Source: UNIV OF IDAHO submitted to NRP
RISK ASSESSMENT AND ERADICATION OF GLOBODERA SPP. IN U.S. PRODUCTION OF POTATO
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
AFRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1006394
Grant No.
2015-69004-23634
Cumulative Award Amt.
$3,109,907.00
Proposal No.
2014-07639
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Jun 15, 2015
Project End Date
Jun 14, 2021
Grant Year
2019
Program Code
[A5151]- Global Food Security: Mitigating Crop and Livestock Losses
Recipient Organization
UNIV OF IDAHO
875 PERIMETER DRIVE
MOSCOW,ID 83844-9803
Performing Department
PSES Department
Non Technical Summary
Potato is the most important non-grain food crop in the world. In the U.S., more than 1 million acres are planted to potato, with an estimated farm gate value of $4.2 Billion. The long-term economic productivity of the U.S. potato industry depends upon the ability to respond in a quick, economical, and environmentally sound way to invasive agricultural pests such as cyst nematodes in the genus Globodera. An integrated Cooperative Agricultural Project will be established at three Land Grant universities, the USDA Agricultural Research Service, and with four international partner institutions to increase the capacity of the U.S. to respond to the threat of Globodera. We will pursue four interrelated, trans disciplinary objectives concerning invasive Globodera. Objectives 1-2: enable regulatory agencies and the potato industry to make scientifically-informed decisions regarding Globodera regulation using new molecular tools; examine implications of genetic diversity on Globodera virulence and deployment of resistance; deploy potato germplasm with resistance to three Globodera species; Objective 3: engage stakeholders and provide them with information need to respond to Globodera; examine economic implications of Globodera on U.S. potato production; engage minority groups in management of invasive agricultural pests. Objective 5: employ trans disciplinary synthesis to engage students in the study of invasive pests. AFRI Priority Areas: A) plant health and production and plant products, C) food safety, nutrition, and health, D) renewable energy, natural resources, and environment, and E) agriculture systems and technology.
Animal Health Component
100%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
100%
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2123130112050%
2011310108150%
Knowledge Area
212 - Pathogens and Nematodes Affecting Plants; 201 - Plant Genome, Genetics, and Genetic Mechanisms;

Subject Of Investigation
1310 - Potato; 3130 - Nematodes;

Field Of Science
1120 - Nematology; 1081 - Breeding;
Goals / Objectives
GLOBAL CAP Project GoalsProject Vision and Goals. GLOBAL (Globodera Alliance) will integrate the efforts of researchers, industry, extension, and academic educators, facilitating communication and cooperation among them. We have formed a consortium of researchers, extension specialists, and educators from three land-grant institutions (University of Idaho, Oregon State University, Cornell University), USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) units (Corvallis, OR; Prosser, WA, Aberdeen, ID; Ithaca, NY), and international experts (James Hutton Institute, Scotland; INRA, France; Agriculture Agri-Food Canada). Our project has been developed in consultation with, and is strongly supported by, the potato industry including growers, regulators, and policy-makers. Together, GLOBAL represents the only comprehensive effort in the U.S. to tackle the threat posed by invasive Globodera. Our integrated research, extension, and education efforts will yield a model management approach to protect the U.S. potato industry from current and future introductions of these nematode pests, and will improve U.S. agriculture, food security, and stakeholders' economic interests, knowledge base, and participation in decision-making.The three main goals of this research/extension/education collaboration over the next 5 years are to (listed in priority):Long-term Goals & Objectives• Enhance the profitability and sustainability of U.S. potato production, in the face of threats posed by invasive soil borne cyst nematodes in the genus Globodera.Avoid or mitigate adverse socioeconomic and international trade ramifications such as embargoes, posed by potential introductions and spread of Globodera.Use the Extension, Outreach, and Education efforts for this proposed work to serve as a model for other present and future invasive agricultural pests.Supporting Goals & Objectives• Use a genomics approach to improve diagnostics and to characterize pathogen virulence and host resistance for development of resistant cultivars, and for detection and identification of effector genes and broader genetic variability in Globodera across its geographic range.• Identify potato germplasm conferring resistance to three species of Globodera in new breeding lines for development of economically viable potato varieties.• Work closely with stakeholders and policymakers to co-develop science-based agricultural approaches to deal with the threat of Globodera and implement sustainable, environmentally sound agricultural practices for potato production in the context of Globodera risk management.Specific Project Objectives. We will pursue four interrelated objectives, focused on Research, Extension and Outreach, and Education. Project success will depend on the integration of the diverse expertise and institutions included in GLOBAL in a transdisciplinary framework.Research Objectives 1. Genomic approaches to risk assessment of Globodera. Understanding the molecular bases underlying virulence will inform detection and diagnosis, guide the deployment of resistance, and reduce the threat of new Globodera introductions. We will genetically characterize Globodera populations from the U.S. and other countries, using cutting-edge genomics technologies, and will link this genetic diversity to virulence variants and to pathotype. Expected outcome: Development of molecular genomics tools for regulatory agencies and others to manage risks of potential Globodera introductions and spread, and for deregulation. 2. Enhance potato breeding for resistance to Globodera. We will develop molecular markers for resistance sources against Globodera and use these to accelerate the development of commercially acceptable varieties for the U.S. Expected outcomes: Development of method for identifying resistant germplasm, and development of new breeding lines with resistance to Globodera spp.Extension and Outreach Objective 3. Enhance stakeholder engagement, knowledge and action related to Globodera and consequences on the U.S. potato industry. Together with our stakeholders, we will develop and disseminate innovative extension and outreach materials and presentations on the impacts of Globodera on trade relations, agriculture policies, and potato production, to empower the potato industry to make optimal decisions to minimize adverse economic impacts to U.S. agriculture and food security. We will characterize the interrelationships between potato industry sectors and related economic sectors, and determine current and potential potato production changes due topotato cyst nematodes, so that resulting shocks to the economy can be mitigated. Also, we will develop coupled models of nematode population dynamics x potato cropping system x pest economic impacts, to predict effects of susceptible vs. resistant potato cultivars on crop loss. Expected outcomes: Co-production and promotion of regionally and nationally relevant extension and outreach materials and presentations on Globodera will lead to increased engagement, knowledge, and action by growers and other stakeholders. Dissemination of decision-making tools, in the form of predictions and recommendations for deployment of Globodera-resistant varieties, will aid in setting priorities and schedules for allocating resources to improve food system resilience and manage associated risks. Our extension, outreach and education efforts will help increase minority participation in the decision-making process.Education Objective 4. Develop educational programs, using Globodera as a model, to teach concepts of ecological, agroeconomic, and global trade aspects of invasive plant pathogens. Our transdisciplinary project will incorporate several educational priorities, including increased participation of students in the agricultural sciences to enhance understanding of how these fields benefit society. Expected outcomes: A better-trained next generation of scientists, increased understanding of agriculture, and a better understanding of the trade-offs implicit in effective but environmentally sound pest management.
Project Methods
MethodsObjective 1 - Genomic approaches.Development of molecular detection methods. Strategies will be explored to assure the development of rapid and reliable molecular tools to distinguish Globodera pathotypes. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) will identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers specific for each population phenotype. This will allow the comparison of numerous pathotype populations and serve to develop pathotype-specific primer sets for each species.Collection of DNA and rearing of Globodera populations We will collect a genetically diverse set of U.S. Globodera populations, which we will rear in our respective facilities. We will collaborate with international partners to obtain Globodera DNA from diverse geographic locations.Evolutionary population genetics Using high-throughput DNA sequencing technology, we will analyze evolutionary and population genomics in Globodera. Individual single-cyst lineages will be analyzed; polymorphic sites will be used to identify loci under selection within each of the three species. Evolutionary analyses will reveal loci under different forms of selection, providing candidate genes that play roles in plant interactions. Functional studies will test the hypothesis that specific genes play important roles in virulence for particular Globodera spp.Globodera virulence markers. Capture array technologies based on the effector complement of Globodera spp. will enrich for a subset of a genome prior to sequencing which will give higher read depth for individual genes and facilitate identification of sequence polymorphisms that may be associated with differences in virulence. A customized library will be generated based on the full G. pallida and G. rostochiensis effector dataset. This process will be applied to DNA from populations with differing virulence characteristics to identify virulence-associated polymorphisms.Objective 2 - Enhance potato breeding.Development and screening for resistance. Progeny of NY121 x NY115 have been genotyped with the SolCAP SNP chip and 4229 SNP markers segregated. With genotyping of these parents for G. rostochiensis, the focus will be to phenotype the population with G. pallida and G. ellingtonae. Clones of an Eden x Western Russet cross will be used for mapping and selection of agronomically acceptable resistant clones for resistance development. Subsequent population will be genotyped with the SolCAP SNP chip and phenotyped against Globodera.Rapid mapping of quantitative trait Bulked samples of the most resistant and susceptible progeny will be selected for next-gen sequencing. QTLs will be identified and compared with results obtained by screening the segregating population with the SolCAP SNP chip. Of the 8303 SNPs on the SolCAP SNP chip, 58% can be scored for dosage in tetraploid potato, and the SolCAP second generation chip with 4000 additional markers located in or near R gene clusters will also be used. Progeny from Eden x Western Russet will be screened with the available solCAP SNP chip to establish linkage associations between SNPs and characterized resistant genes. To assess the effects of dosage of known Globodera resistance genes and H3 on chromosomes 4 and 11, selfs and intercrosses will be made between clones known to contain these genes. Offspring from these will be tested for resistance, and markers identified will then be used to assess gene dosage. Clones with varying gene dosages will then be phenotypically evaluated.Exchange and screening of Globodera-resistant parent. Control of Globodera is most likely to succeed if clones with multiple resistance genes can be developed. PCR markers have been described for several Globodera resistance genes: H1, GroI-4, a chromosome 4 gene from CPC 2802, and a chromosome 5 gene from Solanum vernei. Clones containing these genes, as well as clones known to be resistant, but with unknown resistance genes, will be exchanged among breeding programs and used as parental material to pyramid resistance genes. Selection for northeastern market types will be done in NY and for western market types in Idaho. Each family evaluated will have progeny grown in the field and at harvest selections will be made based on size, shape, and type. Selected individuals will be planted the following year in hill plots and subjected to selection criteria, such as processing characteristics and number of tubers per plant. Selected clones will be saved for further nematode testing and for continued advancement in field trials which include standard varieties for comparison.Extension and Outreach Objective-Objective 3Initial and ongoing project information dissemination. Information on the situation with Globodera presence in ID, OR, and NY will be presented at the annual Potato Conferences in those states, at field tours and open houses. Current and proposed research efforts will be developed cooperatively with stakeholders and will include impact on U.S. potato production, economic sustainability, quarantine and regulatory processes, and how teams of scientists, regulators and stakeholders work to protect the U.S. potato industry and food security. Materials will include oral presentations, online postings, and bulletins.Information dissemination in Spanish at regional potato meeting. Minority groups remain underrepresented in the agricultural sciences in the U.S., as well as among decision-makers. Our efforts include addressing factors that discourage minority participation in these. A model for this type of dissemination will be the Spanish language workshops and presentations on potato production held at the annual UI Potato Conference.Dissemination of extension information on the GLOBAL website. Extension and outreach information on the website will be a repository for materials disseminated through extension channels. Material will include descriptions of ongoing research efforts and results, information about quarantine processes, impacts of Globodera on the U.S. potato industry and international trade, materials developed for the GLOBAL extension and outreach and education objectives, and a calendar of meeting dates.Coupled Models: Nematode population, potato cropping system, and potato economics. Our modeling platform will be the DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) software application program (34). DSSAT comprises crop simulation models for a number of crops including potato,.The DSSAT platform will be used to estimate potential damages from Globodera. The model will be linked to the Google Earth GIS system. Because assessment of Globodera economic impacts extends beyond impacts to growers alone, we will examine all other economic sectors to get a true measure of the economic impact, wage impacts, and employment impacts. This will be accomplished by constructing a Leontief Input-Output model using the Output-Based Adjustment method.Assessment of extension and outreach efforts. A technical assistant will be hired to assist the team with data collection during events for stakeholders. Stakeholder input will be used to continuously improve the efforts of the project. Surveys will be embedded in presentations using Turning Point technology - clickers will be used to determine pre- and post-presentation knowledge of Globodera.Education Objective -Objective 4Graduate research training. We will train graduate students to address critical agricultural issues, using invasive Globodera in the U.S. as a foundational system. Our graduate education model will utilize a team-based, transdisciplinary approach to train graduate students to collaborate with stakeholders and policymakers.Mapping. We will develop an online mapping and analysis application for this project, based on the widely available platform Google Earth that users can access free of charge. In this way, stakeholders will have real-time access to online interactive maps, without needing expensive or difficult GIS software.

Progress 06/15/15 to 06/14/21

Outputs
Target Audience: Researchers. A consortium of researchers, extension specialists, and educators from three land-grant institutions (University of Idaho, Oregon State University, Cornell University), USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) units (Corvallis, OR; Prosser, WA, Aberdeen, ID; Ithaca, NY), and international experts (The James Hutton Institute, Scotland; INRA, France; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) formed the GLOBAL research team funded by NIFA from June 2015-June 2021. This transdisciplinary team represented a comprehensive effort to study and control potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.) in the U.S., to address the ongoing threat of these nematodes to U.S. potato production.This collective effort included numerous scientific presentations and educational outreach activities, at regional, national, and international stakeholder meetings The GLOBAL Project Researchers brought national and international scientific community attention to the unique biological characteristics that make Globodera spp. a serious threat to the potato production, as well as best phytosanitary measures to contain and control the spread of Globodera; and ongoing research to develop marketable potato varieties that are resistant to potato cyst nematodes. Stakeholder Advisory Board (SAB). An Advisory Board, comprised of 19 representatives from the potato industries, included landowners, growers, agricultural industry, state, and federal, as well as international regulators and policymakers, provided consultation and guidance to the GLOBAL Project.This group was actively engaged in research planning and the translation of science into policy and practices that effectively help to avoid and mitigate invasive potato cyst nematodes. This work took place in annual face-to-face meetings, in periodic conference calls, and at stakeholder conferences throughout the 6-year project. The GLOBAL project was developed in consultation with and continues to be strongly supported by the potato industry including representatives from New York, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon Potato Commissions, the US Potato Board, Northwest Potato Research Consortium, field operators, and land-owners of fields infested with potato cyst nematodes. The project represents the only comprehensive effort in the U.S. to tackle the threat posed by invasive Globodera. Potato Industry Members are involved in monthly research and policy update conference calls, serving to inform the development of GLOBAL research efforts, as well as extension and education activities, throughout the 6-year project. The Project also served to inform the broader potato industry stakeholders, through annual presentations at industry conferences, and outreach via the Project's website (www.globodera.org) and newsletters (distributed at conferences and available online).The website allows viewers to see videotapes of international scientist presentations.The Project's newsletter - Globodera Alliance Newsletter - is distributed at stakeholder conferences and field days and is made available online. Eight issues have been published to date in both English, Spanish, and more recently a French edition was added.This quarterly newsletter serves to bring information to our stakeholders and the public to better understand the complexities of PCN's lifecycle, phytosanitary measures to control PCN, development of resistance, and the role that science is playing to develop and deploy environmentally-friendly eradication measures for potato cyst nematodes. Our online newsletter subscribers function attracts a following, including subscribers in Australia, Canada, Egypt, France, India, Kenya, Morocco, the Netherlands, and Mexico. USDA-APHIS and ISDA. The GLOBAL Project brought a global scientific perspective to USDA-APHIS annual PCN planning and reporting meeting, held in Pocatello, ID January 21 in conjunction with the University of Idaho Potato Conference introducing alternative approaches for controlling PCN in Canada, Scotland and Europe and substantiating the role that science can play in addressing the issues posed by having land infested with a quarantine pest such as G. pallida and G. rostochiensis. Further understanding of the potential threat of G. ellingtonae was also presented and discussed. Post Docs and Students. The GLOBAL Project has grown to involve the participation of post-doctoral associates, graduate students, and research technicians who benefited from international cross-lab discussions, and gained professional experience attending national and international scientific conferences, meetings with regulators and growers. Changes/Problems:Year 1: Nothing to report Year 2: Nothing to report Year 3: Nothing to report Year 4: Nothing to report. In year 5 (2019-2020), one major problem that has infuenced our efforts this past year, has been the delays in attending conferences, sharing materials, conducting some final experiments (screening, planting, etc) due to the COVID pandemic. We communicated via zoom tand calls to resolve these issues. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?PI's, as well as Post Docs, benefited from international cross-lab discussions. Post Doc and Graduate students gained experience preparing and presenting at the Spanish workshop to Idaho Farm Workers and others in the Potato Industry. Two students and one post doc visited research laboratories to learn methods on capture array analysis and genotyping by sequencing at research member laboratories. One grad student attended DSSAT workshop at the University of Georgia May 18-22, 2016. Post Docs, Graduate Students, and Research Assistants gained professional experience attending one or more GLOBAL Project meetings, and one or more professional gathering, including conferences held by the Society of Nematologists, Organization for Nematologists of the Tropical Americas, the European Society of Nematologists, and the Annual Idaho Potato Conference, the Idaho Plant Protection Conference, the Potato Cyst Nematode Conference, the Potato Association of America, and the American Phytopathology Society. Two students and three post docs visited research laboratories to learn methods on in situ hybridization, genotyping by sequencing, and whole genome sequencing at research member laboratories. A 4-day G. ellingtonae Genome Annotation Workshop was attended by post docs and graduate students and results integrated into WormBase. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results were dissemination to all target audiences as follows: The project website ( https://www.globodera.org/ ) was promoted at stakeholder or industry meetings, and scientific conferences, and updated on an ongoing basis to include latest research products including videos and slide presentations of workshops, links to journal articles, science posters, project newsletter and other related news sources. Project Newsletter were distributed in English, Spanish, and French at the Idaho Potato Conference, via project website, and affiliate organizations, including Potato Association of America, to inform and update stakeholders and at other meetings attended by PIs. Project-wide assessment survey was conducted and evaluated. The survey was taken by Idaho Potato Conference participants which included growers, policy makers, industry representatives, landowners, growers, processors, etc. We developed and incorporated into existing curricula, educational materials that integrate aspects of invasion biology and invasive pest management with agricultural economics and international trade which were presented during the University of Idaho Graduate Student Potato Industry tour held every other year, and in an introductory plant pathology course. Peer-reviewed manuscripts were written and published in nematology, plant pathology, plant sciences, and molecular biology journals. Workshops and Symposia: Four presentations were given at the symposium on 'Worldwide Impact of Potato Cyst Nematode' at the annual Society of Nematologist (SON) and the Organization of Nematologist for Tropical America (ONTA). Eleven presentations were made at the GLOBAL sponsored symposium on 'Invasive Species' relevant to the potato industry at the annual Potato Association of America. GLOBAL sponsored a symposium on the 'Global impact of Globodera' at ONTA's annual meeting that made it possible for scientists from the U.S., Canada, Caribbean, South America, and Europe to make a total of 7 presentations on the work of the GLOBAL project PIs and other leaders. GLOBAL offered a 4-day G. ellingtonae Genome Annotation Workshop at Oregon State University. The demographics of attendees was: 4 graduate students, 3 post-docs, 7 technicians, 5 GLOBAL PIs. Results were communicated through SON and integrated into the WormBase online genome resource center for nematodes. Industry conferences and meetings: Over the duration of the project, a total of 36 presentations were given at the University of Idaho Research and Extension Potato Conference, and 7 presentations at the Potato Expo. Covering a wide range of topics from invasive species, regulatory policy, containment, detection, diagnostics, control measures, genetic diversity, breeding for resistance, marker-assisted breeding, etc. A potato grower, Mr. Gary Mahaney, from New York was invited to share his experiences dealing with PCN with Idaho growers at the Idaho Potato conference. To encourage minority participation in agriculture, presentations about nematodes and/or PCN was made at the Spanish speaking portion of the Idaho Potato conferences with approximately 100 attendees for each year of the project. One to three presentations were given by graduate students at the Idaho Association for Plant Protection each year of the project. Scientific conferences presentations were given at: European Society of Nematologists (ESN) American Phytopathological Society (APS) Annual Western Society of Weed Science meeting Society of Nematologists Organization of Nematologists of the Tropical Americas (ONTA) Harper Adam University's Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium Potato Association of America World Potato Congress APHIS Research Update meeting: Attended by personnel from APHIS, ISDA, IPC, as well as growers, research update presentations including the GLOBAL project were done annually. Advisory Board Meetings: Face to face meetings with our advisory board were held in years 1, 3, and 5 and were conducted in NY or ID. