Progress 01/01/16 to 12/31/19
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for the project includes consumers of air travel and commercial airline food handlers. Changes/Problems:Instead of using a surrogate, we conducted the experiment on human norovirus. This approach avoided the behavioral difference between the surrogate and the actual virus. It provided more accurate results. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The graduate student presented her research at International Association for Food Protection (IAFP) conference (Salt Lake City, UT, 2018). The poster presentation and international conference participation was beneficial for professional development of the graduate student. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A manuscript has been prepared and submitted to International Journal of Food Microbiology. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1) Major activities completed / experiments conducted: Both major goalshave been successfully met. We evaluated the survival of human norovirus on three frequently contacted surfaces in airplane cabins. We also evaluated the efficacy of EPA registered disinfectants. 2) Data collected: In this study, we monitored the survival of huNoV on seat leather, plastic tray table, and seatbelt for 30 days, with and without additional organic load. The efficacy of two EPA registered anti-norovirus disinfectants were also evaluated. 3) Summary statistics and discussion of results: The study showed that when the organic load is present, huNoV is highly stable and resistant against disinfectants. 4) Key outcomes or other accomplishments realized: Findings from this study indicated that appropriate procedures should be developed by airline companies with the help of public health authorities to decrease passengers' exposure risk to huNoV.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Djebbi-Simmons, D., Xu, W. 2018. Survival and inactivation of human norovirus GII. 4 Sydney on airplane plastic tray table surface. International Association for Food Protection (IAFP) Annual Meeting Program and Abstract Book. Salt Lake City, UT. July 8-11.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
1. Djebbi-Simmons, D., Alhejaili, M., Janes, M., King, J., Xu, W.* Survival and inactivation of human norovirus on three commonly touched airplane cabin surfaces. Submitted to Frontiers in Microbiology/Food Microbiology
|
Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for the project include consumers of air travel and commercial airline food handlers. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The graduate student presented her research at International Association for Food Protection (IAFP) conference (Salt Lake City, UT, 2018). The poster presentation and international conference participation was beneficial forprofessional development of the graduate student. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A manuscript has been prepared and submitted to International Journal of Food Microbiology. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to develop outreach material and disseminate to general public.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1. Major experiments conducted Objective 2. Estimate the inactivation efficacy of disinfectants on those surfaces, especially when they are soiled with vomit or diarrhea. Three anti-norovirus EPA registered disinfectants were used: bleach germicidal cleaner (EPA registration #56392-7), hydrogen peroxide disinfectant cleaner (EPA registration #67619-24), and broad-spectrum quaternary disinfectant cleaner (EPA registration #67619-20). Leather seat, seat belt, and plastic tray table coupons were inoculated with 60 µl HuNoV fecal suspensions (PBS or SGF), and allowed 2.5 h to dry in a biosafety cabin. Disinfectant activity was neutralized by transferring of 60 µl into 540 µl 10% Dey/Engley neutralizing broth (D/E), (BD Difco, Sparks, MD). Positive controls (540 µl PBS added to HuNoV suspension) as well as neutralization control (540 µl neutralized disinfectant added to HuNoV suspension) were also conducted. The anti-viral efficacy of three anti-norovirus EPA registered disinfectants was tested in suspension and on surfaces. Experiments were performed with and without added organic load. In the first case, simulated gastric fluid was used as additional organic load to mimic real life scenario of a vomitus incident occurring on board of the airplane. In the second case, PBS was used to re-suspend HuNoV. 2.Data collected HuNoV inactivation was calculated by subtracting log10 genomic copy number of treatment samples from the genomic copy number of the corresponding neutralization control sample. In case of samples yielding non-detection via RT-qPCR analysis, HuNoV inactivation was calculated by subtracting the assay limit of detection value (1.18 log10 genome copies) from the corresponding log10 neutralization control values.Two independent trials were carried out. 3. Results In suspension and without organic load, sodium hypochlorite was the most efficient disinfectant against norovirus compared to hydrogen peroxide and quaternary ammonium resulting in 5.4 ± 0.21 log10 reduction in HuNoV genomic copy number. Quaternary ammonium was the least efficient one with 1.3 ± 0.09 log10 reduction in HuNoV genomic copy number. However, with SGF, sodium hypochlorite efficacy decreased dramatically yielding only 3.0 ± 0.06 log10 reduction in HuNoV genomic copy number (p< 0.05). However, the anti-viral efficacy of hydrogen peroxide and quaternary ammonium was not affected by the addition of organic load (p> 0.05). Compared to suspension assays, the disinfection efficacy decreased significantly for all three disinfectants when performed on surfaces except for sodium hypochlorite used on leather and plastic tray without the addition of organic load. For all three surfaces, log reduction in HuNoV was < 2.5 log10 genomic copy number after sodium hypochlorite treatment. Furthermore, log reduction in HuNoV was < 1.0 log10 HuNoV genomic copy number after hydrogen peroxide and quaternary ammonium treatments. Organic load has been shown to protect microorganisms from the effects of the disinfectant through physically blocking it from reaching the targeted microorganism, or through inducing chemical reaction with it, resulting in a lowered activity and efficacy. As an example, sodium hypochlorite is known to react with organic matter, which can diminish active concentrations as well as results in the formation of carcinogenic by-products, such as trihalomethanes. Considering the effect of surface as well as organic load on the disinfection efficacy against HuNoV, higher disinfectant dose and longer contact time should be used when disinfecting microorganisms on surface. Also, a cleaning step should be used to reduce the organic load on the surface prior to disinfection.
