Progress 05/01/15 to 04/30/20
Outputs
Target Audience:Dairy nutrition research scientists, applied nutritionists, industry professionals, vetrinarians, and producers. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project provided undergraduate research experience for numerous students. Graduate students were extensively trained during the project. The project supported attendence of graduate and PI to scientific meetings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Peer reviewed papers. Presentation at scientific meetings, regional and national nutrition conferences, and industry sponsored meetings and symposiums. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Summary of Impacts: Overall, we demonstrated that the daily rhythm of milk synthesis is dependent on the timing of feed intake and the effect is due to changes in the timekeeping mechanisms in the cow. The effect is not specific to a single nutrient, but is dependent on feeding behavior that can be modified through feeding time. We also identified that there is a strong seasonal rhythm to milk composition and yield. Examples of its application are to increase milk fat yield by timing feeding schedules to increase intake in low intake periods of the day, changing feeding schedules to minimize differences in milk composition across the day, and more accurately setting goals and evaluating herd and cow performance based on the milking samples and time of the year. These findings also inform the long-term goal to develop management strategies that improve productivity and animal well-being while simultaneously optimizing economic return and sustainability to producers. These investigations provide the foundation for nutrition and management strategies considering circadian rhythms and provide opportunities for new gains in productivity and efficiency. Specific results: Most physiological processes exhibit daily or "circadian" rhythms that improve fitness by synchronizing processes so that they occur at the optimum time of day and by allowing anticipation of changes over the day. We hypothesized that circadian rhythms in the cow are entrained by feeding time and timing of nutrient absorption. Specifically, we focused on: 1) the flexibility of mammary circadian timekeepers and their responsiveness to the timing of feed intake and 2) what nutritional and hormonal cues regulate the daily rhythms of milk synthesis. Our goal was to determine the nutritional factors regulating the daily rhythm of milk synthesis and the mammary biological clock that will allow development of improved feeding strategies. Exp 1. The effects of day- versus night-restricted feeding of dairy cows on the daily rhythms of feed intake, milk synthesis and plasma metabolites. We first investigated if the timing of feed intake can alter circadian rhythms of milk synthesis. Sixteen Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatment sequences in a cross-over design with 17 d periods. Treatments included day-restricted feeding (DRF) with feed available from 0700 to 2300 h and night-restricted feeding (NRF) with feed available from 1900 to 1100 h. To determine a rhythm of milk synthesis, cows were milked every 6 h. The daily rhythms of milk yield and composition were modified by timing of feed availability. Peak milk yield was shifted from morning in DRF to evening in NRF, while milk fat, protein, and lactose concentration peaked in the evening in DRF and the morning in NRF. Night feeding also phase delayed the rhythm of core body temperature and DRF increased its amplitude. Altering the time of feed availability shifts the daily rhythms of milk synthesis suggesting that these rhythms may be entrained by food intake. Exp 2. The effects of night-restricted feeding on the molecular clock of the mammary gland in lactating dairy cows. Next, we sought to determine if the timing of feeding entrained the molecular clock of the mammary gland. Eleven cows were used in a crossover design that tested two feeding regimes, either (1) feed available for the entire 24 h day (CON) or (2) night-restricted feeding with feed available for 16 h/d from 2000 h to 1200 h (NR). Mammary tissue representing four times across the. The expression of CLOCK fit a 24 h rhythm in CON (P < 0.001) and tended to fit a rhythm in NR (P = 0.06), with NR increasing the amplitude 75% and delaying the phase by 6.5 h compared to CON (P < 0.05). The expression of CRY1 fit a 24 h rhythm in both treatments and NR increased the amplitude by 53% and delayed the phase by 3 h. Results indicated that key components of the mammary molecular clock are influenced by the timing of feed intake. A series of three experiments were then performed to test the ability of fatty acids, protein, and acetate to entrain circadian rhythms. Exp 3. The effects of time of fatty acid infusion on the daily rhythms of milk synthesis in dairy cows. Fatty acids have been shown to entrain circadian rhythms in other peripheral tissues such as the liver and adipose tissue in experimental models, but their role in the mammary gland has not been well-investigated. Nine lactating Holstein cows were arranged in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Treatments were abomasal infusions of 350 g/d of an oil either continuously throughout the day (CON) or over 8 h/d from 0900 to 1700 h (DAY) or from 2100 to 0500 (NGT). Milk yield fit a 24 h rhythm in CON and DAY, and tended to fit a rhythm in NGT. The amplitude of the