Progress 07/01/15 to 06/30/20
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences were commercial vegetable growers and hobby gardeners. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?From 2015-20 the results from this project were shared with vegetable growers (average attendance per meeting: 60 growers) at five USU Urban and Small Farms conferences and two pesticide workshops. In addition, there were 40 face-to-face interactions in field site visits with growers. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?From 2015-20 the results from this project were shared with vegetable growers (average attendance per meeting: 60 growers) at five USU Urban and Small Farms conferences and two pesticide workshops. In addition, there were 40 face-to-face interactions in field site visits with growers. Information was presented at 16 Master gardener classes across the state reaching over 300 hobby gardeners. The results were also presented at five USU Urban and Small Farms conferences and two pesticide workshops. We also published a fact sheet on Tomato spotted wilt virus on tomato and pepper. A manuscript on seed contamination with TMV/ToMV is currently being prepared. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The objectives of this project have been completed with the exception of objective 3. The unknown virus did not appear again and we ran out of material to research this objective.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Over the five year period we found, two new viruses in vegetables. Tobacco streak virus in yellow zucchini and Potato virus S in potato. In addition, we identified tomatillos as a new host for Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in the state and gourds and pumpkin as new hosts for Beet curly top virus. During that time our surveys showed the spread of TSWV across the state. Non-susceptible border crops were effective in reducing Watermelon mosaic virus in summer squash in our small scale field trials at the Kaysville research farm. However, no funding could be obtained to extend the trial on a larger scale. Commercial growers tested several varieties of TSWV resistant tomato varieties at my request in Northern and Southern Utah. The tomato varieties did well in the Utah climate. However, several growers didn't like the flavor and texture of the varieties and will continue to look for other varieties to be tested. The testing of seed from tomatoes, peppers, eggplants and tomatillos for Tobacco mosaic virus/Tomato mosaic virus (TMV/ToMV) yielded surprising results. A lot of varieties, especially heirlooms of tomatoes and tomatillos had positive seed ranging from 5-100% of seed in a packet. In addition we found seed contaminated with two related Tobamoviruses that have not been observed in the field in Utah. We tested a total of 89 tomato, pepper, eggplant and tomatillos varieties from eight different seed companies. Grow-out tests of tomatoes varieties with 100% infected seed showed a transmission rate of 4-94%.
Publications
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Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences are small and large vegetable growers, and seed producers including underrepresented groups. Changes/Problems:No problems occurred What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?As disease problems occurred growers were trained one-on-one about the virus problems during farm visits and telephone conversations about vectors and management options. In addition, symptoms and management options for viral vegetable diseases were presented at the USU Urban and Small Farms conference and master gardener classes. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Information on Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), curtoviruses and other vegetable viruses was provided at the USU Urban and Small Farms conference in Salt Lake City in February 2019, at Master gardener classes and newsletter articles. More copies of a poster on Tobacco mosaic and Tomato mosaic virus were handed out and downloaded from Digital Commons (downloaded 78 times around the world). A fact sheet on TSWV in tomato and pepper was published on the USU Extension website in October 2019 (downloaded 23 times from around the world) (https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3064&context=extension_curall). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Obj. 1: Vegetable field surveys will continue in 2020 if funding is obtained. Obj. 2: Completed Obj. 3: Completed Obj. 4: Manuscript on Tobamoviruses in seed will be submitted. Obj. 5: If growers are interested we will test TSWV resistant tomato varieties.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was again found across the state. However, the main outbreaks were in Northern Utah. Curtoviruses were widespread in tomatoes but were not observed in other vegetables his summer. This may be due virus strain that was present. One notable observation was that I planted small tomato transplants in early June in my trial at the Kaysville research farm. Next to my trial was another scientist's tomato trial. Those tomatoes were planted earlier and were triple the size of my transplants. My tomatoes were heavily infected with curly top whereas the tomatoes in the other trial had none. One potato sample tested positive for potato virus S. garlic fields were heavily infected with Potyviruses due to the use of infected seed pieces. Objective 2: No squash trial was planted in 2019. Objective 3: No new incidences of the virus were found. Objective 4: The objective is completed. A manuscript is in preparation and should be submitted by February 2020. Phylogenetic analyses on the viruses I identified are being generated by co-author. Objective 5: Two TSWV resistant varieties were tested in Northern and Southern Utah this year. They both grew well and produced lots of fruit. However, one grower commented that he did not like the flavor of the tomatoes.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Nischwitz, C., Noorlander, M., & Hubbell, M. A. (2019). Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus of Tomato & Pepper. USU Extension.
