Source: HMONG AMERICAN FARMERS ASSOCIATION submitted to NRP
BEGINNING FARMER TRAINING FOR SOCIALLY DISADVANTAGED HMONG AND LATINO IMMIGRANTS.
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1007302
Grant No.
2015-70017-24012
Cumulative Award Amt.
$712,500.00
Proposal No.
2015-04775
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Sep 1, 2015
Project End Date
Aug 31, 2018
Grant Year
2015
Program Code
[BFRDA]- Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program, Standard
Recipient Organization
HMONG AMERICAN FARMERS ASSOCIATION
941 LAFOND AVE WEST STE 100
SAINT PAUL,MN 55104
Performing Department
(N/A)
Non Technical Summary
This project represents the continuation of a unique collaboration of half a dozen public and private, as well as rural and urban based organizations conceived of and spearheaded by two immigrant-led, community-based organizations (CBOs): the Hmong American Farmers Association (HAFA), as the lead, and the Latino Economic Development Center (LEDC), as a sub-awardee. In this proposal, HAFA and LEDC will recruit and develop a cohort of Hmong and Latino trainers through a train the trainer sub-program; develop a series of short videos in Hmong and Spanish; and lastly, emphasize that everyone is a teacher and everyone is a learner to reiterate that there are many ways of knowing. The long term goal of this project is to build thriving and sustainable farming operations, farmers and farming communities for the Hmong and Latino farmers in Minnesota. This can be achieved by (secondary goal #1): increasing the number of immigrant farmers' ability to make a successful living from farming while respecting traditional methods of learning and cultural practices, and (secondary goal #2): expanding economic opportunities for immigrant farmers and their children through collaborative marketing, value-added production and specialized farm business training.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
60101201060100%
Goals / Objectives
This project represents the continuation of a unique collaboration of half a dozen public and private, as well as rural and urban based organizations conceived of and spearheaded by two immigrant-led, community-based organizations (CBOs): the Hmong American Farmers Association (HAFA), as the lead, and the Latino Economic Development Center (LEDC), as a sub-awardee.In 2012, LEDC (with HAFA as a sub-awardee) received funds from the Beginning Farmers and Ranchers Development Program (BFRDP) to develop and implement two bi-lingual and bi-cultural training programs. HAFA and LEDC learned that to truly magnify the collective impact of a training program the curriculum and how the curriculum is delivered must be culturally appropriate, in-language, and delivered by a trainer that looks like the people he or she is training.The overarching goal of this project is to build thriving and sustainable farming operations, farmers and farming communities. For the Hmong and Latino farmers in Minnesota, this can be achieved by two secondary goals: Secondary Goal #1: Increase the ability of immigrant farmers to make a successful living from farming while respecting traditional methods and cultural practices:Many Hmong[1] immigrants in Minnesota are already involved in vegetable production, but most still operate at a subsistence level that is more accurately be characterized as "gardening" rather than farming (such production is characterized by working five or fewer acres and growing a wide variety of products for home use or maybe a single point of sale rather than specializing in particular products and selling to multiple buyers). Moreover, they earned less than mainstream Caucasian vegetable growers. Many of Minnesota's rural Latino residents already work in the food production industry and may even own land, but their jobs are typically low-wage work at kill plants or processing facilities rather than food production itself. Both groups face significant language and cultural barriers to mainstream farming and markets that go well beyond simply access to training classes.Objectives:Deliver two complete beginning farmer training programs per year each year for three years that build upon traditional immigrant farming culture and methodology while integrating mainstream agricultural concepts. One training curriculum will be in Spanish for Latino farmers and one in Hmong language for Hmong farmers. Each program will include 10-16 training sessions of 4-6 hours each, plus additional work in one-to-one and field settings. This will be a total of 75 training sessions or more over the grant period for beginning immigrant farmers.Deliver a specialized farm business training that begins with financial counseling from the Eastside Enterprise Center (EFC) which ascertains farmers' credit score, then moves to individualized business training and writing of a business plan with the assistance of farm business instructors from Ridgewater College, and saving money in an individual development account (IDA) managed by EFC staff, and ending with HAFA staff supporting the application for a microloan to be used for an asset purchase or the launch of a value added product. This will be a dynamic, yearlong curriculum.Develop 25 significant new intermediate training modules for graduates of the initial program focusing on additional ways to expand markets and build wealth. The new modules will include power points, worksheets and interactive activities and short videos that best deliver the lessons. For example some of the new modules may be on planting perennial crops and permaculture or planting sunflower for the specialty oil market.Train immigrant farmers or their children to become trainers in a comprehensive beginning farmer training program that is both linguistically and culturally tailored to immigrant farmers. These sessions will work closely with