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1 - Genomic approaches for PCN To determine global phylogenies of potato cyst nematodes genotyping-by-sequencing analysis from populations of worldwide origins was conducted. Single cyst lines of PCN were reared for development of virulence markers. Virulence was determined on susceptible and resistant genotypes. G. pallida showed increased virulence when selected from plants with Gpa5 or H3, or Gpa5. DNA was collected from selected lines for use in capture array analysis. An improved genome assembly for G. pallida was also generated. Enrichment sequencing identified candidate avirulence genes for further study. For characterization of effectors, JHI also trained scientists to do in situ hybridizations. Assembly of the genome and transcriptome of G. ellingtonae was completed and included a 4-day bioinformatics training workshop. In addition to the comparative analysis of the G. pallida genome, the theory that the G. pallida infestation in Idaho was from a single introduction was confirmed by a population genetics study. Bioinformatics of genome sequences of G. rostochiensis identified sequence variations for marker development and identified one variant that is unique for Ro2. Additionally, a method to quantify the viability of G. rostochiensis eggs using qRT-PCR was published. Useful for all three Globodera spp., a reliable set of reference genes for expression studies was also identified. Spatial analysis of the Idaho G. pallida infestation determined that spread followed a contagion effect scenario, and dispersal followed the direction of cultivation. Use of a decision support system predicted that G. pallida could significantly reduce yields of potato in Idaho. Objective 2 - Breeding for resistance to PCN. Breeding and phenotyping: To develop resistant potatoes, resistant germplasm was imported from Europe, South America, and other countries. Initial crosses were conducted between Eden, which is partially resistant to all three Globodera spp., with Western Russet, a desirable russet type variety to form the segregating family A10915. Crosses were also made between Superior X Waneta to obtain segregates containing the H1 gene for resistance to G. rostochiensis. Through phenotyping, the H1 gene was found to confer resistance to G. ellingtonae in addition to resistance for G. rostochiensis. Material from crosses with Bondi, resistant to G. pallida, and other clones were also used to produce material for screening. Screening identified three breeding lines with resistance to all three Globodera species. A manuscript which received the Outstanding Paper of the Year was published. Development of resistance continued; 47 crosses that segregate for resistance to G. rostochiensis Ro1, three crosses that segregate for resistance to Ro1 and G. pallida, and three crosses that segregate for resistance to Ro1, Ro2 and G. pallida were identified through phenotyping. Selections were also made from 2,521 1st field generation clones and 78 2nd field generation clones, and advanced in the breeding program. Two populations (Performer x Moonlight and Performer x Basin Russet) were also identified further analysis. Marker assisted selection: To increase the efficiency of the breeding efforts, marker assisted selection was initiated by determining which markers to use. The A10915 progeny were evaluated with marker Contig237 for the presence of the GpaIVadg gene. The same individuals were screened with marker 57R for the presence of the H1 gene. A second population [NY121 (R) x NY115 (S)] was screened for G. rostochiensis Ro 2 resistance. Progeny were also phenotyped against G. rostochiensis Ro2 and G. pallida. The A10915 population was found to contain the marker for GpaIV. To increase the level of resistance, PCN-resistant parental clones were then screened for the presence of eight molecular markers linked to Globodera resistance, to use for pyramiding of resistance genes. Markers were assessed for association with resistant loci. Thirty-eight progenies with unique banding patterns were screened for G. pallida resistance. Subsequently, 23 progeny were analyzed for markers linked to PCN resistant loci and four progeny were identified with markers for both GpaIV and Gpa5. Selections derived from the intercrossing of resistant parental clones, representing 8,747 genotypes continued. Selected clones were planted for tuber quality evaluation. In NY, 14,390 clones from 53 families segregating for resistance to Ro1, Ro2 and/or pallida were planted, and 1,129 clones were saved for additional evaluation. An additional 727 clones from second year families segregating for resistance were planted and 167 selected and saved at harvest. Objectives 3 and 4 - Extension/outreach and education. Engaging stakeholders: Our outreach efforts were effective in distributing information to the industry and scientists alike. From the results of the annual surveys, we found that the information was well received. A total of 403 participants were surveyed over 5 years. The largest audiences receiving the outreach message were famers/producers and government/agency representatives. Most respondents perceived PCN as presenting the greatest threat to international markets and, less consistently, to profitability. Respondents perceived PCN to be less of a risk to food security. Overall, those who took the English version generally perceived PCNs as a greater threat than those who answered in Spanish. Participating in the workshop helped the vast majority of participants to increase their knowledge of PCN. Initial outreach efforts were to develop the Globodera Alliance website, www.globodera.org, and also to launch a newsletter, in English, Spanish, and French, to inform stakeholders. We published a total of eight newsletters covering a wide range of topics, about phytosanitation, PCN biology and control, as well as interesting PCN facts. Newsletters were distributed to all attended venues including field days, scientific or industry conferences. In addition to posting the newsletters, videos, and powerpoint presentations, we also developed a video called a "A Growers Perspective" which provides a unique view of the impact of PCN on a grower's livelihood. Throughout the duration of the project, we held several workshops. In years 1, 3, and 5 of the project we hosted experts from JHI and SASA to discuss PCN response in Europe. At scientific conferences, our workshops focused on the worldwide impact of PCN, importance of phytosanitation, and our results. Overall, scientists presented over 50 scientific (SON, APS, ONTA, ICN, ESN) and industry (University of Idaho Potato Conference, Potato Expo, Idaho Association for Plant Protection, APHIS annual research update meetings, ISDA annual research meetings, etc). We published in peer-reviewed journals as well as several industry journals such as Potato Progress, and Potato Grower. We made contacts throughout the world with scientists, regulators, and growers; many have led to collaborative efforts. Many conferences were canceled or postponed due to the pandemic. Programs about invasive plant pathogens. Materials on PCN and quarantine pests were developed and conducted for the UI Graduate Student Tour of the Potato Industry each year. A 4-dayG. ellingtonaeGenome Annotation Workshop was conducted and results communicated through SON and integrated into the WormBase.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Humphrey-Pereira, D. A., R. Sandoval-Ru�z, and L. Flores-Chaves. Globodera Pallida: An unwelcome visitor in the potato growing areas of Costa Rica and its interaction with other nematodes associated with potatoes. Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America (ONTA) 50th Annual Meeting, Arequipa, Peru. Aug. 20, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Zasada, I. A., H. Pacheco, O. Acevedo, L. M. Dandurand, C. Hesse, E. Grenier, and I. Moreno. The North and South American Globodera ellingtonae. Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America (ONTA) 50th Annual Meeting, Arequipa, Peru. Aug. 20, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pacheco, H., B. Yangari, and O. Acevedo. Globodera species in Chile: Current status, geographical distribution and perspectives. Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America (ONTA) 50th Annual Meeting, Arequipa, Peru. Aug. 20, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Thorpe, P., C. J. Lilley, E. G. J. Danchin, D. R. Laetsch, M. Da Rocha, C. Rancurel, N. E. Holroyd, J. A. Cottom, A. Szitenberg. E. Grenier, J. Montarry, B. Mimee, M.-O. Duceppe, I. Boyes, J. M. C. Marvin, L. M. Jones, H. B. Yusup, J. Lafond-Lapalme, M. Esquibet, M. Sabeh, M. Rott, H. Overmars, A. Fingers-Tomczak, G. Smant, G. Koutsovoulos, V. Blok, S. Mantielin, P. J. A. Cock, W. Phillips, B. Henrissat, P. E. Urwin, M. Blaxter, J. T. Jones, A. Reid, J. Pickup, E. Anderson, and S. Eves-van den Akker. Potato cyst nematodes in the UK: Understanding the problem and the search for new control measures. Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America (ONTA) 50th Annual Meeting, Arequipa, Peru. Aug. 20, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mimee, B., M. Sabeh, P.-Y. V�ronneau, V. Blok, and �. Grenier. From genotype to phenotype, a worldwide comparison of Globodera species. Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America (ONTA) 50th Annual Meeting, Arequipa, Peru. Aug. 20, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Thevenoux R., L. Folcher, M. Esquibet, D. Fouville D. and E. Grenier. Genetic diversity of Potato Cyst Nematode in its native area: a novel phylogeographic study using low and high density markers and different geographic scales. 33rd Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists. Gent, Belgium. Sept. 9-13, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Contina, J. B., L. M. Dandurand, and G. R. Knudsen. Modeling the impact of the pale cyst nematode Globodera pallida on potato growth using the DSSAT simulation models. First Annual Center for Human Health and the Environment (CHHE) Research Symposium, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. October 11, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Solo N., L. M. Dandurand, A. Caplan, J. Kuhl, and F. Xiao. Impediments to control: How PCN defends itself against resistant plants. First Annual Center for Human Health and the Environment (CHHE) Research Symposium, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. October 11, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Dodds, N, C.S. McIntosh, P.J.S. Hutchinson and L.M. Dandurand. 2019. A Cost Analysis on the use of Solanum Sisymbriifolium as a Trap Crop for Globodera Pallida. 2019 Potato Expo Austin, TX. January 9-10, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Contina, J. B., L. M. Dandurand, and G. R. Knudsen. Modeling the impact of the pale cyst nematode Globodera pallida on potato growth using the DSSAT simulation models.019 Potato Expo Austin, TX. January 9-10, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Dandurand, L. M. Pale cyst nematode Update.51st Annual Idaho Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. Jan. 23, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: S. Koirala, P. Watson, C. S. McIntosh, and L. M. Dandurand. The statewide impact of Globodera pallida on the Idaho Economy.51st Annual Idaho Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. Jan. 23, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Dandurand, L. M. PCN Research Update. 9. Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. Feb. 11-12, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kud, J., W. Wang, Y. Fan, A. Duarte, R. Gross, A. Gray, F. Xiao, and L. M. Dandurand. Globodera pallida RHA1B effector is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes virulence by degrading plant resistance proteins. Integrated Research and Innovation Center (IRIC), Lunch and Learn Seminar, University of Idaho. March 28, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Solo, N., L. M. Dandurand, A. Caplan, J. Kuhl, and F. Xiao. How do nematodes protect themselves from plant defenses? Integrated Research and Innovation Center (IRIC) Lunch and Learn Seminar, University of Idaho. April 11, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kuhl, J.C., L.M., Dandurand, G. Bryan, V. Block, W. S. De Jong, D. Denver, P. Hutchinson, J. Jones, C. McIntosh, B. Mimee, R. Novy, M. Thornton, X. Wang, J. Whitworth, and I. A. Zasada. 2018. Globodera Alliance (GLOBAL): Risk Assessment and Eradication of Globodera spp. in U.S. production of potato. Abstract Book WPC-ALAP 2018, pg 131. World Potato Congress, Cusco, Peru. May 27-31, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Novy, R, J. Whitworth, J. Kuhl, L.M. Dandurand, I. Zasada, W. DeJong, and X. Wang. Breeding and development of Globodera-resistant potato varieties with long tuber shape and russet skin for production in the western United States. Abstract Book WPC-ALAP 2018, pg 116.World Potato Congress, Cusco, Peru. May 27-31, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Whitworth, J. L., R. G. Novy, I. A. Zasada, X. Wang, L.M. Dandurand, and J. C. Kuhl. 2018. Seeking host resistance in potato to three Globodera species. Abstract Book WPC-ALAP 2018, pg 112.World Potato Congress, Cusco, Peru. May 27-31, 2018.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Eves-van den Akker, S., D.R. Laetsch, P. Thorpe, C.J. Lilley, E.G.J. Danchin, M. Da Rocha, C. Rancurel, N.E. Holroyd, J.A. Cotton, E. Grenier, J. Montarry, B. Mimee, M.-O. Duceppe, I. Boyes, J. Lapalme, M. Esquibet, M. Sabeh, M. Rott, H. Overmars, A. Tomczak, G. Smant, G. Koutsovoulos, V. Blok, S. Mantelin, P.J.A. Cock, W. Phillips, J. Marvin, L.M. Jones, H.B. Yusup, P.E. Urwin, M. Blaxter and J.T. Jones. 2016. The genome of the yellow potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, reveals insights into the genomic and transcriptomic bases of pathogenicity and virulence. Genome Biology 17:124. DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0985-1.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lafond-Lapalme, J., M.-O. Duceppe, S. Wang, P. Moffett and B. Mimee. 2016. A new method for decontamination of de novo transcriptome using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. Bioinformatics DOI :10.1093/bioinformatics/btw793.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Contina, J.B., L. M. Dandurand, and G. R. Knudsen. 2018. A spatial analysis of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida in Idaho. Phytopathology 108:988-1001.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: De Jong W. S., D. E. Halseth, R. L. Plaisted, X. Wang, K. L. Perry, X. Qu, K. M. Paddock, M. Falise, B. J. Christ, and G. A. Porter. 2017. Lamoka, a Variety with Excellent Chip Color out of Cold Storage and Resistance to the Golden Cyst Nematode. American Journal of Potato Research 94:148-152. DOI 10.1007/s12230-016-9557-x
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Denver, D. R., Ragsdale, E. J., Thomas, W. K., & Zasada, I. A. 2017. Introduction to Nematode Genome and Transcriptome Announcements in the Journal of Nematology. Journal of Nematology, 49(2), 125126.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Duceppe, M.-O., J. Lafond-Lapalme, J. E. Palomares-Rius, M. Sabeh, V. Blok, P. Moffett and B. Mimee. 2017. Analysis of survival and hatching transcriptomes from potato cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 3882. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03871-x
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mimee, B., B. Soufiane, N. Dauphinais, and G. B�lair. 2017. A qRT-PCR method to evaluate viability of potato cyst nematode (Globodera spp.). Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Phillips, W. S., S. Eves-Van Den Akker, and I. A. Zasada. 2017. Draft Transcriptome of Globodera ellingtonae. Journal of Nematology 49(2): 129-130.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Sabeh, M., M.-O. Duceppe, M. St-Arnad, and B. Mimee. 2018. Transcriptome-wide selection of a reliable set of reference genes for gene expression studies in potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.). PLoS ONE 13(3): e0193840. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193840.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Park, J., H. Yang, W. S. De Jong, and X. Wang. 2018. An Evaluation of two H1-Linked Markers and their Suitability for Selecting Globodera rostochiensis Resistant Potatoes in the New York Breeding Program. American Journal of Potato Research.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Sabeh, M., M. O. Duceppe, M. St-Arnaud, and B. Mimee. 2018. Transcriptome-wide selection of a reliable set of reference genes for gene expression studies in potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.). PLoS One 13, no. 3: e0193840.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Shock, C.C., Brown, C.R., Sathuvalli, V., Charlton, B.A., Yilma, S., Hane, D.C., Quick, R., Rykbost, K.A., James, S.R., Mosley, A.R., Feibert, E.B.G., Whitworth, J.L., Novy, R.G., Stark, J.C., Pavek, M.J., Knowles, N.R., Navarre, R.A., Miller Jr, J.C., Holm, D.G., Jayanty, S.S., Debons, J., Vales, M.I., Wang, X., Hamlin, L.L. 2018. TerraRossa: a mid-season specialty potato with red flesh and skin and resistance to common scab and golden cyst nematode. American Journal of Potato Research 95:597-605.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Whitworth, J.L., R.G. Novy, I.A. Zasada, X.Wang. L.M. Dandurand, J.C. Kuhl. 2018. Resistance of Potato Breeding Clones and Cultivars to Three Species of Potato Cyst Nematode. Plant Disease. 102:2120-2128.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Zasada, I., L.M. Dandurand, C. Gleason, C.H. Hagerty, R. E. Ingham. 2018. Plant Parasitic Nematodes of the Pacific Northwest: Idaho, Oregon, Washington. Pages 211-239 in: S. A. Subbotin and J. J. Chitamber (Eds). Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America. Vol. 1  Canada, Mexico and Western USA. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kooliyottil, R., L. M. Dandurand, J. C. Kuhl, A. Caplan, F. Xiao, B. Mimee, and J. Lafond-Lapalme. 2019. Transcriptome analysis of Globodera pallida from the susceptible host Solanum tuberosum or the resistant plant Solanum sisymbriifolium. Scientific Reports, 9:1-8.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Contina, J. B., L. M. Dandurand, and G. R. Knudsen. 2019. "A Predictive Risk Model Analysis of the Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida in Idaho." Plant Disease 103.12: 3117-3128.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Contina, J. B., and L. M. Dandurand. 2019. Spatial pattern and risk model development of Globodera pallida in Idaho. Asp. Appl. Biol. 142:107-116.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Dandurand, L. M., I., A., Zasada, X. Wang, B. Mimee, W. DeJong, R. Novy, J. Whitworth, J. C. Kuhl. 2019. Current status of potato cyst nematodes in North America. Annual Review of Phytopathology. Annual review of phytopathology, 57:117-133.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kud J., W. Wang, R. Gross, Y. Fan, L. Huang, Y. Yuan, A. Gray, A. Duarte, J. C. Kuhl, A. Caplan, A. Goverse, Y. Liu Y, L. M. Dandurand, and Xiao F. 2019. The potato cyst nematode effector RHA1B is a ubiquitin ligase and uses two distinct mechanisms to suppress plant immune signaling. PLOS Pathogens, Apr 12;15(4): e1007720.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Mimee, B., N. Dauphinais, and G. B�lair. 2019. Piler Dirt survey for the sampling and detection of potato cyst nematodes. Plant Disease. 103(8): 2065-2069.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Pillai, S. S. and Dandurand, L. M. 2019. Evaluation of fluorescent stains for viability assessment of the potato cyst nematodes Globodera pallida and G. ellingtonae. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 10:244-258.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Contina, J. B., L. M. Dandurand, and G. R. Knudsen. 2019. A predictive risk model analysis of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida in Idaho. Plant Disease, 103:3117-3128.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Contina, J. B., and L. M. Dandurand. 2019. Spatial pattern and risk model development of Globodera pallida in Idaho. Asp. Appl. Biol. 142:107-116.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Contina, J. B., L. M. Dandurand, and G. R. Knudsen. 2020. A spatiotemporal analysis and dispersal patterns of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida in Idaho. Phytopathology, 110:379-392.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Koirala, S., P. Watson, C. S. McIntosh, and L. M. Dandurand. 2020. Economic impact of Globodera pallida on the Idaho economy. American Journal of Potato Research, pp.1-7.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Varypatakis, K., P.-Y. Veronneau, P. Thorpe, P. J. A. Cock, J. T.-Y. Lim, M. R. Armstrong, S. Janakowski, M. Sobczak, I. Hein, B. Mimee, J. T. Jones, and V. C. Block. 2020. The genomic impact of selection for virulence against resistance in the potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida. Genes 11:1429
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Wang, X., H. Yang, P.-Y. Veronneau, D. Thurston, and B. Mimee. 2021. Genome resources of two pathotypes of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis from New York. Phytopathology: PHYTO-09.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Wasala, S. K., D. K. Howe, L. M. Dandurand, I. A. Zasada, and D. R. Denver. 2021. Genomic analyses of Globodera pallida, a quarantine agricultural pathogen in Idaho. Pathogens 10:363
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Whitworth, J. L., L. M. Dandurand, J. Kuhl, R. G. Novy, X. Wang, and I. Zasada. 2015. Developing potato cyst nematode resistance: Response of breeding lines and varieties to three Globodera species. Potato Association of America, Portland ME (contributed).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Dandurand, L. M., G. Bryan, V. Block, W. De Jong, D. Denver, P. Hutchinson, J. Jones, J. Kuhl, G. Knudsen, B. Mimee, R. Novy, M. Thorton, X. Wang, J. Whitworth, and I. Zasada. 2015. Risk assessment and eradication of Globodera spp. in U.S. production of potato. Society of Nematologists Annual Meeting, Lansing, MI (contributed).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Dandurand, L. M., G. Bryan, V. Block, W. De Jong, D. Denver, P Hutchinson, J Jones, J Kuhl, G Knudsen, B Mimee, R Novy, M Thorton, X Wang, J Whitworth, I Zasada. 2016. Risk assessment and eradication of Globodera spp. In U.S. production of potato. University of Idaho Potato Conference, Pocatello, ID
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Blok, V. 2016. Developing potatoes with broad spectrum resistance to Globodera. 1. Presented at the Worldwide Impact of Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, hosted by GLOBAL Project in conjunction with the joint annual meeting of the Society of Nematologist (SON) and the Organization of Nematologist for Tropical America (ONTA), Montr�al, QC, Canada. July 19, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Pickup, J. 2016. Management of the potato cyst nematodes Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis. Presented at the Worldwide Impact of Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, hosted by GLOBAL Project in conjunction with the joint annual meeting of the Society of Nematologist (SON) and the Organization of Nematologist for Tropical America (ONTA), Montr�al, QC, Canada. July 19, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Duarte, A., and L.M. Dandurand. 2016.Characterization of effector genes from Globodera pallida in resistant and susceptible potato plants. 32nd Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists (ESN) in Braga, Portugal. 29 August  1 September.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Zasada, I.A., L.M. Dandurand, and X. Wang. 2016. Current state of Globodera infestations in the U.S. Presented at the Worldwide Impact of Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, hosted by GLOBAL Project in conjunction with the joint annual meeting of the Society of Nematologist (SON) and the Organization of Nematologist for Tropical America (ONTA), Montr�al, QC, Canada. July 19.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Duarte, A., and L.M. Dandurand. 2016. Identification and molecular characterization of the calreticulin gene in Globodera pallida. Joint annual meeting of the Society of Nematologist (SON) and the Organization of Nematologist for Tropical America (ONTA), Montr�al, QC, Canada. July 18-21.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Sabeh, M., E. Grenier, M. St-Arnaud, and B. Mimee. 2016. Transcriptomic particularities between species of Globodera.Joint annual meeting of the Society of Nematologist (SON) and the Organization of Nematologist for Tropical America (ONTA), Montr�al, QC, Canada. July 18-21.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mimee, B., P.-Y. V�ronneau, J. Lafond-Lapalme, and E. Grenier. 2016. Population genetics of potato cyst nematodes using genotyping-by-sequencing. 32nd Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists (ESN) in Braga, Portugal. 29 August  1 September.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Zasada, I.A., L.M. Dandurand, and X. Wang. 2017. 75 years of potato cyst nematodes in the United States: A case study for quarantine pests. American Phytopathological Society Caribbean Division Annual Meeting, San Jose, Costa Rica. 26 February  2 March.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. Pale Cyst Nematode, implications for the potato industry. 49th Annual Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hutchinson, P. 2017. Weed management and use of trap crops for PCN eradication. 49th Annual Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Pickup, J. 2017. Management of Potato Cyst Nematodes: a Scottish Perspective. 49th Annual Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Whitworth, J., R. Novy, J. Kuhl, and W. DeJong. 2017. Developing PCN Resistance in U.S. Potato Cultivars. 49th Annual Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 19 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Whitworth, J.L., R.G. Novy, J.C. Kuhl, I.A. Zasada, L.M. Dandurand, and X. Wang. 2017. Screening potato breeding clones and varieties for resistance to three potato cyst nematode species. Potato Expo, San Francisco, CA. 4-6 January 4-6.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Contina, J. B. 2017. Nematodo del quiste p�lido: Biologia, distribuci�n y control. 49th Annual Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. GLOBAL project update. USDA-APHIS Research Update meeting, Pocatello, Idaho. 19 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. Non-chemical alternatives for PCN eradication use of trap crops. Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 20 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. Strategies for eradicating PCN: use of biofumigants, resistance, biological control agents. Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 20 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hutchinson, P. 2017. Litchi tomato as a trap crop for PCN control. Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 20 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kuhl, J. 2017. PCN Immunity/Resistant Varieties (including Innovator). Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 20 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M., I. Zasada, and X. Wang. 2017. Control of potato cyst nematodes in the U.S. 1. Annual Meeting of the Organization of Nematologists for Tropical American (ONTA), Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. 10-14 July.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L. M. 2017. Global efforts to control potato cyst nematodes. (Abstract) Phytopathology, 107(12):154.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. Status of Globodera pallida in Idaho. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists (SON), Williamsburg, Virginia. 15 August.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hajihassani, A., and L.M. Dandurand. 2017. An improved technique for sorting developmental stages and assessing egg viability of Globodera pallida using high-throughput complex object parametric analyzer and sorter. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists (SON), Williamsburg, Virginia. 15 August.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. GLOBAL project update. Meeting with growers of PCN infested fields, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 6 March.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kuhl, J. 2017. Sterile Litchi Tomato. Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 20 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Pickup, J. 2017. PCN perspective from Scotland. Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 20 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. Development of resistant cultivars. Meeting with growers of PCN infested fields, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 6 March.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. Non-chemical alternatives for PCN eradication. Meeting with growers of PCN infested fields, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 6 March.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kooliyottil, R. and L. M. Dandurand. 2017. Advancement in biocontrol research: A cellular level approach to study trophic interactions. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists (SON), Williamsburg, Virginia. 16 August.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: R. Kooliyottil, L.M. Dandurand, J.C. Kuhl, A. Caplan, F. Xiao, B. Mimee, and J. Lafond-Lapalme. 2017. Early infection transcriptome analysis of Globodera pallida infected in the susceptible Solanum tuberosum and resistant Solanum sisymbriifolium. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists (SON), Williamsburg, Virginia. 16 August.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Yi-Chun Yeh, A., S. Chen, T. Tran, and X. Wang. 2017. Host defense suppression mediated by the novel GR29D09 effector family from the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists (SON), Williamsburg, Virginia. 16 August.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L. M. 2017. Control of Globodera pallida in Idaho. Oregon State University, Botany and Plant Pathology Department. Corvallis, Oregon. 1-2 November.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Whitworth, J., R. Novy, W. DeJong, J. Kuhl, L.M. Dandurand, I. Zasada, and X. Wang. 2017. Potato cyst nematode: Finding resistance against multiple species. Idaho Association Plant Protection Meeting. Jerome, Idaho. 1-2 November.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Contina, J. B., Dandurand, L. M., and Knudsen, G. R. 2017. Distribution of the pale cyst nematode Globodera pallida in Idaho. Idaho Association Plant Protection Meeting. Jerome, Idaho. 1-2 November.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kooliyottil R., and Dandurand L. M. 2017. Defending potato against the PCN. Idaho Association Plant Protection Meeting. Jerome, Idaho. 1-2 November.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Duarte, A., L. M. Dandurand, R. Kooliyottil, S. Pillai, Z. Amiri, J. B. Contina, E. Forsberg, A. Gray, and V. Buck. 2017. Globodera pallida effector genes: molecular and functional characterization. Integrated Research and Innovation Center (IRIC) Seminar, University of Idaho. 1 December.