Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:-Outreach to more than 200 scientists at the XI International Ethylene meeting including more than 50 scientists studying physiological and molecular changes that occur during fruit ripening and abscission. This has promoted further communications. -Presentation to more than 50 growers and researchers at the Wisconsin Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Growers Annual Meeting (WFFVG) -Informal presentations and communications with numerous Wisconsin grape growers -Tasting of seedless table grapes to Madison community and UW Madison students creating awareness of new Wisconsin grape varieties Changes/Problems:Problems during the tenure of research included winter damage to grape varieties, increased disease pressure due to extremely wet fall in 2018, and technical difficulties with RNA extraction and gene expression due to limited sampling. We revised the project by changing cultivars (Canadice to Trohlhagen) and also focused on completing the analysis of wine grapes before analyzing all the table grape data. Some data analysis is still under way and will be added to the Frontiers in Biology publication. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?-training multiple graduate students, a research intern and two undergraduates -workshops on propagation and growing grapes in Northern WI at the Flambeau River Community Growing Center -opportunities for student seminar presentations -student advising for undergraduates interested in grape growing How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?-publications/flyer shared at West Madison Research Station -shared at farm days -shared with targeted/requested visits -shared as brochure at station -presentations at national conferences with specific outreach to those interested in grapes What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The original goals: The main goal of this research has been to develop an improved understanding of the physiological characteristics associated with abscission in multiple cold-hardy varieties, to identify new markers, and to help growers manage challenges associated with berry shatter. We have observed increased interest and continued growth in the Northern grape industry. This has generated more sustainable land use, economic growth and a stronger tourism-related industry. These outcomes are apparent by the increased numbers of grape growers, the increased attendance at grape outreach events and the number of email and phone inquiries. We have also observed both national and international interest in our characterization of morphological and molecular changes associated with ripening and abscission. Again, this is evidenced by requests for publication in the special issue on abscission by Frontiers in Plant Biology. While we have not yet developed new management techniques associated with distinct morphological, genetic, and physiological changes; we have determined unique patterns of gene expression associated with changes in morphology for some of the cultivars. Objectives: 1. Morphological characterization of the fruit abscission zone in four grape varieties (Frontenac, LaCrescent, Canadice, and Somerset Seedless). Unfortunately Canadice did not survive the harsh Wisconsin winters and thus we collected data for the remaining two years on the seedless table grape Trohlhagen. Limited data has been analyzed to compare the table grape varieties and we are still in the process of evaluating these differences. Abscission zone morphology was carefully observed at three developmental stages (Eichorn-Lorenz stages E-L 31:7-10mm berries; E-L 35:veraison; and E-L 38: fully ripe) and while all varieties initially appeared similar, distinct differences in morphology and gene expression between Frontenac and LaCrescent were observed at late ripening. Specifically, LaCrescent displayed degradation of the abscission zone and at the junction of the pedicel (stem) and exocarp (fruit skin). We also observed differences in the degradation of vascular bundles within the developing fruit. 2. Physiological characterization of fruit development and the fruit abscission zone in the four grape varieties. In Frontenac and LaCrescent no discernable physiological differences were observed at veraison but during ripening both titratable acids and total soluble solids were distinctly lower in LaCrescent. This might have been associated with what appeared to be more rapid morphological changes during ripening in LaCrescent. 3. Determination of ethylene production during later stages of fruit development and fruit shattering. We were unable to make these measurements due to timing and technical difficulties. 4.Determination if ethylene, cell-wall associated genes, and genes associated with floral organ abscission are associated with fruit shattering in grapes. Ethylene associate genes IDA (INDEHISCENT IN ABSCISSION), EIN 2 (ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2) and ETR1(ETHYLENE RESPONSE 1) were clearly associated with both fruit ripening and abscission. Specifically, ETR1 and IDA displayed increases in expression associated with ripening and higher levels of both genes were detected in LaCrescent in comparison to Frontenac. Gene expression of EIN2 was similar amongst all cultivars.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Meir S, Philosoph-Hadas S, Riov J, Tucker ML, Patterson SE and Roberts JA. Re-evaluation of the ethylene-dependent and independent pathways in the regulation of floral and organ abscission. Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 70, Issue 5, 2019, Pages 14611467, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz038
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Publication under revision: Frontiers in Plant Biology (2019)- requested article - under revision as still awaiting final data on gene expression
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Communications with Midwest hops and grape growers at Midwest (including extension specialists) from Michigan, Ohio, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska and Quebec and Ontario Canada