rhythm of milk yield was increased 29% in DAY compared to CON (P < 0.05), but NGT was not affected. Furthermore, DAY delayed the acrophase of the daily rhythm of milk yield by 2 h compared to CON and NGT (P < 0.05). Overall, fatty acid infusion during the daytime modified the daily rhythms of milk synthesis by increasing the amplitude of milk yield and decreasing the amplitude of milk fat and protein concentration whereas infusion at night had little effect. Exp 4. The effect of timing of protein infusion on the daily rhythms of milk production. Protein metabolism is intimately linked to circadian rhythms in other species, but the effect of amino acids on the daily rhythm of milk synthesis is not known. Nine lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of three treatment sequences in a 3 x 3 Latin square. Treatments were absomasal infusions of 500 g/d of sodium caseinate either continuous throughout the day (CON), for 8 h/d from 0900 to 1700 h (DAY), or for 8 h/d from 2100 to 0500 (NGT). Milk yield failed to fit a 24 h rhythm in CON or DAY, but a rhythm was induced by NGT (P = 0.03). Milk fat concentration fit a daily rhythm in all treatments (P < 0.05) and the amplitude of the rhythm was decreased 57% by DAY and 26% by NGT (P < 0.05). The rhythm of milk fat concentration was phase advanced ~2 h by DAY and phase delayed ~1 h by NGT (P < 0.05). Protein concentration fit a daily rhythm in CON and DAY but not NGT. The phase of the rhythm of protein concentration was delayed ~1.25 h by DAY and the amplitude was increased 2-fold relative to CON (P < 0.05). Overall, the time of protein infusion influenced the daily rhythms of milk and milk protein synthesis, with night infusion abolishing rhythms of protein concentration and inducing rhythms of milk yield, and day infusion increasing the amplitude of the rhythm of protein concentration. Exp 5. Effect of acetate absorption on the daily rhythm of milk synthesis in dairy cows. Acetate supplementation increases milk fat in lactating cows and acetate also entrains circadian clocks in murine and cell models. Ten ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were arranged in a 3×3 Latin square. Treatments were ruminal infusion of 10 mol/d of acetate as sodium acetate either over 22 h/d (CON) or over 8 h/d from 0900 to 1700 h (AM) or 2100 to 0500 h (PM). Infusion during the AM increased the amplitude of milk yield by 70% and advanced the phase by 2 h and PM only advanced the phase by 1 h (P < 0.05 for all) and did not change the amplitude when compared to CON. Milk 16 carbon fatty acids fit a 24 h rhythm for AM and CON only, where AM increased the amplitude by 118% and delayed the phase by 1.6 h when compared to CON (P < 0.05). Plasma acetate fit a 24 h rhythm for all treatments. The rhythm of other variables of secondary interest were also affected by treatment. In conclusion, the results support a role of the timing of acetate absorption in entraining the daily rhythm of milk synthesis.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Salfer, I.J., P.A. Bartell, C.D. Dechow, and K.J. Harvatine. 2020. Annual rhythms of milk synthesis in dairy herds in four regions of the United States and their relationships to environmental predictors. J. Dairy Sci. 103:3696-3707.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Andreen, D.M., I.J. Salfer, Y. Ying, D.J. Reinemann, and K.J. Harvatine. 2019. Technical Note: Method for improving precision of in-parlor milk meters and adjusting milk weights for stall effects. J. Dairy Science. 103:5162:5169.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Palmquist, D.L. and K.J. Harvatine. 2019. Origin of fatty acids and influence of nutritional factors on milk fat. Chapter in Advanced Dairy Chemistry. Vol. 3 Lipids. Springer.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Matamoros, C.I., I.J. Salfer, and K.J. Harvatine. 2020. Effect of acetate on the daily rhythm of milk synthesis and plasma hormones and metabolites in dairy cows. 2020 ADSA Virtual National Meeting.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2019. How seasonal and daily rhythms impact milk production. Vita-Plus Dairy Summit. Green Bay, WI. Dec. 11th.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Impact of timing of feeding on the dairy cow. PSU Dairy Nutrition Workshop. Hershey, PA. Nov. 6th.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Maximizing milk fat yield & Daily and seasonal rhythms in dairy cows. Nelson Consulting Annual Meeting. Detroit, MI. Oct. 17th.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Maximizing milk fat yield & Daily and seasonal rhythms in dairy cows. Hubbard Dairy Nutrition Training Session. Madison, WI. Oct. 3rd.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Maximizing milk fat yield & Daily and seasonal rhythms in dairy cows. ELANCO Nutritionist Summit. Pismo Beach, CA. Aug. 20th.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Salfer, I.J. and K.J. Harvatine. 2020. Night-restricted feeding of dairy cows modifies daily rhythms. Bri. J. Nutr. Bri. J. Nutr. 123:849-858.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Maximizing milk fat yield & Impact of timing of feeding on the dairy cow (4 hours). VitaPlus Animal Nutrition. Madison, WI. May 8th.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Impact of time of feeding on the dairy cow & Maximizing milk fat yield (2 hours). Diamond V Leading Innovations Summit. Minneapolis MN. April 23rd & 24th.
