USE OF ALTERNATIVE FEED INGREDIENTS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN THE PIG

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1007609
• Project Start Date: Sep 8, 2015
• Project End Date: Aug 31, 2020
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
200 D.W. BROOKS DR
ATHENS,GA 30602-5016

Performing Department
Animal & Dairy Science

Non Technical Summary
Feed costs represent 60-75% of the cost of production for meat animals. Feed ingredient prices in the Southeastern United States are typically 25-50% greater than those in the Midwest. As a result of this, the cost of production is greater in the Southeast. A means to lower feed costs, will result in more profitable production. The project is focused on swine production and more specifically on the ingredients used in diets fed to pigs during the first 3-5 weeks after weaning. We expect to identify alternative feed ingredients that can be used in swine diets as replacements for commonly used ingredients such as corn and soybean meal.

Animal Health Component

80%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

20%

Applied

80%

Developmental

0%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
302	3510	1010	100%

Knowledge Area
302 - Nutrient Utilization in Animals;

Subject Of Investigation
3510 - Swine, live animal;

Field Of Science
1010 - Nutrition and metabolism;

Keywords

pigs

nutrition

nursery diets

alternative feed ingredients

Goals / Objectives
The primary goal of the proposed research is to identify and evaluate alternative feed ingredients for use in swine diets that have the potential to lower the cost of production. The main emphasis will be on ingredients that are available in the Southeastern United States where feed costs are generally higher than in the Midwest.

Project Methods
The focus of these studies will be on the nursery pig in the first 3-5 weeks post-weaning. Studies will be conducted to evaluate the growth performance of pigs fed alternative ingredients relative to those fed standard diets. Ingredient chemical composition and nutrient availability will also be determined. A thorough analysis of the cost effectiveness of the alternatives will be performed.

Progress 09/08/15 to 08/31/20

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this research are other university scientists, as well as producers and supporting industry specialists. This wouldinclude pork producing companies, feed companies and feed ingredient suppliers. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?At least 6 graduate students and one post doctoral student were involved directly in studies supported by this project. Numerous other graduate students have benefited from the training and data analysis that was associated with this research. The graduate students who were directly involved have gone on to positions in industry (3), academia (1), or are currently enrolled in vet school (1) or continuing in graduate school (1). The post doc working on this project has recently started in an academic position. Several cooperating scientists assisted in this research. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Publications summarizing the research have been published in scientific journals. Multiple presentations have been made at scientific meetings attended by other scientists in both academia and industry. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A number of publications were generated from this project. They include studies on the use of wheat and wheat gluten in nursery pig diets and studies on the use of feed enzymes such as phytase, carbohydrase, lipase and protease in swine and poultry diets. Support from this project allowed for lab support of other studies in the area of meat science and meat quality both at the University of Georgia and the University of Kentucky. In addition, support was used to assist with studies using the pig as a model for human health issues related to dietaryomega-3and antioxidants.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Lourenco, J.M.; Nunn, S.C.; Lee, E.J.; Dove, C.R.; Callaway, T.R.; Azain, M.J. 2020. Effect of Supplemental Protease on Growth Performance and Excreta Microbiome of Broiler Chicks. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 475.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Su S, Wang Y, Chen C, Suh M, Azain M, Kim WK. 2020. Fatty Acid Composition and Regulatory Gene Expression in Late-Term Embryos of ACRB and COBB Broilers. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:317.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Tinkle AK, Wilson ME, Torrison JL, Parsley MA, Duberstein KJ, Azain MJ, Dove CR. 2020. Comparison of blunt versus functional claw trimming effects on sow gait. J Swine Health Prod. 28(3):118-123.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Fang, X.; Sun, W.; Jeon, J.; Azain, M.; Kinder, H.; Ahn, J.; Chung, H.C.; Mote, R.S.; Filipov, N.M.; Zhao, Q.; Rayalam, S.; Park, H.J. 2020. Perinatal Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation Improves Cognition and Alters Brain Functional Organization in Piglets. Nutrients 12, 2090, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072090
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Lourenco, J.M., R. S. Hampton, H. M. Johnson, T. R. Callaway, M. J. Rothrock, M. J. Azain. 2021. The Effects of Feeding Antibiotic on the Intestinal Microbiota of Weanling Pigs. Front. Vet. Sci., 12 March 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.601394.

Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for our research are other scientists in the feed industry as well as pork producers who can apply the results of our work in their operations. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Several graduate students worked on these projects. These students are continuing their education and will likely contribute to the feed industry. Several undergraduate students were involved in our research and were trained in various aspects related to nutrition research How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been published in journal articles and presented at a national meeting. Updates of our research are presented to the Georgia Pork Producers Association at their annual meeting. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We continue to evaluate feed ingredients and feed enzymes in nursery pig diets.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We published a study that looked at phosphorus balance in pigs fed phytase at 2 levels of dietary available phosphorus. The study confirmed that phytase improves phosphorus digestibility, but also showed that there appears to be a threshold in the body for retention. Once bone mineralization is maximized, the additional phosphorus fed above this amount is excreted in the urine. We also conducted studies to determine if there was any value to the addition of a protease to the feed and examined antibiotic alternatives in nursery diets.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fang X, Azain M, Crowe-White K, Mumaw J, Grimes JA, Schmiedt C, Barletta M, Rayalam S, Park HJ. 2019. Effect of Acute Ingestion of Green Tea Extract and Lemon Juice on Oxidative Stress and Lipid Profile in Pigs Fed a High-Fat Diet. Antioxidants 8(6), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8060195
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: J M Gonzalez, T A Houser, T G OQuinn, D E Nuttelman, R Odgaard, J M Coulter, G Faltys, A M Stelzleni, M J Azain. 2019. The effects of the LIPEX finishing diet regimen on pork quality, fatty acid profile, palatability, and color stability. Translational Animal Science txz149, https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz149
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Tsai TC, Dove R, Bedford MR, Azain MJ. 2019. Effect of phytase on phosphorous balance in 20-kg barrows fed low or adequate phosphorous diets. Animal Nutrition Journal https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2019.11.002.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: T. Krause *, E. Moore, D. Pringle, M. Azain, R. Detweiler, H. Gilleland, N. Rinke and L. Thompson. 2019. The Effects of Belly Weight and Location within the Belly on Bacon Quality Characteristics, Proximate Composition, and Fatty Acid Profile. Meat and Muscle Biology 2:50-50. doi:10.221751/rmc2018.043.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fang,X., J. Jeon, H. Kinder, M. Azain, Q. Zhao, J. Ahn, H. C. Chung, H. J. Park. The Effect of Maternal Supplementation of Lutein and Docosahexaenoic Acid on Behavior and Brain Structures in Offspring in a Pig Model (P11-005-19), Current Developments in Nutrition, Volume 3, Issue Supplement_1, June 2019, nzz048.P1100519, https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz048.P11-005-19.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wang, D., Y. D. Jang, G K Rentfrow, H J Monegue, M J Azain, M. D Lindemann. Effect of different fat sources and vitamin E status/levels on growth performance, antioxidant status, carcass characteristics, fatty acid profile, and meat quality of pigs grown to heavy slaughter weight at 150 kgJournal of Animal Science, Volume 97, Issue Supplement_2, July 2019, Page 30, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.055 .
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wang, D., Y. D. Jang, G K Rentfrow, H J Monegue, M J Azain, M. D Lindemann. Effects of different fat sources and vitamin E levels on tissue tocopherol concentration, antioxidant status, and fatty acid composition in the backfat of pigs grown to 150 kg, Journal of Animal Science, Volume 97, Issue Supplement_2, July 2019, Page 202, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.354 .

Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this work would be swine producers in the United States. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Several graduate students worked on these projects. One student completed her PhD degree and took a position with a Midwestern feed company. Another student completed a MS degree and took a position with an ingredient supplier. A third student also completed a MS degree and is currently in veterinary school. Several undergraduate students were involved in our research and were trained in various aspects related to nutrition research. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been published in journal articles and presented at a national meeting. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We continue to evaluate feed ingredients and feed enzymes in nursery pig diets.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We published a study demonstrating that wheat can partially or fully replace corn in nursery pig diets. This is important because it demonstrates that when wheat prices are low enough to be cost-effective, that it can replace corn. There are various times during the year that wheat prices in the Southeast are similar or less than corn prices and this work provides evidence of the ability to use wheat in the diet to reduce production costs. We also tested the effect of adding a lipase enzyme to the diet of nursery pigs. Pancreatic lipase activity is limiting for the young pig and we were able to show some small improvement in growth performance when an endogenous lipase was added to the diet.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bloxham, D.L., C.R.Dove and M.Azain. 2018. Effect of wheat as a feedstuff in starter diets on nursery pig growth performance and digestibility. Livestock Science 207: 98-104
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Edwards G.L., M.J. Azain, and A. Parks. 2018. Agricultural Animals as Biomedical Models: Occupational Health and Safety Considerations. ILAR J. 2018 Nov 22. doi: 10.1093/ilar/ily013. [Epub ahead of print]
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Reed R, Barletta M, Grimes J, Mumaw J, Park HJ, Giguère S, Azain M, Fang X, Quandt J. 2018. Accuracy of an oscillometric blood pressure monitor in anesthetized pigs. Lab Anim. 2018 Oct;52(5):490-496. doi: 10.1177/0023677218763686. Epub 2018 Mar 20.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Tinkle, A. M. E. Wilson, Z. J. Rambo, D. J. Bloxham, C. M. De Mille, K. J. Duberstein, M. J. Azain, C. R. Dove. 2018. Changes in Kinematic Measurements from Nursery through Finishing for a Mixed Group of Pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 96 (suppl. 2): 1.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Tinkle A., M. E. Wilson, Z. J. Rambo, D. J. Bloxham, C. M. De Mille, A. Yin, C. Nunn, C. Edmunds, K. J. Duberstein, M. J. Azain, C. R. Dove. 2018. The Effects of Training on Kinematics in a Mixed Group of Grower Pigs Using Negative Reinforcement and Positive Punishment over a Week. Journal of Animal Science, 96 (Suppl 2): 1⿿2.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Tinkle A., M. E. Wilson, Z. J. Rambo, K. Parham, C. M. De Mille, K. J. Duberstein, M. J. Azain, C. R. Dove. Effects of Feeding a Mineral Amino Acid Complex from Nursery to Second Parity on Sow Productivity and Gait Analysis. Journal of Animal Science, 96 (Suppl_2): 133.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wang, D., Y. D. Jang, G. Rentfrow, M. J. Azain, M. D. Lindemann. Effect of Different Fat Sources and Vitamin E Levels on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality of Pigs Grown to 150 Kg. 2018. Journal of Animal Science 96 (Suppl 2):84⿿85.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Yin, A., S. C. Nunn, A. Tinkle, G. Wu, C. R. Dove, M. J. Azain. 2018 Effect of Supplemental Dietary Lipase and Copper on the Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Nursery Pigs. Journal of Animal Science 96 (Suppl_2): 164⿿165.

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results of this work have been presented a the Midwest ASAS meeting. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to continue to evaluate ingredients and feed additives for their use in nursery pig diets.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? In studies where nursery pigs were fed diets with distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), it was shown that growth rate was reduced. However, the addition of carbohydrate degrading enzymes to these diets restored growht to rates similar to that seen with corn based diets. This indicates that lower cost DDGS can be used in place of corn and that the addition of enzymes will result in normalized growth.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Tsai, T., C.R. Dove, P. M. Cline, A. Owusu-Asiedu, M. C. Walsh, and M. Azain. 2017. The effect of adding xylanase or ?-glucanase to diets with corn distillers dried grains with solubles (CDDGS) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs. Livestock Sci. 197: 46-52.

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results from this work were presented at the Midwest American Society of Animal Science meeting in 2016. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We continue to examine this and other ingredients and feed additives for use in nursery diets.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We conducted studies to look at the use of wheat gluten as a protein source in pig starter diets. Wheat gluten is high in protein and can potentially replace higher cost ingredients. In addition it is a plant based protein source and would fit in well with diets where animal proteins are not used. We demonstrated that wheat gluten is able to replace fish meal and part of the plasma protein in the diet for the nursery pig.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: D. J. Bloxham, M. J. Azain, G. M. Pesti. 2016. Comparison of digestible amino acids databases: relationship between amino acid digestibility and concentration in swine. J. Anim Sci. 94 (Suppl. 2):36.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: De Millie, C. M*, D. J. Bloxham, C. R. Dove, S. Bassi and M. J Azain. 2106. Use of Wheat Gluten as an Alternative Protein Source in Nursery Diets. J. Anim Sci. 94 (Suppl. 2):86.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Cline, P.M., T.C. Tsai, A.M. Stelzleni, C.R. Dove, M. Azain. 2016. Interaction of dietary energy and protein on growth performance, carcass characteristics and digestibility in finishing barrows when fed at a constant digestible lysine to metabolizable energy ratio. Livestock Science 184:1-6.

Progress 09/08/15 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been presented at the annual Georgia Pork Producers meeting and submitted for publication. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to examine this and other alternative feed ingredients for use in nursery diets.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We examined the growth performance of pigs fed diets with increasing amounts of wheat in place of corn and found that it could be substituted. Wheat prices are often lower than corn and therefore use of all or partial substitution may result in a reduction of feed costs.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: D. J. Bloxham, C.R. Dove, and M. Azain. 2015. Effect of substitution of wheat for corn on growth performance and digestibility in nursery pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 93 (Suppl. 2): 164.