Publications
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Dorra Djebbi-Simmons. 2018. Survival and Inactivation of Salmonella enterica and human norovirus on consumer contact surfaces. Dissertation. Louisiana State University. Baton Rouge, LA.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Dorra Djebbi-Simmons, Mohammed Alhejaili, Marlene Janes, Joan King, Wenqing Xu. Survival and Inactivation of Human Norovirus on Three Commonly Touched Airplane Cabin Surfaces. International Journal of Food Microbiology.
|
Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The graduate student presented her partial research at International Association for Food Protection (IAFP) conference (Tampa, FL, 2017). The poster presentation and international conference participation was beneficial forprofessional development of the graduate student. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results were shared at the International Association for Food Protection (IAFP) conference (Tampa, FL, 2017). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?For next reporting period, we will finish the survival study and analyze data from previous period and communicate findings via presentations and manuscripts. We also plan to focus on objective 2, estimate the inactivation efficacy of disinfectants on those surfaces, especially when they are soiled with vomit.EPA approved disinfectants against huNoV surrogate havebeen identified. Their decontamination efficacy on three surfaces will be evaluated.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1. Major experiments conducted Objective 1 Persistence of human norovirus (huNov) on frequently touched commercial aircraft cabin surfaces. Three commonly touched airplane cabinet surfaces-leather (L), seat belt fabric (S), and plastic tray (P), were identified through literature search and behavioral study conducted in previous year.Surfaces were cut into coupons and prepared for inoculation. Surface coupons were innoculated with huNoV suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or simulated gastric fluid (SGF).SGF was used to mimic vomit within the airplane cabine. Initial norovirus inoculum size was 4 log genomic copies. Survival of huNoV was evaluatedevery 24 hours. TaqMan quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) was used for the detection and quantification of huNoV GII by targeting the most conserved, sensitive and broadly reactive ORF1-ORF2 junctions in huNoV. 2.Data collected HuNoV survival population data was collected during5 days. Survival studies on three surfaces and in two suspension solutions were repeated twice as replicates. Two independent trials were carried out. 3. Results Results show that norovirus stock diluted in PBS and in SGF was very stable over 5 days on leather (L), seat belt fabric (S), and plastic tray (P) coupons. Norovirus concentration remained almost constant in the case of L and P surfaces while it decreased by 1.5 log genomic copies in the case of S surface after 24 hours of inoculation, when norovirus was diluted in PBS. However, in the case of SGF, norovirus concentration remained almost constant over the course of 5 days. Rnase pre-treatment was performed on each sample to eliminate free RNA from sample before extraction, and to differentiate between infectious and non-infectious norovirus particles when in RT-PCR results. Since there was no significant change of huNoV population in 5 days, survival of huNoVin 30daysis being evaluated.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Djebbi-Simmons, D., Xu, W. 2017. Inactivation of Salmonella enterica on food contact surfaces during log, stationary and LTS phases. International Association for Food Protection (IAFP) Annual Meeting Annual Meeting Program and Abstract Book. Tampa, FL. July 9-12.
|
Progress 01/01/16 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for the project include consumers of air travel and commercial airline food handlers. Although it is the early stage of the project,consumers have been reached through an ongoing observational behavioral study. Twenty domestic flights and two international flights were included so far for the study. Behavior of 113 individuals were observed. All observations were anonymous, and no personal information was collected. Behavioral observations were conducted during 20 minutes on each flight. Data were collected on consumers' risk behaviors associated food safety as well as their risk management behaviors. Results showed that the most commonly recorded risk behavior (68.1%) was pouring snacks onone hand without handwashing or hand sanitizer using, while 12.4% of consumers observed pouring snacks on the tray table before eating. Only 8%of the consumersapplied hand sanitizersvoluntarily before eating and 1.7% of the consumers wiped the tray table with sanitizing wipes. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Both graduate students were trained intensively on biosafety, aseptic technique, and basic microbiological skills; all of which were critical for the success of this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?During next reporting period, we plan to finishobjective one to evaluate the persistence ofhuman norovirus (huNoV)and its surrogate-MS2 bacteriophage on frequently touchedcommercial aircraft cabinsurfaces which will include preparation of MS2 bacteriophage inoculum, preparation of huNoV inoculum, airplane cabin surface preparation, inoculation, sampling as well as MS2 and huNoV quantification.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Since it was the first year for this HATCH project as well as the first year for the PI to establish her lab, the greatest accomplishments in the past year were student training, SOP developing, and project preparation. To be able to work in the BSL-2 laboratories, both graduate students went through intensive biosafety training, aseptic technique training, and basic microbiological skill trainings. Both students can now confidently work with BSL-2 pathogens including culturing, quantification, and inactivation. The PhD student who is the leading assistant on this HATCH project was also trained on molecular detection of human norovirus. An SOP was developed to meet the project needs and modified based on the available resources. Materials that will be heavily used in this project have been gathered up front to speed up the experiment process next year. Those materials include frequently touchedcommercial aircraft cabinsurfaces, EPA approved disinfectants, vomit solution, hoNoV, fecal matter, as well as all huNoV detection supplies.
Publications
|
|