Progress 10/27/15 to 09/30/20
Outputs
Target Audience:Target Audience: Scientific community, farmers, extension personnel, and students. Efforts: The scientific community was reached through poster and oral presentations at professional conferences. Farmers and extension staff were reached through a field tour at Dakota Lakes Research Farm. Changes/Problems:Due to challenges with funding and weed management, goals 3 and 4 focusing on organic flax production have not been initiated. Instead, we have expanded research under goal 1 (see other studies) focusing on best management practices for carinata and canola genotypic evaluations. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Three graduate and four undergraduate students were trained on the project. Phillip Alberti, MS student, September 2015 to December 2017. 49% research assistantship. Assisted with field work and learned skills in experimental design and field experiments layout. Phillip also attended and presented in a graduate student poster competition at the annual meetings of the Agronomy Society of America. Dwarika Bhattarai, MS student, September 2017 to May 2019. 49% research assistantship. Assisted with field work and learned skills in experimental design and field experiments layout. Dwarika also attended and participated in a graduate student poster competition at the annual meetings of the Agronomy Society of America. Unius Arinaitwe, MS student. October 2019 to present. 49% research assistantship. Learned skills in experimental design and field experiment layout. Christopher Owusu, B.S. student. Christopher learned field research techniques including plot layout, stand assessment, and destructive and non-destructive plant sampling techniques. Pradeep Raut, B.S. student. Pradeep learned field research techniques including plot layout, stand assessment, and destructive and non-destructive plant sampling techniques. Reshma Thalpa, B.S. student. Reshma learned field research techniques including plot layout, stand assessment, and destructive and non-destructive plant sampling techniques. Jaskeet Singh. B.S. student. Jaskeet learned field research techniques including plot layout, stand assessment, and destructive and non-destructive plant sampling techniques. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research Community. The results were presented to the research community via journal publications and conference presentations. Stakeholders. We delivered presentations at various stakeholder meetings and crop tours. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: To develop best management practices for carinata and camelina including planting date and seeding rate 100% Accomplished Experiments were conducted to determine the optimum planting dates and seeding rates for carinata and camelina at three locations (Brookings, Pierre, and Ideal) in SD in 2016 and 2017. Planting dates ranged from April 8 to May 16. Seeding rates ranging from 4.5-18 kg/ha were evaluated. Two varieties of each crop were used. We measured stand establishment, plant height, lodging, flowering date, pod shattering, and seed yield. The planting date study showed that both camelina and carinata should be planted as early as is possible in spring. Planting delay results in yield reduction of approximately 100 kg/ha per week. Planting early is even more critical in drier environments typical of central SD. The seeding rate study showed poor stand establishment under no-till compared to conventional till for both crops. Camelina under conventional tillage in Brookings showed no differences in yield for seeding rates of 4.5, 9 and 13.5 kg/ha (1293, 1160, 1362 kg/ha, respectively), with yield declining when seeding rate was increased to 18 kg/ha (928 kg/ha). Under no-till conditions at Pierre, yields were lower, but the best yield (784 kg/ha) occurred at a seeding rate of 13.5 kg/ha and the lowest yield (567 kg/ha) was at seeding rates of 4.5 kg/ha. For carinata, yield increased with increasing seeding rate in a curvilinear manner before tapering off, although the seeding rate at which yields were optimized varied depending on environment. The optimal yields were at the 9 kg/ha rate (1140 kg/ha) at Brookings, while at Ideal and Pierre optimal yields were obtained at 13.5 kg/ha seeding rate. Seed oil concentration was not influenced by seeding rate in both years at Brookings. At Pierre and Ideal, seed oil concentration increased with increasing seeding rate, peaking at a seeding rate of 13.5 kg/ha. These results indicate that higher seeding rates may be required under no-till in the semi-arid regions of South Dakota to compensate for poor stand establishment and yield reductions due to harsh climatic conditions. Other Crop Management Studies Determine the N and S fertilizer requirements for carinata This study was conducted to determine the economic optimum N and S fertilization rates and the interactive effects of N and S fertilization on seed yield and agronomic traits in carinata. The field experiment conducted in 2017 and 2018 at Brookings, SD had four N rates (56, 84, 112 and 140 kg N/ha) and three S rates (0, 22 and 45 kg S/ha). Increasing N rate increased seed and oil yield, each peaking at 112 kg N/ha in both years. Applying S fertilizer