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Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences are small and large vegetable growers, and seed producers including underrepresented groups. Changes/Problems:No problems occurred What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?As disease problems occurred growers were trained one-on-one about the virus problems during farm visits and telephone conversations about vectors and management options. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Information on Tomato spotted wilt virus, curtoviruses and other vegetable viruses was provided at the USU Urban and Small Farms conference in Salt Lake City in February 2018, at Master Gardener classes and newsletter articles. More copies of a poster on Tobacco mosaic and Tomato mosaic virus were handed out and downloaded from Digital Commons. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Obj. 1: Vegetable field surveys will continue in 2019. Obj. 2: Funding was not available. We will continue to try to obtain funding. If funding becomes available a squash trial will be set-up in Spring 2020 with eggplants as border crops. Obj. 3: We ran out of DNA and RNA extracts to test for viruses. Unless the virus emerges again we won't be able to do any more testing Obj. 4: Manuscript in preparation. Obj. 5: if growers are interested we will test TSWV resistant tomato varieties.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was again found across the state. Curtoviruses, however, rarely occurred this summer. This may be due to the mild winter and leafhopper vectors moved through before vegetables were planted. One potato sample is currently tested for Potato mop top virus. Watermelon mosaic virus now mostly occurs in homeowner gardens and not commercial fields. Objective 2: No squash trial was planted in 2018. A squash trial may be planted in 2020 if funding can be secured. Objective 3: We were not able to identify the virus yet. No new incidences of the virus were found. Objective 4: The objective is completed. Objective 5: No varieties were tested this year.
Publications
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences are small and large vegetable growers, and seed producers including underrepresented groups. Changes/Problems:Wrong seed for squash trial resulted in a failed trial. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?As disease problems occurred in their fields, growers were trained one-on-one about the virus problems, vectors and management options for crops during farm visits. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Information on curtoviruses and other vegetable viruses was provided at the USU Urban and Small Farms conference in Salt Lake City in February 2017, during a webinar and at Master gardener classes. A poster on Tobacco mosaic and Tomato mosaic virus was posted on the Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic website and in Digital commons for break rooms at farms. Hard copies of the poster were handed out at the USU Urban and Small Farms conference and at farmer's markets. The link to the poster: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2807&context=extension_curall What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Obj. 1: Vegetable field surveys will continue in 2018. Obj. 2: A squash trial may be set-up in spring 2019 with pepper and eggplants as border crops again if additional funding can be obtained. Squash seed will then be tested before planting to ensure it is not GMO. Obj. 3: Unless we see the virus again in the field for fresh samples we cannot continue to test as we have used up the plant material we had. Obj. 4: We will continue to identify the viruses on pepper, eggplants and tomatillos seed. Obj. 5: We will continue to test tomato varieties for TSWV resistance if growers are interested.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was found across the state. Curtoviruses were widespread in Utah and caused severe disease outbreaks in tomatoes and peppers. A genetic mutation in tomatoes caused fruit pox in some varieties. The mutations causes problems when temperatures are high and fruit and plants develop rapidly and fruit lack coverage by leaves. Symptoms can resemble viral or bacterial infections or damage from insect feeding. Objective 2: The squash trial at the Kaysville research farm failed this year due to the seed company packing and shipping the wrong seed. Instead of the variety I ordered that was susceptible to Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), a GMO variety must have been shipped. All plants test positive using ELISA testing for WMV but the plants showed no symptoms. Objective 3: We were not able to identify the virus yet. No new incidences of the virus were found. Objective 4: Three tomato varieties, sixteen pepper varieties, five eggplant varieties and four tomatillio varieties were tested for the presence of Tobamoviruses using ELISA tests. Two of the three tomato varieties were negative for contamination and one was 100% positive. Two of the hot pepper varieties were negative for viruses and the other pepper varieties tested had 1-25% contaminated seed. Two of the varieties tested positive for Tomato mosaic virus and another one for Pepper mild mottle virus. The viruses for the other contaminated varieties are still in the process of being determined. Four of the eggplant varieties had 1-25% contaminated seed, the other one had no contaminated see. We were able to identify the specific Tobamovirus on two of the varieties. It was Tomato mosaic virus. Of the four tomatillios varieties one had no contamination one had a contamination of 100% and two had between 1 and 25% contamination. Objective 5: Two varieties were tested this year. They performed well.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Nischwitz, C., Olson, B., Taylor, R. (2017). Tobacco Mosaic Virus/Tomato Mosaic Virus: Symptoms, Transmission and Prevention of Infection. https://utahpests.usu.edu/uppdl/files-ou/posters/tobacco-mosaic-poster.pdf 1223