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dandurand, L.M., I. Zasada, and M. Morra. 2018. PCN control. 50th Annual Idaho Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 17 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hutchinson, P. 2018. Weed Management workshop. 50th Annual Idaho Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 17 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dandurand, L. M. 2018. Potato cyst nematode eradication and containment in the United States: Successes and struggles. 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 22, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hutchinson, J. S. Impact of PCN on the Idaho potato industry and symposium summary. 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 22, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kuhl, J., J. Whitworth, R. Novy, and R. Thornburg. 2018. PCN resistance. 50th Annual Idaho Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 17 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wang, X. 2017. Potato Cyst Nematodes: Pests of National Importance. Potato Advisory Meeting, Canandaigua, New York. 12 December.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2018. PCN Research Update. Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 16 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dandurand, L.M., J. Kuhl, P. Hutchinson, and I. Zasada. 2018. GLOBAL project update. USDA-APHIS Research Update meeting, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kuhl, J., J. Whitworth, and R. Novy. 2018. Developing resistance in U.S. potato cultivars. USDA-APHIS Research Update meeting, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dandurand, L. M. 2018. Non-chemical eradication options. USDA-APHIS Research Update meeting, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kuhl, J.C., L.M., Dandurand, G. Bryan, V. Block, W. S. De Jong, D. Denver, P. Hutchinson, J. Jones, C. McIntosh, B. Mimee, R. Novy, M. Thornton, X. Wang, J. Whitworth, and I. A. Zasada. 2018. Globodera Alliance (GLOBAL): Risk Assessment and Eradication of Globodera spp. in U.S. production of potato. World Potato Congress, Cusco, Peru. 27-31 May. Abstract Book WPC-ALAP 2018, pg 131.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Zasada, I. 2018. Globodera ellingtonae update. USDA-APHIS Research Update meeting, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Contina, J. B., and L. M. Dandurand. 2018. A spatial analysis and impact of Globodera pallida in Idaho. USDA-APHIS Research Update meeting, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Whitworth, J. L., R. G. Novy, I. A. Zasada, X. Wang, L.M. Dandurand, and J. C. Kuhl. 2018. Seeking host resistance in potato to three Globodera species. 11. World Potato Congress, Cusco, Peru. 27-31 May 27-31. Abstract Book WPC-ALAP 2018, pg 112.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Novy, R, J. Whitworth, J. Kuhl, L.M. Dandurand, I. Zasada, W. DeJong, and X. Wang. 2018. Breeding and development of Globodera-resistant potato varieties with long tuber shape and russet skin for production in the western United States. Abstract Book WPC-ALAP 2018, pg 116.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Contina, J. B., L. M. Dandurand, and G. R. Knudsen. 2018. Modeling the spatial distribution of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida in Idaho. American Phytopathological Society (APS) Pacific Division Meeting, Portland, Oregon. June 25-27, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Solo, N., L. M. Dandurand, A. Caplan, J. Kuhl, and F. Xiao. Characterization of the Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) from the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. American Phytopathological Society (APS) Pacific Division Meeting, Portland, Oregon. June 25-27, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Yang, H. D. Thurston, W. De Jong, and X. Wang. Exploration of wild potato species for novel resistance against the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kuhl, J. C., L. M. Dandurand, R. Novy, J. Whitworth, I. Zasada, W. De Jong, and X. Wang. Use of molecular markers for breeding PCN resistance in the russet market class. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Searle, Bryan. Potato cyst nematode in Idaho  A growers perspective. 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 22, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dandurand, L. M. Status of Globodera pallida in Idaho  Research outlooks. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pillai, S. S., and L. M. Dandurand. Evaluation of florescent dyes/probes for assessing potato cyst nematode viability and its application in flow cytometric sorting of nematode life stages. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Solo, N., and L. M. Dandurand. Characterization of the Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) from the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gross, R. M., A. Caplan, J. Kuhl, L. M. Dandurand, and F. Xiao. Identification of molecular strategies to combat pale cyst nematode in potato. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Strachan, S. M., K. Baker, J. Tze-Yin Lim, G. Bryan, V. Blok, I. Hein. The role of gene enrichment in mapping the H2 nematode resistance gene in tetraploid potato. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kud, J., W. Wang, Y. Fan, A. Duarte, R. Gross, A. Gray, F. Xiao, and L. M. Dandurand. Globodera pallida RHA1B effector is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes virulence by degrading plant resistance proteins. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Novy, R., J. Whitworth, J. Kuhl, L.M. Dandurand, I. Zasada, W. De Jong, and X. Wang. Introgression of Globodera resistance into the russet market class. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dandurand, L. M., J. B. Contina, I. A. Zasada, and X. Wang. Potato cyst nematode eradication and containment in the United States: Successes and struggles. Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America (ONTA) 50th Annual Meeting, Arequipa, Peru. Aug. 20, 2018.


Progress 06/15/19 to 06/14/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Target Audience: In 2019-20, the GLOBAL Project benefited the following audiences: Researchers. A consortium of researchers, extension specialists, and educators from three land-grant institutions (University of Idaho, Oregon State University, Cornell University), USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) units (Corvallis, OR; Prosser, WA, Aberdeen, ID; Ithaca, NY), and international experts (The James Hutton Institute, Scotland; INRA, France; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) form the GLOBAL research team. This transdisciplinary team represents a comprehensive effort to study and control potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.) in the U.S., to address the ongoing threat of these nematodes to U.S. potato production. In year 5, researchers and advisory committee met in Moscow, ID in October 2019 for a research review and update with stakeholders and advisory committee. GLOBAL Project Researchers prepared to meet at the International Congress of Nematologists but due to COVID the Congress was rescheduled for April 2021. PIs, post docs, and graduate students presented at the virtual APS meeting and will present during the virtual SON meeting to be hosted in November 2020. Stakeholder Advisory Committee. Our advisory committed comprises of regulatory and potato industry and representatives including landowners, growers, potato commissions, and state and federal regulators, was formalized to provide consultation and guidance to the GLOBAL Project. This group is actively engaged in research planning and is interested in the translation of science into policy and practices that are effective to avoid and mitigate invasive potato cyst nematodes. In year 5, our advisory committee attended our advisory board meeting held in Moscow, ID October 23, 2019 where PIs presented their research and updated the advisory board members of their activities. Our presentations were followed by a lively and useful discussion about research findings, the global impact of PCN, control efforts, and future research directions. Potato Industry, APHIS, and ISDA. Our project has been developed in consultation with, and is strongly supported by the potato industry including representatives from New York, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon Potato Commissions, the US Potato Board, Northwest Potato Research Consortium, field operators, and land owners of fields infested with potato cyst nematodes. Together, GLOBAL represents the only comprehensive effort in the U.S. to tackle the threat posed by invasive Globodera. Members of this group are involved in monthly research and policy update conference calls. Changes/Problems:One major problem that has infuenced our efforts this past year, has been the delays in attending conferences, sharing materials, conducting some final experiments (screening, planting, etc) due to the COVID pandemic. We continue to communicate via zoom meeting to find solutions to some of the problems that have arisen due to this impendiment. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?PIs, as well as post docs, graduate students, and research assistants benefited from international cross-lab discussions at the all PI and advisory meeting held in Moscow Idaho in October 2019; and gained professional experience attending one or more professional gatherings, including the American Phytopathological Society Pacific Division Meeting (Portland, OR, June 25-27), the Potato Association of America Meeting (Boise, ID, July 22-25, 2018), the Idaho Association of Plant Protection Meeting (Nov. 7-8, 2018, Twin Falls, ID), the University of Idaho Extension Potato Conference (Jan. 22-25, 2019, Pocatello, ID), and the GLOBAL Project meeting (March 20, 2019, Moscow, ID). A graduate student gained experience presenting a Spanish language workshop at the University of Idaho Potato Conference (Jan. 23, 2019, Pocatello, ID). One post doc attended a week long bioinformatics workshop in October 2019. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results are communicated to scientific communities at annual society conferences as well as stakeholder meetings and industry conferences, as well as via our website and direct emails. In year 5, results were disseminated as follows: • Three research presentations were made at the Harper Adams 5th Symposium of Potato Cyst Nematode Management (Sept. 2019, Newport, U.K.) • Research update for the Northwest Potato Research Consortium was done in Boise Idaho, January 2020. • Research updates were presented to APHIS, Idaho State Department of Agriculture, Idaho Potato Commission, and to growers at the APHIS hosted research update meeting in Pocatello Idaho, January 23, 2020 • Periodic conference calls with Stakeholder Advisory Board. • A total of 4 educational workshop presentations were conducted at the 2020 University of Idaho Potato Conference (Pocatello, ID, January 23, 2020) by GLOBAL PIs and one grad student, providing a platform to share scientific knowledge and inform compare/contrast worldwide responses to impact of PCN with Idaho growers and other stakeholders. • A total of 60 Spanish-speaking Potato Conference attendees, identifying as agricultural workers, involved in everything from irrigation, planting, weed control and harvesting, as well as in supervisory/managerial roles in the industry, attended the Project's annual Spanish workshop (January 23, 2020) held at the University of Idaho Potato Conference in Pocatello, ID. • Meeting with New York potato growers, as well as State and Federal regulators (Oct. 2019, Ithaca, NY). • Meeting with Idaho growers of PCN infested fields (Feb. 12, 2020, Idaho Falls, ID). • A total of 9 presentations were made to GLOBAL PIs and invited scientists, Post Docs, and Grad Students at the GLOBAL Project Investigators Meeting (Oct. 2019, Moscow, ID) • A total of 9 presentations were made to GLOBAL Project Advisory Committee members, comprised of State and Federal policy makers, growers, and other industry professionals, at the GLOBAL Project Annual Meeting (Oct. 2019, Moscow, ID). • Project website ( https://www.globodera.org/ ) is promoted at stakeholder meetings, workshops, field tours, and graduate student course. Website materials are updated on an ongoing basis to include latest research products including videos and slide presentations of workshops, links to journal articles, science posters, project newsletter and other related news sources. • Project newsletter was distributed at the Idaho Potato Conference and other conferences and meetings, via the project website, direct emails to 900 people, and through affiliate organizations, including Potato Association of America and the Northwest Potato Research Consortium, to inform and update stakeholders on a quarterly basis. Topics published in year 5: Risk and Landscape Ecology of the Pale Cyst Nematode in Idaho, Oct. 2019, Issue 8. • Project-wide assessment survey is ongoing. The Survey was completed by Jan. 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 by Idaho Potato Conference participants, including policy makers, industry representatives, landowners, growers, farmhands, etc. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective 1 - Genomic approaches to risk assessment of Globodera spp. 1.1. Develop molecular detection methods to identify Globodera pathotypes. Several candidates have been identified and require validation. A manuscript will be prepared from these analyses. 1.2 Collection and rearing of Globodera populations and DNA from diverse geographic locations. We plan to analyze the rest of the sequence variants using CAPS and other methods to determine their utility for diagnostic marker development. Additionally, single cyst lines and PCN populations in the JHI collection used within the GLOBAL project are routinely multiplied and maintained. Investigations using a host range test and automated image analysis for morphological studies will be conducted on populations belonging to one of the novel genetic groups that is suspected to correspond to a new Globodera species. 1.3 Evolutionary population genetics of Globodera. We plan to continue necessary revision of the evolutionary population genetic analysis manuscript as needed until it is published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. A manuscript concerning the evolutionary relationships of Globodera populations based on molecular and phenotypic characterization will be prepared. 1.4 Globodera virulence markers. The genome sequence will be completed and submitted for publication. DNA will be extracted from 11 populations and ~20 candidate avirulence genes will be amplified for MiSeq sequencing. Additional genes will be included based on another SNP and GBS analysis. A manuscript will be prepared from these analyses. Objective 2 - Enhance potato breeding for resistance to Globodera. 2.1. Develop and screen populations that segregate for resistance to three Globodera species. In Idaho, 12 hill breeding clones (representing 2nd field year material) at Aberdeen were assayed for the presence of molecular markers associated with known major genes for PCN-resistance. This data will be used in the Fall of 2020 at Aberdeen for marker-assisted selection among the 12 hill clones to facilitate the selection of individuals with acceptable agronomics and PCN-resistance. More than 6,000 unique genotypes from the intercrossing of PCN-resistant parental clones conducted at Aberdeen will be evaluated and selected in the field in the Fall of 2020. True potato seed of 15 PCN-resistant families representing 5,551 seed were planted and germinated seedlings grown in the greenhouse in the Summer of 2020 to produce seedling tubers for planting in the field in 2021. Hybridizations between parents representing the russet market class and PCN-resistant clones will be conducted in the greenhouse the Winter of 2021 to generate new PCN-resistant populations for subsequent selection in the field.The New York breeding program will plant about 16,000 first year clones (in four hill plots) and 926 second year clones (in 20 hill plots) that segregate for resistance to Ro1, Ro2, and/or pallida. 2.2 Rapid mapping of quantitative trait loci using bulked segregant analysis with next-generation sequencing; gene dosage studies of known R genes in associated resistant individuals. Potato SNP chip version 3 will be used to map quantitative trail loci for PCN resistance segregating in A10915, a population generated from Eden x Western Russet. Thirty-eight progeny with unique marker patterns on chromosome 5 will be evaluated for G. pallida resistance. 2.3. Exchange and screening of Globodera-resistant parent material in US and UK breeding and selection for agronomic traits. PCN resistant germplasm from South America will be requested and germplasm sent to USDA-APHIS for quarantine prior to transfer to the University of Idaho for resistance evaluation. In addition, this new South America PCN-resistant germplasm identified by Dr. Kuhl and graduate student Rocio Del Carmen will be used as parental material for hybridizations by the Aberdeen and Cornell breeding programs. Objectives 3 - Enhance stakeholder engagement, knowledge and action related to Globodera and consequences on the U.S. potato industry. 3.1 Initial and ongoing project information dissemination. Exchanges will continue to be aimed at disseminating expertise and building collaborative relationships. Stakeholders will be asked for input on all aspects of our activities. 3.2 Information exchange with growers, government regulatory agencies, and state potato commissions, researchers, and other stakeholders. Identified as an industry and USDA-APHIS priority, we will to continue to develop resistance in potato suitable for the NW and other potatogrowing areas in the US. We will identify funding sources and work with stakeholders to develop project goals and objectives. Stakeholder input from the advisory committee meeting will be used to plan future funding opportunities. We have organized a symposium at the International Congress of Nematology which will be held in April 2021. The meeting was rescheduled from May 2020 to April 2021 due to the COVID pandemic. It is our hope that the pandemic will be resolved by April 2021 so that international travel with all symposium speakers can occur. Organizers ot the ICN are currently discussing possible scenarios for the meeting if travel continues to be descouraged or prohibited because of the pandemic. 3.3 Information dissemination in Spanish at regional potato meetings. A presentation will be given during the Spanish section of the Idaho potato conference in January 2021. 3.4 Dissemination of extension information on the GLOBAL website. The website (www.globodera.org) will continue to make videos, PowerPoints, and online links of GLOBAL PI educational workshop presentations, science posters, journal articles, and PCN media coverage. 3.5?. Evaluation of Project success.Surveys by participants in workshops, other meetings will be continued and evaluated. Objective 4 - Develop educational programs, using Globodera as a model, to teach concepts of ecological, agroeconomic, and global trade aspects of invasive plant pathogens. We will continue to develop and incorporate into existing university curricula educational materials that integrate aspects of invasive pest management with agricultural economics and international trade. Presentations by post docs and students will be made at the International Congress of Nematology during a symposium sponsored by the GLOBAL project and at other scientific session. Plans are underway to conduct the University of Idaho Graduate Student Tour of Idaho Potato Industry in the Summer 2021. As in the past (2017 and 2019), the group will visit the USDA-APHIS PCN facilities in Idaho Falls, ID to gain an understanding of how quarantines work and have a discussion with affected growers. Risks associated with COVID-19 and safety concerns may prevent the 2021 tour.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1 - Genomic approaches to risk assessment of Globodera spp. Develop detection methods for Globodera pathotypes. Several candidate genes were identified by GBS analysis and were used to distinguish G. rostochiensis Ro1 from Ro2. Collection and rearing.Bioinformatics analysis of genome sequences of G. rostochiensis inbred lines identified 297 sequence variations that may be targeted for diagnostic marker development. Initial testing of approximately 50 sequence variants using CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence) analysis identified one sequence variant that is potentially unique for the Ro2 pathotype. A further validation of the utility of this unique sequence variant as a diagnostic marker by testing more Ro1 and Ro2 populations from different geographic regions will continue. Additionally, sequences of cytB and mtDNA T-RFLP were obtained for single cyst lines of G. pallida and were compared to the SNP analyses from GBS. Eighty-four Peruvian G. pallida populations located in the cradle of diversity of the species were genotyped. Evolutionary population genetics. A manuscript was completed and is under revision for publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Virulence markers. Assembly and annotation of the new G. pallida assembly has been completed. Comparative analysis of the sequence with other new assemblies has been undertaken and effector gene families (including potential avirulence genes) have been compared. A publication is being written. Enrichment sequencing identified a large number of candidate avirulence genes. A total of 13 genes have been prioritized based on their biological characteristics (expression profile, nature of identified polymorphisms). We have therefore chosen to narrow this list by undertaking comparative sequence analysis of the prioritized candidate genes in other nematode populations exposed to the resistance sources before selecting those for expression in plants. Initially three genes were subjected to PCR and sequence comparison. Objective 2 - Breeding for resistance. Develop resistance. Twenty-three progeny selected at the 12-hill stage were analyzed for molecular markers linked to PCN resistant loci. Four progeny were identified with markers for both GpaIV and Gpa5 resistant loci. Selections were made in the field in the Fall of 2019 among 14 families derived from the intercrossing of PCN-resistant parental clones and representing a total of 2,747 unique genotypes. Selected clones were planted at Aberdeen in the field as 12 hill plots for a second year of evaluation in the field in 2020. An additional 6,000 unique genotypes from the intercrossing of PCN-resistant parental clones conducted at Aberdeen were planted as first field-generation clones in the Spring of 2020 for selection in the Fall of 2020. The New York breeding program planted 14390 clones from 53 first year families segregating for resistance to Ro1, Ro2 and/or pallida; 1129 clones were saved for additional evaluation. Also planted were 727 clones from second year families segregating for resistance to potato cyst nematodes with 167 selected and saved at harvest. Rapid mapping. Phenotypic analysis of A10915 has been completed and molecular markers are now being assessed for association with resistant loci. DNA was extracted from two hundred progeny from A18585 and evaluated for molecular makers for PCN resistance on chromosome 5. Thirty-eight progeny with unique banding patterns have been identified and submitted for screening with G. pallida. Exchange resistant parent material.A review of resistant potato germplasm evaluated in South America has resulted in numerous clones being identified from Ecuador and Peru. Hybridizations and synthesis of new families was conducted in the Spring of 2020. t. At Aberdeen, 21 families representing 26,686 true potato seed were successfully generated. The New York breeding program produced over 157,000 seeds from 98 crosses. Some also segregate for resistance to the pale cyst nematode, Globodera pallida. Restrictions imposed because of coronavirus prevented russet clones from being evaluated in NY in 2020; we now aim to do this in 2021. Objective 3 - Enhance stakeholder engagement, knowledge and action related to Globodera and consequences on the U.S. potato industry. Research Dissemination.Information on PCN was presented at the Idaho Potato Conferenceand at the 2020 Potato Expo. A symposium which was scheduled for the International Conference of Nematology was postponed due to the COVID pandemic, but the conference is tentatively re-scheduled for April 2021. The website, www.globodera.org, continues to make videos, PowerPoints, and online links of GLOBAL PI educational workshop presentations, science posters, journal articles, and PCN media coverage. Information exchange. PIs presented at the Annual University of Idaho Extension Potato Conference and the 2020 Potato Expo , eight issues of the GLOBAL Newsletter have been published in English, Spanish, and French, and distributed at conferences, workshops, and online. Accomplishmentswere presented to the GLOBAL project advisory board meeting. Information n in Spanish. Spanish translations of the newsletters were distributed. One presentation was given in Spanish at the Idaho Potato conference. 3.4 Assessment of Project. GLOBAL project evaluation results are based on surveys conducted at the Idaho Potato Conference andat additional workshops/presentations. A total of 403 participants took the evaluation survey during the five years of the project. From 2016-2020, 403 participants took the survey: 64% of all respondents took the Spanish version of the survey (n=403). 95% of all respondents said they live in Idaho (n=403). 95% of all respondents took the survey at the Idaho Potato Conference (n=403). The two largest audiences receiving the outreach message were famers/producers (the majority of which took the survey in Spanish) and government/agency representatives. The highest percentages of respondents perceived PCNas presenting the greatest threat to international markets and, less consistently across years, to profitability. All five years respondents perceived PCNs as presenting the least amount of risk to US food security (i.e., food supply). Overall, those who took the English version generally perceived PCNs as a greater threat than those who answered in Spanish. Participating in the workshop helped the vast majority of participants to increase their knowledge of PCNs at least to some extent. For 2016-2020 combined, 53% said their knowledge of PCNs "increased a lot" as a result of participating. Another 41% of all respondents for all five years combined said their knowledge "increased a little. Only 6% said their knowledge of PCNs "did not increase." The fifth year of the project, 2020, stands out as the year the highest percentage of evaluation survey respondents said their knowledge of PCNs "increased a lot." ?Objective 4 - Educational programs. We continued to develop and incorporate into existing university curricula educational materials that integrate aspects of invasive pest management with agricultural economics and international trade. The 2019 Graduate Student Tour of Idaho Potato Industry June 2019 featured a visit to the USDA-APHIS PCN facilities in Idaho Falls, ID gain an understanding of how quarantines work and included a discussion with affected growers.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Contina, J. B., and L. M. Dandurand. 2019. Spatial pattern and risk model development of Globodera pallida in Idaho. Asp. Appl. Biol. 142:107-116.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Contina, J. B., L. M. Dandurand, and G. R. Knudsen. 2019. "A Predictive Risk Model Analysis of the Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida in Idaho." Plant Disease, 103.12: 3117-3128.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Dandurand, L. M., I. A. Zasada, X. Wang, B. Mimee, W. DeJong, R. Novy, J. Whitworth, J. C. Kuhl. 2019. Current status of potato cyst nematodes in North America. Annual Review of Phytopathology. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 57:117-133
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kooliyottil, R., L. M. Dandurand, J. C. Kuhl, A. Caplan, F. Xiao, B. Mimee, and J. Lafond-Lapalme. 2019. Transcriptome analysis of Globodera pallida from the susceptible host Solanum tuberosum or the resistant plant Solanum sisymbriifolium.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kud J., W. Wang, R. Gross, Y. Fan, L. Huang, Y. Yuan, A. Gray, A. Duarte, J. C. Kuhl, A. Caplan, A. Goverse, Y. Liu Y, L. M. Dandurand, and Xiao F. 2019. The potato cyst nematode effector RHA1B is a ubiquitin ligase and uses two distinct mechanisms to suppress plant immune signaling. PLOS Pathogens, Apr 12;15(4): e1007720.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Mimee, B., N. Dauphinais, and G. B�lair. 2019. Piler Dirt survey for the sampling and detection of potato cyst nematodes. Plant Disease. 103(8): 2065-2069.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Pillai, S. S., and L. M. Dandurand. 2019. Evaluation of fluorescent stains for viability assessment of the potato cyst nematodes Globodera pallida and G. ellingtonae. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 10:244-258.