increased seed and oil yield and oil concentration over the control, but with the two S rates performing similar in both years. In the absence of S application, seed yield was reduced irrespective of N rate, indicating that S is critical to obtain a positive response to N fertilizer. Economically optimal N rate ranged from 47-93 kg N/ha, while economic optimum S rate ranged from 20-26 kg S/ha. The economic optimum yield ranged from 1,000-1,500 kg/ha. These findings suggest that carinata seed yield and agronomic trait response to N fertilization can vary depending on S availability. b) Evaluation of canola genotypes for agronomic performance in South Dakota Another study evaluated 10 entries of canola (NCC1015, CS2300, CS2500, CS2100, L140P, L233P, DKL-71-14BL, DKTF-91-SC, DKTF-92-SC and CS2600) and 3 of carinata (A120, DH-140-251 and DH-069-485) for agronomic performance at two locations, Brookings and Pierre, SD in 2019. We measured stand establishment, plant height, flowering date, lodging, pod shatter, and seed yield. Stand establishment was above 85% for all entries at both locations. The entry that flowered earliest was canola NCC1015, reaching 50% flowering 40 days after planting, while carinata DH-140-251 was the latest to flower taking 50 days. Pod shatter was higher at Pierre, likely due to drier conditions, averaging 4.5% compared to an average of 3.5% at Brookings. Yields at Brookings averaged 1,609 kg/ha ranging from a low of 1,181 kg/ha (carinata DH-069-485) to a high of 2,347 kg/ha (canola DKTF-91-SC). At Pierre, yields averaged 1,382 kg/ha ranging from 1,000 kg/ha (carinata A120) to 1,686 kg/ha (canola CS2100). In general, carinata entries were later flowering and lower yielding than canola entries. Objective 2: To determine the rotational impacts of oilseed crops on the subsequent winter wheat crop 100% Accomplished This study was conducted at Pierre, SD in 2015-2016 and at Brookings, SD in 2015-2016, 2016-2017 and 2018-2019. Three oilseed crops (carinata, camelina, flax) and field pea were planted in springs of 2015, 2016, and 2018 (carinata, flax and pea only). Yields of the spring crops ranged from a low of 936 kg/ha for camelina to a high 1,456 kg/ha for carinata at Brookings in 2015. Field pea outperformed all oilseed crops yielding 2,688 kg/ha. At Pierre, oilseed crops yielded slightly greater than at Brookings with camelina yielding 1,680 kg/ha and carinata 1,904 kg/ha. Field peas still outperformed all oilseed crops yielding 2,464 kg/ha. In 2016, oilseed crop yields in Brookings were 1,008 kg/ha for camelina, 1,176 kg/ha for carinata, and 1,456 kg/ha for flax. In 2018, yields of all three crops were generally low, ranging from 827 kg/ha for carinata to 1,322 kg/ha for pea and 1,753 kg/ha for flax. Carinata had poor stand establishment. In the fall of 2015, 2016 and 2018, winter wheat was planted on each crop stubble and different rates (0, 67 and 134 kg/ha) of N applied within crop stubble. Results showed winter wheat preceded by camelina or carinata yielding lower (approx. 15 to 28% lower) than winter wheat preceded by field pea if no N fertilizer is applied. However, with N fertilization of 134 kg/ha, winter wheat preceded by carinata, flax and camelina yielded the same as winter wheat preceded by field pea in all three years. Soil samples were collected starting in spring 2018 to determine microbial community structure (via phospholipid fatty acid (PFLA) analysis performed by Ward Lab). These fatty acids are found in the cell membranes of living organisms and degrade very quickly in the soil when organisms die. Hence PFLA is a powerful tool to measure microbial activity in the soil. At planting of oilseed crops in the spring of 2018, microbial biomass (MB) was average on land that had been in corn the prior year, ranging from 1,872-2,407 ng/g. The diversity index was also low to average, ranging from 1.2-1.4. The diversity index ranges from a very poor rating of < 1.0 to an excellent rating of > 1.6 (www.wardlab.com). After harvest of oilseed crops and prior to planting winter wheat, the MB increased from average to excellent when compared to MB at planting time, and was greatest for peas 5,112 ng/g and about the same for carinata and flax (4,704 and 4,844 ng/g, respectively). The field was planted to winter wheat on 3 October 2018. Soil samples were collected at harvest of winter wheat (July 2019) and the MB biomass was 5,404 ng/g in plots that had pea prior to winter wheat, 5,019 ng/g in plots that had carinata, and 4,633 ng/g in plots that had flax, showing a steady increase in microbial biomass. These results provide evidence that carinata may be a good fit in cereal-based cropping systems in SD. Long-term rotational studies are needed to confirm the results. Objective 3: To develop best management practices for flax under organic systems including variety selection and seeding rate (0% Accomplished) This goal was not accomplished due to weed pressure at the N.E Hanson Farm. Instead, we expanded research under Objective 1. Objective 4: To determine the impact of the previous crop, and cover crops on soil fertility, weed pressure, and yield of organically grown flax (0% Accomplished) This objective was abandoned due to weed pressure.