ENHANCING PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID UTILIZATION IN PIGS AND POULTRY

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1007039
• Project Start Date: Aug 5, 2015
• Project End Date: Jul 31, 2020
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
KANSAS STATE UNIV
(N/A)
MANHATTAN,KS 66506

Performing Department
Animal Science & Industry

Non Technical Summary
In swine and poultry nutrition, there are nutritional requirements for individual amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks for protein and needed for lean growth and efficient utilization of feed in swine and poultry. In animal nutrition, the amounts and sources of these amino acids is very important, especially in young animals. As of today, some of these amino acid requirements are known, but there are several others that are not. This has two important implications. The first is formulating economical diets to meet amino acid requirements. This will optimize growth performance, lower diet costs, and minimize nutrient excretion that ultimately ends up in the environment. In our second objective, we will use the findings of our first objective in formulating diets with different sources (ingredients) of protein and amino acids. This is important not only from a growth stand point, but also to minimize health problems associate with early life. High quality/well utilized protein sources, used to formulate diets with proper amino acid profiles, will ultimately be an animal welfare issue as they are important to maintain good health and proper digestion.In a series of experiments, pigs/poultry will be fed blends of diets with a high and low level of specific amino acids being tested to determine the response curve for that amino acid. These experiments will be conducted as several short-term experiments with nursery pigs, finishing pigs, and broilers to match amino acid requirement estimates to the targeted animal. Using these results, we can determine economic response curves based on the growth and feed efficiency responses.For the second and third objectives, several experiments will be conducted at the K-State Swine and Poultry Teaching and Research facilities. In each of these experiments, alternative specialty protein sources, such as novel fish meal, refined or modified soy protein sources, and single cell protein sources will be compared to standard diets to determine the impact of the protein source on growth performance and health.Ultimately, results of these research projects will help nutritionists and producers formulate diets more accurately. They will be able to identify nutrient requirements and processing technologies that will maximize pig and poultry growth and efficiency, as well as be more environmentally friendly. They also will know which protein sources to use and their amounts to add to diets to stimulate feed intake that will ensure maximum growth, efficiency, and health.

Animal Health Component

50%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

50%

Applied

50%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
302	3510	1010	20%
302	3599	1010	15%
307	3599	1010	20%
308	3520	1010	25%
308	3220	1010	20%

Knowledge Area
302 - Nutrient Utilization in Animals; 308 - Improved Animal Products (Before Harvest); 307 - Animal Management Systems;

Subject Of Investigation
3220 - Meat-type chicken, live animal; 3510 - Swine, live animal; 3520 - Meat, swine; 3599 - Swine, general/other;

Field Of Science
1010 - Nutrition and metabolism;

Keywords

swine

poultry

nutrition

amino acids

soybean meal

sngle cell protein

fish meal

feed processin

Goals / Objectives
Define the optimal amino acid levels in diets for nursery and growing pigs and poultry:Specifically, we will determine the tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, and nonessential amino acid (glutamine) requirement of nursery and growing pigs.Evaluate the influence of different specialty protein sources for young pig and poultry diets.Specific protein sources that will be tested include refined soy products, alternative fish meal sources, feed-grade amino acids, and dried single-cell organisms as replacements for soybean meal.Evaluate the effects of feed manufacturing technologies on nutrient digestibility and availabilityEffects of specific feed processing technologies (alternative grinding strategies and thermal processing innovations) on nutrient digestibility, and especially amino acid retention, will be determined.This project will evaluate the utilization of amino acid and protein sources by young pigs and poultry, which fits under the knowledge area of nutrient utilization in animals under animal production. The importance also is within animal management systems and improved animal products as the amino acid and protein nutrition influences pig and poultry growth and protein deposition and resulting carcass composition.

