Progress 11/19/15 to 09/30/20
Outputs
Target Audience:Members of the target audience include the scientific community in food science and human nutrition, healthcare and government sectors, the international nutrition community, and those in the general public who have an interest in sensors, diagnostics, undernutrition, and fortification of foods. Changes/Problems:Due to COVID pandemic, some research and communication activities were delayed or cancelled. This included finishing some experiments to complement final publication of results. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Students learned statistical analysis, especially for method validation and for data analysis. Students learned the encapsulation of essential oils and small phenolics. Students learned about cell culture techniques, especially for HCT-8 and Caco-2 intestinal cells. Students learned about the coding for development of apps for smartphones. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have disseminated results through peer-reviewed journals, media, and conferences, especially the Institute of Food Technologist annual meeting. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal 1.Targeting and monitoring efforts of populations suffering from, or at risk of malnutrition by developing, implementing and evaluating technologies to assess nutrition status. Objective 1 and 2. Nothing to report. Objective 3. Micronutrient fortification of staple foods has resulted in improved nutritional status of populations worldwide. Lack of laboratory techniques and quality control tools, however, have limited the implementation of and compliance with fortification policies, especially in low-resource settings. We published our method to determine iron in fortified corn samples in the journal Nutrients. This iron sensor provides an accurate, reliable and sensitive alternative to measure iron in fortified corn in low-resource settings. With the support of a Fulbright fellowship, a member of my team traveled to Mexico to validate the assay. With the support of peers from the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, we obtained the necessary data to validate the iron sensor in its ability to accurately and reliably measure threetypes of iron used in the fortification of corn flour. In addition, we have optimized the sensor to measure other types of iron as well as zinc. We have improved the paper platform and expanded the linearity of determinations for iron. Goal 2. Enhance the role of intervention efforts to reach those populations at risk of malnutrition by developing, implementing and evaluating technologies that maximize the effective delivery of nutrients and/or bioactives. Objective 1. Nothing to report. Objective 2. Cryptosporidium parvum (crypto) is a zoonotic, protozoan parasite that infects intestinal epithelial cells, compromising their function and resulting in the progressive atrophy of the villi, nutrient malabsorption and severe diarrhea. We have evaluated several essential oils from oregano (thymol and carvacrol) and hops (myrcene) on their cytotoxicity properties and their anti-cryptosporidium properties. We have found that thymol, thymol-octanoate, hops essential oil and myrcene can dose-dependently reduce C. parvum infection as evaluated in HCT-8 cells in vitro. Results were presented at a conference. Objective 3. Nothing to report.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Waller, A.W., Andrade, J.E., Mejia, L.A. 2020. Performance Factors Influencing Efficacy and Effectiveness of Iron Fortification Programs of Condiments for Improving Anemia Prevalence and Iron Status in Populations: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2020 Jan 21;12(2):275.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Waller, A.W., Dominguez-Uscanga, A., Lopez Barrera, E., Andrade, J.E. and Andrade, J.M. 2020. Stakeholders Perceptions of Mexicos Federal Corn Flour Fortification Program: A Qualitative Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 433.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Waller, A.W. 2020. A Paper-Based, Smartphone Assisted Assay for Detection and Quantification of Iron in Fortified Foods. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL. IDEALS http://hdl.handle.net/2142/108228
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Aycart Mite, D.F. 2019. Evaluation of Hops Essential Oil Cytotoxicity and Anti-Cryptosporidium Activity. [MS Thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL. IDEALS http://hdl.handle.net/2142/108212.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Dominguez-Uscanga, A., Aycart Mite, D.F., Witola, W.H. and Andrade, J.E. 2020. In Vitro Efficacy of Thymol and a Thymol Ester Against Cryptosporidium Parvum. Institute of Food Technologists. Virtual Conference.
