Progress 09/01/15 to 08/31/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Experienced and beginning farmers and ranchers, agricultural professionals, county extension specialists, and industry personnel benefited from the research and extension activities of this project. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The PD and PIs presented research at Canola College for three years during this project. The PD provided an invited presentation at the Oklahoma All Crops Conference in Norman in February 2019. CEU and CCA credits were offered at these event. The PD also provided several guest lectures to agronomy students in the applied plant breeding, crop improvement and biotechnology, and the cropping systems courses at Kansas State University. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Information for clientele was made available through university websites, extension programming, extension publications, radio and television interviews, social media (Twitter, Facebook), and popular press. The PD attended the annual Project Directors' meeting for the Supplemental and Alternative Crop Competitive Grants Program in Washington D.C. for four years. He reported on the accomplishments, products, and impacts of this project to the US Canola Association Board of Directors and other key stakeholders. The PD is also an active, participatory member of the Great Plains Canola Association (GPCA). Attending meetings of the GPCA allows for stakeholder feedback on the research and extension goals of this project. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Winter canola is an oilseed, broadleaf crop that has been introduced into the wheat-based cropping systems of Kansas and the southern Great Plains (SGP). Previous research indicated growing winter canola in rotation with winter wheat improved the sustainability of wheat through increased yields and reductions in weed, disease, and insect pressures. With annual wheat plantings of 20 million acres, the potential for greater canola acres and production is substantial in the SGP. In addition, canola cooking oil bears a qualified health claim stating consumption can reduce the risks of coronary heart disease. Nonetheless, the USA imports approximately 80% of the canola oil it consumes, thus a significant need exists for more canola acres and increased production to meet this large consumer demand. Winter canola acres increased greatly in the SGP because of improved cultivars, observed rotational benefits to wheat, growing U.S. consumer demand for canola oil, and producer-driven research and extension. The USDA-RMA estimated Kansas planted acres at 47,821; 22,990; 48,418; 43,827, and 27,271 and Oklahoma planted acres at 110,174; 56,815; 128,817; 58,948; and 31,703 from 2015-2019, respectively. The recent decline in acres is attributed to adverse weather (drought, winterkill, and spring freezes) and low commodity prices. This project addressed these challenges through canola cultivar development, agronomic research and management, and outreach to producers interested growing winter canola. Canola producers in Kansas and the SGP were the most impacted by this work because they have seen increased net profitability and lower production costs by introducing research-based canola production practices into wheat-based cropping systems. Objective 1 focused on developing winter hardy conventional and herbicide tolerant canola cultivars. Since 2010, nine cultivars have been released and these have been licensed to seven companies with distribution networks in the SGP and Pacific Northwest (PNW). Two cultivars, CP320WRR, which is Roundup Ready, and Torrington were sold commercially for the first time in fall 2018. Cultivars CP225WRR and Griffin have widespread industry adoption in the SGP and PNW. Surefire, tolerant to sulfonylurea herbicide carryover in the soil, will be sold for the first time in fall 2019. Winter canola cultivars KS4719 and KSR4723 are being increased in 2019 for future release. Cultivars containing a genetic component from the Kansas State University (K-State) breeding program exceeded 50,000 planted acres in 2016/2017 and 60,000 in 2017/2018, which is about 50% of the SGP acres. New cultivars possess unique adaptation traits to the SGP. Torrington possesses enhanced winter hardiness, making it adaptable to areas of Kansas were winter canola production has been limited by winter hardiness. Improved winter hardiness will allow for new areas of production and more diversified cropping systems, especially where wheat has been grown in monoculture for many years. Results from regional variety trials and the National Winter Canola Variety Trial (NWCVT), which are coordinated by the Project Director, helped producers make informed variety selections for their farms and allowed seed distributors to evaluate potential areas of adaptability and new markets for their products. Objective 2 focused on improving canola cropping systems by addressing agronomic management issues including establishment, harvest management, fungicide and growth regulator efficiency, and irrigation management. K-State examined the effect of seeding rate on performance of hybrid and open-pollinated (OP) cultivars in 30-inch and 9-inch rows. Winter survival tended to increase as the number of plants present in the fall decreased. In 30-inch rows, seeding rate had no impact on yields in 2016 when yields were less than 2,000 lb/acre, but yields were reduced at extreme low or high seeding rates in 2017 when yields were greater than 2,000 lb/acre. In 9-inch rows in 2016 and 2017, hybrids and OPs maximized yield at 225,000 to 375,000 seeds/acre, with reduced yields at 150,000 seeds/acre. NMSU assessed yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of hybrid and OP cultivars planted at 100% and 75% of recommended rates in 10-inch and 20-inch row widths under limited irrigation with a target irrigation amount of 12 inches. Yield and WUE were higher for the hybrid than the OP by 11%. Plant density and row spacing had no effect on yield and WUE. Growers can achieve maximum yield and water productivity with 75% plant density (100% plant density had the same yield) and with row widths that fit their production systems. The major impacts from these studies are new seeding rate recommendations that are lower than current recommendations. In addition to improved winter hardiness, lower seeding rates have maintained yield at economic levels. Seed cost savings have been shown to be as high as $15.00/acre. In today's farm economy, this is significant cost savings. We envision farmers will reduce their seeding rates to lower cost of production while maintaining productivity. K-State evaluated two fungicides and one plant growth regulator at two different timings and measured their effects on canola canopy height, vigor, winter survival, and yield. Treatment effects were significant for plant vigor and canopy height only. Metconazole applied at the 3-4 and 5-6 leaf stages showed reduced vigor and canopy height. There were no benefits to winter survival or yield across three site years of the study. Application of these products to manage "luxury" top growth in major winter oilseed rape growing regions creates technology disadvantages when similar products are not labeled for canola in the SGP. We will continue to evaluate products as positive results may lead to successfully securing a label to allow application of a plant growth regulator. NMSU assessed growth stage-based deficit irrigation management with and without dormant-season (winter) irrigation. Preliminary results showed that if the soil profile is full, skipping irrigation during the vegetative stage saw essentially no decrease in yield. The benefit of refilling the soil profile increased with greater in-season water stress. Rain-fed canola increased seed yield by 81% with dormant-season irrigation applied compared to no application. As a result, producers now have better understanding of timing of irrigation applications to maximize water productivity for winter canola. Water extraction pattern data will be incorporated into crop models in the near future. A harvest management study compared optimum swath timing prior to harvest and direct cutting. Although there was a significant difference in yield between the two methods, it was less than 1.0 bu/acre. Direct harvest had significantly higher oil content by 0.9%. Oil discounts typically begin at -2% of contract price and drop 1% for each percent of oil below 39%, so there is an incentive for producers to maintain oil contents by adopting direct harvest if feasible . We envision producers may consider changing their harvest method because of these results. Objective 3 focused on extending cultivar, production, and marketing technologies for canola through appropriate extension and outreach programs. The PIs share results with constituents through field days, extension meetings, agronomy production updates, radio and television interviews, and social media. Over the course of this project, the PIs participated in 60 technology transfer events with more than 2,700 attendees. This level of participation illustrates that the information presented is needed and highly sought after by producers interested in growing winter canola. Five refereed papers, 12 experiment station research reports, 18 conference abstracts, and two theses were published based on work from this project. Seven Plant Variety Protection applications were submitted, of which five have been issued certificates.