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Bhattarai, D., A. Gandura, T. Nleya, and S. Kumar. 2020. Responses of soil surface greenhouse gas emissions to nitrogen and sulfur fertilizer applied to Brassica carinata grown for bio-jet fuel. GCB Bioenergy (accepted).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Bhattarai, D., S. Kumar and T. Nleya. 2020. Nitrogen and sulfur effects on growth and yield of Brassica carinata in South Dakota. Agronomy Journal. (in press).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Li, N., P. Kumar, L. Lai, G.O. Abagandura, S. Kumar, T. Nleya, H.L. Sieverding, J.J. Stone, and W. Gibbons. 2019. Response of soil greenhouse gas fluxes and soil properties to nitrogen fertilizer rates under camelina and carinata nonfood oilseed crops. Bioenergy Research BioEnergy Research. 12:524535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-019-09987-4.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Alberti, P., S. Osborne, F. Mathew, S. Ali, H. Sieverding, S. Kumar, and T. Nleya. 2019. Nitrogen requirements of Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica carinata) for biofuel feedstock in South Dakota. Agron. J. doi:10.2134/agronj2018.06.0419.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Bush, C., R. Guidini, B. Kontz, M. Nepal, T. Nleya, and F. Mathew. 2019. First report of Pseudomonas sp. on Brassica carinata in South Dakota. NIFA?funded REEUs Program. South Dakota State University. Brookings, SD. August 2.
|
Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Target Audience: Scientific community, farmers, extension personnel, and students. Efforts: The scientific community was reached through poster and oral presentations at professional conferences. Farmers and extension staff were reached through a field tour at Dakota Lakes Research Farm. Changes/Problems:Due to challenges with funding and weed management, goals 3 and 4 focusing on organic flax production have not been initiated. Instead, we have expanded research under goal 1 (see section D) focusing on best management practices for carinata and canola. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One graduate and two undergraduate students were trained on the project. Dwarika Bhattarai, MS student, September 2017 to present. 49% research assistantship. Assisted with field work and learned skills in experimental design and field experiments layout. Dwarika also attended and presented and participated in a graduate student poster competition at the annual meetings of the Agronomy Society of America. Pradeep Raut, B.S. student. 25% of reporting period. Pradeep learned field research techniques including plot layout, stand assessment, and destructive and non-destructive plant sampling techniques. Reshma Thalpa. B.S. student. 50% of the reporting period. Reshma learned field research techniques including plot layout, stand assessment, and destructive and non-destructive plant sampling techniques. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research Community. The results were presented to the research community in an oral and poster format at the annual meetings for American Society of Agronomy, Baltimore, MD, November 4-7, 2018. Stakeholders. We delivered a presentations at the Dakota Lakes Research Farm, Pierre, SD. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Goal 1. To develop best management practices for carinata and camelina including planting date and seeding rate. A study to evaluate 10 canola and three carinata varieties for seed and oil yield at two locations, Brookings and Pierre, SD will be repeated. Crop performance metrics will include days to flowering, seed yield, seed oil content, and crop water use. A manuscript will be submitted for publication. A greenhouse study will be initiated to screen the same 13 entries for tolerance to saline/sodic soils. Goal 2. To determine the rotational impacts of oilseed crops on the subsequent winter wheat crop. A long-term rotational study was initiated at Aurora Research Farm near Brookings, SD. After harvesting winter wheat a cover crop of winter rye was planted. The cover crop was planted late due to wet weather and has not yet emerged. Rye will be terminated in spring prior to planting spring oilseed crops. Goal 3. To develop best management practices for flax under organic systems including variety selection and seeding rate. This goal has not been initiated due to problems with weeds at the organic site. Goal 4. To determine the impact of the previous crop, and cover crops on soil fertility, weed pressure, and yield of organically grown flax. This goal has not been initiated due to problems with weeds at the organic site.