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Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Members of the target audience include the scientific community in food science and human nutrition, healthcare andgovernment sectors, the international nutrition community, and those in the general public who have an interest in sensors, diagnostics, undernutrition, and fortification of foods. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Students learned statistical analysis, especially for method validation and for data analysis. Students learned the preparation of lipid-based nutrition supplements and the encapsulation of essential oils and small phenolics. Students learned about cell culture techniques, especially for HCT-8 and Caco-2 intestinal cells. Students learned about the coding for development of apps for smartphones. Students learned about 3D printing. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have disseminated results through peer-reviewed journals, media, and conferences, especially the American Society for Nutrition and Institute of Food Technologist annual meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?For Goal 1, we will continue the validation of the paper-based assay for iron and other micronutrients in fortified foods. For Goal 2, we are continuing exploring the role of plant essential oils such as from hemp and hops on the growth of intestinal cells as well as their action against parasites. We also are actively encapsulating these oils and evaluating the methods.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal 1.Targeting and monitoring efforts of populations suffering from, or at risk ofmalnutrition by developing, implementing and evaluating technologies to assess nutrition status. Objective 1 and 2. Nothing to report. Objective 3. Micronutrient fortification of staple foods has resulted in improved nutritional status of populations worldwide. Lack of laboratory techniques and quality control tools, however, have limited the implementation of and compliance with fortification policies, especially in low-resource settings. We published our method to determine iron in fortified corn samples in the journal Nutrients. This iron sensor provides an accurate, reliable and sensitive alternative to measure iron in fortified corn in low-resource settings. With the support of a Fulbright fellowship, a member of my team traveled to Mexico to validate the assay. Goal 2. Enhance the role of intervention efforts to reach those populations at risk of malnutrition by developing, implementing and evaluating technologies that maximize the effective delivery of nutrients and/or bioactives. Objective 1. Nothing to report. Objective 2. Cryptosporidium parvum (crypto) is a zoonotic, protozoan parasite that infects intestinal epithelial cells, compromising their function and resulting in the progressive atrophy of the villi, nutrient malabsorption and severe diarrhea. In immune-compromised individuals (e.g. children with malnutrition and subjects with HIV/AIDS), cryptosporidiosis could be fatal. Our team has developed foods that can treat acute malnutrition in children living in low-income settings and has a current goal to functionalize these foods with plant bioactives that can also address parasitic infection. We have evaluated several essential oils from oregano (thymol and carvacrol) and hops (myrcene) on their citotoxicity properties and their anti-cryptosporidium properties. We have found that thymol, thymol-octanoate, hops essential oil and myrcene can dose-dependently reduce C. parvum infection as evaluated in HCT-8 cells in vitro. Results were presented at a conference and will be published in the next reporting cycle. Objective 3. Nothing to report.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Waller, A.W., Toc, M., Rigsby, D.J., Gayt�n-Mart�nez, M. and Andrade, J.E. 2019. Development of a paper-based sensor compatible with a mobile phone for the detection of common iron formulas used in fortified foods within resource-limited settings. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1673.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Gaur, S., Kuhlenschmidt, T.B., Kuhlenschmidt, M.S. and Andrade, J.E. 2018. Effect of oregano essential oil and carvacrol on Cryptosporidium parvum infectivity in HCT-8 cells. Parasitology International. 2018, 6, 170-175.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Dominguez-Uscanga, A., Aycart, D.F. and Andrade, J.E. 2019. Cytotoxicity effects of a thymol ester and its inclusion in beta-cyclodextrin complexes. IFT Annual Conference and Expo, Nutrition Division, New Orleans, LA, June 2019.