Project Methods
Objective 1 - Previous research conducted at Kansas State University has explored amino acid ratios relative to lysine for threonine and methionine. However, with use of more ethanol by-product ingredients like dried distillers grains with solubles, additional amino acid requirements need to be evaluated. Without knowledge of these amino acid requirements, effective diet formulation strategies that increase producer profitability and lower nutrient excretion into the environment cannot be achieved. In the past, we have established the lysine, threonine, and methionine requirements of nursery pigs, finishing pigs, and broiler chicks. Thus we propose a series of studies to examine requirement estimates of other amino acids limiting growth, such as tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and non-specific sources of nitrogen (i.e., glycine). In these series, we will first validate the lysine requirement and then determine the specific test amino acid (ex. valine, isoleucine, or leucine) as a ratio to lysine and then validate the ratios using diets containing high levels of feed-grade amino acids. This will benefit swine/poultry producers by allowing more specific amino acid requirement estimates used in diet formulation. By understanding the requirements for these other amino acids, we can lower diet cost by replacing expensive protein sources with crystalline amino acids. This will improve producer profitability and reduce nutrient excretion into the environment. For instance, if feed grade valine and isoleucine could be used without lowering performance, pigs could be fed diets containing less intake protein and, thus nitrogen, which lowers nitrogen excretion.Amino acid titration experiments will be conducted at research facilities at New Horizon Farms, the KSU Swine and Poultry Teaching and Research Centers. Feed-grade amino acids will be used to titrate amino acid levels for the experiments. Glycine will be used to provide a nitrogen source for nonessential amino acids as needed. For the amino acid titration experiments, batches of the high and low amino acid diets will be blended to obtain intermediate amino acid levels. Feed will be delivered by hand or with a robotic feeding system and animals will be weighed weekly or every other week to calculate the main response criteria of average daily gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. Feed samples will be collected from each diet for amino acid analysis.Objective 2 - Fish meal is an animal protein ingredient that has commonly been used in weanling pig/broiler diets due to its high amino acid profile and digestibility. However, in recent years the cost of fish meal has increased significantly due to availability issues. In addition to increased cost, the quality of fish meal has varied greatly leading many producers to seek less expensive alternatives.One of the more widely used fish meal alternatives used in the swine industry is refined soybean products. These further refined protein sources include conventional soybean meal that has been extracted with hot ethanol, extruded, or enzymatically treated to breakdown glycosidic bonds found within the carbohydrate fraction. This is biologically important to pigs/poultry due to their inability to break glycosidic bonds. Additionally, these soybean meal alternatives contain fewer anti-nutritional components (oligosaccharides and antigens) that elicit adversely affect gut morphology leading to poor growth performance and diarrhea.In these experiments, approximately 300 pigs or 1,200 broilers are used. At weaning/hatching, the pigs/broilers will be placed on a common diet for 5 d. On d 5, the animals will be allotted to dietary treatments. Each trial will allow for 5 to 4 weeks of data collection for growth performance. Experimental diets will be corn-soybean meal based with specialty protein sources used to replace fish meal in the positive control diet and soybean meal in the negative control diet. All diets will be prepared at the O.H. Kruse Feed Mill. Feed samples will be collected from each diet for analysis.Objective 3 - Processing technologies used will include those necessary to prepare the specialty soy products, single-cell protein meals, and diets as a whole. The effects of these technologies on amino acid digestibility and availability we be determined in growth assays (see Objective 2 description) and surgically modified pigs and broilers.Statistical Analysis - Data from all experiments will be analyzed as completely randomized designs using the PROC-MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit. Polynomial regression will be used to evaluate the dose response effect in the amino acid experiments. Orthogonal contrasts will be used to determine treatment differences among protein sources and processing technologies for Objectives 2 and 3.Statistical Power - With the proposed number of replicates, a significance level of P = 0.05, a power of 0.80, and pen to pen variability observed in these research facilities we calculate least significant detectable differences. We typically detect 5% differences in gain, 7% differences in feed efficiency, and 4% differences in nutrient digestibility in the K-State Teaching and Research Centers and 4% differences in gain, 5% for feed efficiency, and 3% for nutrient digestibility for differences among individual means for experiments at New Horizon Farms Research Facility.