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Progress 05/01/18 to 04/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Experimental researchers and field nutritionists. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?To PhD students and a visiting scholar have worked on the project. One PhD student was awarded the Alltech American Dairy Science Association Graduate Student Paper award from work from the project and also won the Hoyt Outstanding American Dairy Science Association graduate student award in recognition of their work. Undergraduate students have also been involved in the project both in sample collection at the farm and lab work. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Abstracts have been presented and will be presented at the annual meeting fo the American Dairy Science Association. This is the largest scientific meeting of dairy nutrition and lactation researchers. Papers have been submitted and published to the Journal of Dairy Science, which is the premier journal in the discipline area. We have also presented results at numerous regional and national nutrition conferences and meeting sponsored by industry groups that have allowed reaching field level nutritionists and veterinarians. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to submit 5 manuscripts in the coming year. We have built a lentivirus reporter construct with a circadian clock gene promoter driving luciferase. We will use this for in vitro experiments to complete Aim 3 investigation.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
During the past year we have completed three intensive in vivo infusion experiments that complete Aim 2 of the project. Two of these experiments were presented at the annual American Dairy Science Association meeting. A PhD student working on the project defended his dissertation. One chapter on seasonal rhythms was published last years, one manuscript from Aim 1 has been recently submitted, and two are in complete drafts.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Salfer, I.J., C.D. Dechow, and K.J. Harvatine. 2019. Annual rhythms of milk and milk fat and protein production in dairy cattle in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 102:742-753.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Salfer, I.J., M.C. Morelli, Y. Ying, M.S. Allen, and K.J. Harvatine. 2018. The effects of source and concentration of dietary fiber, starch, and fatty acids on the daily patterns of feed intake, rumination, and rumen pH in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 101:10911-10921.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Rumen research: Applying insights from animal models. Proceeding of Southwest Nutrition Conference.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Salfer, I. and K.J. Harvatine. 2018. Seasonal Variation in Milk Composition. Proceedings of Tristate Dairy Nutrition conference.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Circadian rhythms and feed management. Cornell Herd Health and Nutrition Conference. Syracuse, NY. April 9th.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Sustaining Milk Price: What Additives Help Maximize Milk Fat. 73rd Annual Convention Virginia State Feed Association. Roanoke VA. Feb 14th.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2018. Maximizing milk fat yield. Purina Producers Summit. NY. Dec. 5th.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2018. Maximizing milk fat yield. ELANCO Ruminant Nutrition Meeting. Indianapolis IN. Nov 12th.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2018. Regulation of milk fat, fatty acid digestibility, and daily patterns of intake in dairy cows. CHR Hansen. Chicago IL. Oct. 29th.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2018. Regulation of milk fat synthesis: Milk fat depression and Beyond. Foundation Scholar Presentation, American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting, Knoxville, TN. June 26th.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Salfer, I.J. and K.J. Harvatine. 2019. Effect of sodium caseinate on the daily rhythms of milk synthesis and plasma hormones and metabolites in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 102(Suppl.1):269.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Salfer, I.J. and K.J. Harvatine. 2019. Effect of fatty acid absorption on the daily rhythms of milk synthesis and plasma hormones and metabolites in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 102(Suppl.1):.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
THE EFFECT OF NUTRIENT INTAKE ON DAILY RHYTHMS IN THE MAMMARY GLAND OF DAIRY COWSCATTLE
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Progress 05/01/17 to 04/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:Dairy Nutritionion and lactation researchers, dairy nutritionists and upper level dairy managers. Changes/Problems:Seasonal rhythms are controlled through similar mechanisms as circadian rhythms. We have taken advatage of national databases to characterize the annual or seasonal rhythm of milk yield and composition. This work reinforces the mechanism of mammary regulation investigated in the project. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project is the thesis topic of a PhD student who was supported through a training grant. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Abstracts have been presented and will be presented at the annual meeting fo the American Dairy Science Association. This is the largest scientific meeting of dairy nutrition and lactation researchers. Journal articles have also been submitted. Information from the project has been integrated into invited presentations centering around milk fat. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will complete the experiments under Aim 2 and Aim 3 during the next year. There will be 2 PhD students and a visiting PhD student directly involved in this work. We plan to submit 3 manuscripts from Aim 1 and 3 over the next year.