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Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:Members of the target audience include the scientific community in food science and human nutrition, healthcare and government sectors, the international nutrition community, and those in the general public who have an interest in biosensors, diagnostics, undernutrition, and fortification of foods. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Students learned statistical analysis, especially for method validation and for data analysis. Students learned the preparation of lipid-based nutrition supplements and the encapsulation of essential oils and small phenolics. Students also learned about sensory evaluations with vulnerable populations. Students learned about cell culture techniques, especially for HCT-8 and Caco-2 intestinal cells. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have disseminated results through peer-reviewed journals and conferences, especially the American Society for Nutrition and Institute of Food Technologist annual meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?For Goal 1, we will continue the development of the paper based assay for iron and other micronutrients in fortified foods. For Goal 2, we are continuing exploring the role of plant essential oils on the growth of intestinal cells as well as their action against parasites. We also are actively encapsulating these oils and evaluating the methods.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal 1.Targeting and monitoring efforts of populations suffering from, or at risk of malnutrition by developing, implementing and evaluating technologies to assess nutrition status. Objectives 1 and 2. We have accomplished all tasks associated with the development of the photonic crystal biosensor. Objective 3. Micronutrient fortification of staple foods has resulted in improved nutritional status of populations worldwide. Lack of laboratory techniques and quality control tools, however, have limited the implementation of and compliance with fortification policies, especially in low-resource settings. We have publishedour view on this matter in the Journal of Food Science. In low-resource settings, lack of quality control tools has limited the implementation of and compliance with fortification policies. We have finished the proof-of-concept phase for a rapid, paper-based assay that interfaces with a smartphone for the detection and quantification of common iron fortificants in fortified foods. We developed this sensor based on the World Health Organization's ASSURED criteria (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment-free, and Deliverable). We transferred the Ferrozine assay into a hydrophobic paper which was amenable for reaction with the sample. The reaction started after the addition of 5 uL of acidified, aqueous sample and drying. After color development (magenta), the pixel intensity was obtained after exposure of the paper to a smartphone camera along with an image processing software. From these values, the actual iron concentration was calculated. We found that the standard curves from the paper-based and the liquid-based assays were positively correlated (r =0.996). The dynamic range of the assay was from 5.0-100 µg/mL, and the limit of detection was 3.691 µg/mL, which is relevant for fortified food matrices. After evaluation against the gold standard method, the random and systematic errors were determined to be 15.9% and +6.56 μg Fe/g food, respectively. Goal 2. Enhance the role of intervention efforts to reach those populations at risk of malnutrition by developing, implementing and evaluating technologies that maximize the effective delivery of nutrients and/or bioactives. Objective 1 We characterized and evaluated the physico-chemical properties of a traditional fermented drink (Chhash) normally consumed by Indian populations after the addition of a commercial micronutrient formula. Results are published in the journal Foods. In brief, micronutrient malnutrition is a persistent problem in India mainly due to low dietary diversity and poor nutrient density of staple foods. To increase the availability of micronutrients in the food supply, we selected chhash as a suitable vehicle that can better incorporate and deliver micronutrients to low-income populations. We evaluated chhash with and without the micronutrient premix under several temperature conditions. We found that fortification did not affect most of the physico-chemical properties of chhash. A change in pH and titratable acidity was expected and observed. Though there were changes in color, these were not noticed by subjects participating in a sensory evaluation. We concluded that the fortification of chhash was technically feasible. We can continue with larger market and acceptability studies. Objective 2 and 3 We continue the work with lipid-based nutrition supplements. We are evaluating the potential of several essential oils activities in cells in culture (HCT-8 and Caco-2) as well as their actions against cryptosporidium parvum infection.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Gaur, S., Lopez, E.C., Ojha, A. and Andrade, J.E. 2018. Functionalization of lipid-based nutrient supplement with beta-cyclodextrin inclusions of oregano essential oil. Journal of Food Science. 83(6):1748-1756.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Waller, A.W., Lotton, J.L., Gaur, S., Andrade, J.M. and Andrade, J.E. 2018. Evaluation of micronutrient sensors for food matrices in resource-limited settings: A systematic narrative review. Journal of Food Science. 83(7):1792-1804.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Gaur, S., Waller, A.W. and Andrade, J.E. 2018. Effect of multiple micronutrient fortification on physico-chemical and sensory properties of Chhash (Traditional Indian Yogurt-Based Drink). Foods (In Press).