Progress 08/05/15 to 07/31/20

Outputs
Target Audience:We have reached out to pork and poultry producers, allied industry, and academics with the results of our research Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?We have trained and graduatedleast 20M.S. or Ph.D.students over this period. Inadditon, several undergraduate research projects wereundertaken with at least 10 undergraduates completing some aspect of maningful nutrition related research. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Educationevents such as public meeting, trade magazines, radio interviews, and experiment station reports have been conducted or published. Over 30 papers and book chapters have been published over the reporting period covering and explaining the scope of the research undertaken.were conducted. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Specifically we published abstracts and journal papers detailing the results of research evaluating the effects of amino acid and protein formulation in swine and poultry diets. These include studies determining requirements for Lysine, Valine, Histidine, and Isoleucine for swine. Novel protein sources such as High-Protein Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles and their use in swine diets have been conducted. Effects of drougth stressed grains andthier amino acid content have been evalauted in poultry. More importantly we have trained and graduated least 20M.S. or Ph.D. students over this period. In addition, several undergraduate research projects were undertaken with at least 10 undergraduates completing some aspect of maningful nutrition related research. Lastly education events such as public meeting, trade magazines, radio interviews, and experiment station reports were conducted.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Marcal, D., M.D. Tokach, S.S. Dritz, J.C. Woodworth, R.D. Goodband, H.S. Cemin, and J.M. DeRouchey. 2019. Diet formulation method influences the response to increasing net energy in finishing pigs. Transl. Anim. Sci. 3:13491358. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz147
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Cemin, H.S., M.D. Tokach, J.C. Woodworth, S.S. Dritz, J.M. DeRouchey, and R.D. Goodband. 2019. Branched-chain amino acid interactions in growing pig diets. Trans. Anim. Sci. 3:12461253. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz087.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Tokach, M.D., M.B. Menegat, K.M. Gourley, and R.D. Goodband. 2019. Review: Nutrient requirements of the modern high producing sow, with an emphasis on amino acid requirements. Animal. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119001253
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Soto, J.A., M.D. Tokach, S.S. Dritz, J.C. Woodworth, J.M. DeRouchey, R.D. Goodband, and F. Wu 2019. Optimal dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine and crude protein concentration for growth and carcass performance in finishing pigs weighing greater than 100 kg. J. Anim. Sci. 97:17011711. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz052
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Cemin, H. S., C. M. Vier, M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz, K. J. Touchette, J. C. Woodworth, J. M. DeRouchey, and R. D. Goodband. 2018. Effects of standardized ileal digestible histidine to lysine ratio on growth performance of 7- to 11-kg nursery pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 96:4713-4722 doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky319.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Nemechek, J. E., F. Wu, M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz, R. D. Goodband, J. M. DeRouchey, and J. C. Woodworth. 2018. Effect of standardized ileal digestible lysine on growth and subsequent performance of weanling pigs. Trans. Anim. Sci. 2:156-161. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy011.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: R A Donadelli, C K Jones, and R S Beyer, 2019. The amino acid composition and protein quality of various egg, poultry meal by-products, and vegetable proteins used in the production of dog and cat diets. Poult. Sci. 98:1371-1378. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579119304110)
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: A.D. Yoder, R.S. Beyer, and C.K. Jones, 2015. The effects of drought-affected grain and carbohydrase inclusion in starter diets on broiler chick performance. J. of Appl. Poultry Res. 24:177-185. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1056617119302892)

Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:We have reached out to pork and poultry producers, allied industry, and academics with the results of our research Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?We have at least 12 graduate students at any one time in our programs trainingin swine and poultry nutrition. In 2019 , 5 PhD. and 4 M.S. students have or will graduate. There have been at least 10 undergraduate students with meaningful research experiences in swine and poultry nutrition in this past year. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated via popular press and trad magazine, referred journal papers, radio interviews What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to continue or research involvingundergraduate and graduate student training. The number of undergraduate student sinvolved in meaningful research efforts has increased dramatically over the past 5 years.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Specifically we published abstracts and journal papers detailing the results of research evaluating th effects of amino acid and protein formulation in swine and poultry diets. More importantly we have trained at least 16 graduate students ove rthis period and graduated 4 PhD and3 MS students over this time period. In additon, several undergraduate research projects were undertaken with at least 10 undergraduates completing some aspect of maningful nutrition related research. Lastly education events such as public meeting, trade magazines, radio interviews, and experiment station reports were conducted.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Soto, J.A., M.D. Tokach, S.S. Dritz, J.C. Woodworth, J.M. DeRouchey, R.D. Goodband, and F. Wu 2019. Optimal dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine and crude protein concentration for growth and carcass performance in finishing pigs weighing greater than 100 kg. J. Anim. Sci. Accepted for publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz052
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Mar�al, Danilo, A., Charles Kiefer, Mike D. Tokach, Steve S. Dritz, Jason C. Woodworth, Robert D. Goodband, Henrique S. Cemin, and Joel M. DeRouchey. 2019. Diet formulation method influences the response to increasing net energy in finishing pigs. Translational Animal Science. In Press
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Cemin, H.S., M.D. Tokach, S.S. Dritz, J.C. Woodworth, J.M. DeRouchey, and R.D. Goodband. 2019. Meta-regression analysis to predict the influence of branched-chain and large neutral amino acids on growth performance of pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 97:25052514. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz118
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Tokach, M.D., M.B. Menegat, K.M. Gourley, and R.D. Goodband. 2019. Review: Nutrient requirements of the modern high producing sow, with an emphasis on amino acid requirements. Animal. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119001253
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Cemin, H. S., C. M. Vier, M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz, K. J. Touchette, J. C. Woodworth, J. M. DeRouchey, and R. D. Goodband. 2018. Effects of standardized ileal digestible histidine to lysine ratio on growth performance of 7- to 11-kg nursery pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 96:4713-4722 doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky319.

Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Research results have been presented to swine producers, scientists and allied industry representatives at several national and international seminars We have also presented research results at our KS Swine Day Conference as well as popular press and journal articles. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Several graduateand undergraduate studentshave been involved with the individual research projects at some time and to varying degrees. The project has offered a great opportunity for not only graduate student research, but involving more undergraduate students as well. The training obtained by both graduate and undergraduate students has become a valuable part of their education. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been presentaed at local, state, and national conferences as well as several international presentations have been made sharing research results. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Current projects are evaluating calcium and phosphorus requirements of nursery pigs in order ot meet requirements economically but also reduce the impact of swine production on the environment.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We have conducted several studies looking at amino acid requirements of swine and poultry. One paper was published in 2017 evaluating the lysine requirements of lactating sows, the two 2018 papers evaluated valine and tryptophan requirements of finishing pigs. These finding have pratcical application as they define requirements as a ratio relative to lysine and can be used by nutritionists to formulate more economical diets for swine producers as well as reduce the impact of swine production on the environment by limiting excess nitrogen and phosphorus in swine waste. Several graduate students were involved with these studies and their contributions a valuable part of developing new scholars for our inductry and academia.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gon�alves, M. A. D., M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz, N. M. Bello, K. J. Touchette, R. D. Goodband, J. M. DeRouchey, J. C. Woodworth. 2018. Standardized ileal digestible valine:lysine dose response effects in 25- to 45-kg pigs under commercial conditions. J. Anim. Sci. 96:591-599. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skx059
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gon�alves M. A. D., M. D. Tokach, N. M. Bello, K. J. Touchette, R. D. Goodband, J. M. DeRouchey, J. C. Woodworth, and S. S. Dritz. 2017. Dose response evaluation of the standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratio to maximize growth performance of growing-finishing gilts under commercial conditions. Animal 11: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117002968.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Gourley, K.M. G.E. Nichols, J.A. Sonderman, Z.T. Spencer, J.C. Woodworth, M.D. Tokach, J.M. DeRouchey, S. S. Dritz, R. D. Goodband, S.J. Kitt, and E.W. Stephenson. 2017. Determining the impact of increasing standardized ileal digestible lysine for primiparous and multiparous sows during lactation. Transl. Anim. Sci. 1:426-436. doi:10.2527/tas2017.0043. https://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/tas/articles/1/4/426

