Source: WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
GENOME WIDE MAPPING OF ALTERNATIVE POLYADENYLATION SITES IN CATTLE
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
AFRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1008372
Grant No.
2016-67015-24470
Project No.
WNP07668
Proposal No.
2015-07175
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
A1201
Project Start Date
Jan 1, 2016
Project End Date
Dec 31, 2018
Grant Year
2016
Project Director
Jiang, Z.
Recipient Organization
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
240 FRENCH ADMINISTRATION BLDG
PULLMAN,WA 99164-0001
Performing Department
Department of Animal Sciences
Non Technical Summary
The cattle industry is the largest agricultural enterprise in the United States of America. Although traditional selection methods have significantly improved animal performance in both dairy and beef cattle, the genetic potential for whole genome selection remains relatively untapped. In particular, knowledge and technologies for genomic improvement of meat quality, animal fertility and innate resistance to pathogens are limited because these traits are either difficult to measure and/or have low heritability. Research has shown that many genes have more than one transcriptional end, resulting in functional diversities and dynamics. In the proposed project, we will use our newly developed next generation sequencing method to detect usage of gene transcriptional ends specific to those complex phenotypes described above. We believe our research explores novel molecular mechanisms underlying these economically important traits for real, efficient and effective solutions to advance marker-assisted selection in cattle. Selection of animals who express key genes that influence beef tenderness, palatability, flavor and healthfulness would help gain consumer confidence in beef products. In addition, the novel mechanisms governing host-pathogen interactions discovered in the proposed project would aid in development of effective alternative, non-antibiotic therapies for the treatment of infectious diseases, thus addressing societal concerns by preventing the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria in lactating dairy cows.
Animal Health Component
35%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
75%
Applied
15%
Developmental
10%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
3043410104065%
3033320108035%
Knowledge Area
303 - Genetic Improvement of Animals; 304 - Animal Genome;

Subject Of Investigation
3320 - Meat, beef cattle; 3410 - Dairy cattle, live animal;

Field Of Science
1040 - Molecular biology; 1080 - Genetics;
Goals / Objectives
The 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of mRNAs are defined as the sequences located directly after stop codons. Recent studies suggest that 3'UTRs can have either variable sequence composition or nucleotide lengths due to alternative polyadenylation sites (APSs), which cause functional diversity of transcriptomes. Ourmajor scientific goal is to develop bovine APS resources and tools for: 1) supporting the FAANG (functional annotation of animal genomes)initiative; 2) improving gene functional characterization; and 3) promoting whole genome selection in cattle. We plan to accomplish themajorgoal of this application by pursuing the following two specific objectives:Specific Objective #1: Determine genome-wide landscapes of APSs in cattle. We will investigate genome wide distributions of APSs, determine gene, tissue and age-related patterns in APSs and establish potential links between APSs and isoforms. Both APSs and isoforms will be used to further improve gene annotation.Specific Objective #2: Determine functional diversities of APSs in cattle. We will explore roles of APSs in cell biology under challenges for their functional diversities. In particular, we will examine how APSs can change gene functions in qualitative, quantitative and epigenetic manners and how APSs can interact with other genes in response to cellular/physiological processes and environmental challenges.