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Members of the target audience include the healthcare and government sectors, the international nutrition community, and those in the general public who have an interest in biosensors, diagnostics, undernutrition, and fortification of foods. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Students learned statistical analysis, especially for method validation and for data analysis. Students learned the preparation of lipid-based nutrition supplements and the encapsulation of essential oils and small phenolics. Students also learned about sensory evaluations with vulnerable populations. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?For Goal One, the results were published in a peer-reviewed journal. For Goal Two,some of the results were published as adissertation and in a peer-reviewed journals. Dr. Andrade participated in theUSAID and Institute of Food Technologist Round Table to discuss the work on food aid products. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?For Goal One, most of Objective 1 has been accomplished. We are seeking funds to continue our platform development for Objective 2. For Objective 3, we are continuing our studies into the determination of iron in fortified food matrices. We are converting colorimetric, in vitro-based assays to a paper-based formats. For Goal Two, we are continuing studies associated with the development of nutrient rich food products. We are developing a new LNS product using camelina oil as a source of antioxidants and PUFAs.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Under Goal One: Targeting and monitoring efforts of populations suffering from or at risk of malnutrition by developing, implementing, and evaluating technologies to assess nutrition status. Objective One: Evaluating the diagnostic capabilities of the ION-enhanced photonic crystal biosensor using serum samples from iron deficient patients. The ability to determine an analyte of interest within an agreed estimated error is the final step in validation of new instruments. We determined the total analytical error of our photonic crystal (PC) biosensor for the determination of ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) as biomarkers of iron deficiency anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients against certified ELISAs. For this work, we created two sensing platforms, one for ferritin and one for sTfR, to detect these antigens in sera from CKD patients. Total calculated error (TEcalc) was estimated based on systematic (SE) and random error (RE) and compared against total allowed error (TEa) based on established quality specifications. Findings: We confirmed our results from previous publications in terms of assay performance. Means, SD, and CV were similar between biomarkers for both detection platforms as compared to ELISA results. Compared to ELISA, inherent imprecision was higher on the PC biosensor for ferritin, but not for sTfR. High SE or RE in the PC biosensor when measuring either biomarker resulted in TEcalc higher than the TEa. This did not influence the diagnostic ability of the PC biosensor to discriminate CKD patients with low iron stores. We determined that although the performance of the PC biosensor was similar to that of certified ELISAs, the PC platform requires further optimization is to reduce TEcalc. Objective Three: Design similar bioassays for the detection of other analytes (i.e. vitamins) from serum and/or food matrices Micronutrient fortification of staple foods has resulted in improved nutritional status of populations worldwide. Lack of laboratory techniques and quality control tools, however, have limited the implementation of and compliance with fortification policies, especially in low-resource settings. The World Health Organization (WHO) ASSURED criteria (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment-free, and Deliverable) was issued as a guidance in the development of instruments and sensing devicesuseful for low-resource settings. Withthis criteria in mind our team proposed the development of a rapid, paper-based assay that interfaces with a smartphone for the detection and quantification of common iron formulas including ferrous fumarate (FeF), ferrous gluconate (FeG), and ferrous sulfate (FeS). Findings: We have successfully transferred the Ferrozine iron determination assay normally conducted in liquid phase in vitro to a paper-based format. We were able to create standard curves for several iron formulas, i.e., FeF, FeG, and FeS. We are applying this technology to measure iron in fortified rice. Under Goal Two: Enhance the role of intervention efforts to reach those populations at risk of malnutrition by developing, implementing, and evaluating technologies that maximize the effective delivery of nutrients and/or bioactives. Objective Two: Development and characterization of chemical, stability, and sensory attributes of