Progress 06/15/18 to 06/14/19

Outputs
Target Audience:In 2018-19, the GLOBAL Project benefited the following audiences: Researchers. A consortium of researchers, extension specialists, and educators from three land-grant institutions (University of Idaho, Oregon State University, Cornell University), USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) units (Corvallis, OR; Prosser, WA, Aberdeen, ID; Ithaca, NY), and international experts (The James Hutton Institute, Scotland; INRA, France; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) form the GLOBAL research team. This transdisciplinary team represents a comprehensive effort to study and control potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.) in the U.S., to address the ongoing threat of these nematodes to U.S. potato production. In year 4, researchers met in Moscow, ID on March 20, 2018 for a research review and update with stakeholders and advisory committee., GLOBAL Project Researchers presented at meetings that included the annual meetings of the Organization of Nematologists for Tropical American (ONTA) (Aug. 19-23, 2018, Arequipa, Peru), the Potato Association of American (PAA) (July 22-26, 2018, Boise, ID), the European Society of Nematologists (ESN) (Sept. 9-13, 2018), and the University of Idaho Potato Research and Extension conference in Pocatello, January 23-24, 2018. These collaborative efforts benefit growers and regulators; provide information about research results; and enhance the exchange between stakeholder groups and researchers. Stakeholder Advisory Board (SAB).The Advisory Board, comprised of 19 representatives from the potato industry including landowners, growers, agricultural industry, state and federal regulators, and policy-makers, continues to provide consultation and guidance to the GLOBAL Project. This group is actively engaged in research planning and is interested in the translation of science into policy and practices that are effective to avoid and mitigate invasive potato cyst nematodes. Potato Industry. Our project has been developed in consultation with, and is strongly supported by, the potato industry including representatives from New York, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon Potato Commissions, the U.S. Potato Board, Northwest Potato Research Consortium, field operators, and land owners of fields infested with potato cyst nematodes, USDA-APHIS, ISDA, and NYSDA. Together, GLOBAL represents the only comprehensive effort in the U.S. to tackle the threat posed by invasive Globodera. Members of this group are involved in monthly research and policy update conference calls. In year 4, GLOBAL Project PIs presented at several industry meetings (each attended by 30-60 potato industry members) including the annual University of Idaho Research and Extension Potato Conference (Jan. 23, 2019, Pocatello, ID), the Potato Association of America meeting (PAA) (July 22-26, 2019, the USDA-APHIS annual PCN planning and reporting meeting (March 20, 2019, Moscow, ID), and the Idaho Association of Plant Pathology (Nov. 7-8, 2018, Twin Falls, ID), Western Society of Weed Science (March 11-14, 2019, Denver, CO), the Annual Snake River Pest Management Tour - U of Idaho Aberdeen R&E Center June 26, 2018), and meetings with growers (Feb. 11, 2019, Idaho Falls, ID). In these presentations, researchers from the GLOBAL project addressed the impact of potato cyst nematodes, phytosanitary actions, plant resistance, sampling, etc. This fourth year, over 100 Spanish-speaking University of Idaho Extension Potato Conference attendees, identifying as agricultural workers, involved in everything from irrigation, planting, weed control, and harvesting, as well as in supervisory/managerial roles in the industry, benefited from the Project's annual Spanish workshop held at the University of Idaho Potato Conference in Pocatello ID. The Project's website - www.globodera.org (targeted to both English, Spanish, and French speaking audiences) - is designed to keep stakeholder audience informed throughout the year. The website allows viewers to see videotapes of international scientist presentations and/or posters for the annual University of Idaho Extension Potato Conference, PAA and ONTA conferences, as well as link to journal articles, detailing the Project's published research findings. The Project's newsletter - Globodera Alliance Newsletter - is distributed at stakeholder conferences and field days and is made available online. Seven issues have been published to date in both English, Spanish, and more recently a French edition was added. This quarterly newsletter serves to bring information to our stakeholders and the public to better understand the complexities of PCN's lifecycle, phytosanitary measures to control PCN, development of resistance, and the role that science is playing to develop and deploy environmentally-friendly eradication measures for potato cyst nematodes. Our online newsletter subscribers function attracts a following, including subscribers in Australia, Canada, Egypt, France, India, Kenya, Morocco, the Netherlands, and Mexico. USDA-APHIS and ISDA. In year 4, the Project again provided research updates for USDA-APHIS and the APHIS Research Update meeting (March 20, 2019, Moscow, ID). Post Docs and Students. In year 4, the GLOBAL Project has grown to involve the participation of post-doctoral associates, graduate students, and research technicians who continued to benefit from international cross-lab discussions, gained professional experience presenting at the Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium sponsored by GLOBAL Project at the 201 PAA conference (July 24, 2018, Boise, ID), and the Annual University of Idaho Extension Potato Conference (Jan. 22, 2019, Pocatello, ID). In addition, GLOBAL made it possible for 2 post-doctoral associates from The James Hutton Institute to visit research facilities and present their work for students at the University of Idaho (July 19-21, 2018 and March 7-9, 2019). The Project also sponsored a Genomics Annotation Training Workshop (March 11-15, 2019, Corvallis, OR) attended by a total of 14 post-doctoral students, graduate students and research technicians, as well as 5 GLOBAL PIs. GLOBAL offered a 4-day Globodera ellingtonae Genome Annotation Workshop at Oregon State University 11-14 March, 2019. This workshop offered GLOBAL trainees and scientists the opportunity to learn and apply the latest genome annotation tools and approaches to the genome of a recently discovered potato-cyst nematode species, G. ellingtonae. The demographics of attendees was: 4 graduate students, 3 post-docs, 7 technicians, 5 GLOBAL PIs. Dr. Sebastian Eves van de Akker from University of Cambridge was invited to attend the workshop to provide guidance in nematode genome annotation based upon his experience with genome annotation efforts with G. pallida and G. rostochiensis. The results of this workshop will be communicated broadly through the Nematology Newletter of the Society of Nematologists, and the annotated genome product will be shared as a short communication for a peer-reviewed data science journal. The annotation information will also be integrated into the WormBase ParaSite online genome resource center for nematode species. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? PIs, as well as post docs, graduate students, and research assistants benefited from international cross-lab discussions and gained professional experience attending one or more professional gatherings, including the American Phytopathological Society Pacific Division Meeting (Portland, OR, June 25-27), the Potato Association of America Meeting (Boise, ID, July 22-25, 2018), the Idaho Association of Plant Protection Meeting (Nov. 7-8, 2018, Twin Falls, ID), the University of Idaho Extension Potato Conference (Jan. 22-25, 2019, Pocatello, ID), and the GLOBAL Project meeting (March 20, 2019, Moscow, ID). A graduate student gained experience presenting a Spanish language workshop at the University of Idaho Potato Conference (Jan. 23, 2019, Pocatello, ID). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results are communicated to scientific communities at annual society conferences as well as stakeholder meetings and industry conferences, as well as via our website and direct emails. In year 4, results were disseminated as follows: GLOBAL sponsored a Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, held at the PAA annual meeting (July 24, 2018, Boise, ID) at which 11 PIs, Post Doc, and Grad Students presented. A total of 3 presentations by GLOBAL PIs and an Advisory Board Member/Grower were made at the opening session of the PAA annual meeting (July 23, 2018, Boise, ID), with a focus on the Impact of PCN on the Idaho Potato Industry. GLOBAL sponsored a Symposium on Potato Cyst Nematodes a ONTA's annual meeting (Aug. 20, 2018, Arequipa, Peru) that made it possible for scientists from the U.S., Canada, Caribbean, South America, and Europe to make a total of 7 presentations on the work of the GLOBAL project PIs and other leaders in the field on the "Global impact of Globodera'. Periodic conference calls with Stakeholder Advisory Board. A total of 2 presentations two Grad Student were made at the Idaho Association of Plant Protection Meeting. Twin Falls, ID. Nov. 7-8, 2018. A total of 3 educational workshop presentations were conducted at the 2019 Idaho Potato Conference (Pocatello, ID, Jan. 2019) by GLOBAL PIs and one grad student, providing a platform to share scientific knowledge and inform compare/contrast worldwide responses to impact of PCN with Idaho growers and other stakeholders. A total of 120 Spanish-speaking Potato Conference attendees, identifying as agricultural workers, involved in everything from irrigation, planting, weed control and harvesting, as well as in supervisory/managerial roles in the industry, attended the Project's annual Spanish workshop (Jan. 2019) held at the University of Idaho Potato Conference in Pocatello, ID. Meeting with Idaho growers of PCN infested fields (Feb. 12, 2019, Idaho Falls, ID) A total of 16 presentations were made by PIs, Post Doc, and Grad Students at the USDA-APHIS Research Update meeting, Moscow, ID. March 20, 2019. Project website ( https://www.globodera.org/ ) is promoted at stakeholder meetings, workshops, field tours, and graduate student course. Website materials are updated on an ongoing basis to include latest research products including videos and slide presentations of workshops, links to journal articles, science posters, project newsletter and other related news sources. Project newsletter was distributed at the Idaho Potato Conference and other conferences and meetings, via the project website, direct emails to 900 people, and through affiliate organizations, including Potato Association of America and the Northwest Potato Research Consortium, to inform and update stakeholders on a quarterly basis. Topics published in year 4: Using Molecular Markers to Identify potato Varieties Resistant to Potato Cyst Nematodes, July 2018, Issue 6. PCN by the Numbers, Dec. 2018, Issue 7. Project-wide assessment survey is ongoing. The Survey was completed by Jan. 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 Idaho Potato Conference participants, including policy makers, industry representatives, landowners, growers, farmhands, etc. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective 1 - Genomic approaches to risk assessment of Globodera spp. 1.1 Develop molecular detection methods to identify Globodera pathotypes SNP which are specific to each of the genotypic groups will continue to be validated and when consistent results obtained the SNPs will be converted into KASP markers which will again be validated. The KASP markers will be applied to a DNA library of Scottish PCN samples to determine the distribution of the different SNP types. 1.2 Collection and rearing of Globodera populations and DNA from diverse geographic locations Additional populations of will be collected from South America. Molecular and morphological analysis of Globodera populations from Chile will be completed. Bioinformatic analyses of genome sequences of G. rostochiensis inbred lines to discover SNPs or other sequence variations for diagnostic marker development. In Scotland, the mtDNA T-RFLP results will be compared to cytochrome b mtDNA to determine if the same groups are obtained. This data will then be compared with the SNP results obtained in 1.1. 1.3 Evolutionary population genetics of Globodera Analyses are completed, and we are in the process of preparing a manuscript for submission to a peer-reviewed journal to communicate our results. 1.4 Globodera virulence markers The genome assembly for G. pallida will be annotated and prepared for joint publication. Candidate avirulence genes identified from enrichment sequencing and genome resequencing will be validated by amplifying and sequencing from a range of selected lines. The most promising sequences will be cloned into expression vectors to allow functional testing on plant lines containing appropriate resistance sources. In Canada, more populations will be genotyped for the genes or gene variants that were found to be linked with host specificity or virulence on H1 using allele-specific PCR and Sanger sequencing. Objective 2 - Enhance potato breeding for resistance to Globodera. 2.1 Development and screening of populations based on resistance to three Globodera species In 2019, NY will select the best performing clones from 46 first-year families segregating for resistance to Ro1 and an additional 7 families segregating for resistance to Ro1, Ro2 and pallida. NY will also select from second-year families, 56 segregating for resistance to Ro1, four segregating for resistance to Ro1, Ro2 and pallida, and two segregating for resistance to Ro1 and pallida. In 2019, Aberdeen will select in the field among 14 families derived from the intercrossing of PCN-resistant parental clones and representing a total of 2,747 unique genotypes. 2.2 Rapid mapping of quantitative trait loci using bulked segregant analysis with next-generation sequencing; gene dosage studies of known R genes in associated resistant individuals A10915 clones and PCN-resistant varieties from Europe, Peru, and New Zealand will be used as parents in hybridizations in 2019 and in 2020. The A10915 population has the marker for GPAIV present, but with a goal to introgress GpaV as well from hybridizations with parents having the resistance gene. PCN-resistant parental clones in 2018 have been screened for the presence of eight molecular markers linked to Globodera resistant loci including GpaIV and GpaV, to aid in the pyramiding of resistance genes in resulting progenies. Molecular marker data on parental material will be used to identify progeny with both GpaIV and GpaV, as well as other PCN resistant loci.In particular, a Performer x Basin Russet population (A18585) will be used to identify regions on chromosome 5 that contribute to G. pallida resistance. 2.3 Exchange and screening of Globodera-resistant parent material in US and UK breeding and selection for agronomic traits Hybridizations and synthesis of new families will continue in order to develop resistant varieties adapted to the northwest and eastern U.S. Additional resistant breeding lines and varieties will be screened. Crosses that segregate for H1 and a gene on chromosome 5 will be continued. ID will send about 2000 tubers of russet crosses that segregate for resistance to pallida to NY, for first generation selection in NY. Objectives 3 - Enhance stakeholder engagement, knowledge and action related to Globodera and consequences on the U.S. potato industry. 3.1 Initial and ongoing project information dissemination. Information on the PCN will be presented at conferences, field tours, and industry meetings. Priorities include: Sampling and detection of PCN Marker assisted resistance development Risk assessment Economic impact Continue targeting audiences outside of ID and NY Information on the PCN will be presented at conferences, field tours, and industry meetings. Priorities include: disseminating information on economics and other aspects. 3.2 Information exchange with growers, government regulatory agencies, and state potato commissions, researchers, and other stakeholders. Exchanges will continue to be aimed at disseminating expertise and building collaborative relationships. Stakeholders will be asked for input on all aspects of our activities. Research products - videotaped presentations, newsletters, posters, and publications- will be posted on line. Focus on Potato Webcasts A web-cast and/or popular press publication featuring Q&A with grower(s) impacted by PCN infestation in their fields and growers who do not have PCN-infested fields will be recorded and made available online to to show the perception and concern levels differences between the two sets of growers in order to educated how PCN affects more than growers with infested fields and help growers understand the potential for PCN to spread and the due diligence required to protect potato industry trade and profitability. 3.3 Information dissemination in Spanish at regional potato meetings. In year 5, a graduate student at the University of Idaho, will present as a short course (in Spanish) at the University of Idaho Extension Potato Conference. Spanish translations of the Globodera Alliance Newsletters will be distributed online, conferences, field days, etc. 3.4 Dissemination of extension information on the GLOBAL website. Our website address is: http://www.Globodera.org. Extension and outreach information on the website will continue to be developed. 3.5 Coupled Models: Nematode population, potato cropping system, and potato economics. Information from the DSSAT model will be disseminated to stakeholders. 3.6 Means by which success of extension and outreach efforts will be assessed. Surveys by participants in workshops, field tours and other meetings will be continued and evaluated. Stakeholder input from the advisory committee meeting will be used to improve our research and outreach efforts. Objective 4. Develop educational programs, using Globodera as a model, to teach concepts of ecological, agro-economic, and global trade aspects of invasive plant pathogens. 4.1 Design of Educational Activities. We continue to develop and incorporate into existing university curricula educational materials that integrate aspects of invasive pest management with agricultural economics and international trade. 4.2 Graduate research training. The 2019 Graduate Student Tour of Idaho Potato Industry June 2019 will feature a visit to the USDA-APHIS PCN facilities in Idaho Falls, ID gain an understanding of how quarantines work and will include discussion with affected growers. University of Idaho Graduate Student Seminar presentations by grad students, PIs, and other project personnel.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Program management and over all goals Stakeholder Advisory Board (SAB) members were engaged in the project. Regular team and project-wide meetings were conducted. Update meetings were held bi-monthly via conference call Objective 1 - Genomic approaches to risk assessment of Globodera spp. 1.1 Develop molecular detection methods to identify Globodera pathotypes A short list of SNPs specific to each of the three genotypic groups of G. pallida have been identified and primers designed in order to amplify the regions containing these SNPs to determine if the original SNP results can be replicated with cysts from the same populations as the SNP data was generated. 1.2 Collection and rearing of Globodera populations and DNA from diverse geographic locations The genomes of single cysts from Chilean Globodera populations were sequenced and phylogenies prepared to allow for comparison with the U.S. populations. Sequence variations that may be associated with specific G. rostochiensis pathotypes are being identified. Phenotyping of single cyst lines continues. 1.3 Evolutionary population genetics of Globodera Genetics of Globodera pallida populations from Idaho was done through DNA sequencing to assess genome-wide patterns of genetic variation. 1.4 Globodera virulence marker A new genome assembly for G. pallida has been generated which is of better quality than the published genome sequence. Captured effector sequence reads from selected lines of G. pallida have identified candidate avirulence genes, and polymorphisms have been mapped to the new genome assembly to identify polymorphisms associated with virulence. Five pathotypes of G. rostochiensis are being compared to identify candidate avirulence genes for H1 resistance. Objective 2 - Enhance potato breeding for resistance to Globodera 2.1 Develop and screen populations that segregate for resistance to three Globodera species Phenotyping of breeding lines and parents continues by sending material to the nematology labs. In 2018, 47 crosses that segregate for resistance to G. rostochiensis Ro1, three crosses that segregate for resistance to Ro1 and pallida, and three crosses that segregate for resistance to Ro1, Ro2 and pallida. In the Aberdeen, Idaho potato breeding program, 2018 was a very successful hybridization year among PCN-resistant parental clones with 133 families generated representing 103,657 true potato seed. Selections were also made in the field in 2018 from among 2,521 1st field generation clones and 78 2nd field generation clones, with selected clones to be advanced in the breeding program. Two populations (Performer x Moonlight and Performer x Basin Russet) were identified as populations for further analysis in addition to the A10915 family developed earlier. Marker results will be added to the Performer x Basin Russet individuals. 2.2 Rapid mapping of quantitative trait loci using bulked segregant analysis with next-generation sequencing; gene dosage studies of known R genes in associated resistant individuals A10915 clones and PCN-resistant varieties from Europe, Peru, and New Zealand will be used as parents in hybridizations in 2019 and in 2020. The A10915 population has the marker for GPAIV present, but with a goal to introgress GpaV as well from hybridizations with parents having the resistance gene. PCN-resistant parental clones in 2018 have been screened for the presence of eight molecular markers linked to Globodera resistant loci including GpaIV and GpaV, to aid in the pyramiding of resistance genes in resulting progenies. Molecular marker data on parental material will be used to identify progeny with both GpaIV and GpaV, as well as other PCN resistant loci.In particular, a Performer x Basin Russet population (A18585) will be used to identify regions on chromosome 5 that contribute to G. pallida resistance. 2.3 Exchange and screening of Globodera-resistant parent material in US and UK breeding and selection for agronomic traits Hybridizations and synthesis of new families will continue in order to develop resistant varieties adapted to the northwest and eastern U.S. Additional resistant breeding lines and varieties will be screened. Crosses that segregate for H1 and a gene on chromosome 5 will be continued. ID will send about 2000 tubers of russet crosses that segregate for resistance to pallida to NY, for first generation selection in NY. Objectives 3 - Enhance stakeholder engagement, knowledge and action related to Globodera and consequences on the U.S. potato industry. 3.1 Initial and ongoing project information dissemination PIs presented at PAA, ESN, the University of Idaho Extension Potato Conference, and ONTA. GLOBAL hosted a symposium on the "Global impact of Globodera" at the 2018 ONTA meeting. 3.2 Information exchange with growers, government regulatory agencies, and state potato commissions, researchers, and other stakeholders In year 4: PIs presented the Annual Potato Association of America (PAA) meeting (July 23-26, 2018, Boise, ID) included a symposium on the "Impact of Quarantined Pests on Potato Production" the Annual University of Idaho Extension Potato Conference, the 2019 Potato Expo (Jan. 9-10, 2019, Austin TX), Two issues of Globodera Alliance Newsletter were published in English, Spanish, and French, and a total seven newsletter issues, published to date, were distributed at conferences, workshops, and online. De Jong WS, "Potato Show & Tell 2018", annual report of Cornell Potato Breeding program, 40 pp. 3.3 Information dissemination in Spanish at regional potato meetings Spanish translations of the Globodera Alliance Newsletter were published: 3.4 Dissemination of extension information on the GLOBAL website The website (www.globodera.org) continues to make videos, PowerPoints, and online links of GLOBAL PI educational workshop presentations, science posters, journal articles, and PCN media coverage. In year 4, the Project initiated a "A Growers Perspective" video, providing a potato growers point of view as to the economic and community impact of G. pallida in southern Idaho.Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=7&v=TmIv7h3jeVM 3.5 Coupled Models: Nematode population, potato cropping system A PhD student developed a risk model using Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT). Experiments were conducted to validate the risk model. DSSAT predicts a 40-87% potato yield loss if PCN is established at a population density of 80 eggs/g soil. In addition, the spatial patterns of PCN for Idaho was determined for both the region and for each field. One publication has been accepted and two others are under review. 3.6 Means by which success of extension and outreach efforts will be assessed Surveys of participants were conducted at conferences, workshops, and field days. Objective 4 - Develop educational programs, using Globodera as a model, to teach concepts of ecological, agroeconomic, and global trade aspects of invasive plant pathogens 4.1 Design of Education Activities We developed and incorporated into existing curricula, educational materials that integrate aspects of invasion biology and invasive pest management with agricultural economics and international trade. 4.2 Graduate Research Training GLOBAL offered a 4-day Globodera ellingtonae Genome Annotation Workshop at Oregon State University 11-14 March, 2019.The demographics of attendees was: 4 graduate students, 3 post-docs, 7 technicians, 5 GLOBAL PIs. The results of this workshop will be communicated broadly through the Nematology Newletter of the Society of Nematologists, and the annotated genome product will be shared as a short communication for a peer-reviewed data science journal. The annotation information will also be integrated into the WormBase ParaSite online genome resource center for nematode species.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Mimee, B., N. Dauphinais, and G. B�lair. Piler Dirt survey for the sampling and detection of potato cyst nematodes. Submitted to Plant Disease