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: To develop best management practices for carinata and camelina including planting date and seeding rate. (100% Complete) Planting date, fertilization, and seeding rate studies were completed last year. We are currently pooling all data collected over the 3-year period for combined data analysis. The results will be written into manuscripts and a production guide for carinata will be developed. A new study was initiated to evaluate 10 entries of canola (NCC1015, CS2300, CS2500, CS2100, L140P, L233P, DKL-71-14BL, DKTF-91-SC, DKTF-92-SC and CS2600) and three of carinata (A120, DH-140-251 and DH-069-485) at two locations, Brookings and Pierre, in South Dakota. We measured stand establishment, plant height, flowering date, lodging, pod shatter, and seed yield. Stand establishment was above 85% for all entries at both locations. The entry that flowered earliest was canola NCC1015, reaching 50% flowering 40 days after planting, while carinata DH-140-251 was the latest to flower taking 50 days to reach the same stage. Pod shatter was higher at Pierre, likely due to drier conditions, averaging 4.5% compared to an average of 3.5% at Brookings. Yields at Brookings averaged 1,616 lb ac-1 ranging from a low of 1,055 lb ac-1 (carinata DH-069-485) to a higher of 2,096 lb ac-1 (canola DKTF-91-SC). At Pierre, yields averaged 1,234 lb ac-1 ranging from 893 lb ac-1 (carinata A120) to 1,505 lb ac-1 (canola CS2100). In general, carinata entries were later flowering and lower yield than canola entries. The study will be repeated in the 2020 growing season. Preliminary indications are that some canola entries flower as early as 40 days after planting, a desirable trait for spring canola production in South Dakota. Objective 2: Determine the rotational impacts of oilseed crops on the subsequent winter wheat crop (90% complete) Winter wheat was planted 3 October 2018. Stands were thin due to a harsh winter and poor stubble cover to protect seedlings. Winter wheat yields were therefore lower than expected, ranging from 28-35 bu ac-1. The highest yield were in winter wheat following carinata (35.6 bu ac-1) and lowest yield in winter wheat following flax (28 bu ac-1). Soil samples were collected starting at the initiation of the study to determine microbial community structure. Soil samples were sent to Ward Lab (www.wardlab.com) for microbial community testing by analyzing for phospholipid fatty acids (PFLA). These fatty acids are found in the cell membranes of living organisms and degrade very quickly in the soil when organisms die. Hence PFLA is a powerful tool for measuring microbial activity in the soil. At planting of oilseed crops in the spring of 2018, microbial biomass (MB) was average on this land that had been in corn the prior year, ranging from 1872 ng g-1 to 2407 ng g-1. The diversity index was also low to average, ranging from 1.2 to 1.4. The diversity index ranges from a very poor rating of < 1.0 to an excellent rating of > 1.6 (www.wardlab.com). After harvest of oilseed crops and prior to planting winter wheat, the MB had increased overall from average to excellent (www.wardlab.com) when compared to MB at planting time, and was greatest for peas 5,112 ng g-1 and about the same for carinata and flax (4,704 and 4,844 ng g,-1 respectively). The field was planted to winter wheat on 3 October 2018. Soil samples were collected at harvest of winter wheat (July) and the MB biomass was 5,404 ng g-1 in plots that had pea prior to winter wheat, 5,019 ng g,-1 in plots that had carinata, and 4,633 ng g,-1 in plots that had flax showing a steady increase in microbial biomass. Objective 3: Develop best management practices for flax under organic systems including variety selection and seeding rate (0% complete) The weed pressure at the N.E Hanson Farm has made it impossible to conduct a successful study at this site. This objective will not be initiated until we have access to the new organic farm near White, SD. Objective 4: Determine the impact of the previous crop, and cover crops on soil fertility, weed pressure, and yield of organically grown flax (0% complete) We had planted cover crops at N.E. Hanson Farm in the spring of 2017. Severe weed pressure overcame cover crops and we have abandoned this study at this location. A long-term study will be initiated once we re-locate to the new organic farm near White, SD.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Li, N., P. Kumar, L. Lai, G.O. Abagandura, S. Kumar, T. Nleya, H.L. Sieverding, J.J. Stone, and W. Gibbons. 2019. Response of soil greenhouse gas fluxes and soil properties to nitrogen fertilizer rates under camelina and carinata nonfood oilseed crops. Bioenergy Research BioEnergy Research 12:524535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-019-09987-4.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Alberti, P., S. Osborne, F. Mathew, S. Ali, H. Sieverding, S. Kumar, and T. Nleya. 2019. Nitrogen requirements of Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica carinata) for biofuel feedstock in South Dakota. Agron. J. doi:10.2134/agronj2018.06.0419.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Bush, C., R. Guidini, B. Kontz, M. Nepal, T. Nleya, and F. Mathew. 2019. First report of Pseudomonas sp. on Brassica carinata in South Dakota. Joint Poster Session NIFA?funded REEUs at South Dakota State University. Brookings, SD. August 2.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Bhattarai, D., and T. Nleya. 2018. Impact of nitrogen and sulfur fertilizers on growth and yield of Brassica carinata. ASA Annual Meetings. Baltimore, MD. Nov 4 7.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Bhattarai, D., T. Nleya, and S. Kumar. 2018. Impact of growing Brassica carinata on greenhouse gas emissions in South Dakota. ASA Annual Meetings. Baltimore, MD. Nov 4 7.