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Individual swine and poulttry producers, feed suppliers, colleagues, and allied industry. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Several graduate (10)and undergraduate students (6) have been involved with the individual research projects at some time and to varying degrees. The project has offered a great opportunity for not only graduate student research, but involving more undergraduate students as well. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated to swine producers and allied industry professionals at our KS Swiine Day Conference as well as popular press and journal articles. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We have severaql projects looking at amino acid requirements of pigs and poultry underway or in theplanning stages.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We have conducted several studies looking at amino acid requirements of swine and poultry. Two papers have bene published and in addition we are looking at publishing several more in 2018. These include studies evaluating amino acid requirements of gestating and lactating sows. In addition, we continue to examine why low protein, amino acid fortified diets fed to finishing pigs greater than 250 lb have, reduced growth performance. It appears that the crude protein requirement ofheavy weight finishing pigs is at least 13% crude protein.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Clark, A.B. M.D. Tokach, J.M. DeRouchey, S.S. Dritz, R.D. Goodband, J.C. Woodworth, K.J. Touchette, and N.M. Bello. 2017. Modeling the effects of standardized ileal digestible isoleucine to lysine ratio on growth performance of nursery pigs. 1: doi:10.2527/tas2017.0048. https://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/tas/articles/0/0/tas2017.0048
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Clark, A.B. M.D. Tokach, J.M. DeRouchey, S.S. Dritz, R.D. Goodband, J.C. Woodworth, K.J. Touchette, and N.M. Bello. 2017. Modeling the effects of standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio on growth performance of nursery pigs. 1: doi:10.2527/tas2017.0049. https://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/tas/articles/0/0/tas2017.0049

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Individual swine producers, feed suppliers, colleagues, and allied industry. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Approximately 3 graduate students revcieved their degrees during this time period demonstrating the importance of graduate training. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Yes, results have been disseminated via, journal publications, extension field day reports, radio interviews, and the popular press and several national and international conferences What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan on continuing our current approach in determining amino acids requirements of swine and incorporating more statistical modeling into our procedures.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We evaluated the lysine, tryptophan and valine requirements of weanling swine. In addition, studies were initiated that looked at low-protein, amino acid fortified diets on finishing pigs weighing over 250 lb.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Gon�alves, M.A.D., K.M. Gourley, S.S. Dritz, M.D. Tokach, N. M. Bello, J.M. DeRouchey, J.C. Woodworth, and R.D. Goodband. 2016. Effects of amino acids and energy intake during late gestation of high-performing gilts and sows on litter and reproductive performance under commercial conditions. J. Anim. Sci. 94:19932003. doi:10.2527/jas2015-0087
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Gon�alves, M.A.D., S. Nitikanchana, M.D. Tokach, S.S. Dritz, N.M. Bello, R.D. Goodband, K.J. Touchette, J.L. Usry, J.M. DeRouchey, and J.C. Woodworth. 2015. Effects of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratio on growth performance of nursery pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 93:39093918.