more academic experts but provide the immigrant trainers with confidence to deliver the modules themselves.Use ethnic media such as Hmong and Latino radio, newspapers and cultural networks such as clan meetings, church gatherings etc. to outreach to Hmong and Latino prospective farmers with information about culturally appropriate beginning farmer training for immigrant farmers.Secondary Goal #2: Expand economic opportunity for immigrant farmers through collaborative marketing and advanced business practices:Immigrant farmers in Minnesota generally work small plots of land producing a variety of vegetables. It is unlikely that at any time in the near future they will covert to large scale, mainstream commodity agriculture. To move beyond a subsistence living therefore, immigrant farmers will have to do three things: 1) work together in a cooperative arrangement to access economies of scale for sales and marketing, 2) explore value-added production opportunities to move beyond the simple selling of unprocessed inputs, and 3) enhance their business and production acumen to ensure their farm operations are as efficient and productive as can be.With the help of the previous BFRDP grant, Hmong farmers in Minnesota were able for the first time to move beyond selling at a farmers' market level, and sign contracts with a local school district, Head Start program, and several area groceries. Latino farmers forged relationships with local restaurants, and allied themselves with other small farmers for more efficient marketing. Both groups saw increased sales, and are enthusiastically awaiting more advanced courses to build on the momentum began with our first project.Objectives:Develop a training curriculum for navigating the value added rules and regulations in MinnesotaDevelop modules that deal with raising livestock and assessing new markets for proteinsWork with 50 advanced producers to test their ideas for value-added productsWork intensively with 25 farmers on a 1:1 basis to improve farm operations especially around food safety, whole farm planning and cost sharingIntroduce 150 aspiring farmers to the concept of cooperatives and the concrete benefits of working in a collaborative fashion.[1] The Hmong are an Asian ethnic group from the mountainous regions of Laos, Vietnam, China and Thailand. Minnesota has the second largest concentration of Hmong refugees in the U.S. and the largest per-capita.
Project Methods
Both HAFA and LEDC are at their base, social justice organizations that were started by and are led by members of their respective immigrant communities. Both organizations use an intensive organizing approach to work with their members and other farmers in the community to access land, equipment, capital, research and training so that the farmers can improve their farming operations, and thereby, lift themselves and their families out of poverty. There are other beginning farmer training programs that currently exist in Minnesota and the Twin Cities markets, but none of them have the linguistic and cultural competency, comprehension or capacity of HAFA and LEDC. For example, other organizations may hire a single immigrant staff member for the duration of a grant cycle, but both HAFA and LEDC have many, full time staff members who are bi-lingual, bi-cultural and experienced in farming. Other programs may organize conferences and offer 45 minute training sessions that draw a large number of attendees, but after the conferences, those organizations do not have the resources or programs to deepen or expand the learning. HAFA and LEDC have the experiences and direct connections to long term farmland access, value-added production and marketing opportunities, and relationships with financial entities offering microloans and other financial resources that immigrant farmers can use. Moreover, none of the other programs follow a cohort of farmers and their families literally for years the way HAFA and LEDC do, both inside the classrooms and on the fields, to make sure that their training programs have the desired result of ultimately benefiting low income, immigrant farmers.HAFA and LEDC's training programs are unique in the nation in a number of specific ways:They are the only beginning farmer training programs that have been conceptualized, written and delivered entirely by immigrant-led organizations;HAFA and LEDC are membership-based: They have a long-term relationship with their constituents and follow all of their training participants with active post-training support;Their curriculums are built upon existing traditional farming practices in the immigrant communities integrated with contemporary agricultural methodology;Their curriculums have a very strong business development component, conceptualized and delivered by an organization with a very strong track record in supporting successful immigrant entrepreneurship;They have the resources to link emerging immigrant farmers directly with value-added production and marketing opportunities upongraduation from our training;Their curriculums contain the added element of cooperative training to give small farmers more tools and opportunities to be successful through collaborative action.For HAFA and LEDC's trainings, they will assess and begin with what immigrant farmers already know, and build on that knowledge with what new knowledge can be added. The learning will be interactive, culturally presented and using relevant case studies. There will be a lot of interactions and one to one tutorials. HAFA and LEDC believe that such an approach yields a much higher rate of participation from minority farmers, a much higher rate of completion from those who do participate in the trainings, as well as a much higher rate of overall success as measured by the increase in farm income and family wealth for training graduates over the long term.