|
Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:Target Audience: Scientific community, farmers, extension personnel, and students. Efforts: The scientific community was reached through poster and oral presentations at professional conferences. Farmers and extension staff were reached through an oral presentation at the Carinata Summit in Florida. Graduated students were reached through a poster presentation at the Gamma Sigma Delta Graduate Students Poster Session. Changes/Problems:Due to challenges with funding and weed management, goals 3 and 4 focusing on organic flax production have not been initiated. Instead, we have expanded research under goal 1 (see section D) focusing on best management practices for carinata and canola. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two graduate and two undergraduate students were trained on the project. Dwarika Bhattarai, MS student, September 2017 to present. 49% research assistantship. Assisted with field work and learned skills in experimental design and field experiments layout. Dwarika also attended and presented at the Carinata Summit and participated in a graduate student poster competition. Phillip Alberti, MS student, September 2017 to December 2017. 49% research assistantship. Assisted with field work and learned skills in experimental design and field experiments layout. Graduated in December 2017. Christopher Owusu, B.S. student. 25% of reporting period. Christopher learned field research techniques including plot layout, stand assessment and destructive and non-destructive plant sampling techniques. Reshma Thalpa. B.S. student. 50% of the reporting period. Reshma learned field research techniques including plot layout, stand assessment and destructive and non-destructive plant sampling techniques. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research Community. The results were presented to the research community in an oral and poster format at i) the annual meetings for American Society of Agronomy, Tampa, Florida and ii) at Gamma Sigma Delta Graduate Students Poster Session, South Dakota State University, SD Stakeholders. We delivered a presentations to the Carinata Summit, Panama City, FL. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Goal 1. To develop best management practices for carinata and camelina including planting date and seeding rate. Trials have been abandoned at the Pierre location during the past two growing seasons due to drought in 2017 and poor stand establishment in 2018. Studies evaluating seeding rates and N x S fertilization rates will be conducted for one more season at Pierre to make up for the lost growing seasons. A study will be initiated to evaluate two planting dates (early and late) and three carinata varieties for seed and oil yield at two locations, Brookings and Pierre, SD. A commercial hybrid of canola (Brassica napus) will be included for comparison. Crop performance metrics would include seed yield, seed oil content, oil fatty acid profile, seed C and N, crop water use, and crop N use. An MS student will graduate and a manuscript will be submitted for publication. Goal 2. To determine the rotational impacts of oilseed crops on the subsequent winter wheat crop. A long-term rotational study was initiated at Aurora Research Farm near Brookings, SD. Winter wheat was planted on October 3, 2018 after harvesting oilseed crops. We will continue to collect yield, soil quality, and microbial data at the study site. Goal 3. To develop best management practices for flax under organic systems including variety selection and seeding rate. This goal has not been initiated due to problems with weeds at the organic site. Goal 4. To determine the impact of the previous crop, and cover crops on soil fertility, weed pressure, and yield of organically grown flax. This goal has not been initiated due to problems with weeds at the organic site.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal 1: To develop best management practices for carinata and camelina including planting date and seeding rate. (75% Complete) Experiments were conducted to determine optimum seeding rates, planting dates, and N and S fertilizer rates for carinata at two locations, Brookings and Pierre, in South Dakota. None of the trials in Pierre were harvested due to extremely poor stand establishment and a hailstorm later in the season. Seeding rates ranging from 4.5 to 18 kg ha-1 were evaluated with two carinata varieties (A110 and A120). We measured stand establishment, plant height, flowering date, and seed yield. The variety A110 had better stand establishment compared to A120 (203 vs 100 plants m2). Because of thinner stands, A120 had larger plants that flowered a little later than A110. Stand establishment increased with increasing seeding rate but the greatest yields were obtained in the lowest seeding rate of 4.5 kg ha-1. Yields at the seeding rate of 4.5 kg ha-1 were significantly greater than yields at the other three seeding rates (2966 vs 1938, 1637, 1993 kg ha-1 for seeding rates of 4.5, 9, 13.5, and 18 kg ha-1, respectively). The top three seeding rates yielded the same. Increasing seeding rate delayed flowering. At the Brookings location, the growing season was shortened by a cold snowy spring hence only two planting dates were evaluated. The first planting date