Progress 08/05/15 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Individual swine producers, swine nutritionists, feed suppliers, allied industry, and academia. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Project summaries have been used by swine nutritionish across the country and internationally. Factsheets and AES progress reports have been prepared and disseminated as well as publishe journal articles. Results of our research have been implimented by swine nutritionists in the US representing major swine producing enterprises. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Project summaries have been used by extension personell in several state and national meetings. Factsheets and AES progress reports have been prepared and disseminated. Popular press articles and news releases have also been used. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Based on seveal of the key findings of our initial experiments, we will conduct additional studies to evaluate ingredient quality and their contributions ot amino acid requirements of swien and poultry.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Our Kansas State Universityswine nutrition group focuses on being the world's leader in applied swinenutrition reasearch and swine producer-focused service. In 2016 we helped pork producers maintain global competitiveness by focusing activities on maximizing producer profitability and emphasing applied nutrition research. The objective our first study was to determine the effects of amino acid (AA) and energy intake during late gestation on piglet birth weight and reproductive performance of high-performing gilts and sows housed under commercial conditions. At d 90 of gestation, a total of 1,102 females were housed in pens by parity group (P1 or P2+) and blocked by weight within each pen. Dietary treatments consisted of combinations of 2 standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA (10.7 or 20.0 g SID Lys intake/d with other AA meeting or exceeded the NRC [2012] recommendations as a ratio to Lys) and 2 energy intakes (4.50 or 6.75 Mcal/d intake of NE) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Based on the observed results, 1) body weight gain of gilts and sows depends not only on energy but also AA intake, 2) sows fed increased amount of energy had increased stillborn rate, 3) the positive effect of increased amount of feed during late gestation on individual piglet birth weight, 30 g per pig, was due to energy rather than AA intake. In a second study with lactating sows, 111 primiparous sows were used in a 21-d study to determine the effect of Lysine (Lys) intake during lactation on sow and litter performance. Dietary treatments consisted of increasing levels of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys (0.80, 0.95, 1.10, and 1.25%. During the lactation period, there were no differences in ADFI or sow BW at d 0 or weaning, resulting in no differences in BW loss. However, backfat loss during lactation decreased (linear, P = 0.046) as SID Lys increased. Regardless of treatment, there were no differences in litter weaning weight or litter gain from d 2 to weaning. In addition, no differences were observed for wean-to-estrus interval or the percentage of females bred by d 7 after weaning. These results suggested that 0.80% SID lysine might be adequate for optimizing sow and litter performance during lactation. A secondary objective was to evaluate amino acid requirements of weanling pigs. A total of 300 nursery pigs were used in a 28-d growth trial to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible Lysine on nursery pig growth performance. The 6 dietary treatments were formulated to contain 1.10, 1.20, 1.30, 1.40, 1.50, and 1.60% SID Lys. Increasing lysine resulted in improved (linear, P < 0.001) ADG and F/G during d 0 to 14 when experimental diets where fed, with no differences observed in ADFI. In conclusion, this experiment determined that the lysine requirement for 15 to 24 lb nursery pigs was at least 1.45% for both ADG and feed efficiency. A total of 280 nursery pigs were used in a 28-d growth trial to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible Valine:Lysine (Val:Lys) ratio on nursery pig growth performance. Experimental diets were fed for 14 d, which included Valine concentrations of 50, 57, 63, 68, 73, 78, and 85% of Lys. Average daily gain, ADFI, and F/G improved (quadratic, P < 0.036) as SID Val:Lys ratio increased. In conclusion, this experiment demonstrated that the SID valine requirement for 14 to 22 lb nursery pigs ranged from 62.9 to 73.7% of Lys depending on the response criteria modeled. A total of 560 nursery pigs were used in 2 experiments to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible Isoleucine:Lysine (Ile:Lys) ratio on growth performance Pens of pigs were allotted to 1 of 7 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. The 7 dietary treatments were 40, 44, 48, 52, 54, 58, and 63% Ile:Lys ratio. These experiments demonstrate that the Ile