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sabeh, M., E. Lord, �. Grenier, M. St-Arnaud, and B. Mimee. What determine host specificity in hyperspecialized plant pathogens? Submitted to BMC Genomics
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Contina, J. B., L. M. Dandurand, and G. R. Knudsen. 2018. A Spatial Analysis of the Potato Cyst Nematode, Globodera pallida, in Idaho. Phytopathology. 108:988-1001.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Park, J., H. Yang, W. S. De Jong, and X. Wang. 2018. An Evaluation of two H1-Linked Markers and their Suitability for Selecting Globodera rostochiensis Resistant Potatoes in the New York Breeding Program. American Journal of Potato Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-017-9623-z
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Sabeh, M., M.-O. Duceppe, M. St-Arnaud, and B. Mimee. 2018. Transcriptome-wide selection of a reliable set of reference genes for gene expression studies in potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.). PLoS One 13(3), e0193840.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Shock, C.C., Brown, C.R., Sathuvalli, V., Charlton, B.A., Yilma, S., Hane, D.C., Quick, R., Rykbost, K.A., James, S.R., Mosley, A.R., Feibert, E.B.G., Whitworth, J.L., Novy, R.G., Stark, J.C., Pavek, M.J., Knowles, N.R., Navarre, R.A., Miller Jr, J.C., Holm, D.G., Jayanty, S.S., Debons, J., Vales, M.I., Wang, X., Hamlin, L.L. (2018). TerraRossa: a mid-season specialty potato with red flesh and skin and resistance to common scab and golden cyst nematode. American Journal of Potato Research 95:597-605.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Whitworth, J.L., R.G. Novy, I.A. Zasada, X.Wang. L.M. Dandurand, J.C. Kuhl. 2018. Resistance of Potato Breeding Clones and Cultivars to Three Species of Potato Cyst Nematode. Plant Disease. 102:2120-2128.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Zasada, I., L.M. Dandurand, C. Gleason, C.H. Hagerty, R. E. Ingham. 2018. Plant Parasitic Nematodes of the Pacific Northwest: Idaho, Oregon, Washington. Pages 211-239 in: S. A. Subbotin and J. J. Chitamber (Eds). Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America. Vol. 1  Canada, Mexico and Western USA. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Solo, N., L. M. Dandurand, A. Caplan, J. Kuhl, and F. Xiao. Characterization of the Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) from the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. American Phytopathological Society (APS) Pacific Division Meeting, Portland, Oregon. June 25-27, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dandurand, L. M. Potato cyst nematode eradication and containment in the United States: Successes and struggles. 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 22, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hutchinson, J. S. Impact of PCN on the Idaho potato industry and symposium summary. 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 22, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Searle, Bryan. Potato cyst nematode in Idaho  A growers perspective. 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 22, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmIv7h3jeVM
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dandurand, L. M. Status of Globodera pallida in Idaho  Research outlooks. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pillai, S. S., and L. M. Dandurand. Evaluation of florescent dyes/probes for assessing potato cyst nematode viability and its application in flow cytometric sorting of nematode life stages. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Solo, N., and L. M. Dandurand. Characterization of the Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) from the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIkz2Xp4GSk
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gross, R. M., A. Caplan, J. Kuhl, L. M. Dandurand, and F. Xiao. Identification of molecular strategies to combat pale cyst nematode in potato. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Strachan, S. M., K. Baker, J. Tze-Yin Lim, G. Bryan, V. Blok, I. Hein. The role of gene enrichment in mapping the H2 nematode resistance gene in tetraploid potato. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vk16_g_dZBo
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kud, J., W. Wang, Y. Fan, A. Duarte, R. Gross, A. Gray, F. Xiao, and L. M. Dandurand. Globodera pallida RHA1B effector is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes virulence by degrading plant resistance proteins. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mjbd1kEkeo4
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Yang, H. D. Thurston, W. De Jong, and X. Wang. Exploration of wild potato species for novel resistance against the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1-nzTgJ5p4
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kuhl, J. C., L. M. Dandurand, R. Novy, J. Whitworth, I. Zasada, W. De Jong, and X. Wang. Use of molecular markers for breeding PCN resistance in the russet market class. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXaZFZwYgw4
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Contina, J. B., L. M. Dandurand, and G. R. Knudsen. 2018. Modeling the spatial distribution of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida in Idaho. American Phytopathological Society (APS) Pacific Division Meeting, Portland, Oregon. June 25-27, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Novy, R., J. Whitworth, J. Kuh., L.M. Danduranc, I. Zasada, W. De Jong, and X. Wang. Introgression of Globodera resistance into the russet market class. Research Symposium, 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Boise, Idaho. July 23, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=dnkfEbQcUiw
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dandurand, L. M., J. B. Contina, I. A. Zasada, and X. Wang. Potato cyst nematode eradication and containment in the United States: Successes and struggles.Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America (ONTA) 50th Annual Meeting, Arequipa, Peru. Aug. 20, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Humphrey-Pereira, D. A., R. Sandoval-Ru�z, and L. Flores-Chaves. Globodera Pallida: An unwelcome visitor in the potato-growing areas of Costa Rica and its interaction with other nematodes associated with potatoes. Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America (ONTA) 50th Annual Meeting, Arequipa, Peru. Aug. 20, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Zasada, I. A., H. Pacheco, O. Acevedo, L. M. Dandurand, C. Hesse, E. Grenier, and I. Moreno. The North and South American Globodera ellingtonae. Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America (ONTA) 50th Annual Meeting, Arequipa, Peru. Aug. 20, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pacheco, H., B. Yangari, and O. Acevedo. Globodera species in Chile: Current status, geographical distribution and perspectives. Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America (ONTA) 50th Annual Meeting, Arequipa, Peru. Aug. 20, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Thorpe, P., C. J. Lilley, E. G. J. Danchin, D. R. Laetsch, M. Da Rocha, C. Rancurel, N. E. Holroyd, J. A. Cottom, A. Szitenberg. E. Grenier, J. Montarry, B. Mimee, M.-O. Duceppe, I. Boyes, J. M. C. Marvin, L. M. Jones, H. B. Yusup, J. Lafond-Lapalme, M. Esquibet, M. Sabeh, M. Rott, H. Overmars, A. Fingers-Tomczak, G. Smant, G. Koutsovoulos, V. Blok, S. Mantielin, P. J. A. Cock, W. Phillips, B. Henrissat, P. E. Urwin, M. Blaxter, J. T. Jones, A. Reid, J. Pickup, E. Anderson, and S. Eves-van den Akker. Potato cyst nematodes in the UK: Understanding the problem and the search for new control measures. Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America (ONTA) 50th Annual Meeting, Arequipa, Peru. Aug. 20, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mimee, B., M. Sabeh, P.-Y. V�ronneau, V. Blok, and �. Grenier. From genotype to phenotype, a worldwide comparison of Globodera species. Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America (ONTA) 50th Annual Meeting, Arequipa, Peru. Aug. 20, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Thevenoux R., L. Folcher, M. Esquibet, D. Fouville D. and E. Grenier. Genetic diversity of Potato Cyst Nematode in its native area: a novel phylogeographic study using low and high density markers and different geographic scales. 33rd Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists. Gent, Belgium. Sept. 9-13, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Contina, J. B., L. M. Dandurand, and G. R. Knudsen. Modeling the impact of the pale cyst nematode Globodera pallida on potato growth using the DSSAT simulation models. First Annual Center for Human Health and the Environment (CHHE) Research Symposium, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. October 11, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Solo N., L. M. Dandurand, A. Caplan, J. Kuhl, and F. Xiao. Impediments to control: How PCN defends itself against resistant plants. First Annual Center for Human Health and the Environment (CHHE) Research Symposium, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. October 11, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Dodds, N, C.S. McIntosh, P.J.S. Hutchinson and L.M. Dandurand. 2019. A Cost Analysis on the use of Solanum Sisymbriifolium as a Trap Crop for Globodera Pallida. 2019 Potato Expo Austin, TX. January 9-10, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Contina, J. B., L. M. Dandurand, and G. R. Knudsen. Modeling the impact of the pale cyst nematode Globodera pallida on potato growth using the DSSAT simulation models.019 Potato Expo Austin, TX. January 9-10, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Dandurand, L. M. Pale cyst nematode Update.51st Annual Idaho Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. Jan. 23, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: S. Koirala, P. Watson, C. S. McIntosh, and L. M. Dandurand. The statewide impact of Globodera pallida on the Idaho Economy.51st Annual Idaho Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. Jan. 23, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Dandurand, L. M. PCN Research Update. 9. Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. Feb. 11-12, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kud, J., W. Wang, Y. Fan, A. Duarte, R. Gross, A. Gray, F. Xiao, and L. M. Dandurand. Globodera pallida RHA1B effector is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes virulence by degrading plant resistance proteins. Integrated Research and Innovation Center (IRIC), Lunch and Learn Seminar, University of Idaho. March 28, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Solo, N., L. M. Dandurand, A. Caplan, J. Kuhl, and F. Xiao. How do nematodes protect themselves from plant defences? Integrated Research and Innovation Center (IRIC) Lunch and Learn Seminar, University of Idaho. April 11, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kuhl, J.C., L.M., Dandurand, G. Bryan, V. Block, W. S. De Jong, D. Denver, P. Hutchinson, J. Jones, C. McIntosh, B. Mimee, R. Novy, M. Thornton, X. Wang, J. Whitworth, and I. A. Zasada. 2018. Globodera Alliance (GLOBAL): Risk Assessment and Eradication of Globodera spp. in U.S. production of potato. Abstract Book WPC-ALAP 2018, pg 131. World Potato Congress, Cusco, Peru. May 27-31, 2018. https://www.worldpotatocongress2018-alap.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ABSTRACT-BOOK-INIA-Digital-version.pdf
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Novy, R, J. Whitworth, J. Kuhl, L.M. Dandurand, I. Zasada, W. DeJong, and X. Wang. Breeding and development of Globodera-resistant potato varieties with long tuber shape and russet skin for production in the western United States. Abstract Book WPC-ALAP 2018, pg 116.World Potato Congress, Cusco, Peru. May 27-31, 2018.https://www.worldpotatocongress2018-alap.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ABSTRACT-BOOK-INIA-Digital-version.pdf
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Whitworth, J. L., R. G. Novy, I. A. Zasada, X. Wang, L.M. Dandurand, and J. C. Kuhl. 2018. Seeking host resistance in potato to three Globodera species. Abstract Book WPC-ALAP 2018, pg 112.World Potato Congress, Cusco, Peru. May 27-31, 2018. https://www.worldpotatocongress2018-alap.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ABSTRACT-BOOK-INIA-Digital-version.pdf


Progress 06/15/17 to 06/14/18

Outputs
Target Audience:In 2017-18, the GLOBAL Project benefited the following audiences: Researchers. A consortium of researchers, extension specialists, and educators from three land-grant institutions (University of Idaho, Oregon State University, Cornell University), USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) units (Corvallis, OR; Prosser, WA, Aberdeen, ID; Ithaca, NY), and international experts (The James Hutton Institute, Scotland; INRA, France; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) form the GLOBAL research team. This transdisciplinary team represents a comprehensive effort to study and control potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.) in the U.S., to address the ongoing threat of these nematodes to U.S. potato production. In year 3, this team of researches met in Ithaca, NY for the 3rd GLOBAL Project Annual meeting, March 6-7, 2018. These collective efforts benefit growers and regulators; provide information about research results; and enhance the exchange between stakeholder groups and researchers. Also, in year 3, GLOBAL Project Researchers presented at meetings that included the annual meeting of Organization of Nematologists for Tropical American (ONTA) (July 10-14, 2017, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico), American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting (August 5-9, 2017, San Antonio Texas), the Society of Nematologist (SON) 56th Annual Meeting (August 13-16, 2017, Williamsburg, Virginia). Stakeholder Advisory Board. The Advisory Board, comprised of 19 representatives from the potato industry including landowners, growers, agricultural industry, state and federal regulators, and policy-makers, continues to provide consultation and guidance to the GLOBAL Project. This group is actively engaged in research planning and is interested in the translation of science into policy and practices that are effective to avoid and mitigate invasive potato cyst nematodes. Representatives of the SAB were instrumental in our March 7, 2018 Advisory Board meeting held in Ithaca, NY where advisory board members met with GLOBAL project PIs. Potato Industry. Our project has been developed in consultation with, and is strongly supported by, the potato industry including representatives from New York, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon Potato Commissions, the U.S. Potato Board, Northwest Potato Research Consortium, field operators, and land owners of fields infested with potato cyst nematodes, USDA-APHIS, ISDA, and NYSDA. Together, GLOBAL represents the only comprehensive effort in the U.S. to tackle the threat posed by invasive Globodera. Members of this group are involved in monthly research and policy update conference calls. In year 3, GLOBAL Project PIs presented (each attended by 30-60 potato industry members) at several industry meetings including the annual University of Idaho Potato Conference (Jan. 17, 2018, Pocatello, ID), USDA-APHIS annual PCN planning and reporting meeting (Jan. 18, 2018, Pocatello, ID), and the Idaho Association of Plant Protection Meeting (November 1-2, 2017, Jerome, ID), meetings with growers (Jan. 16, 2018, Idaho Falls, ID), and the World Potato Congress (May 27-31, 2018, Cusco, Peru). In these presentations, researchers from the GLOBAL project addressed the impact of potato cyst nematodes, phytosanitary actions, plant resistance, sampling, etc. This third year, over 100 Spanish-speaking Potato Conference attendees, identifying as agricultural workers, involved in everything from irrigation, planting, weed control, and harvesting, as well as in supervisory/managerial roles in the industry, benefited from the Project's annual Spanish workshop held at the University of Idaho Potato Conference in Pocatello ID. The Project's website - www.globodera.org (targeted to both English, Spanish, and French speaking audiences) - is designed to keep stakeholder audience informed throughout the year. The website allows viewers to see videotapes of international scientist presentations and/or posters for the annual Idaho Potato Conference, SON and ONTA conferences, as well as link to journal articles, detailing the Project's published research findings. The Project's newsletter - Globodera Alliance Newsletter is distributed at stakeholder conferences and field days and is made available online. Five issues have been published to date in both English and Spanish, and more recently a French edition has been added. This quarterly newsletter serves to bring information to our stakeholders and the public to better understand the complexities of PCN's lifecycle, phytosanitary measures to control PCN, development of resistance, and the role that science is playing to develop and deploy environmentally-friendly eradication measures for potato cyst nematodes. Our online newsletter subscribers function has begun to attract both a following, including subscribers in Australia, Egypt, France, the Netherlands, and Mexico. USDA-APHIS and ISDA In year 3, the Project again provided research updates for USDA-APHIS at the APHIS Research update meeting (January 18, 2018) in Pocatello, ID and at the Golden Nematode Technical Working Group annual meeting in Ithaca NY (March 6, 2018). In addition, the GLOBAL Project brought a global scientific perspective to regulators and growers attending the Golden Nematode Workgroup meeting (March 6-7, 2018, Ithaca, New York) by hosting Jon Pickup, PhD, from Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture, to present scientific perspectives of alternative approaches to PCN control practiced in Scotland and Europe, as well as John Jones, PhD. and Vivian Blok, PhD, from The James Hutton Institute, and Eric Grenier, PhD, from the French National Institute of Agricultural Research, who presented an update on collaborative, international research findings. Post Docs and Students In year 3, the GLOBAL Project has grown to involve the participation of post-doctoral associates, graduate students, and research technicians who continued to benefit from international cross-lab discussions, gained professional experience attending the joint GLOBAL Project and Golden Nematode Workgroup meetings (March 6-7, 2018, Ithaca, NY), and attended one or more professional gathering, including the Society of Nematologists 56th annual meeting (Aug. 13-16, 2017, Williamsburg, Virginia), and the Annual Idaho Potato Conference (Jan.17-18, 2018, Pocatello, ID). Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? PIs, as well as post docs, graduate students, and research assistants continued to benefit from international cross-lab discussions and gained professional experience attending one or more GLOBAL Project meeting (March 6-7, 2018, Ithaca, New York), and one or more professional gathering, including the Society of Nematologists conference (Aug. 13-21, 2017, Williamsburg, VA), the Idaho Association of Plant Protection Meeting (Nov. 1-2, 2017, Jerome, ID), the Annual University of Idaho Potato Conference (Jan.17-18, 2018, Pocatello, ID). A graduate student gained experience presenting a Spanish language workshop for participants of the Idaho Potato Conference (Jan. 17, 2018, Pocatello, ID). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been communicated to scientific communities at annual society conferences as well as stakeholder meetings and industry conferences, as well as via our website and direct emails and were Results disseminated at the following scientific conferences: Annual meeting of the Organization of Nematologists for Tropical American (ONTA), Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.July 10-14, 2017. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting. San Antonio, Texas.Aug. 5-9, 2017. Society of Nematologist 56th Annual Meeting (SON). Williamsburg, Virginia. Aug. 13-16, 2017. GLOBAL Advisory Board Annual Meeting, Ithaca, New York. March 7, 2018. Periodic conference calls with Stakeholder Advisory Board. A total of 3 presentations by GLOBAL PI, Post Doc, and Grad Student were made at the Idaho Association of Plant Protection Meeting. Jerome, Idaho. Nov. 1-2, 2017. A total of 3 educational workshop presentations were conducted at the 2018 Idaho Potato Conference (Jan. 2018, Pocatello, ID) by GLOBAL PIs and Post Doc on the Project, providing a platform share scientific knowledge and inform compare/contrast worldwide responses to impact of PCN with Idaho growers and other stakeholders. A total of 120 Spanish-speaking Potato Conference attendees, identifying as agricultural workers, involved in everything from irrigation, planting, weed control and harvesting, as well as in supervisory/managerial roles in the industry, attended the Project's annual Spanish workshop (Jan. 2018) held at the University of Idaho Potato Conference in Pocatello ID. Potato Advisory meeting, Canandaigua, New York, December 12, 2017. Meeting with Idaho growers of PCN infested fields (January 16, 2018, Idaho Falls, ID) A total of 8 presentations were made by PIs and a Grad Student at the USDA-APHIS Research Update meeting, Pocatello, Idaho. January 18, 2018. Project website ( https://www.globodera.org/ ) is promoted at stakeholder meetings, workshops, field tours, and graduate student course. Website materials are updated on an ongoing basis to include latest research products including videos and slide presentations of workshops, links to journal articles, science posters, project newsletter and other related news sources. Project Newsletter distributed at the Idaho Potato Conference and other conferences and meetings, via the project website, direct emails to 900 people, and through affiliate organizations, including Potato Association of America and the Northwest Potato Research Consortium, to inform and update stakeholders on a quarterly basis. Topics published in year 3: Developing Potato Varieties with Resistance to Potato Cyst Nematodes, May 2017, Issue 3. Potato Cyst Nematodes Around the World: All you wanted to know about their distribution and evolution history, Sept. 2017, Issue 4. The Fascinating Biology of Potato Cyst Nematodes, Nov. 2017, Issue 5. Project newsletter articles are being published in industry publications, including Potato Growers magazine: Miniscule, Mighty Menace: The fascinating biology of potato cyst nematodes. Feb. 2018, Potato Growers magazine. Project-wide assessment survey is ongoing. The Survey was completed by (Jan. 2016, 2017, 2018 Idaho Potato Conference participant policy makers, industry representatives, landowners, growers, farmhands, etc.). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective 1 - Genomic approaches to risk assessment of Globodera spp. Develop molecular detection methods to identify Globodera pathotypes SNP loci associated with specific pathotypes will be validated. A high-throughput SNP genotyping assay will be conducted to identify SNPs that show consistent frequency differences between virulent and avirulent G. pallida cysts. In Scotland, the GBS makers developed by GLOBAL researchers will be validated using the single cyst lines that have been phenotyped and genotype. Collection and rearing of Globodera populations and DNA from diverse geographic locations Single cysts lines of Globodera will be maintained. Chilean Globodera populations will be characterized for comparative analysis with the U.S. populations. Additional populations of will be collected from South America. In Scotland, mtDNA T-RFLP and GBS data will be used to determine their relationship in the single cysts lines. Single cyst lines with unique phenotypic and genotypic characteristics will be increased. Evolutionary population genetics of Globodera. Bioinformatic analyses for Idaho G. pallida populations will continue. Genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) will be characterized; preliminary data indicates that >1 million genetic variants occur in the Idaho samples. Spatial analysis of Idaho G. pallida genetic diversity will be initiated by using a Mantel test, Moran's I statistic, principle component analysis, spatial interpolation, and inverse distance weighting methods. Globodera virulence markers. A G. pallida assembly based on the long reads will be annotated using existing RNAseq information and will port over information from the current G. pallida genome by the GLOBAL community. We will then identify candidate avirulence genes that show polymorphisms consistent with differences in virulence of the population from which they were derived. Functional characterization of the 1106 gene from G. pallida, and the Gp-000638100 gene will be conducted by gene silencing (RNAi). The transcriptome of G. pallida with that of G. ellingtonae from susceptible and resistant hosts will be compared. Objective 2 - Enhance potato breeding for resistance to Globodera. Development and screening of populations based on resistance to three Globodera species Hybridizations for PCN resistance will be done i among 52 PCN-resistant breeding clones and varieties. In 2018, selections based on agronomic type will be made from the 1st generation field grown progeny that were produced by hybridizations for PCN resistance. Concurrently, these clones will also be screened for response to PCN by the three nematology labs. Select nematode resistant parent material will be screened with 3-4 PCN markers. Rapid mapping of quantitative trait loci using bulked segregant analysis with next-generation sequencing; gene dosage studies of known R genes in associated resistant individuals A10915 clones and PCN-resistant varieties from Europe, Peru, and New Zealand will be used as parents in hybridizations in 2018. The A10915 population has the marker for GPAIV present, but with a goal to introgress GpaV as well from hybridizations with parents having the resistance gene. Parental clones in 2018 with PCN-resistance will be screened for presence of molecular markers, to aid in the pyramiding of resistance genes in resulting progenies. Of this population, 234 progeny DNA samples have been sent for SNP chip analysis. 53 progeny from the same population will be screened G. pallida resistance. Another set of 32 was sent for re-evaluation for G. pallida and a first evaluation for G. ellingtonae resistance. Exchange and screening of Globodera-resistant parent material in US and UK breeding and selection for agronomic traits. Hybridizations and synthesis of new families will continue in order to develop resistant varieties adapted to the northwest and eastern U.S. Additional resistant breeding lines and varieties will be screened. Crosses that segregate for H1 and a gene on chromosome 5 will be continued. Selections for agronomic performance will be done using 464 progeny of an Innovator x Lamoka cross and 111 progeny from an Innovator x NY160 cross. The Innovator x Lamoka cross is for round whites (chipping types) and the Innovator x NY160 is for red types, with the possibility of russet progeny that would fit the western market. Objectives 3 - Enhance stakeholder engagement, knowledge and action related to Globodera and consequences on the U.S. potato industry. Initial and ongoing project information dissemination. Information on the PCN will be presented at conferences, field tours, and industry meetings. Priorities include: Sampling and detection of PCN Marker assisted resistance development PCN by the numbers Information exchange with growers, government regulatory agencies, and state potato commissions, researchers, and other stakeholders. Update phone conferences and meetings will be conducted periodically to exchange results and further collaborations. A symposium on the Impact of Quarantine Pests on Potato Industry at the PAA will be hosted by GLOBAL July 22-26, 2018, Boise, ID. Research products - videotaped presentations, newsletters, posters, and publications- will be posted on line. A web-cast featuring Q&A with grower(s) impacted by PCN infestation in their fields will be recorded and made available online to help growers understand the potential for PCN to spread and the due diligence required to protect the potato industry trade and profitability. The project will work to raise awareness of the growing global impact of PCN, through the following: Presentations at the World Potato Congress (May 27-31, Cusco, Peru) Hosting a mini-symposium at the ONTA conference (Arequipa, Peru, Aug. 20-24) 2018, featuring experts on PCN from the United Kingdom, Mexico, Africa, Mexico, Chili and the U.S. Hosting an international speaker to present at the 2019 Idaho Potato Conference. Information dissemination in Spanish at regional potato meetings. In year 4, Jn Bertrand Contina, a Ph.D. graduate student at the University of Idaho, will present 'Deployment of resistance for control of PCN' as a short course (in Spanish) to members of the Latino community involved in potato production at the University of Idaho Potato Conference. Spanish translations of the Globodera Alliance Newsletters will be distributed online, conferences, field days, etc. Dissemination of extension information on the GLOBAL website. Our website address is: http://www.Globodera.org. Extension and outreach information on the website will continue to be developed. Coupled Models: Nematode population, potato cropping system, and potato economics. The geospatial data from the USDA-APHIS G. pallida database will be modelled and incorporated in a risk model assessment by a Ph.D. student. Means by which success of extension and outreach efforts will be assessed. Surveys by participants in workshops, field tours and other meetings will be continue and evaluated. Stakeholder input from the advisory committee meeting will be used to improve our research and outreach efforts. Objective 4. Develop educational programs, using Globodera as a model, to teach concepts of ecological, agro-economic, and global trade aspects of invasive plant pathogens. Design of Educational Activities.We continue to develop and incorporate into existing university curricula educational materials that integrate aspects of invasive pest management with agricultural economics and international trade. Graduate research training. A Bioinformatics Workshop will be developed and attended by post docs, and graduate students from the GLOBAL project.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Program management and over all goals Key project personnel were hired including a new graduate student. Stakeholder Advisory Board (SAB) members were actively engaged in the project. Regular and extensive internal team and project-wide meetings were conducted. Project-wide planning and update meetings were held bi-monthly via conference call (July 2017-June 2018). Third Annual Planning Meetings for GLOBAL project research teams and Advisory Committee was held in conjunction with the Golden Nematode working group n Ithaca New York March 6-7, 2018. Project-wide assessment survey was administered at conference workshops, meetings with growers, and educational field tours to evaluate the effectiveness of the Project's Extension, Outreach and Education efforts. Objective 1 - Genomic approaches to risk assessment of Globodera spp. Develop molecular detection methods to identify Globodera pathotypes During year 3, a method to quantify the viability of eggs of using qRT-PCR was published. We also identified and published a reliable set of reference genes for expression studies using RNA-seq. We continued the validation of SNP loci associated with specific pathotypes. Collection and rearing of Globodera populations and DNA from diverse geographic locations Single cyst lines were increased. Globodera populations were collected from Chile. For the Scotland population, a phenotyping with single cysts lines on 2 susceptible and 4 partially resistance genotype was performed. The mtDNA T-RFLP on individual cysts from single cyst lines has been performed. Evolutionary population genetics of Globodera Idaho G. pallida cysts were obtained from USDA-APHIS. 52 samples were selected for DNA extraction. Extracted DNA was sequenced using Illumina Hi-Seq 3000 generating 150 bp, paired-end reads. Resulting genomes had ~50X coverage. Globodera virulence marker A capture array probe set was generated and DNA was prepared from selected lines of G. pallida grown on relevant resistance sources. The DNA was enriched for effector-encoding DNA and was sequenced using the MiSeq platform and the PacBio platform. The calreticulin gene from PCN was isolated and sequenced. In situ hybridization analysis detected the presence of the secretion signal peptide for the Gp-crt. An orthologue of gene 1106 from G. rostochiensis was up-regulated in G. pallida in a susceptible host but not in a resistant plant. In situ hybridization indicated that expression of this gene was localized in the esophageal glands. Objective 2 - Enhance potato breeding for resistance to Globodera. Develop and screen populations that segregate for resistance to three Globodera species Phenotyping of varieties and breeding lines was done at three nematology labs. Results from the phenotyping identified resistance to all three Globodera. A correlation between molecular marker H1 for G. rostochiensis resistance and G. ellingtonae indicates that the resistance gene linked to H1 may be the same for both species. A paper detailing the results has been submitted. Rapid mapping of quantitative trait loci using bulked segregant analysis with next-generation sequencing; gene dosage studies of known R genes in associated resistant individuals Eden was used to generate a population with Western Russet for study of resistance genes and verification of markers. 240 progeny from Eden x Western Russet have been screened with marker Contig237 for the presence of the GPAIVadg. The same individuals were screened with marker 57R for the presence of the H1 gene. From this population DNA was extracted from 234 progeny, quantified, and sent for SNP chip analysis. A second population [NY121 (R) x NY115 (S)] was screened for G. rostochiensis Ro2. Progeny were phenotyped against G. rostochiensis Ro2 and G. pallida to identify loci associated with a resistance QTL for Ro2 and G. pallida. The SolCAP SNP marker c2_50301 on chromosome 5 explained 23% of the variation for resistance to Ro2 in this cross. Exchange and screening of Globodera-resistant parent material in US and UK breeding and selection for agronomic traits The breeding programs in Idaho acquired additional varieties from Europe, Peru, and New Zealand and include Innovator and Basin Russet. Objectives 3 - Enhance stakeholder engagement, knowledge and action related to Globodera and consequences on the U.S. potato industry. Initial and ongoing project information dissemination. PIs presented at ONTA, APS, and SON. Information exchange with growers, government regulatory agencies, and state potato commissions, researchers, and other stakeholders In year 3, PIs presented at the IAPP meeting, the New York Potato Advisory meeting, the Idaho Potato Conference, USDA-APHIS annual PCN meeting, the New York Golden Nematode Workgroup meeting, and a meeting with Idaho growers. Jon Pickup from SASA, hosted by GLOBAL, presented at the Golden Nematode Workgroup meeting. Five issues of Globodera Alliance Newsletter were published in English, Spanish, and French, and distributed at conferences, workshops, and field days, and are available online. Information dissemination in Spanish at regional potato meetings Spanish translations of the Globodera Alliance newsletter were published: Nematodos del quiste de la papa alrededor del mundo: Todo lo que Ud. quiso saber sobre sus distribuciones y sus historias de evolució. Edición 4, Septiembre 2017. La biología fascinante de los nematodos del quiste de la papa. Edición 5, Noviembre 2017. Desarrollando Variedades de Papas Resistentes a los Nematodos del Quiste de la Papa. Edición 3, Mayo 2017. Dissemination of extension information on the GLOBAL website The website (www.globodera.org) continues to make videos, PowerPoints, and online links of GLOBAL PI educational workshop presentations, science posters, journal articles, and PCN media coverage, including the field tour video posted in year 3: Traffic is drawn to our website through periodic Twitter and Facebook postings, as well as direct emails to 900 people, announcing publications. Our newsletter attracts readers from the around the world. Coupled Models: Nematode population, potato cropping system. A PhD student developed a risk model using Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT). Means by which success of extension and outreach efforts will be assessed. Surveys of participants were conducted at conferences, workshops, field days and the UI graduate student tour. Objective 4. Develop educational programs, using Globodera as a model, to teach concepts of ecological, agroeconomic, and global trade aspects of invasive plant pathogens. Design of Education Activities. We developed and incorporated into existing curricula, educational materials that integrate aspects of invasion biology and invasive pest management with agricultural economics and international trade. 2017 University of Idaho Plant Sciences graduate student seminar PCN information presented during one of the Potato Science class lectures

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Yi-Chun Yeh, A., S. Chen, T. Tran, and X. Wang. 2017. Host defense suppression mediated by the novel GR29D09 effector family from the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists (SON), Williamsburg, Virginia. 16 August.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L. M. 2017. Control of Globodera pallida in Idaho. Oregon State University, Botany and Plant Pathology Department. Corvallis, Oregon. 1-2 November.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Whitworth, J., R. Novy, W. DeJong, J. Kuhl, L.M. Dandurand, I. Zasada, and X. Wang. 2017. Potato cyst nematode: Finding resistance against multiple species. Idaho Association Plant Protection Meeting. Jerome, Idaho. 1-2 November.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Contina, J. B., Dandurand, L. M., and Knudsen, G. R. 2017. Distribution of the pale cyst nematode Globodera pallida in Idaho. Idaho Association Plant Protection Meeting. Jerome, Idaho. 1-2 November.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kooliyottil R., and Dandurand L. M. Defending potato against the PCN. Idaho Association Plant Protection Meeting. Jerome, Idaho. 1-2 November.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Duarte, A., L. M. Dandurand, R. Kooliyottil, S. Pillai, Z. Amiri, J. B. Contina, E. Forsberg, A. Gray, and V. Buck. 2017. Globodera pallida effector genes: molecular and functional characterization. Integrated Research and Innovation Center (IRIC) Seminar, University of Idaho. 1 December.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dandurand, L.M., I. Zasada, and M. Morra. 2018. PCN control. 50th Annual Idaho Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 17 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hutchinson, P. 2018. Weed Management workshop. 50th Annual Idaho Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 17 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kuhl, J., J. Whitworth, R. Novy, and R. Thornburg. 2018. PCN resistance. 50th Annual Idaho Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 17 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wang, X. 2017. Potato Cyst Nematodes: Pests of National Importance. Potato Advisory Meeting, Canandaigua, New York. 12 December.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2018. PCN Research Update. Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 16 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dandurand, L.M., J. Kuhl, P. Hutchinson, and I. Zasada. 2018. GLOBAL project update. USDA-APHIS Research Update meeting, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kuhl, J., J. Whitworth, and R. Novy. 2018. Developing resistance in U.S. potato cultivars. USDA-APHIS Research Update meeting, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dandurand, L. M. 2018. Non-chemical eradication options. USDA-APHIS Research Update meeting, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Zasada, I. 2018. Globodera ellingtonae update. USDA-APHIS Research Update meeting, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Contina, J. B., and L. M. Dandurand. 2018. A spatial analysis and impact of Globodera pallida in Idaho. USDA-APHIS Research Update meeting, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Whitworth, J. L., R. G. Novy, I. A. Zasada, X. Wang, L.M. Dandurand, and J. C. Kuhl. 2018. Seeking host resistance in potato to three Globodera species. 11. World Potato Congress, Cusco, Peru. 27-31 May 27-31.(Submitted).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2018 Citation: - Kuhl, J.C., L.M., Dandurand, G. Bryan, V. Block, W. De Jong, D. Denver, P. Hutchinson, J. Jones, C. McIntosh, B. Mimee, R. Novy, M. Thornton, X. Wang, J. Whitworth, and I. Zasada. 2018. Globodera Alliance (GLOBAL): Risk Assessment and Eradication of Globodera spp. in U.S. production of potato. World Potato Congress, Cusco, Peru. 27-31 May. (Submitted).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Sabeh, M., Duceppe, M. O., St-Arnaud, M., & Mimee, B. 2018. Transcriptome-wide selection of a reliable set of reference genes for gene expression studies in potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.). PloS one, 13(3), e0193840. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0193840
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: Contina, J. B., L. M. Dandurand, and G. R. Knudsen. 2018. A spatial analysis of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida in Idaho. Phytopathology (in press).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: De Jong W. S., D. E. Halseth, R. L. Plaisted, X. Wang, K. L. Perry, X. Qu, K. M. Paddock, M. Falise, B. J. Christ, and G. A. Porter. 2017. Lamoka, a variety with excellent chip color out of cold storage and resistance to the golden cyst nematode. American Journal of Potato Research 94:148-152. DOI:10.1007/s12230-016-9557-x
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Duceppe, M.-O., J. Lafond-Lapalme, J. E. Palomares-Rius, M. Sabeh, V. Blok, P. Moffett and B. Mimee. 2017. Analysis of survival and hatching transcriptomes from potato cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 3882. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-03871-x
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mimee, B., B. Soufiane, N. Dauphinais, and G. B�lair. 2017. A qRT-PCR method to evaluate viability of potato cyst nematode (Globodera spp.). Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 39(4), 503-513. DOI:10.1080/07060661.2017.1382574
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Park, J., H. Yang, W. S. De Jong, and X. Wang. 2017. An Evaluation of two H1-Linked Markers and their Suitability for Selecting Globodera rostochiensis Resistant Potatoes in the New York Breeding Program. American Journal of Potato Research. DOI:10.1007/s12230-017-9623-z
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Phillips, W.S., S. Eves-Van Den Akker, I.A. Zasada. 2017. Draft Transcriptome of Globodera ellingtonae. Journal of Nematology 49(2): 129-130. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5507131/
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M., I. Zasada, and X. Wang. 2017. Control of potato cyst nematodes in the U.S. 1. Annual Meeting of the Organization of Nematologists for Tropical American (ONTA), Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. 10-14 July.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Denver, D. R., E. J. Ragsdale, W. K. Thomas, and I. A. Zasada. (2017). Introduction to nematode genome and transcriptome announcements in the Journal of Nematology. Journal of Nematology, 49(2), 125126.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L. M. 2017. Global efforts to control potato cyst nematodes. (Abstract) Phytopathology, 107(12):154.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wang, X., P. Lang, S. Chen, I. Zasada, and M. Mitchum. A unique group of CLE effectors from cyst nematodes in the Globodera genus. Phytopathology, 107(12):26.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. Status of Globodera pallida in Idaho. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists (SON), Williamsburg, Virginia. 15 August.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hajihassani, A., and L.M. Dandurand. 2017. An improved technique for sorting developmental stages and assessing egg viability of Globodera pallida using high-throughput complex object parametric analyzer and sorter. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists (SON), Williamsburg, Virginia. 15 August.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kooliyottil, R. and L. M. Dandurand. 2017. Advancement in biocontrol research: A cellular level approach to study trophic interactions. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists (SON), Williamsburg, Virginia. 16 August.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: R. Kooliyottil, L.M. Dandurand, J.C. Kuhl, A. Caplan, F. Xiao, B. Mimee, and J. Lafond-Lapalme. 2017. Early infection transcriptome analysis of Globodera pallida infected in the susceptible Solanum tuberosum and resistant Solanum sisymbriifolium. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists (SON), Williamsburg, Virginia. 16 August.