was on May 8 and the second on May 18, 2018. Delaying planting by 10 days reduced yield by over 50%, 2565 vs. 1104 kg ha-1 for the May 8 and the May 18 planting dates, respectively. Field experiments were conducted in 2018 to assess the response of B. carinata to four N rates (56, 84, 112 and 140 kg N ha-1) and three S rates (0, 22, and 45 kg S ha-1) at Brookings, SD under conventional tillage. Data on plant stand establishment, agronomic traits, seed yield, seed oil concentration, and seed oil yield were collected. Seed yield and oil yield increased with increasing N and S fertilizer rates. The highest seed and oil yields were obtained at rates of 112 kg N ha-1 and 45 kg S ha-1, 1051 kg ha-1 and 1113 kg ha-1, respectively. Seed oil concentration decreased with increase in N fertilizer rate but increased with increasing in S fertilizer rate. Oil concentration was 353, 354, 351 and 334 g kg-1 for N rates of 56, 84, 112 and 140 kg N ha-1, respectively. On the other hand, oil concentration was 342, 353 and 357 g kg-1 for S rates of 0, 22 and 45 kg S ha-1 respectively. The economic optimum N rate was 86 kg N ha-1 while the economic S rate was 36 kg S ha-1, indicating that carinata is a low input crop. Goal 2: Determine the rotational impacts of oilseed crops on the subsequent winter wheat crop (75% complete) Carinata, flax, and peas were planted in the spring of 2018 at Brookings, SD in a piece of land had been planted to corn the previous year. Yields of all three crops were generally low, ranging from 827 kg ha-1 for carinata to 1322 kg ha-1 for pea and 1753 kg ha-1 for flax. Carinata had poor stand establishment. Soil samples were collected at planting and after harvest to determine microbial community structure. Soil samples were sent to Ward Lab (www.wardlab.com) for microbial community testing by analyzing for phospholipid fatty acids (PFLA). These fatty acids are found in the cell membranes of living organisms and degrade very quickly in the soil when organisms die. Hence PFLA is a powerful tool for measuring microbial activity in the soil. At planting time, microbial biomass (MB) was average on this land that had been in corn the prior year, ranging from 1872 ng g-1 to 2407 ng g-1. The diversity index was also low to average, ranging from 1.2 to 1.4. The diversity index ranges from a very poor rating of > 1.0 to an excellent rating of > 1.6 (www.wardlab.com). After harvest, the MB had increased overall from average to excellent (www.wardlab.com) when compared to MB at planting time, and was greatest for peas 5112 ng g-1 and about the same for carinata and flax (4704 and 4844 ng g,-1 respectively). The field was planted to winter wheat on October 3, 2018. The rotational impacts of oilseed crops on winter wheat yield and microbial community structure will be assessed during the next reporting period. Goal 3: Develop best management practices for flax under organic systems including variety selection and seeding rate (0% complete) The weed pressure at the N.E Hanson Farm has made it impossible to conduct a successful study at this site. This objective will not be initiated until we have access to the new organic farm near White, SD. Goal 4: Determine the impact of the previous crop, and cover crops on soil fertility, weed pressure, and yield of organically grown flax (0% complete) We had planted cover crops at N.E. Hanson Farm in the spring of 2017. Severe weed pressure overcame cover crops and we have abandoned this study at this location. A long-term study will be initiated once we re-locate to the new organic farm near White, SD.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Chalise, K. S., Singh, S., Wegner, B. R., Kumar, S., P�rez-Guti�rrez, J. D., Osborne, S. L., Nleya, T. M., Guzman, J. G., Rohila, J. S. (2018). Cover Crops and Returning Residue Impact on Soil Organic Carbon, Bulk Density, Penetration Resistance, Water Retention, Infiltration, and Soybean Yield. Agronomy Journal 110:1-10. Doi:10.2134/agronj2018.03.0213.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Dunbar, M. W., Adhikari, A. R., Kontz, B., Varenhorst, A. J., Nleya, T. M., Byamukama, E., Mathew, F. M. (2017). First Report of Alternaria Black Spot caused by Alternaria alternata on Brassica carinata in South Dakota. Plant Disease, 101(11), 1951-1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-17-0222-pdn
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Alberti, P., Osborne, S., Mathew, F., Ali, S., Sieverding, H., Kumar, S., and Nleya, T. (2019). Nitrogen Requirements of Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica carinata) for biofuel feedstock in South Dakota. Agronomy Journal (Accepted).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Nleya, T. (Presenter), Kumar, S. (Co-author), American Society Of Agronomy, "Seeding Rate and Nitrogen Fertilization Rate Effects on Growth and Yield of Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica carinata)," Conference Center, Tampa, FL. (October 22-26, 2017).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Nleya, T., D. Bhattarai (Presenter), P. Alberti, S. Kumar, and W. Gibbons. Carinata Summit, Response of Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica carinata) to Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilizers in South Dakota Panama City, FL. (February 19 -20, 2018).