Project Methods
RNA extraction, WTTS library preparation and isoform sequencing (Iso-seq). Tissues, satellite and FAP cells, milk somatic cells and endometrial cell samples will be used for RNA extraction with the Trizol® Reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen, USA). RNA quality, concentration, purity and integrity will be checked using the NanoPhotometer® spectrophotometer (IMPLEN, CA, USA) and the RNA Nano 6000 Assay Kit of the Bioanalyzer 2100 system (AgilentTechnologies, CA, USA), respectively. Our WTTS method involves four major steps: fragmentation, polyA+ RNA enrichment, 1st strand cDNA synthesis and 2nd strand cDNA synthesis. The first three steps will be handled with commercial kits currently available, such as Ambion 8740 for RNA fragmentation, Ambion 61002 for polyA+ enrichment and Invitrogen 18080 for reverse transcription. One of the unique features of our WTTS assay is that it uses the reverse transcription step to incorporate both 5' and 3' adaptors in the reaction, thus completing the 1st strand cDNA synthesis to produce "5' adaptor - RNA insert - 3'adaptor" sandwiches. We use limited PCR amplification to accomplish 2nd strand cDNA synthesis and ensure an adequate amount of products are available for sequencing. The Iso-seq method is relatively expensive; therefore, we will pool samples from different sources of materials to complete the proposed research. We will submit these pooled samples to our genomics core laboratory and use their service to complete the library construction and sequencing.Data analysis. For WTTS reads, we will trim Ts located at the 5' end of raw reads using in-house scripts. After T-trimming, a sliding window quality trimming will be performed with Trimmomatic -0.33 (Bolger et al., 2014). Window size will be set up to 4bp and minimum average quality score to 10. After the quality trimming, only reads with sizes of ≥16bp will be retained for further analysis. For Iso-seq reads, we will use the PacBio's SMRT Analysis Package 2.2 to generate consensus sequences that can be input into third-party software for analysis (http://www.pacb.com/devnet/). Read/consensus sequence mapping and gene expression quantification will be processed using the CLC Genomics Workbench (v8.0.1) (CLCBIO, a QIAGEN company, Boston, MA, USA). The workflow will include: 1) nuclear genome mapping with the newest version of the bovine genome assembly, 2) mitochondrial genome mapping, 3) NCBI mRNA reference mapping and 4) de novo assembly. Read mapping parameters will be set to 95% similarity and 80% coverage for the first three mapping steps, while 92% similarity and 50% coverage will be used as criteria for the de novo assembly step. As both WTTS and Iso-seq reads begin with mRNA polyA sites (3'ends of transcripts), we will use their common end coordinates based on strand mapping to genome assembly as unique links that can be used to integrate the data. The DEseq R package developed by Anders and Huber (2010) will be used to identify differentially expressed genes and APSs among stages or treatment groups. For APSs with switched sites, we will define their functional potentials in quantitative, qualitative and epigenetic modes.Efforts and evaluation. We are committed to the free distribution and efficient use of USDA/NIFA funded data and materials generated in the proposed project to the research community. In terms of data sharing, we will follow the FAANG community's policies and procedures to submit our sequences and annotation to NCBI GenBank database and the FAANG database. The protocols, procedures, and programs developed in the proposed research will be freely available to the community worldwide. In addition, we will make our data and information ready for the community to use. After processing and annotation, for example, we will have information on APSs including gene information (gene symbol, mRNA GenBank accession number(s), chromosome start and stop positions and gene description) and APS information (cleavage site, APS types), usage frequency and sequence with 50 bp before cleavage site (in uppercase) and 50 bp after cleavage site (in lowercase). Our milestones will include construction of whole transcriptome/APS profiles of 1) bovine tissues/organs derived from two developmental stages, 2) satellite cells and FAPs derived from muscle, 3) somatic cells isolated from milk and 4) endometrial cells collected from uteri in terms of genes/transcripts, expression abundances and their functional categories with gene ontology (GO) assigned. We will also have information on functional classifications of APSs based on either functional modes (quantitative, qualitative and epigenetic) or cis-acting elements (AREs, GREs, CUREs, CAREs, IREs, SECIS and QREs) that are differentially or preferentially expressed in response to environmental challenges. As our data will exist in the public domain, we will ask other groups to validate our data and make joint publications to benefit the entire community. In the lab, we will select a few key genes and investigate their APS dynamics and effects on pathway and proteome diversities.

Progress 01/01/16 to 12/31/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Genome research, education and service community; Animal breeding and genetics companies; Livestock producers, processors and retailers; Biomedical and model organism community; Veterinarians; Livestock judges and fair management. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Three undergraduate students, two graduate students and two visiting scholars received mentored training opportunities in both dry and wet lab settings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Some of the results from this funded project have been disseminated through the classroom in undergraduate and/or graduate courses at Washington State University. Our results have been shared with the scientific communities and livestock industries through international, national and local conferences/workshops/seminars, as well as through peer-reviewed publications. In particular, we have published our outreach article in the leading science communication publication, Scientia. