufacturers, food companies, governments, regulatory agencies,researchersand scientists seeking to understand the behavior of nanobiomaterialsin the gastrointestinal tract and theirhealth implications. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?University of Georgia: two graduate students were involved in this project under the supervision of Dr. Kong. They had worked on experimental design and implementation, and data analysis, and writing reports. They also attendedIFT annual conference (2016). Universit of Missouri: three Graduate students were involved in this project under the supervisionof Dr. Lin. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated to the community through publications, presentations, and social media. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?University of Georgia: research will be conducted to understand interactions between nanocellulose and micro- and macro- nutrients, including the possible binding with protein, lipidand carbohydrates, and minerals. Study will be also conducted to understand the mucoadhesionbehaviourof nanocellulose. Univerity of Missouri, Columbia: furtherstudies will be conducted to testthe developed films on intestinal bacteria and mammalian cells and determine their toxicity.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
University of Georgia: Dr. Kong's group had characterized two types of nanocellulose, CNF and CNC, and investigated the effect and causes of nanocellulose slowing mineral diffusion across the membrane.Particle size and viscosity of nanocellulose were determining by dynamic light scattering and rheometer. A simple model was built to test iron diffusion. Dialysis tubing (8kDa cut-off) loaded with 1mL water was put in solution with 100mg/L ferrous sulfate and various nanocellulose concentration and stirred for 1.5hour. Dialyzable iron (DI) was analyzed by colorimetric methods using 1,10-phenanthroline. Next, to test if binding of ions was the actual cause of lower iron diffusion, a solution with 100mg/L ferrous and 0.68% CNC or 0.12% CNF was prepared as above. The test groups were mixed at higher concentration of nanocellulose for 30min to allow interaction, and then diluted to the concentration as control before adding dialysis tubing. Here both pH2 and 5.5 were tested to mimic digestion pH. The results indicated that the average diameter of CNC and CNF was 139.8±4.4nm and 348.9±25.2nm, respectively. 2.7% CNC was more toward Newtonian fluid with viscosity of 0.0041Pa·s while 0.4% CNF was shear-thinning fluid with consistency of 1.04Pa·s and Power-Law index of 0.34 at 25°C. Mathematical modeling of the kinetics of DI showed exponential decay with nanocellulose concentration. Predicted equations are DI=81.44e^-1.24CNC% and DI=99.255e^-7.03CNF%. It was further confirmed that this effect was due to viscosity because whether allowing interaction or not didn't change DI both in pH2 or 5.5, but different pH changed DI. In conclusion,CNC and CNF could both decrease iron diffusion across the intestinal membrane, and this is possibly due to increased viscosity but not iron binding. This information could bring up the awareness when using nanocellulose as food additive in the future. University of Missouri, Columbia: In Dr. Lin's group,studies were carried out to 1) develop methodologies to characterize nanocellulose and their nanocomposites by using a combination of suitable detection and characterization techniques and strategies; 2) investigate the antimicrobial and toxicity of nanocellulose and nanocomposites and their effects on natural gut microflora and human cells. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from commercial source was used in this study. A CNF film was prepared using a solution of CNFs, hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and glycerol. The solution was poured into square plastic petri plates and stored at room temperature for 24 h to form a film. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were impregnated into the CNF films by reduction method using AgNO3 and NaBH4 solution. The CNFs and AgNP-CNF films were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that AgNPs were tightly attached onto the CNFs. Around 70% of the AgNPs were in the size range of 5-10 nm. The average size of these AgNPs was 7.03 ± 2.97 nm. Silver content on the hybrid was determined to be 1.06 ± 0.22% (w/w) using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis. The CNF film and AgNP-CNF film were measured by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis. The dense and pilotaxitic structure formed by cellulose fibrils were observed. The silver particles were found on the surface of the films.?Gluconobacter xylinus was grown for 7 days and the resulting cellulose film was stored in sterile DI water for two days. Bacterial cellulose (BC) slurry was combined with PVA and glycerol and the mixture poured into a large petri dish and dried overnight at 45oC. PVA-BC films were coated with AgNPs by reduction method. The incorporation of AgNPs was visually seen as a change in the color of the film from bright yellow to brownish yellow. Film samples were cut into 20 mm × 50 mm strips and analyzed by a texture analyzer. The thickness of the modified BC film was ~0.07 mm. The films will be used for further studies about their antimicrobial properties and toxicity.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Liou, P., Nayigiziki, F.X., Kong, F., Mustapha, A. and Lin, M., 2017. Cellulose nanofibers coated with silver nanoparticles as a SERS platform for detection of pesticides in apples. Carbohydrate Polymers, 157, pp.643-650
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