ENGINEERING FOR FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1007283
• Multistate No.: NC-_old1023
• Project Start Date: Oct 1, 2015
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2020
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV
(N/A)
MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762

Performing Department
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Non Technical Summary
Rice is the staple food for over half of the world's population. Milled rice is deficient in almost all important nutrients including protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, and fibers except carbohydrates. The protein, vitamin E, and iron contents are remarkably low compared with other cereal crops. Additionally, milled rice has very little zinc and no vitamin A. Thus, rice generally lacks sufficient nutrients to sustain life, if used as the sole source of food. The poor nutrition, markedly the deficiency in iron and zinc, of milled rice has caused severe malnutrition problems, particularly among children and older populations, in developing countries where the access to other food is limited. Zinc (Zn) deficiency has been estimated to affect 95.4% of the population in South Asia and other areas where people largely consume rice as the staple food. Stunting due to zinc deficiency affects 40% of preschool children (Hotz and Brown 2004), and 82% of pregnant women (Bhutta and Haider 2009). Iron deficiency anaemia is a worldwide public health problem with global prevalence estimated at 24.8%. The highest prevalence is found in Africa, the Middle East, Central, South, and South-East Asia, and areas of Latin America, where two thirds of children under five, and almost 50% of women are anaemic (WHO2008). While nutrient fortification has been widely used for wheat and maize flour and are very successful in improving human diet nutrition worldwide, an effective method for rice fortification is not available thus far as rice is consumed as whole grain. No good method can stably force nutrients such as minerals and vitamins to penetrate into the rice grain and sustain the washing steps before cooking, a traditional practice used by almost all families.In this project, we will develop new methods to allow minerals and vitamins penetrate into rice grains.

Animal Health Component

40%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

60%

Applied

40%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
501	1530	1010	100%

Knowledge Area
501 - New and Improved Food Processing Technologies;

Subject Of Investigation
1530 - Rice;

Field Of Science
1010 - Nutrition and metabolism;

Keywords

rice

fortification

iron

zinc

vitamins

food

Goals / Objectives
Characterize multi-scale physical, chemical and biological properties of food, biological and engineered materials Develop new and sustainable technologies to transform raw materials into safe, high quality, health enhanced and value added foods through processing, packaging and preservation Disseminate knowledge developed through research and novel pedagogical methods to enhance student and other stakeholder learning and practice

Project Methods
A novel approach combining physical and biochemical methods will be used.

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:rice scientists, nutritionists, all people who are interested in food safety and food nutrition. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Students have been trained in different fields including biochemistry, food nutrition, and animal sciences. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Our results have been disseminated via peer reviewed publications, conference presentation, and data deposit. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue our research in rice nutient value regulation.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We have demonstrated that lysine acylation occures aboundantly in rice seeds, which may also affects lysine bioavailability while regulating metabolic pathways. Meanwhile, our another study showed that feeding pigs with market available rice brans did not result in arsenic contamination in US. The results should have critical reference value for consumers and food indutry.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Liao SF, Hasan MS, Yang Z, Stevens AW, Brett J, Peng Z. Feeding Arsenic-Containing Rice Bran to Growing Pigs: Growth Performance, Arsenic Tissue Distribution, and Arsenic Excretion. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Nov 17;17(22):8530. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17228530. PMID: 33213038; PMCID: PMC7698505.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Meng X, Mujahid H, Zhang. Y, Peng X, Zhao Q, Redo�a ED, Wang C, Peng Z. (2019) Comprehensive Analysis of the Lysine Succinylome and Protein Co-modifications in Developing Rice Seeds. Mol Cell Proteomics. 18:2359-2372.

Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Scientists, rice scientists and food scientists, students, Changes/Problems:In addition to minerals, we extended our research to lysine bioavailability in rice. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One Ph D. student was trained How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Peer reviewed articles were published and research results were presented in international conference. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to investigate the impact of lysine acylation on lysine bioavailability in rice and other cereals.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Protein lysine succinylation were investigated together with acetylation, malonylation, crotonylation, and 2-hydroxisobutyrylation in developing rice seeds. The results showed that the modification sites had sequence preferences and the proteins were selected. Some lysine residues of selected proteins were modified by all the five tested modifications in the cell. Given that these moieties are intermediate products of different cellular metabolic pathways, these modifications may mediate the cross-talking among different metabolic pathways via modifying these lysine residues by feedback control. The impact of these modifications on lysine bioavailability is under investigation.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Meng, X., Lv, Y., Mujahid, H., Edelmann, M. J., Zhao, H., Peng, X., & Peng, Z. (2018). Proteome-wide lysine acetylation identification in developing Rice (Oryza sativa) seeds and protein co-modification by acetylation, Succinylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation. Biochimica & Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Proteins and Proteomics. 1866(3):451-463.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mujahid, H.*, Meng, X.*, Xing, S., Peng, X., Wang, C., & Peng, Z. (2018). Malonylome analysis in developing rice (Oryza sativa) seeds suggesting that protein lysine malonylation is well-conserved and overlaps with acetylation and succinylation substantially. Journal of Proteomics, 170, 88-98.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Xiaoxi Meng, Hana Mujahid, Yadong Zhang, Xiaojun Peng, Edilberto D. Redon� a, Cailin Wang,and Zhaohua Peng. 2019, Comprehensive Analysis of the Lysine Succinylome and Protein Comodifications in Developing Rice Seeds. MCP, in press
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhaohua Peng, Xiaoxi Meng, Hana Mujahid, Shihai Xing, Loida M. Perez, Xiaojun Peng, Cailin Wang. 2019. Protein Lysine Acylation in Rice Seeds and Its Potential Roles in Seed Metabolic Regulation and Nutrient Reservoir Development. International Symposium on Rice Quality and Palatability, Jan 16-19. Nanjing, China.

Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Scientists, students, people who have interest in rice nutrition Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two graduate students and one undergraduate student are trained in our projects How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Two peer reviewed jouranl publications and two meeting proceedings are published. Two inviated oral presentations are given in conference. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?1) to continue to write and publish journal articles of research results. 2) To continue investigate the effect of lysine modifications on lysine bioavailibility in rice.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1) A method to enrich or fortify rice grains with minerals and vitamins that can sustain the washing step before cooking with little nutrient loss has been created. The method has the potential to substantially improve rice nutrition value. 2) The lysine modification status in rice seeds were analyzed. The effect of lysine modifications on lysine deficiency are under investigation.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Meng, X., Lv, Y., Mujahid, H., Edelmann, M. J., Zhao, H., Peng, X., & Peng, Z. (2018). Proteome-wide lysine acetylation identification in developing Rice (Oryza sativa) seeds and protein co-modification by acetylation, Succinylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation. Biochimica & Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Proteins and Proteomics. 1866(3):451-463
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mujahid, H.*, Meng, X.*, Xing, S., Peng, X., Wang, C., & Peng, Z. (2018). Malonylome analysis in developing rice (Oryza sativa) seeds suggesting that protein lysine malonylation is well-conserved and overlaps with acetylation and succinylation substantially. Journal of Proteomics, 170:88-98.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Meng, X., Xing, S., Perez, L. M., Peng, X., Wang, C., and Peng, Z. (2018) Protein lysine malonylation, succinylation, and 2-hydroxyisobutylation in developing rice seed. Proceedings of Thirty-Seventh Rice Technological Working Group Conference. 73, Feb 19-22, Long Beach, California.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Peng, V., Mujahid, H., Peng, Z. (2018) Improving Milled Rice Nutrition via Manipulation of Starch Crystalline Structure and Micronutrient Penetration Treatments.Proceedings of Thirty-Seventh Rice Technological Working Group Conference. 163, Feb 19-22, Long Beach, California.