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Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Target Audience The target audiences are small and large vegetable growers, and seed producers including underrepresented groups. Changes/Problems:Changes/Problems No problems occurred. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Opportunities As disease problems occurred in their fields, growers were trained one-on-one about the virus problems, vectors and management options for crops during farm visits. Information on a few viruses was also provided during a workshop on drone use in agriculture to identify disease problems. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Dissemination To date this year's information has been provided in master gardener classes to homeowners and in a newsletter article that is distributed across Utah. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Plan of Work Objective 1: The vegetable disease surveys will be repeated. Objective 2: The squash trial will be repeated for another year at the Kaysville research farm. Objective 3: We will continue to try and identify the pepper virus. Objective 4: We will identify the viruses that contaminate tomatillos, eggplants and tomatoes. A publication on contaminated seed is in progress. Objective 5: TSWV resistant varieties will be planted at the farm that had severe problems with the virus this year.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Accomplishments Objective 1: Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was wide spread in one commercial tomato field. TSWV infected plants were also detected in a nursery. The early detection prevented the sale of infected plants across Utah. Curtoviruses were detected later than usual and caused severe disease outbreaks in tomatoes, gourds and beans. Yield losses were a up to 40% in tomatoes and 20% in gourds in individual fields. Objective 2: The squash trial at the Kaysville research farm showed that plots with pepper and eggplants as border crops had reduced Watermelon mosaic virus incidence in summer squash compared to plots with no border crops. This was especially noticeable on corner plots. The data are still being statistically analyzed. Objective 3: We were not able to identify the virus yet. No new incidences of the virus were found. Objective 4: Sixteen pepper varieties, seven eggplants and five tomatillios were tested for the presence of Tobamoviruses using ELISA tests. Two pepper varieties had 0% contamination, one variety had 50% contamination and the rest had 1-7% contaminate seed. The virus in the 50% contaminated variety was identified as Pepper mild mottle virus. The virus has not been seen in Utah pepper fields. Of the eggplants two varieties had 2% and 7% contaminated seed, respectively. The other varieties had 0% contamination. Three tomatillios varieties had 2-3% contamination but the other two had high levels of contamination with 67 and 78%. Six tomato varieties were tested. One had 100% contamination, two varieties had 38% and 49% contamination, respectively and the other two varieties had 3-16% contamination. Objective 5: No varieties were tested this year.
Publications
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Progress 07/01/15 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:Target Audience The target audience are small and large vegetable growers and seed producers. Changes/Problems:Changes/Problems The unusual weather affected planting of tomatoes for objective 5. The ground stayed very wet for a long time delaying planting. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Opportunities The results to date were discussed with a colleague from Florida who was very interested in the information. Three undergraduate students were trained in seed preparation for ELISA testing, planting seed, processing seedlings for ELISA testing and reverse-transcritption PCR. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Dissemination The results of the seed testing to date were presented at the annual meeting of the American Phytopathological Society in Pasadena, CA. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Plan of Work Obj. 1: Vegetable field surveys will continue in 2016. Obj. 2: A squash trial will be set-up in Spring 2016 with pepper and eggplants as border crops Obj. 3: We continue to try identifying the unknown pepper virus. Obj. 4: Additional tomato seed varieties will be tested as well as pepper, eggplants and tomatillos that can also be hosts for TMV/ToMV. Obj. 5: Additional varieties will be tested that show some resistance to TSWV.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Accomplishments The project started July 1 2015. Obj. 1. In October, symptomatic yellow zucchini plants tested positive for a combination of three viruses- Cucumber mosaic virus, Tobacco streak virus and a virus in the group Luteoviruses. Tobacco streak virus is new to Utah and is only the second report in the country for squash or zucchini. We are still working to identify the specific Luteovirus that was detected. Obj. 4. We started testing tomato seed purchased directly from seed companies or at local stores. Organic and conventional seed from heirloom and hybrid varieties were purchased and tested using ELISA testing. 90 seed from each variety/company combination were tested. Of the 40 total combinations tested so far only six had no TMV/ToMVv contamination. Fifteen had 76%-100 of the seed contaminated, the rest between 1-50%. The main concern with contaminated seed is that the resulting plants are infected and even if there is only a small amount of contaminated seed, the virus can be spread through a field or greenhouse by contaminated tools or hands. Infections with the virus can result in yield losses of 10% (fewer tomatoes on the vine) to 100% loss in varieties that show symptoms on the fruit. Preliminary grow out tests in the greenhouse show a transmission rate from the seed to the plant of 27-86%. The seed of one tomato variety was contaminated with a new virus closely related to TMV/ToMV and transmission rates are currently being tested. Obj. 5: The analysis of the data from the suitability test of TSWV resistant varieties is still in progress.
Publications
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