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Aim 1. Does the timing of feed intake and nutrient availability modify expression of the core circadian clock genes in the mammary gland? - The experimental work for this objective is complete. One manuscript is in the final stages of editing. An abstract is accepted for the 2018 annual American Dairy Science Association meeting and a manuscript will be written during Fall 2018. Aim 2. Which nutrients entrain the daily rhythm of milk synthesis? - Cannulated cows were prepared for these experiments and the first one has been initiated. We expect to complete these experiments by Fall of 2018. Aim 3. Which nutrients and hormones directly modify the core circadian clock genes in mammary epithelial cells? - We conducted a part of the experiments focusing on endocrine factors using gene expression as the output. We have created a lentivirus reporter that will allow this work to be done in real-time and drastically increase throughput. These experiments will be conducted during the Fall of 2018.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Salfer, I.J., C.D. Dechow, and K.J. Harvatine. Annual rhythms of milk and milk fat and protein production in dairy cattle in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. Submitted.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Salfer, I.J. and K.J. Harvatine. 2018. The effect of night restricted feeding on the molecular circadian clock of the mammary gland. Accepted. Amer. Dairy Sci. Assoc. Annual Meeting. June 24-27. Knoxville, TN.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. and I.J. Salfer. 2018. Seasonal Variation in Milk Components. Tristate Dairy Nutrition Conference. Fort Wayne, IN. April 18th.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2018. Feeding strategies to increase milk value. Northeast Dairy Producers Association Meeting. Syracuse, NY. March 7th.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2017. Feeding strategies to achieve high money corrected milk. GPS Consulting Leaders Forum. Prior Lake, MN. November 15th.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2017. Regulation of milk fat and milk fat depression. NDS Training Session- Optimizing Herd Performance. Chicago, IL. October 25th.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2017. Effect of bioactive fatty acids on milk fat & Strategies to recover from milk fat depression. Novus customer meeting. Guelph, Canada. August 29th.
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Progress 05/01/16 to 04/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Research and field nutritionists. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One PhD student is being trained with the project and is being partly funded by a training grant. One undergraduate student conducted her honors thesis working on projects associated with the grant. Additionally, two new technicians have recently been trained and will be assisting in upcoming experiments. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Harvatine presented at the California Animal Nutrition Conference in 2016. Abstracts have been presented at the 2016 Joint annual meeting of the American Dairy Science Association andAmerican Society of Animal Science and are submitted to the 2017 American Dairy Science Association meeting. Two manuscripts have been drafted and are being edited. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will complete Aim 2 animal experiments and the remaining Aim 3 cells culture experiments in the coming year. We will also submit the first manuscripts for peer review.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We have conducted animal experiments under Aim 1 and analysis is ongoing. We have also conducted part of the cell culture experiments under Aim 3.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2016. Circadian Patterns of Feed Intake and Milk Composition. Proceedings of California Animal Nutrition Conference.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Salfer, I.J., C.D. Dechow, and K.J. Harvatine. 2017. The effects of US region on the annual rhythms of milk yield and fat and protein concentration and yield of dairy cattle at the herd level. ADSA Annual Meeting. June 25-28. Pittsburg, PA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Salfer, I.J., C. E. Crawford, Y. Ying, and K.J. Harvatine. 2017. The effects of feeding rations that differ in neutral detergent fiber and starch within a day on the daily pattern of selected rumen microbial populations. ADSA Annual Meeting. June 25-28. Pittsburg, PA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Salfer, I.J., Y. Ying, and K. J. Harvatine. 2016. The timing of feed availability entrains the circadian rhythm of milk synthesis in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 99(E-Suppl. 1):722.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Salfer, I.J., C.D. Dechow, and K. J. Harvatine. Annual rhythms of milk, fat, and protein production in U.S. dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 99(E-Suppl. 1):779.
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Progress 05/01/15 to 04/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Dairy Nutrition and Physiology Researchers; Dairy Field Nutritionists Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project has a PhD student who is dedicated to the area and is assisted in experiments by two other PhD students. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?I have presented on the topic at regional nutrition conferences and have an additional invitation for the coming year. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will complete lab work for experiments that are currently ongoing. We will also initiate additional experiments.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
During the first year of the project a PhD student was recruited and started during the Fall of 2015. We initiated experiments under objective 1 and 3. The experiments are ongoing and we do not have analyzed data to report at this time.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2016. Circadian Patterns of Feed Intake and Milk Composition. Proceedings of California Animal Nutrition Conference. Submitted.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. and N. Urrutia. 2015. What we have learned about circadian rhythms of dairy cows. Penn State Dairy Nutrition Workshop. Grantville, PA. November 12.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Harvatine, K.J. 2015. Time required for diet adaptation and minimization of carry-over effect in ruminants: The perspective of an experimental researcher. Joint Annual Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association and American Society for Animal Science. Orlando Florida. July 12-16.
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