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Stamm, M.J. and S.J. Dooley. 2019. Winter canola requires unique adaptation to the U.S. southern Great Plains. 15th International Rapeseed Congress. Berlin, Germany. 16-19 Jun 2019.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Hovarth, D.P., J.V. Anderson, W.S. Chao, and M. Stamm. 2019. GWAS identifies loci associated with cold-deaclimation processes in canola. Plant Biology 2019. San Jose, CA. 3-7 Aug 2019.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Chao, W.S., D.P. Hovarth, M.J. Stamm, and J. Anderson. 2019. Genome-wide association mapping of freezing tolerance in canola (Brassica napus l.) and corn (Zea mays) responses to competition with canola. 1st International Cover Crops Conference. Lanzhou, China. 20-26 Sep 2019.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Hovarth, D.P., M. Stamm, Z. Talukder, J. Fiedler, W.S. Chao, and J.V. Anderson. 2019. A new diversity panel for canola (Brassica napus L.) genome wide association studies. The Plant Genome.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Chao, W.S., D.P. Hovarth, M.J. Stamm, and J.V. Anderson. 2019. Genome-wide association mapping of freezing tolerance in canola (Brassica napus L.) The Plant Genome.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Singh, P., S. Angadi, S. Begna, M. Stamm, B. Schutte, and D. VanLeeuvan. 2019. Seasonal growth and seed yield of winter canola under different irrigation strategies. Agronomy Journal
|
Progress 09/01/18 to 08/31/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Experienced and beginning farmers and ranchers, agricultural professionals, county extension specialists, and industry personnel benefited from the research and extension activities of this project. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Students in Agronomy 860, Advanced Plant Breeding, were presented a guest lecture on winter canola variety development, from the initial cross to variety release, in January 2019. Students in Agronomy 630, Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, were presented a guest lecture on winter canola breeding and how a breeding program is managed in April 2019. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Information for clientele was made available through the K-State Department of Agronomy websites, extension programming, extension publications, radio and television interviews, social media, and popular press. The PD coordinated the 5th U.S. Canola Research Conference held in conjunction with the ASA-CSSA Annual Meetings on November 5-6, 2018. The PD also attended the Project Directors' meeting for the Supplemental and Alternative Crop Competitive Grants Program in Washington D.C. in January 2019. He reported on the accomplishments, products, and impacts of this project to the US Canola Association Board of Directors and other key stakeholders. The PD is also an active, participatory member of the Great Plains Canola Association (GPCA). Attending meetings of the GPCA allows for stakeholder feedback on the research and extension goals of this project. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?1. Torrington winter canola will be marketed by Ohlde Seed Farms for the second year in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. 2. Surefire winter canola will be marketed by Spectrum Crop Development in the Pacific Northwest. 3. CP320WRR will be sold for the second year in the SGP by CROPLAN by WinField. 4. CP320WRR is also a popular variety of growers in Montana. Seed will be marketed for a second year by CROPLAN in the state. 4. Foundation seed increases for KSR4723 and KS4719 winter canola will be grown near Manhattan, KS and the varieties may be proposed for commercial release in 2020. 5. CP225WRR winter canola will be marketed in the southern Great Plains for a fourth year, achieving sustained production capacity of this technology. 6. Adapted cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) winter canola parent lines will be advanced through backcrossing. Test cross hybrids will be created and tested in 2019-2020. 7. CMS parent lines are being converted to the TruFlex Roundup Ready Technology through backcrossing. 8. New seeding rate recommendations for narrow and wide row widths will be disseminated to the producer community and producers will be encouraged to implement the findings on their respective farms. 9. Document real-world canola establishment and production success in KS. Two canola fields managed by producers with a history of successful canola production, who are willing to cooperate, and who have the technology needed for this project will be identified later in the season, the time when producers begin to make those decisions. Within-field and across-field relationships between management factors, site characteristics, and crop responses will generate recommendations for better establishment, winter survival, and yield; will provide direction for future research to elucidate relationships; and will supply data for future crop modelling efforts. 10. A third-year study at NMSU will evaluate the responses of hybrid and OP cultivars to different seeding rates under limited irrigation. 11. The importance of soil profile moisture (dormant-season moisture) on winter canola productivity during the growing season is being assessed. The lack of knowledge on application timing and competition from other crops have limited dormant-season irrigation. 16. Data from a three-year irrigation project at NMSU will be used to create simulations for winter canola in DSSAT. 17. Input trials will evaluate multiple crop inputs simultaneously in winter canola cropping systems. Singular input studies investigate these factors independently. However, a singular approach can result in an under or overestimation of impact from management factors that contrasts the complexity of modern cropping systems.Seven individual crop management practices and production inputs will be tested. 18. A study will evaluate winter wheat and canola as previous crops for double cropping of summer crops. 19. A study will evaluate herbicide carryover from previous crops and the limitations on successful canola production. 20. A study will evaluate novel pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicide options for winter canola production.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Technologies (e.g. systems, methods, cultivars) developed by this project are assigned Crop Research Technology Readiness Levels (TRL). A TRL describes the availability of information and/or technologies for potential commercial use. The TRL scale ranges from 1 (opportunity/idea identified) to 10 (sustained production capacity achieved). The following accomplishments were achieved under the goals and objectives of the project and TRL ratings are provided for technologies where relevant. 1. Two new cultivars, CP320WRR, which is Roundup Ready® (RR) and Torrington, which possesses enhanced winter hardiness, were sold commercially for the first time in fall 2018 and the assigned TRL for each advanced from 6 to 7. Cultivars CP225WRR and Griffin achieved TRL of 9, meaning the cultivars have widespread industry adoption. Surefire winter canola will be sold for the first time in fall 2019 and its TRL advanced from 5 to 6. Winter canola cultivar, KS4719, was proposed for increase in 2019 and its TRL advanced from 4 to 5. KSR4723, a RR winter canola cultivar, was increased but was not released. Its TRL remained the same. Since 2010, nine cultivars have been licensed to seven companies with distribution networks in the southern Great Plains (SGP) and Pacific Northwest (PNW). The Kansas State University (K-State) canola breeding program is the only one developing RR cultivars for the SGP winter canola market. Cultivars containing a genetic component from the K-State breeding program exceeded 60,000 planted acres in 2017/2018, which is about 50% of the SGP acres. Results from the National Winter Canola Variety Trial (NWCVT) have a significant national impact, helping producers make informed variety selections for their farms and allowing seed distributors to evaluate potential areas of adaptability and new markets. The NWCVT is coordinated by K-State and all PIs on this project grow one or more of these trials. In 2019, record yields were achieved in the NWCVT despite challenging weather conditions. Fifteen SGP sites were harvested with yields ranging from 1,000 lb/acre in north central Kansas to 3,200 lb/acre in eastern New Mexico. Four Kansas sites averaged over 3,000 lb/acre. Garden City and Hutchinson, KS yielded 3,738 and 3,603 lb/acre, respectively, which are the highest average yields ever reported at these locations. 