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
D. Bhattarai and T. Nleya. Gamma Sigma Delta Poster Session, Response of Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica carinata) to Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilizers in South Dakota Brookings, SD. (April 25, 2018).
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Alberti, P. 2017. Development of best management practices for production of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) in South Dakota. MS Thesis in Plant Science. South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, December 2017.
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:South Dakota oilseed growers, industry, scientific community Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One graduate student and two undergraduate students were trained on the project. Phillip Alberti, MS student, September 2015 to November 2017. 49% research assistantship. Assisted with field work and learned skills in experimental design and field experiments layout. Christopher Owusu, B.S. student. Entire reporting period. Christopher learned field research techniques including plot layout, stand assessment and destructive and non-destructive plant sampling techniques. Jaskeerat Singh. B.S. student Half of the reporting period. Jaskeerat learned field research techniques including plot layout, stand assessment and destructive and non-destructive plant sampling techniques. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research Community. The results were presented to the research community in an oral format at the annual meetings for American Society of Agronomy, Tampa, Florida. Stakeholders. We delivered two presentations to i) the Ag Horizon annual meeting, Pierre, SD; and ii) Dakota Lakes Research Farm annual crop tour. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Goal 1. To develop best management practices for carinata and camelina including planting date and seeding rate. Due to drought experienced this past growing season, we will repeat the studies one more season to confirm the results. A manuscript will be submitted for publication. Goal 2. To determine the rotational impacts of oilseed crops on the subsequent winter wheat crop. Due to drought experienced this past growing season, we will repeat the studies one more season to confirm the results .We will present results from these experiments at crop tours and at professional meetings. Goal 3. To develop best management practices for flax under organic systems including variety selection and seeding rate. We will initiate experiments for the goal and gather preliminary data for use to support federal grant proposals. Goal 4. To determine the impact of the previous crop, and cover crops on soil fertility, weed pressure, and yield of organically grown flax. We will initiate experiments supporting this goal.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Develop best management practices for carinata and camelina including planting date and seeding rate (50% complete) The studies were initiated in the spring of 2016 and repeated in 2017. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimum planting dates and seeding rates for carinata and camelina at three locations in central SD. The planting dates included four spring planting dates starting from as early as April 14 and ending as late as May 24. Seeding rates ranging from 4.5 to 18 kg/ha were evaluated. Two varieties of each crop were used. We measured stand establishment, plant height, lodging, flowering date, pod shattering and seed yield. The planting date study was abandoned at all three locations due to drought. For the seeding rate study, optimal yields were 9 kg ha-1 rate (1140 kg ha-1) at Brookings, while at Ideal optimal yields were obtained at 13.5 kg ha-1. The crop was not harvested at Pierre due to severe drought. These results indicate that higher seeding rates may be required in the semi-arid regions of South Dakota to compensate for poor stand establishment and yield reductions due to harsh climatic conditions. Objective 2: Determine the rotational impacts of oilseed crops on the subsequent winter wheat crop (50% complete) Oilseeds crops were planted in spring of 2016. Yields of oilseed crops ranged from a low of 1096 kg/ha for camelina to 1176 kg ha for carinata, and 1561 kg ha for flax. Field pea outperformed all oilseed crops yielding 2750 kg/ha. In the fall of 2016, winter wheat was planted on oilseeds stubble at both locations. At Pierre, winter wheat was abandoned due to thin stands. At Brookings, results show winter wheat preceded by camelina or carinata yielding lower (approx. 25% lower) than winter wheat preceded by field pea if no N fertilizer is applied. However, with adequate N fertilization, winter wheat preceded by carinata or camelina yielded the same as winter wheat preceded by field pea. These results provide preliminary evidence that carinata and camelina may have a good fit in cereal-based cropping systems in central and western SD. Objective 3: Develop best management practices for flax under organic systems including variety selection and seeding rate (25% complete) This study was initiated in spring 2017. Two flax varieties were planted at five seeding rates ranging from 28 to 72 kg ha-1 at N.E Hansen Farm near Brookings in South Dakota. The objective was to assess the weed suppressiveness of different plant populations. Stand establishment was extremely poor due to dry conditions at planting. The thin stands were overcome by weeds and the study was abandoned. Objective 4: Determine the impact of the previous crop, and cover crops on soil fertility, weed pressure, and yield of organically grown flax (0% complete) This objective has not been initiated. Due to extremely heavy weed pressure at the intended site, cover crops were planted in spring 2017 to smother the weeds. The cover crops will be tilled into the soil in spring 2017.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Nleya, T., A. Alberti, and S. Kumar. 2017. Seeding rate and nitrogen fertilization rate effects on growth and yield of Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica carinata). Oral presentation, ASA annual meeting October 22-25, 2017. Tampa, FL.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Alberti, P. 2017. Development of best management practices for production of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) in South Dakota. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. in Plant Science, South Dakota State University
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Nleya, T., and S. Kumar. 2017. Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) and carinata (Brassica carinata): Agronomic performance and impacts on soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions. Poster presented at the 6th International Symposium on Soil Organic Matter. Harpenden, UK. September 3 7, 2017.