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Impacts Changes in Knowledge: Alternative transcripts, rather than genes are minimal functional units in genomes. Changes in Technology: WTTS-seq (whole transcriptome termini site sequencing) and WTSS-seq (whole transcriptome start site sequencing) are sensitiveand powerfulto reveal transcriptome networks specific to phenotypic changes. Changes in Condition: Mapping of alternative promoter, splicing and polyadenylation plus RNA editing (epitranscriptome)is essential to understand animal genome functions in health and diseases. For Objective #1, we were able to collect 203,503 alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites in cattle. The collection was based on ten types of bovine cells/tissues/organs using our whole transcriptome termini site sequencing method. Among them, 137,359 sites were assigned to 20,801 currently annotated bovine genes. We observed that APA use frequencies, site-types and genomic neighborhoods were significantly different (p < 2.2e-16) among gene biotypes. There were 1.06, 1.35, 1.59, 2.82 and 7.62 APA sites per gene in average for tRNAs (transfer RNAs), miRNAs (microRNAs), pseudogenes, lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) and protein coding genes, respectively. Distal sites were used 50 - 70% of the time by tRNAs and miRNAs, while lncRNAs and protein coding genes used intronic APA sites 60% of the time. In comparison, pseudogenes used exonic APA sites most frequently. APA sites were located in A-rich stretch neighborhoods in 15%, 17%, 28%, 36% and 40% of tRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, protein coding genes and pseudogenes, respectively. For Objective #2, we observed that pathways were enriched for cell cycle and division when satellite cells were cultured in growth medium for 48 h, but were enriched for muscle development and adaption pathways when cells were cultured in differentiation medium. Pathways with upregulated APAs in tissues collected from Angus cattle were related to muscle growth, development and function, but were associated with negative regulation of cell differentiation and xenobiotic metabolic process in Wagyu tissues. Endometrial epithelial cells from healthy Holstein cows had upregulated APAs enriched in pathways linked to cilium function, compared to cows with endometritis that had enriched pathways involved in immune and inflammation. Overall, profiling APA events reveals molecular mechanisms involved in growth, development and health/disease status.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Brutman JN, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Michal J, Stark B, Jiang Z, Davis JF. 2018. Mapping diet- induced alternative polyadenylation of hypothalamic transcripts in the obese rat. Physiol Behav. 188:173-180.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Zhang SW, Zhang YZ, Zhou X, Fu X, Michal JJ, Ji GL, Du M, Davis JF, Jiang Z. 2018. Alternative polyadenylation drives genome-to-phenome information detours in the AMPKA1 and AMPKA2 knockout mice. Sci Rep. 8:6462.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Zhang YQ, Carrion SA, Zhang YZ, Zhang XH, Zinski AL, Michal JJ, Jiang Z. 2018. Alternative polyadenylation analysis in animals and plants: newly developed strategies for profiling, processing and validation. Int J Biol Sci. 14(12):1709-1714.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jiang Z. 2019. RNA and the key to the diversity of life. Scientia (https://doi.org/10.26320/SCIENTIA312).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhou X, Zhang YZ, Michal JJ, Qu LJ, Zhang SW, Wildung MR, Du W, Pouchnik DJ, Zhao H, Xia Y, Shi HH, Ji GL, Davis JF, Smith GD, Griswold MD, Harland RM, Jiang Z. 2019. Alternative polyadenylation coordinates embryonic development, sexual dimorphisms and longitudinal growth in Xenopus Tropicalis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019 Feb 7. doi: 10.1007/s00018-019-03036-1. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Stotts MJ, Zhang YZ, Zhang SW, Michal JJ, Velez JS, Hans B, Maquivar M, Jiang Z. Alternative polyadenylation events in epithelial cells sense endometritis progression in dairy cows.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Stotts MJ, Zhang YZ, Zhang SW, Michal JJ, Velez J, Hans B, Maquivar M, Jiang Z. 2018. Alternative polyadenylation events in epithelial cells serve as decisive sensors for endometritis progression in dairy cows. ASAS-CSAS Joint Meeting 2018, Vancouver, Canada.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jiang Z, Zhou X, Zhang YZ, Michal JJ, Qu LJ, SW, Wildung MR, Du WW, Pouchnik DJ, Zhao H, Xia Y, Shi HH, Ji GL, Davis JF, Harland RM. 2018. Profiling of alternative polyadenylation: the newest genomic resource for functional annotation of the Xenopus tropicalis genome. 17th International Xenopus Conference, Seattle, USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jiang Z. The central role of RNA in understanding of the central dogma. FAANG Workshop (01/12/2018). Plant and Animal Genome Conference XXVI. 01/13  01/17, 2018. San Diego, USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jiang Z. The rules of life via alternative polyadenylation. School of Molecular Biosciences Fall Seminar Series, 10/11/2018, WSU.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jiang Z. Will alternative polyadenylation profiling revolutionize the clinical diagnosis field? 4th Annual Next Generation Sequencing and Clinical Diagnostics & Single Cell Analysis USA Congress, 10/23  10/24/2018, Boston.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jiang Z. Genome to phenome: amplification of DNA function via alternative transcriptome. BITs World DNA and Genome Day 2019, 25  27 April 2019, Nanjing, PR China.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jiang Z, Michal JJ, Zhou X, He SG, Stotts MJ, Zhang YQ, Zhang XH, Leng XY, Zhang YZ, Wang HY, Jiang HL, Du M, Maquivar M, Fox LK. 2019. Genome wide mapping of over 200,000 alternative polyadenylation sites in cattle. 37th International Society for Animal Genetics Conference, July 7  12, Lleida, Spain.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhou X, Fu X, Zhang YZ, Zhang SW, Michal JJ, Wang HY, Du M, Jiang Z. 2019. Up-regulation of wound healing pathway may trigger adipogenic potentials of intramuscular progenitor cells in Wagyu as compared to Angus cattle. 2019 ASAS-CSAS Annual Meeting and Trade Show, July 8  11, Austin, TX, USA.