2. The use of plant growth regulators and fungicides to improve crop health and promote greater overwintering (winter survival) is being investigated. In the 2018/19 study, there was no signficant difference among the compounds evaluated for 50% bloom, plant height, or lodging score. There were differences in yield, but it is undetermined whether or not the treatment differences are a result of the products applied. For instance, the highest yielding treatment was a 4 oz/acre application of the fungicide Onset (2,391 lb/acre). This yield was greater but not significantly different than the control treatment (2,224 lb/acre). The second highest yielding treatment was the PGR mepiquat at 2,284 lb/acre. No winter survival differences existed. The TRL for this study remains at 3 as further research is needed to evaluate more potential products. A separate canola fungicide trial evaluated experimental and commercial fungicides on blackleg leaf spot and infection control in winter canola. All fungicide applications increased yield above the check treatment (no application). All applications significantly reduced the percent presence of leaf spot compared to the check. There was no signficant difference for severity and incidence of blackleg when measuring infection within the stem following swathing. New fungicide chemistries show potential for controlling leaf spot in winter canola. 3. In total, the PIs participated in 10 technology transfer events with approximately 350 attendees. This level of participation illustrates that the information presented is needed and highly sought after by producers interested in growing winter canola. The PIs share results with constituents through field days, extension meetings, agronomy production updates, refereed papers, professional society meetings, radio and television interviews, and participate in social media. One refereed paper and two experiment station research reports were published. Five abstracts summarizing research from this project were presented at professional meetings including the 5th U.S. Canola Research Conference held in conjunction with the 2018 ASA-CSSA Annual Meetings. Two Plant Variety Protection applications were submitted and are under review.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Stamm, M., M. Pokharel, S.V.K. Jagadish, S. Angadi, S. Begna, and P. Singh. 2018. Heat stress effects on southern Great Plains winter canola. In Agron. Abs. [Online].
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Stamm, M. 2018. Building a winter canola industry takes a team effort. In Agron. Abs. [Online].
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Stamm, M. 2018. Harvest method and cultivar effects on yield and oil content of winter canola. In Agron. Abs. [Online].
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Aubert, A., K. L. Roozeboom, and M. Stamm. 2018. Winter canola dry matter accumulation and partitioning. In Agron. Abs. [Online].
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Stamm, M., S. Dooley, et al. 2019. 2018 National Winter Canola Variety Trial. Kans. Ag. Exp. St. and Coop. Ext. Ser., Manhattan, KS.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Stamm, M., J. Damicone, S. Dooley, J. Holman, J. Johnson, J. Lofton, and D. Santra. 2019. Registration of Surefire winter canola. J. Plant Reg. [Online].
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Stamm, M.J., S.J. Dooley, and K.L. Roozeboom. 2019. Harvest method, cultivar, and time of swathing effects on yield and oil content of winter canola. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol.5:Iss.6.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Singh, P., S.V. Angadi, and S. Begna. 2018. Strategies to reduce irrigation requirement for winter canola. In Agron. Abs. ASA. Madison, WI. [Online].
|
Progress 09/01/17 to 08/31/18
Outputs
Target Audience:Experienced and beginning farmers and ranchers, agricultural professionals, county extension specialists, and industry personnel benefited from the research and extension activities of this project. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Students in Agronomy 860, Advanced Plant Breeding, were presented a guest lecture on winter canola variety development, from the initial cross to variety release, in January 2018. The PD and PIs participated in the annual Canola College in January 2018 in Enid, OK. CEU and CCA credits are offered each year at Canola College. Students in Agronomy 630, Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, were presented a guest lecture on winter canola breeding and how a breeding program is managed in April 2018. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Information for clientele was made available through Department of Agronomy websites, extension programming, radio and television interviews, social media, and popular press. The PD attended the Project Directors' meeting the Supplemental and Alternative Crop Competitive Grants Program in Washington D.C. in February 2018. He reported on the accomplishments, products, and impacts of this project to the US Canola Association Board of Directors and other key stakeholders. The PD is also an active, participatory member of the Great Plains Canola Association (GPCA). Attending meetings of the GPCA allows for stakeholder feedback on the research and extension goals of this project. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Torrington winter canola will be marketed by Ohlde Seed Farms for the first time in Kansas and Oklahoma. Certified seed of Surefire winter canola will be increased. Surefire was licensed to Spectrum Crop Development in the PNW. CP320W will be sold for the first time in the SGP by CROPLAN by WinField. A foundation seed increase of KSR4723 winter canola will be grown and the variety will be proposed for commercial release in 2019. Griffin winter canola will be marketed in the PNW for a third year, achieving sustained production capacity of this technology. HyCLASS225W winter canola will be marketed in the SGP for the third year, achieving sustained production capacity of this technology. Hybrid cms and Rf parent lines of winter canola that are adapted to the region will continue to be advanced through backcrossing. After securing fertility restoring testers, the first test cross hybrids will be made by the program. New seeding rate recommendations for narrow and wide row widths will be disseminated to the producer community and producers will be encouraged to implement the findings on their respective farms. Document real-world canola establishment and production success in KS. Two to four canola fields managed by producers with a history of successful canola production, who are willing to cooperate, and who have the technology needed for this project will be identified later in the season, the time when producers begin to make those decisions. Within-field and across-field relationships between management factors, site characteristics, and crop responses will generate recommendations for better establishment, winter survival, and yield; will provide direction for future research to elucidate relationships; and will supply data for future crop modelling efforts. An establishment study (year 3) is being carried out at the UNL Panhandle Research and Extension Center's High Plains Ag Lab near Sidney. A second-year study at NMSU and TAMU-L will evaluate the responses of hybrid and OP cultivars to different seeding rates under limited irrigation. Fungicide applications to reduce the incidence and severity of blackleg infection when applied in the fall will be evaluated. Growth regulator application in winter canola to control excessive fall growth will be repeated and new products will be evaluated to improve upon preliminary results. A new study will assess nitrogen (N) use by winter canola with the goal of developing an N management strategy that may improve N use efficiency (NUE). The importance of soil profile moisture (dormant-season moisture) on winter canola productivity during the growing season is being assessed. The lack of knowledge on application timing and competition from other crops have limited dormant-season irrigation. Data from a two-year irrigation project at NMSU will be used to create simulations for winter canola in DSSAT.