Progress 06/15/16 to 06/14/17

Outputs
Target Audience:In 2016-17, the GLOBAL Project benefited the following audiences: Researchers. A consortium of researchers, extension specialists, and educators from three land-grant institutions (University of Idaho, Oregon State University, Cornell University), USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) units (Corvallis, OR; Prosser, WA, Aberdeen, ID; Ithaca, NY), and international experts (The James Hutton Institute, Scotland; INRA, France; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) form the GLOBAL research team. This transdisciplinary team represents a comprehensive effort to study and control potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.) in the U.S., to address the ongoing threat of these nematodes to U.S. potato production. In year 2, the Genomics Team met on July 17, 2016 in conjunction with the annual Society of Nematology conference in Montreal, Canada. The Plant Breeding Team and Extension, Education and Outreach Team meet August 1, 2016 in conjunction with the Potato Association of America conference in Grand Rapids, Michigan. These collective efforts benefit Idaho Falls, ID, and inform Idaho Falls, ID, the work of the individual PIs, and exchange between personnel from each of the different programs. Also in year 2. GLOBAL Project Researchers presented a total of 9 scientific presentations for the international scientific community at meetings that included a joint session of the Society of Nematologist (SON) and the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical American (ONTA) (July 18-21, 2016, Montreal, Canada), the 32nd Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists (ESN) (Aug. 29-Sept. 1, 2016, Braga, Portugal), and the American Phytopathological Society Caribbean Division Annual Meeting (February 26-March 2, 2017, San Jose, Costa Rica). This included presentations made as part of the Worldwide Impact of Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, hosted by the GLOBAL Project (July 19, 2016, Montreal, Canada) as part of the 2017 SON/ONTA conference. Stakeholder Advisory Board (SAB). The Advisory Board, comprised of 19 representatives from the potato industry including landowners, growers, agricultural industry, state and federal regulators and policy-makers, continues to provide consultation and guidance to the GLOBAL Project. This group is actively engaged in research planning and is interested in the translation of science into policy and practices that are effective to avoid and mitigate invasive potato cyst nematodes. Representatives of the SAB were instrumental in our January 17, 2017 Advisory Board meeting held in Pocatello, ID where all advisory board members met with GLOBAL project PIs. The GLOBAL team continues to respond to SAB questions and concerns which are also incorporated into our quarterly newsletter. Potato Industry. Our project has been developed in consultation with, and is strongly supported by the potato industry including representatives from New York, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon Potato Commissions, the US Potato Board, Northwest Potato Research Consortium, field operators, and land owners of fields infested with potato cyst nematodes. Together, GLOBAL represents the only comprehensive effort in the U.S. to tackle the threat posed by invasive Globodera. Members of this group are involved in monthly research and policy update conference calls. In year 2, GLOBAL Project PIs made a total of 21 presentations (each attended by 30-60 potato industry members) at several industry meetings including the Potato Expo (Jan. 4-6, 2017, San Francisco, CA) the annual University of Idaho Potato Conference (Jan. 18-19, 2017 Pocatello, ID), USDA-APHIS annual PCN planning and reporting meeting (Jan. 19, 2017, Pocatello, ID), and the ISDA PCN Advisory committee meeting (March 7, 2017, Idaho Falls, ID), as well as meetings with growers (Jan. 20 and March 6, 2017, Idaho Falls, ID). In these presentations, researchers from the GLOBAL project addressed a broad range of topics (as outlined later in the report) regarding the impact of potato cyst nematodes and alternative control measures for potato cyst nematodes. This second year, 60 Spanish-speaking Potato Conference attendees, identifying as agricultural workers, involved in everything from irrigation, planting, weed control and harvesting, as well as in supervisory/managerial roles in the industry, benefit from the Project's annual Spanish workshop held at the University of Idaho Potato Conference in Pocatello ID. This Jan. 2017 workshop focused on the biology and distribution of PCN, and control measures necessary to prevent the spread of PCN for a Spanish speaking audience. The Project's website - www.globodera.org (targeted to both English and Spanish speaking audiences) - is designed is designed to keep stakeholder audience informed throughout the year. The website allows viewers to see videotapes of international scientist presentations and/or posters for the annual Idaho Potato Conference and SON/ONTA conference, as well as link to journal articles, detailing the Project's published research findings. The Project's newsletter - Globodera Alliance Newsletter (published in both English and Spanish) - is distributed at stakeholder conferences, field days and made available online. It serves to bring information to our stakeholders and the public to better understand the complexities of PCN's lifecycle, phytosanitary measures to control PCN, development of resistance, and the role that science is playing to develop and deploy environmentally-friendly eradication measures for potato cyst nematodes. USDA-APHIS and ISDA. In year 2, the Project again provided 5 extensive research updates for USDA-APHIS and ISDA including presentations for the APHIS Research Update meeting (Jan. 19, 2017, Pocatello, ID) and ISDA Advisory Group meeting (March 7, 2017, Idaho Falls, ID). In addition, the GLOBAL Project brought a global scientific perspective to the USDA-APHIS meetings by hosting Jon Pickup, PhD, from Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture, to present a scientific perspective of alternative approaches to PCN control practiced in Scotland and Europe Post Docs and Students. In year 2, the GLOBAL Project grew to involve the participation of two post-doctoral associates, five graduate students, and three research technicians. 2 Post Docs, 5 Graduate Students, and 3 Research Assistants continued to benefit from International cross-lab discussions. 2 Post Docs, 4 Graduate Students, and 3 Research Assistants gained professional experience attending one or more GLOBAL Project meeting (July 17, Montreal, Canada and Jan. 17, 2017, Pocatello, ID). 2 Post Docs, 4 Graduate Students and 3 Research Assistants attended one or more professional gathering, including the Society of Nematologists/Organization of Nematologists for Tropical America join conference (July 18-21, 2017, Montreal, Canada), the 32nd Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists (Aug. 29 - Sept. 1, 2017, Braga, Portugal), and the Annual Idaho Potato Conference (Jan.18-19, 2017, Pocatello, ID). One Post Doc gained experience making Spanish language workshop presentation for Spanish Speaking Farm Workers and others in the industry attending the Idaho Potato Conference (Jan. 19, 2017, Pocatello, ID). 2 students and 3 post docs visited research laboratories to learn methods on in situ hybridization, genotyping by sequencing, and whole genome sequencing at research member laboratories. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? PIs, as well as 2 Post Docs, 5 Graduate Students, and 3 Research Assistants continued to benefit from International cross-lab discussions. 2 Post Docs, 4 Graduate Students, and 3 Research Assistants gained professional experience attending one or more GLOBAL Project meeting (July 17, Montreal, Canada and Jan. 17, 2017, Pocatello, ID), and one or more professional gathering, including the Society of Nematologists/Organization of Nematologists for Tropical America join conference (July 18-21, 2017, Montreal, Canada), the 32nd Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists (Aug. 29 - Sept. 1, 2017, Braga, Portugal), and the Annual Idaho Potato Conference (Jan.18-19, 2017, Pocatello, ID). Post Doc gained experience making Spanish language workshop presentation for Spanish Speaking Farm Workers and others in the industry attending the Idaho Potato Conference (Jan. 19, 2017, Pocatello, ID). Two students and three post docs visited research laboratories to learn methods on in situ hybridization, genotyping by sequencing, and whole genome sequencing at research member laboratories. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been communicated to scientific communities at annual society conferences as well as stakeholder meetings and industry conferences. Results disseminated at the following scientific conferences: The Worldwide Impact of Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, hosted by the GLOBAL Project in conjunction with the annual Society of Nematologist (SON) and the Organization of Nematologist for Tropical America (ONTA) (July 19, 2016, Montréal, QC, Canada). Joint annual meeting of the Society of Nematologist (SON) and the Organization of Nematologist for Tropical America (ONTA) (July 17-21, 2016,Montréal, QC, Canada). 32nd Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists (ESN) (August 29 - September 1, 2016, Braga, Portugal).. American Phytopathological Society Caribbean Division Annual Meeting (February 26 - March 2, 2017, San Jose, Costa Rica). Results were disseminated to the Project's Stakeholder Advisory Board as follows: GLOBAL Stakeholder Advisory Board Meeting (January 17, 2017, Pocatello, Idaho). Periodic conference calls with Stakeholder Advisory Board. Results were disseminated to members of the Potato Industry as follows: A total of 5 educational workshop presentations were conducted at the 2017 Idaho Potato Conference (Jan. 2017, Pocatello, ID) by GLOBAL PIs and Post Doc on the Project, providing a platform share scientific knowledge and inform compare/contrast worldwide responses to impact of PCN with Idaho growers and other stakeholders. A total of 40 Spanish-speaking Potato Conference attendees, identifying as agricultural workers, involved in everything from irrigation, planting, weed control and harvesting, as well as in supervisory/managerial roles in the industry, attended the Project's annual Spanish workshop (Jan. 2017) held at the University of Idaho Potato Conference in Pocatello ID. Potato Expo, San Francisco, CA. January 46, 2017. Meeting with Idaho growers of PCN infested fields (January 20, 2017 and March 6, 2017, Idaho Falls, ID) Results were shared with USDA-AHIS and ISDA as follows: USDA-APHIS Research Update meeting, Pocatello, Idaho. January 19, 2017. Meeting with Idaho State Department of Agriculture (ISDA) Advisory Group. Idaho Falls, Idaho. March 7, 2017. Results were dissemination to all target audiences as follows: Project website ( https://www.globodera.org/ ) is promoted at stakeholder meetings and updated on an ongoing basis to include latest research products including videos and slide presentations of workshops, links to journal articles, science posters, project newsletter and other related news sources. Project Newsletter distributed at the Idaho Potato Conference, via project website, and affiliate organizations, including Potato Association of America, to inform and update stakeholders on a quarterly basis going forward. Phytosanitary Measures to Minimize Invasive Nematodes, January 2017, Issue 2. Project-wide assessment survey is ongoing. The Survey was completed by (Jan. 2016 and 2017 Idaho Potato Conference participant policy makers, industry representatives, landowners, growers, farmhands, etc.). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective 1 -- Genomic Approaches to Risk Assessment of Globodera We will validate SNP loci associated with specific pathotypes as well as develop an AS-PCR assay for KASP genotyping assay. If additional Globodera populations are received they will be analyzed with GBS. The T-RFLP analysis based of the single cyst lines, which is based on a mitochondrial marker, will be completed. This will indicate whether field populations in the UK are comprised on more than one introduction from South America. Single cysts lines of G. ellingtonae and the Idaho G. pallida population will continue to be increased. DNA samples collected from G. pallida cysts, will be prepared for Illumina high-throughput DNA sequencing analysis. They will be sequenced at ~50X genome coverage, using the Illumina Hi-Seq 3000 available at the OSU Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing. Samples will be sequenced as 150 bp, paired-end reads. After DNA sequencing, bioinformatics analyses will begin. Raw DNA sequence data (as *.fastq files) will undergo initial quality control measures; high-quality data will be used for downstream analyses. Initial characterization of the data will include mapping of reads to the reference G. pallida genome to assess basic patterns of genetic polymorphism, and the percentage of reads that originated from nematode DNA (as opposed to likely contaminant DNA from environmental bacteria, fungi, etc.). We will also perform bioinformatics analyses aimed at probing for the presence of potential bacterial symbionts in the nematodes. After initial bioinformatics procedures, we will move on to broader comparative genomic and evolutionary analyses to assess variation in G. pallida genetic variation across space (among different fields) and across time (across different years since initial detection of infestation). We will also perform tests aimed at detecting genes under the influence of different forms of selection, potentially revealing loci involved in field adaptation or responses to fumigation. Methods for preparing DNA for use in capture arrays will continue to be optimized; experience has shown that this is likely to take considerable time and effort. Capture arrays experiments will be performed and captured DNA from selected lines will be sequenced using the MiSeq platform. In addition, control DNA from the starting population used for selection will be put through the capture array process and the resulting DNA will be sequenced using PacBio circular corrected long reads. This will provide a new reference sequence that the captured effector encoding DNA from selected lines will be compared against. This will increase the chances that polymorphisms identified are associated with virulence differences, rather than reflecting variation between the G. pallida reference genome and the population used to generate selected lines. Functional studies will test the hypothesis that these particular genes play important roles in virulence for particular Globodera spp. We hypothesize that epigenetic mechanisms might in part be responsible for the occurrence of phenotypic variants that provide a framework for adaptation to biotic constraints, and consequently reshape determinants of virulence in populations of G. pallida. We will search for chromatin-modifying enzymes, such as those involved in DNA methylation or acetylation, as well as verify the presence of histone and histone modifications by performing a native chromatin immuno-precipitation (N-ChIP) analysis to characterize possible epigenetic processes in G. pallida. Objective 2 -- Enhancing potato breeding for resistance to Globodera Hybridizations using six varieties and four breeding lines will be done. The number of individual lines planted for selection of agronomic type will increase. Selections based on agronomic type will be made from the 1st generation field grown progeny from 96 families that were produced by hybridizations for PCN resistance. Phenotyping for resistance in breeding lines from Cornell and from Aberdeen is ongoing in the three nematology laboratories. Individual progeny lines (n=224) from RxS cross (Eden x Western Russet) will be maintained and increased at Aberdeen. Progeny from Eden x Western Russet (n=224) will be screened with contig237 for the presence of the GPAIVadg gene. Marker data will be analyzed for association with G. pallida cyst and eggs counts. Depending on the outcome of this analysis progeny DNA will be submitted for application to potato SNP chip version 3. All progeny will continue to be maintained in tissue culture and a third set of progeny will be propagated and sent for screening with G. pallida. A fourth set of progeny may be needed to resolve between rep variation and other samples that fail to provide a clear and consistent G. pallida phenotype. Work to develop easier-to-use PCR markers from this region of chromosome 5 will allow breeders to more readily identify offspring likely to be resistant to Ro2, as well as to stack this QTL with other resistance genes. Hybridizations with the European cultivar 'Innovator' (highly resistant to G. pallida) will continue in both ID and NY to develop resistant varieties adapted to both the northwest as well as the east coast, in case G. pallida is ever detected there. Additional putative resistant breeding lines and varieties will be sent to the three nematology labs for phenotyping. Screening additional breeding lines and varieties for all three Globodera species is ongoing. Objectives 3 - Extension and Outreach Information on the PCN situation will be presented at stakeholder conferences, field tours, and research station open houses. Focus priorities were established at our annual advisory group meeting and include: How and why does the regulatory policy in Europe differ from that of the U.S.? How is resistance developed and deployed for use in an eradication program? Information about the benefit of containment and quarantine policies; regulatory goals for Globodera spp.; the differences between Globodera infestations in ID, NY, Canada and the UK will be developed and disseminated through a seminar series. PIs will meet with stakeholders and stakeholder phone conferences will be conducted periodically to exchange research and outreach updates with the aim to build collaborative relationships. A course (in Spanish) for Latinos involved in potato production will be provided for the UI Potato Conferenc Research products - including videotaped conference presentations, information on quarantine policies, impacts of Globodera on trade, and a calendar of meeting dates - will be posted online to keep stakeholders apprised of our ongoing research. A Ph.D. graduate student will be developing a risk model using the R, ArcGIS and DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) software as the underlying platform. The USDA-APHIS database on G. pallida infestation will be used to map and model G. pallida population trends from an epidemiological perspective. The geospatial data from the USDA-APHIS database of G. pallida infestation in ID will be collected; data processing initiated; and biomass experiments of Globodera spp. conducted and the results will be incorporated into our risk model assessment. Surveys by participants of workshops and other meetings will be conducted and evaluated to document changes in knowledge, attitude, and practices over time. Objective 4 - Education Objectives A university level seminar on invasive pests and invasion biology will be prepared to present at various institutions in potato growing states. Graduate students are being recruited in potato genetics at the University of Idaho. Our graduate education model will utilize a team-based, transdisciplinary approach to train a cohort of MS and PhD students to collaborate and communicate with stakeholders and policymakers.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1 - Genomic Approaches to Risk Assessment of Globodera PCN populations of different origins and pathotypes were obtained during year 2. DNA was extracted from 127 isolates including G. pallida (n=84), G. rostochiensis (n=42), and G. ellingtonae (n=1). Sequencing libraries were prepared using our genotyping-by-sequencing protocol. A total of 18 Ion Proton chips were used for sequencing and generated 1.44 billion sequences. Global phylogenies for G. pallida and G. rostochiensis were determined as well as clustering analysis for pathotypes. Putative markers for molecular pathotyping were also identified. Single cyst lines for G. pallida (ID and Scotland populations), G. rostochiensis (Ro1 and Ro2 from NY) and G. ellingtonae continue to be increased. For the Scotland population, sufficient cysts have been produced derived from single cysts for phenotyping. Multiplication of these single cyst lines from field populations from England and Wales and from the PCN JHI collection were tested on 2 susceptible and 4 partially resistance genotypes. Interestingly, several lines from English field sites were more virulent on partially resistant genotypes than lines from Scotland. Most of these single cyst lines have been genotyped and indicate that field populations can be mixtures of genotypes. Cysts from the G. pallida infestation in Idaho were obtained from USDA-APHIS. Researchers from OSU, USDA-ARS, and UI selected samples for DNA extraction. 52 samples were selected for DNA extraction based on location (3 locations plus a greenhouse population) and time (pre-fumigation, 1 year post-fumigation and 10 years post-fumigation). As indicated by screening of G. pallida lines selected for virulence against various sources (Gpa5 and H3), nematodes selected on plants carrying the H3 resistance source show greatly increased virulence on plants with this source while nematodes selected on lines containing Gpa5 show increased virulence on plants carrying this resistance source. Critically, this effect is a specific change in virulence against one source - nematodes selected on H3 do not show any increase in reproductive capacity on Gpa5 bearing plants and, similarly, nematodes selected on Gpa5 show no increased virulence on plants with H3. This indicates that the selection has resulted in a specific change in virulence in relation to each source, rather than a general increase in aggressiveness. DNA has been collected from selected lines for use in capture array analysis. Training in in situ hybridization was provided by JHI scientists to a UI researcher. Candidate effectors identified at JHI were shared with UI scientists. Positive control primers and genes were also provided in order to help optimize development of the techniques at UI. The results of in situ hybridization of putative effector genes showed the presence of the secretion signal peptide in the esophageal glands for several G. pallida genes (Gp-crt-1; Gp-000638100; Gp-000886600; Gp-000361100; Gp-001557300). Further studies are underway to characterize expression of these genes in G. pallida and G. ellingtonae. Objective 2-- Enhancing potato breeding for resistance to Globodera Initial phenotyping of a set of varieties and advanced breeding lines was done through the cooperation of three nematology labs (NY-G. rostochiensis, ID-G. pallida, OR-G. ellingtonae) and the ARS Breeding Program in Aberdeen, ID. Results identified three varieties/breeding lines with high resistance to all three Globodera species and seven varieties with high resistance to two species. A paper detailing the results is under preparation. One resistant variety, Eden with resistance to three Globodera species, was used to generate a population with Western Russet for further study of resistance genes and verification of potentially useful markers.Progeny are being screened against marker Contig237 for the presence of the GPAIVadg gene for G. pallida resistance. A second population [NY121 (R) x NY115 (S)] was screened for G. rostochiensis race 2 resistance (Ro2). To identify loci that are associated with resistance QTL for Ro2 and G. pallida, progeny have been phenotyped against G. rostochiensis (Ro2) and G. pallida. The SolCAP SNP marker c2_50301 on chromosome 5 explained 23% of the variation for resistance to Ro2 in this cross. Marker work for Ro2 on chromosome 5 will continue. The breeding programs in ID and NY have acquired additional varieties from Europe and elsewhere with reported G. pallida resistance. Objective 3 -- Extension and Outreach PIs presented 9 presentations at Society of Nematologist (SON), Organization of Nematologists of Tropical American (ONTA), the European Society of Nematologists (ESN), and the American Phytopathological Society Caribbean Division Annual Meeting; including presentations made as part of the Worldwide Impact of Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, hosted by the GLOBAL Project at the SON/ONTA conference. PIs made a total of 21 presentations (each attended by 30-60 stakeholder) at industry meetings including the Potato Expo, the annual UI Potato Conference, USDA-APHIS annual PCN reporting meeting, the ISDA-PCN Advisory committee meeting, as well as meetings with growers. In these presentations, researchers addressed a range of topics regarding the impact of potato cyst nematodes and alternative control measures. At the UI Potato Conference and other meetings with researchers and stakeholders, the Project continued to bring an international scientific perspective by hosting scientific presenters from abroad. In year 2, Jon Pickup (SASA) presented a perspective of alternative approaches to PCN control practiced in Europe. Globodera Alliance Newsletter - in English and Spanish - was distributed at conferences, field days, and online. It focused on bringing information to stakeholders about complexities of phytosanitary measures, development of resistance and deployment of PCN eradication measures. To encourage minority participation in agricultural roles, we disseminated information on use of phytosanitary measures to control PCN at the UI Potato Conference, Spanish language workshop and in our newsletter. The workshop was attended by 60 attendees, involved in irrigation, planting, weed control, harvesting, and supervisory/managerial roles. Feedback gathered in the surveys indicated that many were return participants from year 1. Our website (www.globodera.org) was expanded to include videotaped presentations, research slides, journal articles, science posters, our newsletter, and links to PCN media coverage; all available online. One PhD student was recruited to develop the risk model to evaluate the dynamics between nematode population, potato cropping systems, and potato economics. Surveys of participants at the Potato Conference and at stakeholder meetings were conducted and this data is part of ongoing assessment. Objective 4 - Education Objectives The GLOBAL Project grew to involve the participation of two post-doctoral associates, five graduate students, and three research technicians. 2 post docs, 5 grad students, and 3 research assistants benefited from international cross-lab discussions; gained professional experience attending one or more GLOBAL Project meeting; and attended one or more professional gathering, including SON/ONTA, ESN, and the UI Potato Conference. One Grad Student gained experience giving Spanish language workshop the UI Potato Conference. 2 students and 3 post docs learned in situ hybridization, genotyping by sequencing, and whole genome sequencing. Materials on quarantine pests and Globoderawere developed by Pam Hutchinson and Louise-Marie Dandurand as part of the UI graduate student potato industry tour.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2017 Citation: Duceppe, M.-O., J. Lafond-Lapalme, J. Emilio Palomares-Rius, M. Sabeh, V. Blok, P. Moffett and B. Mimee. 2016. Analysis of potato cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, transcriptomes evolution during diapause and hatching. (under review in Scientific Reports).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lafond-Lapalme, J., M.-O. Duceppe, S. Wang, P. Moffett and B. Mimee. 2016. A new method for decontamination of de novo transcriptome using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. Bioinformatics DOI :10.1093/bioinformatics/btw793.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Eves-van den Akker, S., D.R. Laetsch, P. Thorpe, C.J. Lilley, E.G.J. Danchin, M. Da Rocha, C. Rancurel, N.E. Holroyd, J.A. Cotton, E. Grenier, J. Montarry, B. Mimee, M.-O. Duceppe, I. Boyes, J. Lapalme, M. Esquibet, M. Sabeh, M. Rott, H. Overmars, A. Tomczak, G. Smant, G. Koutsovoulos, V. Blok, S. Mantelin, P.J.A. Cock, W. Phillips, J. Marvin, L.M. Jones, H.B. Yusup, P.E. Urwin, M. Blaxter and J.T. Jones. 2016. The genome of the yellow potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, reveals insights into the genomic and transcriptomic bases of pathogenicity and virulence. Genome Biology 17:124. DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0985-1.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Blok, V. 2016. Developing potatoes with broad spectrum resistance to Globodera. 1. Presented at the Worldwide Impact of Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, hosted by GLOBAL Project in conjunction with the joint annual meeting of the Society of Nematologist (SON) and the Organization of Nematologist for Tropical America (ONTA), Montr�al, QC, Canada. 19 July 19.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Grenier, E., P.-Y. V�ronneau, J. Lafond-Lapalme, J. Montarry, S. Fournet, and B. Mimee. 2016. Genetic structure and evolution of potato cyst nematodes populations. Presented at the Worldwide Impact of Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, hosted by GLOBAL Project in conjunction with the joint annual meeting of the Society of Nematologist (SON) and the Organization of Nematologist for Tropical America (ONTA), Montr�al, QC, Canada. 19 July 19.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Sabeh, M., E. Grenier, M. St-Arnaud, and B. Mimee. 2016. Transcriptomic particularities between species of Globodera.Joint annual meeting of the Society of Nematologist (SON) and the Organization of Nematologist for Tropical America (ONTA), Montr�al, QC, Canada. 18-21 July.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Duarte, A., and L.M. Dandurand. Characterization of effector genes from Globodera pallida in resistant and susceptible potato plants. 32nd Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists (ESN) in Braga, Portugal. 29 August  1 September.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mimee, B., P.-Y. V�ronneau, J. Lafond-Lapalme, and E. Grenier. 2016. Population genetics of potato cyst nematodes using genotyping-by-sequencing. 32nd Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists (ESN) in Braga, Portugal. 29 August  1 September.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Zasada, I.A., L.M. Dandurand, and X. Wang. 2017. 75 years of potato cyst nematodes in the United States: A case study for quarantine pests. American Phytopathological Society Caribbean Division Annual Meeting, San Jose, Costa Rica. 26 February  2 March.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. Pale Cyst Nematode, implications for the potato industry. 49th Annual Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hutchinson, P. Weed management and use of trap crops for PCN eradication. 2017. 49th Annual Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hutchinson, P. 2017. Weed management and use of trap crops for PCN eradication. 49th Annual Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Pickup, J. 2016. Management of the potato cyst nematodes Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis. Presented at the Worldwide Impact of Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, hosted by GLOBAL Project in conjunction with the joint annual meeting of the Society of Nematologist (SON) and the Organization of Nematologist for Tropical America (ONTA), Montr�al, QC, Canada. 19 July 19.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Zasada, I.A., L.M. Dandurand, and X. Wang. 2016. Current state of Globodera infestations in the U.S. Presented at the Worldwide Impact of Potato Cyst Nematode Symposium, hosted by GLOBAL Project in conjunction with the joint annual meeting of the Society of Nematologist (SON) and the Organization of Nematologist for Tropical America (ONTA), Montr�al, QC, Canada. 19 July 19.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Duarte, A., and L.M. Dandurand. 2016. Identification and molecular characterization of the calreticulin gene in Globodera pallida. Joint annual meeting of the Society of Nematologist (SON) and the Organization of Nematologist for Tropical America (ONTA), Montr�al, QC, Canada. 18-21 July.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Pickup, J. 2017. Management of Potato Cyst Nematodes: a Scottish Perspective. 49th Annual Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Whitworth, J., R. Novy, J. Kuhl, and W. DeJong. 2017. Developing PCN Resistance in U.S. Potato Cultivars. 49th Annual Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 19 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Whitworth, J.L., R.G. Novy, J.C. Kuhl, I.A. Zasada, L.M. Dandurand, and X. Wang. 2017. Screening potato breeding clones and varieties for resistance to three potato cyst nematode species. Potato Expo, San Francisco, CA. 4-6 January 4-6.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Contina, J. B. 2017. Nematodo del quiste p�lido: Biologia, distribuci�n y control. 49th Annual Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho. 18 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. GLOBAL project update. USDA-APHIS Research Update meeting, Pocatello, Idaho. 19 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. Non-chemical alternatives for PCN eradication use of trap crops. Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 20 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. Strategies for eradicating PCN: use of biofumigants, resistance, biological control agents. Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 20 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hutchinson, P. 2017. Litchi tomato as a trap crop for PCN control. Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 20 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kuhl, J. 2017. PCN Immunity/Resistant Varieties (including Innovator). Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 20 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. GLOBAL project update. Meeting with growers of PCN infested fields, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 6 March.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. Non-chemical alternatives for PCN eradication. Meeting with growers of PCN infested fields, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 6 March.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kuhl, J. 2017. Sterile Litchi Tomato. Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 20 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Pickup, J. 2017. PCN perspective from Scotland. Meeting with growers, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 20 January.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dandurand, L.M. 2017. Development of resistant cultivars. Meeting with growers of PCN infested fields, Idaho Falls, Idaho. 6 March.