Progress 01/01/17 to 12/31/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Genome research, education and service community; Animal breeding and genetics companies; Livestock producers, processors and retailers; Veterinarians; Livestock judges and fair management. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The funded project has provided opportunities to train one postdoctoral fellow, one Ph.D. student, two M.Sc. students, two undergraduate students and two visiting scholars. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?In addition to three talks presented at the Non-coding RNA workshop, Swine Workshop and FAANG workshop in early January 2017 at the Plant and Animal Genome Conference, we have spoken about our work on alternative polyadenylation with colleagues, graduate students and undergraduate students in animal, veterinary, food and plant science areas. In particular, a plenary talk was given to approximately 2,000 participants at the 19th Chinese National Conference on Animal Breeding and Genetics, October 2017 in Nanjing, China. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will 1) construct a large number of WTTS-seq libraries to collect, characterize and complete our first APS resources in cattle; 2) collaborate with the FAANG community to further broaden the application of WTTS-seq and WTSS-seq methods; 3) try to publish our results in peer reviewed journals with high impact factors; 4) present our work at different workshops and conferences and plan our first Pacific Spring Symposium in 2018 and 5) submit our data to various public databases.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We have continued our efforts to generate alternative polyadenylation site (APS) resources for cattle. After sequencing new WTTS-seq libraries, we have evidence to show that there are at least 118,788 APSs with 25 reads per site harbored in the bovine genome. We have upgraded our bioinformatics pipelines for data analysis, including read quality control using the FASTX Toolkit (http://hannonlab.cshl.edu/fastx_toolkit/), trimming with in-house Perl scripts, mapping using TMAP (version 3.4.1, https://github.com/iontorrent/TMAP) and characterization using the Cuffcompare program. A total of 241 samples were collected from pure Angus, full Wagyu and their crossbreds. Tissues/organs included liver, muscle, heart, lung, kidney, spleen, tongue, rumen, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, endometrium, ovary, testes parenchyma, and epididymis. Endometrial cells from 33 cows with different health status (healthy and sub-clinical endometritis) before and after treatment with dextrose were also collected. In order to broaden the impact of our work, we have collaborated with various groups or expanded the application of our WTTS-seq method to different species, such as mouse (knockout models), rat (nutrigenomics), chicken (gender difference) and X. tropicalis (embryo development).

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2017 Citation: Brutman JN, Zhou X, Zhang YZ, Michal JJ, Stark B, Jiang Z, Davis JF. 2017. Mapping diet-induced alternative polyadenylation in the hypothalamus of male rats.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jiang Z. Invited Seminar. Coding and non-coding genes: striking differences in use of alternative polyadenylation sites. College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University. 03/05/2017. Nanjing, China.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Zhou X, Michal JJ, Jiang Z, Liu B. 2017. MicroRNA expression profiling in alveolar macrophages of indigenous Chinese Tongcheng pigs infected with PRRSV in vivo. J Appl Genet. 58(4):539-544.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jiang Z. Invited Seminar. Transcriptome Complexity and Complex Environment-Host-Pathogen Relationships. College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. 03/13/2017. Nanjing, China.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jiang Z. Invited Seminar. Alternative Polyadenylation: A Conserved Phenomenon from Animals to Plants. Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences. 07/18/2017. Harbin, China.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jiang Z. Invited Seminar. Foodomics, Biomedicine and Human Health. College of Food Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University. 10/10/2017. Nanjing, China.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jiang Z. Invited plenary speaker. Antagonistic genomics, epigenome editing and animal improvement. 19th Chinese National Conference on Animal Breeding and Genetics. 10/13  10/16, 2017. Nanjing, China.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jiang Z. Invited Seminar. Transcriptome diversity and complex phenotypes. College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University. 10/18/2017. Wuhan, China.