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Technologies (e.g. systems, methods, cultivars) developed by this project are assigned Crop Research Technology Readiness Levels (TRL). A TRL describes the availability of information and/or technologies for potential commercial use. The TRL scale ranges from 1 (opportunity/idea identified) to 10 (sustained production capacity achieved). The following accomplishments were achieved under the goals and objectives of the project and TRL ratings are provided for technologies where relevant. 1. Two new cultivars, 'CP320W,' which is Roundup Ready® (RR) (TRL 6 to 7), and 'Surefire,' which is tolerant to Group 2 herbicide carryover (TRL 6 to 7), will be commercially available for the first time in fall 2018. The program received approval to increase KSR4723 RR winter canola for potential release in 2019 (TRL 5 to 6). KSR4723 has higher oil content than the majority of the commercial cultivars available. The Kansas State University (K-State) canola breeding program is the only one developing RR cultivars for the SGP winter canola market. Cultivars containing a genetic component from the K-State breeding program exceeded 60,000 planted acres in 2017/2018, which is about 50% of the SGP acres. Results from the National Winter Canola Variety Trial (NWCVT) have a significant national impact, helping producers make informed variety selections for their farms and allowing seed distributors to evaluate potential areas of adaptability and new markets. The NWCVT is coordinated by K-State and all PIs on this project grow one or more of these trials. 2. A harvest management study comparing optimum swath timing prior to harvest and direct cutting was carried out near Partridge, KS over two growing seasons. Although there was a significant difference in yield between the two methods, it was less than 1.0 bu/acre. The only cultivar to differ in yield between methods was 'Mercedes,' with the swath and direct cut treatments yielding 50.7 and 47.5 bu/acre, respectively. This difference may be attributed to higher moisture content of the harvested grain of Mercedes in all treatments. Direct harvest had significantly higher oil content by 0.9%. Mercedes was the only cultivar to differ between methods, at 41.5% and 43.0% oil content for swath and direct, respectively. The TRL advanced from 4 to 5 and results will be shared with stakeholders. The major impact of these results is that more producers may adopt direct cutting to increase oil content. However, in this study, we did not observe oil levels that would have resulted in a price discount at grain delivery. Oil discounts typically begin at -2% of contract price and drop 1% for each percent of oil below 39%, so there is an incentive for producers to maintain oil contents above the lower level. We envision producers will change their harvest methods because of these results. A seeding rate by genotype study in narrow (9-inch) and wide (30-inch) row widths was conducted near Manhattan and Hutchinson, KS. Hybrid and OP cultivars did not consistently respond differently to seeding rates, indicating that similar seeding rates could be used for both types of cultivars in 9-inch and 30-inch rows. The intermediate seeding rates were generally higher than the low and the high seeding rates. However, lower seeding rates supported maximum yields in 30-inch rows compared to yields in 9-inch rows. Within the range of environments and yields produced in these experiments, similar seeding rates can be used for hybrids and OP cultivars, but seeding rates can be less with wider row spacing. The TRL will advance from 3 to 4 and results will be shared with stakeholders. The major impacts from these study are seeding rate recommendations that are lower than current recommendations. In addition to improved winter hardiness, lower seeding rates have maintained yield at economic levels. Narrow-row yields were optimized for both hybrids and OPs at 300,000 seeds/acre or less. RR OPs are usually seeded at 5 lb/acre, have seed sizes of 115,000 seeds/lb, and cost $5.80/lb. With no reduction in yield associated with reducing rates from 575,000 seeds/acre (5 lb/a) to 300,000 seeds/acre (2.6 lb/acre), the potential exists for seed cost savings of $13.86/acre. Hybrids could be reduced by an additional 75,000 seeds, with little impact on yield. With seed costs of $15.00 per 100,000 pure live seeds, this could save producers about $11.25/acre in seed costs. In today's farm economy, these are significant numbers. We envision farmers will reduce their seeding rates because of these results. Initial results of the fungicide and growth regulator study indicated there were no benefits to winter survival or yield across three locations. However, because of producer-driven interest, a chemical company is interested in supporting a Section 24C label for one of the growth regulators under our evaluation. We will continue to evaluate products as positive results may lead to successfully securing a label to allow application of a plant growth regulator. The TRL assigned to the growth regulator study will advance from 2 to 3. A seeding density trial at NMSU's Agricultural Research Center is assessing yield and water use efficiency of hybrid (Safran) and OP (Riley) cultivars planted at 100% and 75% of recommended rates in 10-in and 20-in row widths. The study was planted under limited irrigation with a target irrigation amount of 12 inches. Yield and water use efficiency were higher for the hybrid than the OP by 11%. Plant density and row spacing had no effect on yield and water use efficiency. Growers can achieve maximum yield and water productivity with 75% plant density (100% plant density had same yield) and with row widths that fit their production systems. A study at NMSU is assessing critical stage-based deficit irrigation management with and without dormant-season (winter) irrigation. Preliminary results show that if the soil profile is full, skipping irrigation during the vegetative stage showed essentially no decrease in yield. The benefit of refilling the soil profile increased with greater in-season water stress. Rain-fed canola increased seed yield by 81% with dormant-season irrigation applied compared to no application. Extensive phenotypic data on spring and winter canola has been collected the previous four seasons. Winter and spring canola were grown under a range of water availability and data on seasonal pattern of water use, biomass production, crop phenology, leaf area index, seed yield, and yield components were collected. The CropGro model is being adapted to simulate growth, water use, and yield formation in winter canola. The model can be used to assess the effects of climate change, different agro-climates, or management practices. For example, a nitrogen management study will provide data to assess the ability of the CropGro model to simulate different nitrogen management effects on canola growth and yield formation. The TRL advanced from 1 to 2. 3. In total, the PIs participated in 18 technology transfer events with approximately 896 attendees. This level of participation illustrates that the information presented is needed and highly sought after by producers interested in growing winter canola. The PIs share results with constituents through field days, extension meetings, agronomy production updates, refereed papers, professional society meetings, radio and television interviews, and participate in social media. In addition, two refereed papers, two experiment station research reports were published, and one technical paper was published. Four abstracts summarizing research from this project were presented at professional meetings including the ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meetings and the American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting. Two Plant Variety Protection applications were submitted and are under review.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Assefa, Y., P.V.V. Prasad, C. Foster, Y. Wright, S. Young, B. Pauley, M. Stamm, and I. Ciampitti. 2018. A review of major management factors determining spring and winter canola yield in North America. Crop Sci. 58:1-16.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Aubert, A., B. Showalther, K.L. Roozeboom, and M.J. Stamm. 2017. Do canola hybrids and open-pollinated varieties require different seeding rates? In Agron. Abs. [Online].