Progress 06/15/15 to 06/14/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Target Audience: In 2015-16, the GLOBAL Project benefited the following audiences: A consortium of researchers, extension specialists, and educators from three land-grant institutions (University of Idaho, Oregon State University, Cornell University), USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) units (Corvallis, OR; Prosser, WA, Aberdeen, ID; Ithaca, NY), and international experts (The James Hutton Institute, Scotland; INRA, France; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) form the GLOBAL research team. This transdisciplinary team represents a comprehensive effort to study and control potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.) in the U.S., to address the ongoing threat of these nematodes to U.S. potato production. This team of researchers met in Jackson, WY for the GLOBAL project launch and planning meeting on January 17-18, 2016. Discussions on research, outreach and education activities were planned including plans for exchange of scientific information and dialogue. This collective effort will benefit and inform the work of the individual PIs, and exchange between personnel from each of the different programs has been initiated. Stakeholder Advisory Board (SAB). The board, comprised of 19 representatives from the potato industry including landowners, growers, agricultural industry, state and federal regulators and policy-makers, was formalized to provide consultation and guidance to the GLOBAL Project. This group is actively engaged in research planning and is interested in the translation of science into policy and practices that are effective to avoid and mitigate invasive potato cyst nematodes. Representatives of the SAB were instrumental in our January 20, 2016 advisory board launch meeting held in Pocatello ID where all advisory board members met with all of the GLOBAL project PIs. The GLOBAL team is drafting responses to SAB questions and concerns which are being incorporated into our quarterly newsletter. Potato Industry. Our project has been developed in consultation with, and is strongly supported by the potato industry including representatives from New York, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon Potato Commissions, the US Potato Board, Northwest Potato Research Consortium, field operators, and land owners of fields infested with potato cyst nematodes. Together, GLOBAL represents the only comprehensive effort in the U.S. to tackle the threat posed by invasive Globodera. Members of this group are involved in monthly research and policy update conference calls. In addition, presentations (a total of eight presentations, each attended by 50-100 attendants) were made at the annual University of Idaho Potato conference by researchers from the GLOBAL project at three workshops addressing the worldwide impact of potato cyst nematodes and alternative control measures for potato cyst nematodes.Our integrated research, extension, and education efforts continue to address issues which will yield a model management approach to protect the U.S. potato industry from current and future introductions of these nematode pests, and will improve U.S. agriculture, food security, and stakeholders' economic interests, knowledge base, and participation in decision-making. Workshop for Hispanic Grower community. Over 100 Spanish-speaking Potato Conference attendees, identifying as agricultural workers, involved in everything from irrigation, planting, weed control and harvesting, as well as in supervisory/managerial roles in the industry, were present for our first annual potato cyst nematode Spanish workshop held at the University of Idaho Potato Conference in Pocatello ID. The workshop provided the Conference's first introduction to and overview of PCN for a Spanish speaking audience. USDA-APHIS and ISDA. The GLOBAL Project brought a global scientific perspective to USDA-APHIS annual PCN planning and reporting meeting, held in Pocatello, ID January 21 in conjunction with the University of Idaho Potato Conference introducing alternative approaches for controlling PCN in Canada, Scotland and Europe and substantiating the role that science can play in addressing the issues posed by having land infested with a quarantine pest such as G. pallida and G. rostochiensis. Further understanding of the potential threat of G. ellingtonae was also presented and discussed. Post Docs and Students. Two post-doctoral associates and one graduate student attended the GLOBAL project launch meeting and the University of Idaho Potato Conference and interacted with scientists, advisory board and members of the potato agricultural community. One graduate student presented at the potato conference. Two students and one post-doc have learned new methods and techniques in nematode genomics through exchanges to laboratories of GLOBAL researchers. Changes/Problems:The breeding clone NY121 is known to be resistant to G. ellingtonae, and we had originally planned to use the offspring of a cross between NY121 and NY115 to map gene(s) that confer resistance to G. ellingtonae. The NY121 x NY115 cross is known to segregate for at least two different resistance genes against G. rostochiensis, H1 and one or more genes from the wild species Solanum vernei. In the course of screening cultivars with G. pallida, G. rostochiensis and G. ellingtonae, we noticed that all varieties known to contain the H1 gene were not only resistant to G. rostochiensis, as expected, but also to G. ellingtonae. To test the hypothesis that H1 confers resistance to G. ellingtonae, without having to worry about possible effects of S. vernei genes, we created a population (Superior x Waneta) that segregates only for H1. This cross, instead of NY121 x NY115, will be inoculated with G. ellingtonae in summer 2016, to test the role of H1 as cleanly as possible. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? PI's, as well as Post Docs, benefited from international and nationalcross-lab discussions Post Doc gained experience making Spanish language workshop presentation to Idaho Farm Workers and others in the Potato Industry. Two students and one post doc visited research laboratories to learn methods on capture array analysis and genotyping by sequencing at research member laboratories. One grad student attended DSSAT workshop at the University of Georgia May 18-22, 2016. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Website was designed and developed. www.Globodera.org Project Newsletter launched to inform and update stakeholders on a quarterly basis. A first-year project-wide assessment survey was completed by 2016 Idaho Potato Conference participants (policy makers, industry representatives, landowners, growers, farmhands, etc.) (Jan. 2016) A total of 8 educational workshop presentations were conducted at the 2016 Idaho Potato Conference (Jan. 2016) by GLOBAL PIs and Post Doc on the Project, providing a platform share scientific knowledge and inform compare/contrast worldwide responses to impact of PCN with Idaho growers and other stakeholders.Overall focus of these workshops: Alternative Practices for PCN Control (Dandurand, Mahaney, Zasada) World-Wide Impact of PCN (Blok, Pickup, Mimee, Wang) Estratagias para la erradicacióndel nematode pálido de las fincas de papa de Idaho (Contina) At the invitation of GLOBAL Project, a potato grower from New York State was brought in to share his experiences with Idaho growers (Jan. 2016) Presentation at Idaho State Department of Agriculture PCN update meeting, Pocatello ID, January 22, 2016: Louise-Marie Dandurand: Alternative control of PCN; introduced GLOBAL project Pamela J. S.Hutchinson - Herbicides for control of weeds in the trap crop, S. sisymbriifolium Inga Zasada - Globodera ellingtonae: pathogen of potato? Joe Kuhl - Sterile litchi tomato: challenges and progress Jon Pickup - Challenges of controlling Globodera pallida in Scotland Gary Mahaney - Golden nematode control in New York: a grower perspective Presentation at USDA-APHIS annual research planning and reporting meeting, Pocatello ID, January 21, 2016 Louise-Marie Dandurand - Updpate on G. pallida research in Idaho; introduced GLOBAL project Pamela J. S.Hutchinson - Litchi tomato as a trap crop for control of PCN, weed management Inga Zasada - Update on G. ellingtonae Joe Kuhl - Sterile litchi tomato: challenges and progress Walter De Jong- Developing resistance for Globodera rostochiensis: the New York Experience What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective 1 - Genomic approaches to risk assessment of Globodera spp. GBS analysis of G. pallida and G. rostochiensis populations will be completed. Placement of U.S. populations into a global phylogeny of Globodera. Single-cyst lines of all three Globodera spp. will be available to project participants for phenotyping and genetic analysis. Methods for DNA extraction of limited material will be developed to enable downstream applications such as whole genome sequencing. Populations of G. pallida from several different infested fields in Idaho since the first detection in 2006 will be sequenced and loci under balancing and positive selection will be identified. Capture array analysis methodologies will be completed. Effector genes from G. pallida will be cloned and sequenced and compared to those of G. rostochiensis and G. ellingtonae. A symposium on Globodera will be organized and delivered at the Society of Nematologist Annual Meeting. An addition of the GLOBAL newsletterwill focus on Globodera biology, impact, and molecular tools used to explore virulence and genetics. Objective 2 - Enhance potato breeding for resistance to Globodera. The focus in year 2 continues to be phenotyping progeny of NY121 X NY115 populations with G. pallida to continue development of breeding for resistance. Bulk segregant analysis will be continued and clones with varying gene dosages will be sent to Wang, Dandurand and Zasada for phenotypic evaluation. To test whether the H1 gene known to confer resistance to G. rostochiensis race Ro1, also confers resistance to G. ellingtonae, a population that segregates for H1 (Superior x Waneta) will be sent for G. ellingtonae screening by mid-summer of 2016. An Eden x Western Russet cross has produced enough true seed for development of a population of at least 200 clones for mapping and selection of agronomically acceptable resistant clones for variety development. In year 2, work will continue with A10915 (Eden x Western), with the second set of 100 individuals being generated from true seed and then sent for screening against the three Globodera species (G. rostochiensis, G. pallida, G. ellingtonae). Hybridization of PCN-resistant varieties from Europe, South America, and New Zealand will be conducted to generate hybrid progenies representing U.S. potato market classes. True potato seed from hybridizations in year 1 of project will be planted and germinated to produce seedling tubers for planting in the field in 2017. Diagnostic PCR markers have been described for several Globodera resistance genes: H1, GroI-4 a chromosome 4 gene from CPC 2802, and a chromosome 5 gene from Solanum vernei . Adapted clones containing these genes, as well as clones known to be resistant, but with unknown resistance genes, will be exchanged among breeding programs in ID, NY and the UK, and used as parental material in the respective programs to pyramid Globodera resistance genes. Objectives 3 - Enhance stakeholder engagement, knowledge and action related to Globodera and consequences on the U.S. potato industry. The Extension and Outreach team will contribute articles and updates for the GLOBAL newsletter and website. Bulletin topics include 'Preventing Introduction of Quarantine Pests' (2016); 'Trap Crops/Alternative practices" (2017). Work with the Project's other 2 sub-committees - Plant Genetics and Breeding for Globodera Resistance team, and Genomic Approaches to Risk Assessment of Globodera team - to promote transfer of results from their research efforts to clientele. Invite the media on tours to encourage spreading the word that alternatives, such as trap crops, are working. Formally launch www.globodera.org (July 2016) at SON Conference, in Montreal Canada. Host symposium on the 'Worldwide Impact of Globodera' at Society of Nematologists Annual Meeting 2016 in Montreal. Workshop presentations will be videotaped and made available on www.globodera.com in both Spanish and English. Conduct surveys each year to document changes in knowledge, attitudes, and practices over time. Expand the outreach to states outside of Idaho, and conduct similar surveys at these locations in order to compare knowledge and attitudes between states with different histories in dealing with Globodera infestations. Present yearly updates at the Potato Expo (poster targeting industry leaders), Idaho Potato Conference (English and Spanish workshops), Snake River Pest Management Tour (Litchi Tomato research) and a possible field research tour near Shelley at an infested field. This will allow us to interact with stakeholders dealing with the Globodera infestation in Eastern Idaho.The focus of these workshops will be updated each year to focus on a new theme: Resistant potatoes, trade implications (2017); Resistance model and role of effectors (2018); and Economics and other aspects (2019). We will expand outreach efforts to other states, targeting NY and the Columbia Basin.We will also reach out to UI potato science graduate students during the spring field trip to introduce them to Globodera issues impacting the potato industry. Produce a 'Focus on Potatoes" webcast highlighting how quarantine pests impact the potato industry.This webcast might also be used in other education settings (Potato Science class, Plant Pathology, etc.). Another aspect of assessment is to document the economic viability of adoption of new practices.We will work closely with APHIS and others to determine alternatives to methyl bromide fumigation, such as use of trap crops.As part of this activity, we will be documenting costs associated with implementation of various practices for the economic analysis piece, addressing such questions as: What is the economic impact of not growing potatoes in a quarantined field for 20-30 years?; How does that compare to other alternatives to eradication of PCN (fumigation, trap crops, etc.)? Objective 4. Develop educational programs, using Globodera as a model, to teach concepts of ecological, agroeconomic, and global trade aspects of invasive plant pathogens. Two new graduate students will be recruited. Material on Globodera and other quarantine pests will be developed for the University of Idaho gradiate student potatoindustrytour, which is a week-long class touring and learning about the potato industry in Idaho. Students will tour the USDA-APHIS facility in Idaho Falls, ID. Students will continue visit laboratories involved in GLOBAL to learn new methods in molecular nematology.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Program management and over all goals Key project personnel were hired including Post Doc and Web Designer The Stakeholder Advisory Board (SAB) memberswere recruited and are engaged in the project. Project-wide research planning and update meeting and team planning meetings were held bi-monthly via conference call (July 2015-June 2016) First Annual Launch and Planning Meeting for the GLOBAL project researchers was held in January 17-18, 2016 In Jackson, WY The first annual SAB and GLOBAL Project researcher planning and update meeting was held in Pocatello January 20, 2016. A first-year project-wide assessment survey was developed, administered at the Potato Conference and at field days in New York and Idaho, and completed by participants (policy makers, industry representatives, landowners, growers, farmhands, etc.) Regular and extensive internal team and project-wide meetings were formalized. Objective 1 - Genomic approaches to risk assessment of Globodera spp. 1.1. Develop molecular detection methods to identify Globodera pathotypes (Blok, Mimee, Dandurand, Grenier, Zasada). At total of 120 Globodera populations have been collected for GBS analysis. These populations are geographically diverse and represent G. rostochiensis (41), G. pallida (74) and G. ellingtonae. Analysis of this data will allow for the generation of a global phylogeny for potato cyst nematode. This data will also serve to direct the selection of populations for inclusion in the whole genome population genetics component of the project (Objective 1.1.3). 1.2 Collection and rearing of Globodera populations and DNA from diverse geographic locations (Dandurand, Zasada, Blok, Wang). Single cyst lines for G. pallida (Idaho and Scotland populations), G. rostochiensis (Ro1 and Ro2 from New York) and G. ellingtonae have been initiated. For the Scotland population enough material is available for phenotyping in 2016. 1.3 Evolutionary population genetics of Globodera (Denver, Grenier, Zasada, Blok). This objective will start in year 2. However, during the first year of this project, the genome and transcriptome of G. ellingtonae were assembled and this data will be made publicly available by the summer. Additionally, a paper was submitted on the G. rostochiensis genome by the research group in Scotland. 1.4 Globodera virulence markers (Blok, Jones, Dandurand). A capture array has been generated from the complete effector sequences of Globodera pallida. This is based on a total of 691 potential effector sequences identified in the genome of this species. Biological material is in the process of being collected using selected lines grown on a variety of commercially important resistance sources. Outputs: Single-cyst lines of all potato cyst nematode species were created. The genomes of G. rostochiensis and G. ellingtonae were completed. The transcriptome of G. ellingtonae was assembled. A capture array for G. pallida effectors was created. Objective 2 - Enhance potato breeding for resistance to Globodera. 2.1. Develop and screen populations that segregate for resistance.. Development of plantlets and mini-tubers of segregating family A10915 (Eden x Western Russet) for nematode resistance screening bioassays and subsequent selection for tuber type and shape. Development of a population (Superior x Waneta) that segregates for the H1 gene. This population will allow us to test the hypothesis that H1 confers resistance to G. ellingtonae (as well as known resistance to G. rostochiensis race Ro1). Cultivar Bondi has shown resistance to G. pallida and true seed of crosses with other potato clones already exist. Seed from these families will be used to produce seedling tubers, which in turn will be screened for resistance. 2.2. Exchange and screening of US and UK breeding material. The Aberdeen breeding program obtained Innovator for use as a parent. Although Innovator crosses with long russets were not successful in Idaho, several crosses with round white clones were successfully made in New York. European varieties with G. pallida resistance have been identified with the aid of U.K. collaborator Jon Pickup and their importation and use by the U.S. breeders in this project are being pursued. Cultivars identified (with breeding program originating from) are: Nautilus (Norika), Arsenal and Performer (Agrico), and Eurostar (Aviko). Outputs: Identified resistant germplasm from UK breeders for use in US breeding programs Introduced resistance from Scottish potato germplasm into germplasm useful for US potato industry Phenotyped 200 clones to 3 Globodera spp. in three locations (ID, NY, OR) to initiate marker assisted resistance development Phenotyped 1,000 clones to 3 Globodera spp. in three locations (ID, NY, OR) to determine segregants with resistance to Globodera spp. Objectives 3 - Enhance stakeholder engagement, knowledge and action related to Globodera and consequences on the U.S. potato industry. Website was designed and developed. Project Newsletter launched to inform and update stakeholders on a quarterly basis A first-year project-wide assessment survey was completed by 2016 Idaho Potato Conference participants (policy makers, industry representatives, landowners, growers, farmhands, etc.) (Jan. 2016) A total of 8 educational workshop presentations were conducted at the 2016 Idaho Potato Conference (Jan. 2016) by GLOBAL PIs and Post Doc on the Project, providing a platform share scientific knowledge and inform compare/contrast worldwide responses to impact of PCN with Idaho growers and other stakeholders.Overall focus of these workshops: Alternative Practices for PCN Control (Dandurand, Mahaney, Zasada) World-Wide Impact of PCN (Blok, Pickup, Mimee, Wang) Estratagias para la erradicacióndel nematode pálido de las fincas de papa de Idaho (Contina) At the invitation of GLOBAL Project, a potato grower from New York State was brought in to share his experiences with Idaho growers (Jan. 2016). Presentation at Idaho State Department of Agriculture PCN update meeting, Pocatello ID, January 22, 2016: Louise-Marie Dandurand: Alternative control of PCN; introduced GLOBAL project Pamela J. S.Hutchinson - Herbicides for control of weeds in the trap crop, S. sisymbriifolium Inga Zasada - Globodera ellingtonae: pathogen of potato? Joe Kuhl - Sterile litchi tomato: challenges and progress Jon Pickup - Challenges of controlling Globodera pallida in Scotland Gary Mahaney - Golden nematode control in New York: a grower perspective Presentation at USDA-APHIS annual research planning and reporting meeting, Pocatello ID, January 21, 2016 Louise-Marie Dandurand - Updpate on G. pallida research in Idaho; introduced GLOBAL project Pamela J. S. Hutchinson - Litchi tomato as a trap crop for control of PCN, weed management Inga Zasada - Update on G. ellingtonae Joe Kuhl - Sterile litchi tomato: challenges and progress Walter De Jong- Developing resistance for Globodera rostochiensis: the New York Experience Objective 4. Develop educational programs, using Globodera as a model, to teach concepts of ecological, agroeconomic, and global trade aspects of invasive plant pathogens.One post-doctoral assistant was hired. Student and post-doctoral scientific training: 2 students and one post doc received training in genotyping by sequencing and capture array analysis by visiting research labs at James Hutton Institute and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. One grad student attended DSSAT workshop at the University of Georgia May 18-22, 2016.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Other Publications, Conference Papers and Presentations: Conference Papers Whitworth, JL, LM Dandurand, J Kuhl, RG Novy, X Wang, I Zasada. 2015. Developing potato cyst nematode resistance: Response of breeding lines and varieties to three Globodera species. Potato Association of America, Portland ME (contributed). Dandurand, LM, G Bryan, V Block, W De Jong, D Denver, P Hutchinson, J Jones, J Kuhl, G Knudsen, B Mimee, R Novy, M Thorton, X Wang, J Whitworth, I Zasada. 2015. Risk assessment and eradication of Globodera spp. in U.S. production of potato. Society of Nematologists Annual Meeting, Lansing, MI (contributed). Dandurand, LM, G Bryan, V Block, W De Jong, D Denver, P Hutchinson, J Jones, J Kuhl, G Knudsen, B Mimee, R Novy, M Thorton, X Wang, J Whitworth, I Zasada. 2016. Risk assessment and eradication of Globodera spp. In U.S. production of potato. University of Idaho Potato Conference, Pocatello, ID (contributed).
  • Type: Websites Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Website: www.globodera.org
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: GLOBAL project Newsletter: https://www.globodera.org/sites/default/files/newsletters/GLOBAL_newsletter_issue1_nov2015.pdf
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lafond-Lapalme, J, M-O Duceppe, S Wang, P Moffett, and B Mimee. A new method for decontamination of de novo transcriptome using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. Bioinformatics (submitted).