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:scientists, undergradaute students, graduate students, rice researchers and breeders Changes/Problems:In addition to rice fortification and enrichment method development, we also work on rice nutrition reservior regulation in developing seeds. This year, our research mainly focused on post translational regulation in rice nutrition regulation. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Five undergraduate students and two graduate students received training in this projects. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We had three peer reviewed journal article got accepted. In addition, we had five oral presentations and three posters presented in local and international conferences. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue our research in protein postranslational modifications and the role of the modification in rice seed nutrition reservior developement and regulation

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Protein lysine acetylation, malonylation, and 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation have been recognized as new post-translational modifications (PTMs) in recent years. It is plausible that these modifications may have a greater functional impact than lysine acetylation due to bulkier structural changes and larger charge differences introduced on the modified lysine residues. However, the identity of proteins harboring these modifications and their corresponding functions in cereal plants remain largely unknown. Using antibody-based affinity enrichment of modified peptides followed by nano-HPLC/MS/MS analyses, we identified from a few hundreds to over nine thousands modification sites for these modifications in developing rice (Oryza sativa) seeds, respectively. Distinct sequence motifs at the modification sites were identified for each of the modification. Proteins with different sequence motifs were shown to be favorably associated with unique metabolic pathways or protein function domains. Many of the modified proteins and the corresponding modification sites were conserved from E. coli, human, to plants. Remarkably, heavy modifications were detected on major seed storage proteins together with the key enzymes participating in central carbon metabolism and storage starch biosynthetic pathways, which are essential for rice seed nutrition reservoir development. Rice proteins with co-modifications of acetylation, malonylation, 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation were studied through a comprehensive comparison analysis. In addition, the impact of lysine modification on lysine bioavailability in rice proteins is also analyzed. Our study delivers a platform for expansive investigation of the molecular networks administrating cereal seed development via post-translational modifications.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mujahid, H.*, Meng, X.*, Xing, S., Peng, X., Wang, C., & Peng, Z. (2017). Malonylome analysis in developing rice (Oryza sativa) seeds suggesting that protein lysine malonylation is well-conserved and overlaps with acetylation and succinylation substantially. Journal of Proteomics, 170, 88-98.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Meng, X., Lv, Y., Mujahid, H., Edelmann, M. J., Zhao, H., Peng, X., & Peng, Z. (2017). Proteome-wide lysine acetylation identification in developing Rice (Oryza sativa) seeds and protein co-modification by acetylation, Succinylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Proteins and Proteomics. (In Press)
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Meng, X., Xing, S., Perez, L.M., Peng, X., Zhao, Q., Redo�a, E.D., Wang, C., & Peng, Z. (2017).Proteome-wide Analysis of Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation in Developing Rice (Oryza sativa) Seeds. Scientific Reports. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17756-6. (In Press)

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:food scientists, rice industry, farmers, rice breeders, and citizens who are care about rice nutrition Changes/Problems:We have successfully completed the rice nutrition fortification project. The research on next phase will focus on starch and protein quality regulation. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?It provided training opportunity for a postdoctoral fellow, one graduate student, and one student worker How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have presented our results in two confernces and published our results in internation journals. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We are preparing three more manuscripts. We would like to have all the results published next year. In addition, we will continue the research on protein content and starch quality regulation in rice.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Two papers have been published and two more manuscripts are under review and resubmissions have been invited by the editors. Our results provided new insight into grain starch and protein content regulation, which is critical for food quality improvement.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2016 Citation: Zhang, Y., Zheng, J. Liang, Z., Liang, Y., Peng, Z. and Wang, C. (2015) Verification and evaluation of grain QTLs using RILs from TD70xKasalath in rice. Genetics and Molecular Research 14(4):14882-14892. Lv, Y., Liang, Z., Ge, M., Qi, W., Zhang, T., Lin, F., Peng, Z*., Zhao, H*. (2016) Genome-wide identification and functional prediction of nitrogen-responsive intergenic and intronic long non-coding RNAs in maize (Zea mays L.). BMC Genomics. 11;17(1):350 (*co-corresponding author. Shihai Xing 1, 2, Xiaoxi Meng2, Lihui Zhou 1, Hana Mujahid 2, Chunfang Zhao 1, Yadong Zhang 1, 2, and Cailin Wang 1* , Zhaohua Peng 2* Proteome Profile of Starch Granules Purified from Rice (Oryza sativa) Endosperm. PLOS one, under review Xiaoxi Meng1, Yuanda Lv1, 2, Hana Mujahid1, Mariola J. Edelmann3, Han Zhao2, Xiaojun Peng4, Zhaohua Peng1* Proteome-wide Lysine Acetylation Identification in Developing Rice (Oryza sativa) Seeds and protein co-modification by acetylation, succinylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation. Journal Of Proteome Research, Under review