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Begna, S., S. Angadi, M. Stamm and A. Mesbah. 2017a. Winter canola: a potential dual-purpose crop for the United States southern Great Plains. Agron. J. 109:25082520. doi:10.2134/agronj2017.02.0093.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Begna, S., K. Katuwal, S. Singh, Y. Cho, and S. Angadi. 2017b. Spring canola critical growth stages for water management. In Agron. Abs. ASA. Madison, WI. [Online].
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Bushong, J., J. Lofton, H. Sanders, M. Stamm et al. 2018. Great Plains Canola Production Handbook. MF2734 (revised). Kans. Ag. Exp. St. and Coop. Ext. Ser., Manhattan, KS.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Damicone, J.P., T.J. Pierson, J.J. Lofton, C. Harris, and M.J. Stamm. 2018. Reaction of the National Winter Canola Variety Trial to black leg and aster yellows, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports. 12:CF008.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Stamm, M., S. Dooley, et al. 2017. 2016 National Winter Canola Variety Trial. SRP1134. Kans. Ag. Exp. St. and Coop. Ext. Ser., Manhattan, KS.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Channa, S.A., H. Tian, M.I. Mohammed, R. Zhang, S. Faisal, Y. Guao, M. Klima, M. Stamm, and S. Hu. 2018. Heterosis and combining ability analysis in Chinese semi-winter x excotic accessions of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Euphytica 214(134):1-19. doi.org/10.1007/s10681-018-2216-1.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Angadi, S., S. Singh, K. Katuwal, S. Begna, and D.L. Auld. 2017. Yield response of different alternative crops to growth stage based irrigation management. In Agron. Abs. ASA. Madison, WI. [Online].
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Begna, S., K. Katuwal, S. Singh, Y. Cho, and S. Angadi. 2018. Spring Canola Critical Growth Stages for Water Management. In Agron. Abs. ASA. Madison, WI. (Online).
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Progress 09/01/16 to 08/31/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Experienced and beginning farmers and ranchers, agricultural professionals, county extension specialists, and industry personnel benefited from the research and extension activities of this project. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Students in Agronomy 860, Advanced Plant Breeding, were presented a guest lecture on winter canola variety development, from the initial cross to variety release, in January 2017. The PD and PIs participated in the annual Canola College in January 2017 in Enid, OK. CEU and CCA credits are offered each year at Canola College. The PD presented at the annual Agronomy Institute in Parsons, KS in March 2017. This event provides producers insight into some of the latest ongoing research in the Department of Agronomy at K-State. The PD and PIs presented to a group of 50 employees from John Deere on opportunities for improved seeding equipment and crop protection services for canola. Students in Agronomy 630, Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, were presented a guest lecture on winter canola breeding and how a breeding program is managed in April 2017. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Information for clientele was made available through Department of Agronomy websites, extension programming, radio and television interviews, social media, and popular press. The PD attended the Project Directors' meeting of the Supplemental and Alternative Crop Competitive Grants Program in Washington D.C. in February 2017. He reported on the accomplishments, products, and impacts of this project to the US Canola Association Board of Directors and other key stakeholders. The PD is also an active, participatory member of the Great Plains Canola Association (GPCA). Attending meetings of the GPCA allows for stakeholder feedback on the research and extension goals of this project. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Torrington winter canola will be marketed by a licensee for the first time in Kansas and Oklahoma. Increase Surefire (KSUR1211) winter canola to the Foundation Seed level. Conduct a half-seed analysis of KSR4724S for fatty acids and increase the line in the greenhouse. HyCLASS320W (KSR4652) winter canola will be marketed on a limited basis for the first time in the region. Griffin winter canola will be marketed by a licensee for the first time in the region and for the second year in the Pacific Northwest. DKW45-25 winter canola will be planted in the region for the 3rd year, achieving sustained production capacity of this improved technology. HyCLASS225W winter canola will be sold for the 2nd year by a licensee, establishing full commercial use of the product. Hybrid cms and Rf parent lines of winter canola that are adapted to the region will be advanced through backcrossing. New seeding rate recommendations for narrow and wide row widths will be disseminated to the producer community and these producers will be encouraged to implement the findings on their respective farms. A seeding rate study will be modified to improve the ability to detect differences between OP and hybrid cultivars and the optimum seeding rates for each cultivar type. Data will be generated for the canola-wheat rotation study to validate the importance of crop rotation in wheat-based cropping systems. Proper harvest timing will be emphasized. Swathing too early has negative effects on yield. These results will be disseminated to the producer community. Growth regulator application in winter canola to control excessive fall growth will be repeated and new products will be evaluated to improve upon the first year's results. Recommendations for limited irrigation users will be made at producer meetings. Dormant-season and critical stage-based irrigation practices for winter canola will be evaluated for the first time on the High Plains. Dual-purpose forage and grain management for winter canola will be emphasized for growers seeking an alternative forage for livestock. Crop models for spring canola using DSSAT will begin to improve understanding of water use in canola. The effect of nitrogen management on seasonal biomass production, oil content and seed yield of diverse winter canola cultivars will be investigated. How fall applied nitrogen is utilized in the plant will be addressed. The breeding program will undertake the phenotyping of a Brassica napus germplasm diversity panel.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Continued strong demand for heart-healthy canola oil and a stable commodity price make winter canola an economical rotational crop with winter wheat in the southern Great Plains (SGP). Canola oil imports are projected to reach an all-time record of 4,409 million pounds in 2016/2017, attesting to the significant potential for increased domestic production. As of August 15, 2017, old crop canola delivered to the ADM/Northern Sun crush facility in Goodland, KS, averaged $7.62 per bushel. Old crop wheat delivered to the Danville COOP in south central Kansas averaged $3.42 per bushel. The difference in price between wheat and canola and a successful 2015/2016 cropping season led to a doubling of acres in the SGP in 2016/2017, from 105,000 to 210,000. This project strengthens the growing winter canola industry in the SGP. Since 2010, nine winter canola cultivars possessing widespread adaptability to the diverse climatic conditions of the region have been released. Cultivars containing a genetic component from the Kansas State University canola breeding program were planted on about 50,000 acres in 2016/2017. Results from the National Winter Canola Variety Trial (NWCVT), which is coordinated by the Project Director, help producers make informed variety selections for their farms and allow seed distributors to evaluate potential areas of adaptability and new markets. Cropping systems that utilize canola in rotation are being investigated. For example, understanding optimum seeding rates will not only increase canola productivity but also save producers money. Through this project, we have demonstrated that optimizing seeding rates will save producers between $8.00 and $28.36 per acre. Other important topics include understanding water use patterns and efficiency for production under limited irrigation on the Ogallala Aquifer. Results from the variety trials and production studies are delivered to new and experienced canola producers through numerous extension activities across the region including field days, field tours, production schools, news media, radio, and social networks. The project PIs want to stimulate further winter canola acreage and production increases in the region by focusing on the high priority areas of development and testing of superior cultivars, improving methods of production, and transferring of new knowledge to producers. The following objectives and impacts support the goals of the project. 