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Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:The general target audience has been Wisconsin fruit and vegetable growers and plant scientists working on grapes. We also presented to researchers at UW, Madison (both undergraduate and graduate). We are able to target a wide audience through abstracts and publications. Changes/Problems:We have substituted the grape cultivar Trohlhagen for Canidace as Canidace was removed from the West Madison Agricultural Station due to cold damage. The early abscission in Somerset Seedless Table grape appears to be disease associated and climatic conditions the last two summers has been challenging. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two undergraduates received training in both field and lab work. This included taking careful morphological observations, histogical sectioning and nucleic acid extraction. A research Intern and a Graduate student received extensive molecular training and bioinformatics training. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have shared results with the Wisconsin Fruit Growers at a conference and at the West Madison Agricultural Research Station. We also presented a workshop to the community in northern Wisconsin (Park Falls) on hardy grape cultivars and growing conditions. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to finish revisions on the manuscript for Frontiers in Plant Biology and to measure gene expression of additional ethylene and abscission associated genes.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We have completed extensive morphological characterization ofthe fruit abscission zone in three grape varieties (Frontenac, LaCrescent,and Somerset Seedless). We looked at the changes in the abscission zone of berries at three developmental stages (pea stage, veraison, and fully ripe). We specifically fixed tissues and sectioned the tissues to look at cell arrangement, cell size, cell number, and cell type as well as the size of the abscission zone. Flowering time and time to ripening were recorded and concurrently,biochemical measurements were collected during development on both Frontenac and La Crescent including sugar content, acidity and pH. Abscission zones and adjacent tissues were harvested for RNA extraction and the expression of three ethylene associated genes has been analyzed. In summary, we have been able to observe unique differences between La Crescent and Frontenac. The size of cells, the cell number and the cesiccation of the outer layers were distinct from one another depending on stage of development. A manuscript detailing differences is under revision for Frontiers in Plant Biology. As to completing work on objective 1, 2 and 4, this is ongoing as we are still analyzing the observations and processing additional information on gene expression (#4). We have limited information on objective #3-ethylene production-due to technical challenges and will not be able to complete that part.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Characterization of morphology, biochemistry and ethylene associated gene expression during fruit development in cold hardy grapes. International Conference on Ethylene.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Early Fruit Abscission in Interspecific Cold Hardy Grapes (under revision)
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience has been Wisconsin fruit and vegetable growers, general plant scientists and biological researchers at UW (both undergraduate and graduate researchers). We also have targeted a broader audience of plant scientists through abstracts, publications, and at meetings. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project trained of two undergraduates in both field and lab work and trained an underrepresented graduate student. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been shared at the Wisconsin Fresh Fruit and vegetable Growers Conference, at the Wisconsin Agricultural Research Station in Verona, in grower guides, and throughworkshops. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?A paper on the morphological differences in the cold hardy hybrid grapes is being prepared for submission to the American Jurnal of Botany and gene expression at three stages of abscission is being analyzed. The gene expression data will be compared to anatomical sections at the same three stages of development. A trained undergraduate and the graduate student will continue on the project. In addition, field experiments in which grapes are treated with ethylene inhibitors will occur to see if this delays shattering.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We are still in the process of evaluating gene expression associated with abscissionduring development to determine if there are distinct physiological or phenotypic changes that are correlated with specific changes in gene expression. We clearly see unique morpholocial changes and increased shattering in La Crescent independent of environmental conditions. These cellular changes are associated with specific stages of development and tissue types; and only seen in association with early shattering. In addition, we have observed differences in vascular tissues. Unfortunately in table grapes, morphologicaldifferences between Somerset Seedless and Trolhagen are not discernable.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Histology of cold hardy grapes abscission zone (UW, Madison SciMed GRS Poster Session)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Comparison of scission zones in cold hardy grape hybrids (to be submitted to American Journal of Botany)
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Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Grape growers in the northern Midwest states (especially Minnesota and Wisconsin). National and international grape researchers. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project trains graduate and undergraduate students on the management of grape growing, molecular techniques, and morphological studies. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results were disseminated in publications in grower guides, presentations at state meetings and publications in an international plant journal. We have also provided workshops to growers and the community, and field days for the community at multiple sites. In addition, we provided revised grower information sheets wich were made available to the public and one research publications. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will identify changes in gene expression associated with abscission in the different grape cultivars and develop new management practices.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We have collected tissues at three developmental stages during ripening for RNA extraction andare establishing reliable markers for fruit ripening and abscission. We also interviewed local growers to expand our understanding of shattering andare also establishing management practices for these new cold-hardy grape varieties - especially varieties that are subject to shattering.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Patterson SE, Bolivar-Medina J, Falbel T, Hedtcke J, Nevarez-McBride D, Maule A, and Zalapa J. (2016) Are we on the right track: can our understanding of abscission in model systems promote or derail making improvements in less studied crops? Front. Plant Sci., 26 January 2016 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.01268
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Riesterer-Loper J, Patterson S, and Atucha A. 2016 SUR la TABLE: Fresh and Dried Table Grapes in Wisconsin. Fresh March issue
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