Progress 09/01/15 to 08/31/18

Outputs
Target Audience:The Hmong American Farmers Association worked with over 50 Hmong farmers in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. We enacted over 16, 3 hours, training workshops to build the capacity of Hmong farmers from soil health and fertility to food safety and writing a food safety plan.We also conducted extensive one to one tutorials in the field especially around crop mapping and cover crops. Changes/Problems:One of the major challenges we encountered was how to support and provide technical support for our farmers, but not make them dependent on us for all things including interpretation services. For example, we worked very hard with our farmers on crop mapping and training them to conduct their own crop map for crop insurance purposes and applications. We calculated that it took over 13 hours per farmer to do these one to one tutorials. But after three years, the farmers still rely heavily on us to do the actual calculations. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?We were able to educateand mentor over 10 new Hmong trainers, who are bi-lingual and bi-cultural. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have shared our successes through field days, conferences, through news articles, videos and most importantly, through word of mouth via our farmers. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Overall, over 1,000 people attended our trainings over the duration of this grant. So much was accomplished as a result of this grant. Some of those highlights include the expansion of a food hub (due to farmers' greater understanding of food safety, sorting and grading) to help our farmers access new and alternative markets. In 2015, the food hub sales were approximately $80,000 and last year, YR 2018, the sales increased to over $375,000 with farmers seeing their sales per acre almost double. As a result of this grant, three new value added businesses were launched including a fermented product, a dried herb product and a dehydrated sweet potatoes product. Lastly, because of this grant, we were able to explore purchasing real estate with our farmers-- were we identified a parcel, begin to form a land cooperative to buy the parcel, and write a business plan. In our efforts to write a plan and perform a business analysis, we concluded that the farm could not be financially viable, if we still wanted to rent out land affordably to other non-owner farmers. Thus we decided not to buy the parcel. But each of those training workshops that led to that decision was critical or else, we could have purchased the land and then gone bankrupt.

Publications


    Progress 09/01/15 to 08/31/16

    Outputs
    Target Audience:The target audiences for this project are Hmong and Latino immigrant farmers. According to the 2010 Census, Latinos and Asians accounted for over 10% of the Minnesota populace and were the fasting growing segments of the population. Minnesota has been enriched by it growing immigrant population, but many of these new Minnesotans are poor. Hispanics in Minnesota have a poverty rate that is two and a half times that of white residents, and Saint Paul and Minneapolis also have one of the highest concentrations of Asians in poverty in the country. Despite being in Minnesota for more than 40 years, Hmong and Latinos are working hard, but barely making it. Hmong immigrants in Minnesota have often pursued farming for a living, although their efforts might be more accurately characterized as "gardening". Most cultivate fewer than five acres of land and grow mainly a variety of vegetables. Almost all Hmong farmers participate regularly in farmers markets. However, selling unprocessed product in a farmers' market environment typically yields these farmers gross sales of only about $4,000 - $5,000 per acre, with often a great deal of produce thrown away. Consequently, the average Minnesota Hmong farming family's income is approximately $35,000 per year (for a family of six), significantly less than the average mainstream farmers' income of $58,000. Latino immigrants in Minnesota are increasingly living in rural areas, and many work in agricultural processing facilities including meat packing where the average wage in 2012 was $11.22 an hour, a reduction from previous years and hardly enough to feed a family. Many of the communities in rural Minnesota that have a high percentage of Hispanic residents also, not surprisingly, have very high levels of poverty. In interviews, Latino residents of rural areas have expressed a strong interest in making the transition from working in processing facilities to farming, and some have even acquired land. However a lack of experience and a dearth of reliable marketing opportunities have left them reluctant to pursue farming full-time. While the experience of Hmong and Latino farmers certainly have their differences, a number of commonalities emerge: both experience impediments to entering the financial mainstream due to language and cultural barriers; both are often involved in the food production industry already, but at a subsistence level that makes it difficult to move beyond their low income status; while growing, neither immigrant group is of a size where marketing product only to their cultural cohorts makes financial sense - both are in need of more efficient ways to market to mainstream consumer; and finally, in both cases, participants in farming currently operate at such a small and fractured scale, that they would substantially benefit from more coordinated economic efforts. For those reasons and much more, a training program like the ones being offered through HAFA and LEDC could greatly support Hmong and Latino farmers to build their capacities and lift themselves and their families out of poverty. Changes/Problems:One of our major challenge that we faced in this project was how quicklythe younger Hmong farmers were giving up on vegetable production for more lucrative farming opportunities in CA and CO. We had to double down on our intergenerational wealth creation tactics to keep the younger children of our farmers engaged or else we were not retaining many young farmers. We also had to lead with our business development modules to make sure families were making money so that the younger farmers could see this venture as financially viable. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Each year, we provided weeklytrainings that ran from November to April from an array of topics including soil health to growing peach trees in high tunnels. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have broadcasted our results on our social media platforms, through presentations at local and national conferences and through correspondence with our database of 2,000 supporters.We have also had numerous articles written about our work. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to continue doing what we have been doing.

    Impacts
    What was accomplished under these goals? Under these goals, we did meet our objectives: Developed a three parttraining curriculum for navigating the value added rules and regulations in Minnesota Work with 15advanced producers to test their ideas for value-added products Work intensively with 40farmers on a 1:1 basis to improve farm operations especially around food safety, whole farm planning and cost sharing Introduce 200aspiring farmers to the concept of cooperatives and the concrete benefits of working in a collaborative fashion.

    Publications