LNS formulas using micro/nano encapsulation to incorporate missing nutrients and bioactives such as omega-3 PUFAs associated with inflammation during bouts of acute malnutrition Undernutrition afflicts close to 1 in 2 children around the world, resulting in unnecessary loss of 3 million children every year. In India alone, 60 million children suffer from undernutrition and are either underweight or stunted. Lipid-based nutrition supplements (LNS) are commonly used to treat moderate acute undernutrition in children. However, existing LNS products mainly focus on providing nutrients and do not address other immediate causes of undernutrition, such as parasitic infection and gut inflammation. Enteric parasites are known to reduce nutrient digestion and absorption, cause chronic gut inflammation, iron deficiency anemia, protein-energy malnutrition, and reduce growth and cognitive development in children. Our work has shown that bioactives from oregano essential oil (OEO) can reduce the infectivity of C. parvum in vitro. A compounded problem of addition of these bioactives in feed and foods is their pungent flavor, limiting their direct consumption. Thus, we proposed to encapsulate OEO and carvacrol using cyclodextrines. Findings: This encapsulation method proved useful to completely reduce flavor issues associated with OEO. Also, the encapsulated materials were protected during two-stage simulated in vitro digestion conditions. After sensory evaluations with rural women, mothers of young children and college students in India, we found that there were no additional changes detected by these populations due to the addition of encapsulated OEO in a lipid-based nutrition supplement.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Gaur, S., Sloffer, E.M., Ojha, A., Patra, F., Shukla, S., Engeseth, N.J., Patel, P.R. and Andrade, J.E. 2017. Omega-3 fortified lipid-based nutrient supplement Development, characterization and consumer acceptability. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 38(2): 158-171.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Sloffer, E.M., Gaur, S., Engeseth, N.J. and Andrade J.E. 2017. Evaluation of accelerated shelf life testing in the development of a shea butter-containing lipid nutrition supplement for Sub-Saharan Africa. Foods. 6(11), 97.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Peterson, R.D., Wilund, K.R., Cunningham, B.T. and Andrade, J.E. 2017. Comparison of methods study between a photonic crystal biosensor and certified ELISA to measure biomarkers of iron deficiency in chronic kidney disease patients. Sensors. 17(10): 2203.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Gaur, S. 2017. Lipid-based nutrient supplement to address child under-nutrition and enteric parasitic infections in India (Doctoral Dissertation) IDEALS Illinois.
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Progress 11/19/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Members of the target audience include the healthcare and government sectors, theinternational nutrition community, and those in the general public who have aninterest in biosensors, diagnostics, undernutrition, and fortification of foods. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Students learned statistical analysis, especially for method validation. They also learned about plating cells for Cryptosporidium parvum invasion assays, LD50 measurements, and encapsulation techniques as well asposter preparation and presentation/communication skills. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?For Goal One, the results were published as a dissertation. Partial results have been presented at scientific seminars and a paper is forthcoming. For Goal Two, the results were published as a poster presentation at an international conference and a paper is forthcoming. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?For Goal One, Objective One we will finish the analysis of data and publish research in peer-reviewed publication. For Objectives Two and Three we will continue development of biosensing platforms for analysis of nutrients in either human fluids or food matrices. For Goal Two,Objective Three we will finish the analysis of data and publish research in a peer-reviewed publication. For Objectives Two and Three we will continue development of fortification formulas and their characterization alone and after their addition into food products.