1. Develop and evaluate high-yielding and regionally adapted winter canola cultivars. A Roundup Ready experimental cultivar, KSR4652, was approved for release in July 2017 as HyCLASS320W. This cultivar will be licensed to CROPLAN by WinField and it will possess the highest level of winter hardiness among all commercial Roundup Ready cultivars. The experimental cultivar, KSUR1211, was released as 'Surefire' in July 2017 and it is tolerant to sulfonylurea herbicide carryover in the soil. Surefire will replace 'Sumner', which was the first commercial cultivar released with tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicide carryover. KSUR1211 does not differ significantly from Sumner in its tolerance. As a result, Surefire will possess the highest level of sulfonylurea herbicide carryover tolerance available on the market. 2. Improve canola cropping systems by addressing agronomic management issues through scientific research. Management studies include: crop establishment, seeding rate and row spacing, irrigation management, crop rotation, harvest management, herbicide efficacy, fungicide and growth regulator use, on-farm testing, and crop modeling in DSSAT. The PD and PIs are examining the effect of seeding rate on performance of hybrid and open-pollinated (OP) cultivars in 30-in. and 9-in. rows. Treatments were four locally adapted cultivars (two hybrids and two OPs) and three or five seeding rates for a total of 12 or 20 treatments in each experiment. Winter survival tended to increase as the number of plants present in the fall decreased. In 30-in. rows, seeding rate had no impact on yields in 2016 when yields were less than 2,000 lb/acre, but yields were reduced at extremely low or high seeding rates in 2017 when yields were greater than 2,000 lb/acre. In 9-in. rows in 2016 and 2017, hybrids and OPs maximized yield at 225,000 to 375,000 seeds/acre, with reduced yields at 150,000 seeds/acre. Although hybrids maintained greater yields than OPs at sub-optimal seeding rates in 2016 in 9-in. rows, yield responses to seeding rate were similar for hybrids and OPs in most experiments at both row widths. The use of fungicides and plant growth regulators in winter canola may have positive plant growth effects including reduction of "luxury" fall growth, thickening of leaf tissue, a higher root-to-shoot ratio, reduced lodging, and improved frost tolerance. Application of these products to manage top growth in major winter oilseed rape growing regions creates technology disadvantages when similar products are not labeled for canola in the SGP. In our studies, we evaluated two fungicides and one plant growth regulator at two different timings and their effects on canopy height, vigor, winter survival, and yield. The studies were carried out at two K-State experiment fields. Treatment effects were significant for plant vigor and canopy height only. There were no significant treatment effects for winter survival or yield at either location. Metconazole applied at the 3-4 and 5-6 leaf stages showed reduced vigor and canopy height. These are two plant responses that are often observed when a growth regulator is applied. The NMSU seeding density trial assessed yield and water use efficiency of hybrid (Safran) and OP (Riley) cultivars planted at 100% and 75% of recommended rates in 10-in and 20-in row widths. The study is planted under limited irrigation with a target irrigation amount of 12 inches. Yield and water use efficiency were higher for the hybrid than the OP by 11%. Plant density and row spacing had no effect on yield and water use efficiency. Growers can achieve maximum yield and water productivity with 75% plant density (100% plant density had same yield) and with row widths that fit their production systems. The objective of the NMSU irrigation management study is to assess the timing of irrigation applications to maximize water productivity. Two-year results indicate that skipping irrigation during the reproductive stage (flowering) was more detrimental to yield and performance than skipping irrigation during the vegetative stage (fall rosette). Water extraction pattern data is being analyzed and will be incorporated into DSSAT. A two-year study at NMSU evaluated forage production and quality of a winter canola-pea mixture under limited irrigation. Total forage yield increased with an increase in the proportion of pea, up to a 50/50 blend, and then declined. In general, crude protein increased with an increase in pea proportion. Nitrate contents of a canola-only and a canola-pea mixture (averaged over canola varieties) were similar, but were much higher than pea only. 3. Deliver cultivar and agronomic management technologies to new and experienced canola growers through appropriate extension programs. During the reporting period, 695 people participated in 17 events. These included a mix of extension meetings, field days, field tours, and seminars. In addition, three radio interviews were given by the PD on the Agriculture Today program, broadcast over the K-State Radio Network. Cultivar performance results are circulated annually in the NWCVT report of progress, which summarizes results across major U.S. growing regions. The PIs utilize the Kansas Wheat Seed Book to summarize winter canola variety trial results for Kansas. Cultivar trial results are available on the K-State Department of Agronomy Crop Performance Testing website.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Stamm, M.J. and I. Ciampitti. 2017. Canola growth and development. MF3236. Kan. Ag. Exp. St. and Coop. Ext. Ser., Manhattan, KS.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Angadi, S.V., U. Rangappa, S. Begna, W. Ahmed, and M.J. Stamm. 2016. Seasonal forage biomass production by winter canola and winter wheat under different irrigation levels in the southern High Plains. In Agron. Abs. ASA. Madison, WI. [Online].
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Assefa, Y., V. Prasad, C. Foster, Y. Wright, S. Young, B. Pauley, M. Stamm, and I.A. Ciampitti. 2017. A review of major management factors determining spring and winter canola yield in North America. Crop Sci.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Begna, S.B. and S.V. Angadi. 2016. Effects of planting date on winter canola growth and yield in the southwestern U.S. Amer. J. Plant Sci. 7:201-217.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Damicone, J.P., T.J. Pierson, J.G. Warren, W.E. Vaughn, and M.J. Stamm. 2016. Reaction of the National Winter Canola Variety Trial to black leg and winter decline syndrome, 2015. Plant Disease Management Reports. 10:FC003.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Landau, C. 2016. Integrated weed management strategies for conventional winter canola (Brassica napus) in eastern New Mexico. M.S. thesis. New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Landau, C., B.J. Schutte, S.V. Angadi, and A. Mesbah, A. 2016. Integrated weed management for conventional canola (Brassica rapa) in eastern New Mexico. In Proc. 69th W. Soc. Weed Sci. Albuquerque, NM. [Online].