requirement for 15 to 25 lb nursery pigs is approximately 52% of Lys for ADG and ADFI The Ile requirement for 15 to 25 lb pigs was found to be similar to NRC (2012) requirement estimates. The objective of our next study was to model the effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratio on growth performance of finishing pigs. Dietary treatments consisted of SID Trp:Lys ratios of 14.5, 16.5, 18.0, 19.5, 21.0, 22.5, and 24.5%. For 65 to 275 lb-pigs, increasing SID Trp:Lys ratio improved ADG (quadratic, P < 0.022), ADFI (linear, P < 0.001), and F/G (linear, P < 0.001). Data from all experiments were then combined for analysis using linear and non-linear mixed models with random effects of experiment and weight block nested within experiment allowing for heterogeneous variances. Thus, the estimated mean requirements for SID Trp:Lys ratio for 65- to 275-lb pigs ranged from 16.9% for optimum mean F/G to 23.5% for maximum mean ADG. Furthermore, 95% of the maximum estimated mean ADG was obtained by feeding 17.6% SID Trp:Lys ratioand 98% of the maximum estimated mean ADG was obtained by feeding 19.8% SID Trp:Lys ratio. The objective ofthe next experiment was to determine the effects of SID Val:Lys ratio in low CP and low lysine diets on the growth performance and economics of finishing pigs from 55 to 100 lb. There was a total of 6 dietary treatments: 59.0, 62.5, 65.9, 69.6, 73.0, and 75.5% SID Val:Lys ratio. In summary 99% of the optimum ADG and F/G were estimated at approximately 69% and 65% SID Val:Lys ratio. In conclusion our projects demonstrated amino acid requirements for gestating and lactating sows, as well as amino acid requirements for nursery and finishing pigs.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: De Jong, J.A., J.M. DeRouchey, M.D. Tokach, S.S. Dritz, R.D. Goodband, J.C. Woodworth, and M.W. Allerson. 2016. Evaluating pellet and meal feeding regimens on finishing pig performance, stomach morphology, and carcass characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 94:47814788. doi:10.2527/jas2016-0461 https://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/jas/articles/94/11/4781 Flohr, J.R., J.C. Woodworth, J.R. Bergstrom, M.D. Tokach, S.S. Dritz, R.D. Goodband, and J.M. DeRouchey. 2016. Evaluating the impact of maternal vitamin D supplementation: I. Sow performance, serum vitamin metabolites, and neonatal muscle characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 94:4629-4642. doi:10.2527/jas.2016-0409 https://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/jas/articles/94/11/4629 Flohr, J.R., J.C. Woodworth, J.R. Bergstrom, M.D. Tokach, S.S. Dritz, R.D. Goodband, and J.M. DeRouchey. 2016. Evaluating the impact of maternal vitamin D supplementation on sow performance: II. Subsequent growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 94:4643-4653. doi:10.2527/jas.2016-0410 https://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/jas/articles/94/11/4643 Feldpausch, J.A., R.G. Amachawadi, M.D. Tokach, H.M. Scott, T.G. Nagaraja, S.S. Dritz, R.D. Goodband, J.C. Woodworth, and J.M. DeRouchey. 2016. Effects of dietary copper, zinc, and ractopamine hydrochloride on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric bacteria. J. Anim. Sci. 94:3278-3293. doi:10.2527/jas2016-0340 https://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/jas/articles/94/8/3278 De Jong, J.A., J.M. DeRouchey, M.D. Tokach, S.S. Dritz, R.D. Goodband, C.B. Paulk, J.C. Woodworth, C.K. Jones and C.R. Stark. 2016. Effects of wheat source and particle size in meal and pelleted diets on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility. J. Anim. Sci. 94:3303-3311. doi:10.2527/jas.2016-0370. https://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/jas/articles/94/8/3303 Frobose, H.L., J.A. Erceg, S.Q. Fowler, M.D. Tokach, J.M. DeRouchey, J.C. Woodworth, S.S. Dritz, and R.D. Goodband. 2016. The progression of deoxynivalenol-induced growth suppression in nursery pigs and the potential of an algae-modified montmorillonite clay to mitigate these effects. J. Anim. Sci. 94:3746-3759. doi:10.2527/jas2016-0663. https://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/jas/articles/94/9/3746 Gon�alves, M.A.D., N.M. Bello, S.S. Dritz, M.D. Tokach, J.M. DeRouchey, J.C. Woodworth, and R.D. Goodband. 2016. An update on modeling doseresponse relationships: Accounting for correlated data structure and heterogeneous error variance in linear and nonlinear mixed models. J. Anim. Sci. 94:19401950. doi:10.2527/jas2015-0106. https://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/jas/articles/94/5/1940 Gon�alves, M.A.D., K.M. Gourley, S.S. Dritz, M.D. Tokach, N. M. Bello, J.M. DeRouchey, J.C. Woodworth, and R.D. Goodband. 2016. Effects of amino acids and energy intake during late gestation of high-performing gilts and sows on litter and reproductive performance under commercial conditions. J. Anim. Sci. 94:19932003. doi:10.2527/jas2015-0087 https://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/jas/articles/94/5/1993