Progress 01/01/16 to 12/31/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Genome research community, cattle industry Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The funded project has provided opportunities to train one postdoctoral fellow (Dr. Xiang Zhou), three Ph.D. students (Mr. Rui Li, Ms. Shuwen Zhang and Mr. Hussain Alabdullah) and two M.Sc. students (Ms. Yangzi Zhang and Ms. Megan Stotts). In addition, two professors from China are currently at Washington State University for 6 months of training. We anticipate that another research scientist will be coming soon from China. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?First, we have made it possible for the public to freely access our WTTS-seq method from the Genetics Journal website or NCBI PubMed search. Second, we spoke at the Swine Genome Workshop, Plant and Animal Genome Conference and shared our experience in library preparation and troubleshooting. Third, we presented a poster at the 35th International Animal Genetics conference and illustrated our WTTS-seq in detail. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will 1) finalize our pipelines for mapping, clustering and analyzing APSs in cattle; 2) continue to collect samples for library preparation and sequencing, 3) initiate broader collaborative networks for use of our techniques in functional analysis of animal genomes; 4) present our work at various conferences and 5) submit our sequencing data to the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) databases.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Our initial collection shows that there are at least 75,438 alternative polyadenylation sites (APSs) or alternative transcripts harbored in the bovine genome. Among them, 66,702 APSs are assigned to 14,442 currently annotated genes in the species. First, APS usage differs by gene biotype. There were only 1.07 and 1.31 APSs per gene in tRNA and miRNAs, respectively. Moderate APS usage was observed in pseudogenes and lncRNAs, being 1.63 and 2.28 APSs per gene, respectively. In contrast, protein coding genes contained an average of 4.99 APSs per gene. Second, genomic regions downstream of APSs have distinct nucleotide composition patterns. Based on adenosine (A) contents, APSs can be classified into two major categories: A-rich stretches with 37,122 APSs and non-A-rich stretches with 38,316 APSs. Third, APS usage in introns is common. Among 63,092 APSs assigned to protein coding genes, 29,592 (46.90%) were intronic APSs. We believe that the unique APS resources produced in the funded project will aid in annotation of the bovine genome and transcriptome for understanding multi-functions of genes in the species.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Zhou X, Li R, Michal JJ, Wu XL, Liu Z, Zhao H, Xia Y, Du W, Wildung MR, Pouchnik DJ, Harland RM, Jiang Z. 2016. Accurate profiling of gene expression and alternative polyadenylation with whole transcriptome termini site sequencing (WTTS-Seq). Genetics. 203(2): 683-697.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2017 Citation: Zhou X, Michal JJ, Zhang Y, Harland RM, Jiang Z. 2017. Gender differences in transcriptome-wide usage of alternative polyadenylation sites. Scientific Reports
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Zhou X, Li R, Michal JJ, Wu X-L, Liu ZZ, Zhao H, Xia Y, Harland RM, Jiang Z. 2016. Whole transcriptome termini site sequencing (WTTS-seq): a next generation sequencing method to accurately profile gene expression and alternative polyadenylation with one pipeline. 35th International Society for Animal Genetics Conference, July 23-27, 2016, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Jiang Z, Zhou X, Michal JJ, Li R, Harland RM. What factors jeopardize whole transcriptome analysis using next generation sequencing approaches? Swine Workshop Presentation. Plant and Animal Genome Conference XXIV. 01/09  01/13, 2016. San Diego, USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Jiang Z. Whole transcriptome termini site sequencing: advantages over RNA sequencing. Invited Seminar. College of Veterinary Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University. 05/18/2016. Nanjing, China.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Zhou X, Michal JJ, Zhang Y, Harland RM, Jiang Z. Whole transcriptome termini site sequencing reveals gender differences in genome-wide usage of alternative polyadenylation sites. Swine Workshop Presentation. Plant and Animal Genome Conference XXV. 01/14  01/18, 2017. San Diego, USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Zhou X, Zhang Y, Brutman JN, Michal JJ, Jiang HL, Wang Y, Ross PJ, Delany ME, Zhou HJ, Cheng HH, Davis JF, Jiang Z. Non-coding RNAs: striking features in use of alternative polyadenylation sites. No-coding RNA Workshop Presentation. Plant and Animal Genome Conference XXV. 01/14  01/18, 2017. San Diego, USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jiang Z. Alternative polyadenylation and multi-functions of genes. FAANG Workshop Presentation. Plant and Animal Genome Conference XXV. 01/14  01/18, 2017. San Diego, USA.