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Landau, C., B.J. Schutte, A. Mesbah, and S.V. Angadi. 2017a. Flixweed (Descurainia sophia) shade tolerance and possibilities for flixweed management using canola seeding rate. Weed Tech. (in review).
- Type:
Other
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Landau, C., B.J. Schutte, A. Mesbah, and S.V. Angadi. 2017b. Late season weed management in conventional canola using sethoxydim and clopyralid. NMSU Coop. Ext. and Agric. Exp. St. Las Cruces.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Showalter, B.M. 2016. Effect of planting management factors on canola performance in high-residue cropping systems. M.S. thesis. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Showalter, B., K.L. Roozeboom, S.J. Dooley, M.J. Stamm, and R. Figger. 2015. The effect of residue management, row spacing, and seeding rate on winter canola establishment and survival. In Agron. Abs. ASA. Madison, WI. [Online].
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Showalter, B.M., K.L. Roozeboom, M.J. Stamm, and G.L. Cramer. 2017a. Do winter canola hybrids and open-pollinated varieties respond differently to seeding rate? Kansas Field Res. 2017. Kans. Ag. Exp. St. and Coop. Ext. Serv. Manhattan, KS. (in press).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Begna, S., S.V. Angadi, and M.J. Stamm. 2016. Effect of plant density and row spacing on seed yield and water use efficiency of canola in the southern Great Plains of USA: Hybrid vs. open pollinated varieties. In Agron. Abs. ASA. Madison, WI. [Online].
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Begna, S.H., S.V. Angadi, M.J. Stamm, and A. Mesbah. 2017. Winter canola - a potential dual-purpose crop for the U.S. Southern Great Plains. Agron. J. (submitted).
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Showalter, B.M., K.L. Roozeboom, M.J. Stamm, and R. Figger. Effect of residue management, row spacing, and seeding rate on winter canola establishment, winter survival, and yield. 2017b. Kansas Field Res. 2017. Kans. Ag. Exp. St. and Coop. Ext. Serv. Manhattan, KS. (in press).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Stamm, M.J. 2016. Hybrid winter canola trends in the southern Great Plains. In Agron. Abs. ASA. Madison, WI. [Online].
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Stamm, M., S. Dooley, S. Angadi, A. Asfeld, B. Baldwin, T. Beedy, S. Begna, J. Bell, S. Berg, A. Berrada, H. Bhardwaj, M. Blair, J. Brown, J. Bushong, B. Caldbeck, C. Caldbeck, G. Cramer, J. Damicone, H. Darby, J. Davis, J. de Koff, D. Delaney, P. DeLaune, E. Eriksmoen, A. Esser, J. Gassett, M. Gilmer, S. Gulick, D. Hathcoat, T. Higgins, J. Holman, J. Holmes, K. Hunter, J. Johnson, P. Lange, J. Lofton, C. Mansfield, S. Maxwell, P. Miller, J. Morrison, C. Neely, C. Pearson, T. Pierson, C. Rife, B. Rushing, D. Santra, R. Schrock, P. Sexton, J. Shockey, T. Thomas, W. Thomason, C. Trostle, G. Ware, D. West, M. Wingerson, and S. Ziegler. 2017a. 2016 National Winter Canola Variety Trial. Kans. Ag. Exp. St. and Coop. Ext. Ser., Manhattan, KS.
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Progress 09/01/15 to 08/31/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Experienced and beginning farmers and ranchers, agricultural professionals, county extension specialists, and industry personnel benefited from the research and extension activities of this project. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Students in Agronomy 630, Cropping Systems, took a tour of a winter canola producer's farm and learned about his use of winter canola in rotation with other crops in October 2015. Students in Agronomy 630, Crop Growth and Development, were presented a guest lecture on winter canola physiology and develpment in November 2015. Students in Agronomy 860, Advanced Plant Breeding, were presented a guest lecture on winter canola variety development, from the initial cross to variety release, in January 2016. Information on winter canola growth and development was presented to a group of over 100 crop adjusters in July 2016. Snce winter canola is a relatively new crop to the region, it can be challenging for crop adjusters to work crop insurance claims when they don't have a good understanding of basic growth and development of winter canola. The PD participated in one winter canola production school in Lahoma, OK on August 2 where CEU and CCA credits were offered. The PD participated in Canola College in Enid, OK, held annually in February. HIs topic was the imporance of canola variety selection and how to make an informed decision about commercial varieties. CEU and CCA credits are offered each year at Canola College. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Information for clientele was made available through Department of Agronomy websites, extension programming, radio and television interviews, social media, and popular press. Results for the 2016 National Winter Canola Variety Trial were published in the annual report of progress. The PD attended the Project Directors' meeting the the Supplemental and Alternative Crop Competitive Grants Program in Washington D.C. in Febuary 2016. He reported on the accomplishments, products, and impacts of this project to the US Canola Association Board of Directors and other key stakeholders. The PD is also an active, participatory member of the Great Plains Canola Association (GPCA). Attending meetings of the GPCA allows for stakeholder feedback on the research and extension goals of this project. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Release one conventional winter canola cultivar with improved blackleg resistance in summer 2017. Release one winter canola cultivar with glyphosate resistance in summer 2017. Implement a third-party license of the Roundup Ready winter canola cultivar KSR07363. Complete two PVP applications that are pending approval in 2016: 'Riley' and 'Griffin'. Submit PVP applications for 'HyCLASS225W' and 'Torrington' in fall 2016. Draft the annual results summary for the 2017 National Winter Canola Variety Trial. Identify a consistent planting method for handling previous crop residue for profitable dryland canola production. Develop optimum seeding rates for open pollinated and hybrid winter canola cultivars under wide and narrow row spacing. Derive an optimum rotation frequency for sustainable and profitable canola and wheat production. Optimize harvest management practices to improve harvest efficiency, yield, and oil quantity. Identify the most economical rate of application for canola fungicides and plant growth regulators. Identify herbicides used in other common crops that could be made available to conventional canola growers. Develop crop modeling for winter canola to simulate different water management strategies, nutrient management practices, planting dates, and the effects of climate change