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Under Goal One: Targeting and monitoring efforts of populations suffering from or at risk of malnutrition by developing, implementing, and evaluating technologies to assess nutrition status. Objective One: Evaluating the diagnostic capabilities of the ION-enhanced photonic crystal biosensor using serum samples from iron deficient patients. In previous studies, the accurate and reliable detection of ferritin on the PC platform followed a similar format to the standard ELISA, i.e., antigens within a sandwich of antibodies (Peterson et al., 2014a). A variation of this method capitalizes on the magnetic properties of fab-IONS to extract metabolites of interest first (i.e., soluble transferrin receptor, sTfR), and then measure their quantity on the PC platform (Peterson et al., 2015). This variation helped reduce interference signals caused by non-specific binding of proteins in a serum matrix (a very common problem shared by all diagnostic platforms). The reduction in non-specific binding could be useful to measure serum from chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients known to contain high levels of interference molecules due to the inability of the kidneys to effectively excrete endogenous and exogenous compounds. Thus, the performance of the PC biosensor for the determination of ferritin and sTfR in CKD patients was determined. In addition, the total analytical error of the PC biosensor in quantifying IDA biomarkers was determined using FDA-certified ELISAs as the reference methods. Findings Both PC biosensor and ELISA platforms showed adequate linearity, specificity and sensitivity for standards as reported by the vendors. Both biomarker means were similar when comparing the PC biosensor and the ELISA. The standard deviations and CV were not substantially different, albeit the ELISAs had less imprecision than the PC biosensor. When looking at the variability of methods, the inherent analytical imprecision of the PC to measure ferritin was different than that of the ELISA. This was not the case for sTfR, in which there was no difference in method inherent imprecision. In terms of bias, there was no bias in determining ferritin using the PC biosensor in comparison to ELISA test. This was not the case for sTfR. Furthermore, there were differences in random error between bioassays when measuring ferritin, but not sTfR. Finally, the total calculated analytical error for the determination of both biomarkers on the PC biosensor was higher than the defined specification for each biomarker. Under Goal Two: Enhance the role of intervention efforts to reach those populations at risk of malnutrition by developing, implementing, and evaluating technologies that maximize the effective delivery of nutrients and/or bioactives. Objective Three: Development and characterization of LNS formulas containing natural bioactive agents capable of reducing malnutrition based on their action against parasitic infection and promotion of gut bacteria. Undernutrition afflicts close to 1 in 2 children around the world, resulting in unnecessary loss of 3 million children every year. In India alone, 60 million children suffer from undernutrition and are either underweight or stunted. Lipid-based nutrition supplements (LNS) are commonly used to treat moderate acute undernutrition in children. However, existing LNS products mainly focus on providing nutrients and do not address other immediate causes of undernutrition, such as parasitic infection and gut inflammation. Enteric parasites are known to reduce nutrient digestion and absorption, cause chronic gut inflammation, iron deficiency anemia, protein-energy malnutrition, and reduce growth and cognitive development in children. Bioactives from oregano essential oil (OEO) are known to have anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity, however its anti-parasitic properties are poorly understood. In this study, our group systemically investigated the effect of OEO and its main bioactive, carvacrol (CV), on prevention of Cryptosporidium parvum infectivity of HCT-8 (human colon carcinoma) cells in vitro, for potential incorporation of these bioactives into LNS products. Findings From invasion assays lasting four hours after treatment, there were no differences in C. parvum infectivity of HCT-8 cells treated with several doses of carvacrol or oregano essential oil. Cells were viable under the different doses used, indicating that carvacrol and oregano essential oil are not toxic to cells at the tested concentrations over four hours. From infectivity assays, both carvacrol and oregano essential oil reduced C. parvum infection. Complete loss of cell viability was observed at doses higher than 250 µg/mL for both carvacrol and oregano essential oil. From these studies the inhibitory dose was calculated for both OEO and CV.
Publications
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Peterson, R.D. 2016. A photonic crystal biosensor application for assessment of iron deficiency (Doctoral dissertation). IDEALS Illinois.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Gaur, S., Kuhlenschmidt, T.B., Kuhlenschmidt, M.S. and Andrade, J.E. 2016. Oregano Essential Oil and Carvacrol Reduce Cryptosporidium parvum Infectivity of HCT-8 cells. Research paper abstract presented at Experimental Biology 2016 conference on April 2-5, 2016 in San Diego, CA, USA.
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