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Progress 10/27/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Oilseed growers in Central and Western South Dakota, local government agencies, local seed growers, extension staff, and the research community. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One graduate student and two undergraduate students were trained on the project. Phillip Alberti, MS student, September 2015 to present. 49% research assistantship. Assisted with field work and learned skills in experimental design and field experiments layout. Christopher Owusu, B.S. student. Entire reporting period. Jenero Knowles, B.S. student. Half the reporting period. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research Community. A M.S. graduate student presented to the research community in a poster format at the annual meetings for American Society of Agronomy, Phoenix, Arizona. Stakeholders. We published one popular press article for SDSU Extension via iGrow and delivered three presentations to i) the Ag Horizon annual meeting, Pierre, SD; ii) Dakota Lakes Research Farm annual crop tour; and iii) Crop tour at Winner, SD. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Goal 1. We plan to conduct second year experiments. The graduate student working on the project will defend his M.S. thesis in the fall of 2017. A manuscript will be submitted for publication. Goal 2. Second year experiments are currently in the field. We will present results from these experiments at crop tours and at professional meetings. Goal 3. We will initiate experiments for the goal and gather preliminary data for use to support federal grant proposals. Goal 4. We will initiate experiments supporting this goal.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Develop best management practices for carinata and camelina including planting date and seeding rate. (33% complete) The studies were initiated in the spring of 2016. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimum planting dates and seeding rates for carinata and camelina at three locations in central SD. The planting dates included four spring planting dates starting from as early as April 8 and ending as late as May 16. Seeding rates ranging from 4.5 to 17.5 kg/ha were evaluated. Two varieties of each crop were used. We measured stand establishment, plant height, lodging, flowering date, pod shattering and seed yield. The study was abandoned at one location due to drought. Our results showed that both camelina and carinata should be planted as early as is possible in spring. Delay in planting results in yield reduction of approximately 100 kg/ha per week. Planting early is even more critical in drier environments typical of central South Dakota. Preliminary results from the seeding rate study suggest that higher seeding rates should be used under no-till systems to compensate for higher seedling mortality. Goal 2: Determine rotational impacts of oilseed crops on the subsequent winter wheat crop (50% complete) Oilseeds crops were planted in spring of 2015. Yields of oilseed crops ranged from a low of 940 kg/ha for camelina to a high 1500 kg/ha for carinata at Brookings. Field pea outperformed all oilseed crops yielding 2700 kg/ha. At Pierre, oilseed crops yielded slightly greater than at Brookings with camelina yielding 1600 kg/ha and carinata 1800 kg/ha. Field peas still outperformed all oilseed crops yielding 2500 kg/ha. In the fall of 2015, winter wheat was planted on oilseeds stubble at both locations. Preliminary results show winter wheat preceded by camelina or carinata yielding lower (approx. 15% lower) than winter wheat preceded by field pea if no N fertilizer is applied. However, with adequate N fertilization, winter wheat preceded by carinata or camelina yielded the same as winter wheat preceded by field pea. Aster yellows disease associated with phytoplasma was detected for the first time in South Dakota. These results provide preliminary evidence that carinata and camelina may have a good fit in cereal-based cropping systems in central and western SD. Second year trials are currently in the field. Goal 3: Develop best management practices for flax under organic systems including variety selection and seeding rate. (0% complete) This objective has not been initiated yet. Goal 4: Determine the impact of the previous crop, and cover crops on soil fertility, weed pressure, and yield of organically grown flax. (0% complete) This objective has not been initiated.
Publications
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Nleya, T., A. Vandenberg, F.L. Walley, D. Deneke. 2016. Lentil: Agronomy. In: Wrigley, C., Corke, H., and Seetharaman, K., Faubion, J., (eds.) Encyclopedia of Food Grains, 2nd Edition, pp. 223-230 Oxford: Academic Press.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Byamukama, E., A.C. Tande, D. J. Olson, L. Hesler, K. Grady, T. Nleya, and F.M. Mathew. 2016. First detection of aster yellows associated with Phytoplasma on Camelina sativa L. in South Dakota. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-15-1179-PDN
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