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Continued strong demand for heart-healthy canola oil and a stable commodity price make winter canola an attractive rotational crop with winter wheat in the southern Great Plains (SGP). Canola oil imports are projected to reach an all-time record of 3,699 million pounds in 2015/2016, indicating significant potential for increased domestic production. As of September 13, 2016, old crop canola delivered to the ADM/Northern Sun crush facility in Goodland, KS, averaged $6.20 per bushel. Old crop wheat delivered to the Danville COOP in south central Kansas averaged $2.81 per bushel. The difference in price between wheat and canola, in addition to a record canola harvest in 2016, has led to considerable interest in winter canola production in the region. Planted acres are projected to triple in fall 2016. This project supports the growing winter canola industry in the SGP. Of significant importance is the development and release of new, adapted winter canola cultivars by the breeding program at Kansas State University. These cultivars possess widespread adaptability to the diverse climatic conditions of the region. Data generated by regional and national variety trials helps producers make informed variety selections for their farms. Cropping systems that utilize canola in rotation are being investigated. For example, understanding optimum seeding rates will not only increase canola productivity but also save producers money with more precise decision making on the amount of seed to plant. Other important topics include understanding water use patterns and efficiency for production under limited irrigation on the Ogallala Aquifer. Results from the variety trials and production studies are delivered to new and experienced canola producers through numerous extension activities across the region including field days, field tours, production schools, news media, radio, and social networks. The project PIs want to stimulate further winter canola acreage and production increases in the region by focusing on the high priority areas of development and testing of superior cultivars, improving methods of production, and transferring of new knowledge to producers. The following objectives and impacts support the goals of the project. Develop and release winter hardy conventional and herbicide tolerant winter canola cultivars. A new winter canola cultivar, 'Torrington,' was released in July 2016 from Kansas State University. Torrington possesses enhanced winter hardiness, making it adaptable to areas of Kansas were winter canola production has been limited by winter hardiness. Across seven site years, Torrington averaged 14% better winter hardiness than the mean of the check cultivars. Improved winter hardiness will allow for new areas of production and more diversified cropping systems, especially where wheat has traditionally been grown in mono-culture. Torrington will be licensed to a private seed company. A Roundup Ready experimental cultivar, KSR4652, was approved for increase in August 2016. This will be the fifth Roundup Ready cultivar in the past three years that could potentially be released and licensed to a private seed company. Two Roundup Ready cultivars, 'DKW45-25' and 'HyCLASS225W,' were released and co-branded with private seed companies in recent years. These cultivars are two of the newest and most popular Roundup Ready winter canola grown in the region. In 2016-2017, Kansas State University genetics will be planted on more acres in the SGP than in any previous year. Improve canola cropping systems by addressing agronomic management issues including crop establishment, crop rotation, harvest management, nutrient balance and management, fungicide and growth regulator efficiency, on-farm testing, forage production and quality, and crop modeling. Kansas State University and AGCO Corporation conducted a joint study investigating the seeding rate by row spacing effects on fall stand establishment, winter survival, and yield. Winter survival decreased with increasing seeding rate, perhaps due to greater plant-to-plant competition with greater seeding rates and wider row spacing. The narrow 20-inch row spacing had better survival than the 30-inch row spacing for the AGCO planter, likely due to inter-row competition. The producer 30-inch row spacing had better survival, likely due to a lower seeding rate and reduced inter-row competition. These results indicate that narrower row spacing and reduced seeding rates in high residue, no-till systems are beneficial for winter survival and yield if residue can be adequately removed from the seed row. Data also shows that AGCO and producer 30-inch row spacing yields are similar. Based on the information from this study, the AGCO residue management system could eliminate the need for burning wheat residue in no-till canola establishment. In a narrow row (9-inch) seeding rate by variety study at Hutchinson, KS, the Rate and Variety main plot factors were significantly different for yield. Of the five seeding rates (150,000; 225,000; 300,000; 375,000; and 425,000 seeds/acre), the 300,000 seeds/acre seeding rate had the highest yield (3,242 lb/acre). The 150,000 seeds/acre seeding rate had the lowest yield (2,744 lb/acre). As a general rule, yields peaked at the middle three seeding rates and tapered off at the lowest and highest seeding rates. The hybrid, 'Mercedes,' was the highest yielding variety at 3,419 lb/acre and 'Riley' was the highest yielding open pollinated cultivar at 3,008 lb/acre. Averaged over hybrids and open pollinated cultivars, there was no significant difference between variety types. The Type main factor, and the Type by Rate and Variety by Rate interactions were not statistically significant. These results indicate that the optimum seeding rate may be between 300,000 seeds/acre and 425,000 seeds/acre, or around 3 lb/acre depending upon seed size. This is a lower seeding rate than previously recommended. The study will be repeated. New Mexico State University (NMSU) is conducting production management research in the High Plains of eastern New Mexico. The six-year average seed yield in variety trials is 2,652 lb/acre. Average application of water over that time is 15.4 inches per year. The 2014/2015 yields were the highest recorded at the location since winter canola cultivar testing began. There are several key observations over the three-year dual-purpose canola forage-grain study at NMSU. In general, forage yield (averaged over varieties) of winter canola was higher than winter wheat in the fall and for the early spring harvests (4,352 to 6,750 lb/acre vs. 2,580 to 6,210 lb/acre, for canola and wheat, respectively). Crude protein of winter wheat (14 to 28%) and winter canola (17 to 29%) were similar. Relative feed value (RFV) and relative feed quality (RFQ) of canola were much higher (188 to 425, 216 to 474, respectively) than winter wheat (127 to 204, 127 to 202, respectively). Extend cultivar, production, and marketing technologies for canola through appropriate extension and outreach programs. During the reporting period, over 775 people participated in extension meetings, field days, field tours, and seminars with topics related to research supported by this project. In addition, one radio interview was given on the "Agriculture Today" program on the K-State Radio Network, and another interview was given on KFRM, AM550, which has one of the largest rural listening areas in Kansas. Two YouTube videos were created. One video aired on the "That's My Farm" segment of the "Ag AM in Kansas" television program. This video detailed winter canola production practices and winter survival of current and future canola varieties. A second video was distributed on the K-State Research and Extension YouTube channel and it was titled "Improving Canola Breeding with Bees."
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Stamm, M., S. Dooley, et al. 2016. 2015 National Winter Canola Variety Trial. SRP 1125. Kans. Ag. Exp. St. and Coop. Ext. Serv., Manhattan, KS.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Tian, H., L. Wei, V. Kucerac, M.J. Stamm, and S. Hu. 2016. Phenotypic diversity of rapeseed accessions from different geographic locations. Oil Crop Science 1:9-20.
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