Source: UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA submitted to NRP
WATER FOR AGRICULTURE CHALLENGE AREA: ENHANCING CLIMATE RESILIENCY & AGRICULTURE ON AMERICAN INDIAN LAND
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
AFRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1005994
Grant No.
2015-69007-23190
Cumulative Award Amt.
$4,516,843.00
Proposal No.
2014-09437
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Jul 1, 2015
Project End Date
Jun 30, 2022
Grant Year
2018
Program Code
[A8101]- Water for Agriculture
Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA
(N/A)
RENO,NV 89557
Performing Department
Academy for the Environment
Non Technical Summary
American Indian farmers and ranchers provide an important economic base for rural areas in the Great Basin Desert and arid lands of the American Southwest. Sustaining agricultural production for ceremonial practices, sustenance, and trade is becoming more challenging for American Indian communities due to the scarcity of water resources, rapid change in ecosystem composition and health, and historic land tenure policy arrangements. Climatic change including reduced snowpack and rainfall and increased temperatures, combined with urban and industrial expansion in the American West is increasing demand for a dwindling supply of water from rivers, streams, and underground aquifers. Close cultural ties to natural resources, geographic remoteness, and economic challenges have led some to characterize American Indian agriculturalists as some of the most vulnerable to climate change. Our project seeks to enhance the climate resiliency for agriculture on American Indian lands of the Great Basin Desert and Southwest by building the capacity within tribal communities to develop and implement reservation-wide plans, policies, and practices to support sustainable agriculture and water management. We will analyze past and future climate risks to traditional and production agriculture and test the feasibility of introducing innovative alternative agricultural practices and water management policies to enhance resiliency. We will accomplish this by harnessing the expertise of research and Extension faculty from 1862 Land Grant Universities (University of Nevada, Reno, Utah State University, and University of Arizona) in partnership with the First American Land-Grant Consortium of 1994 Tribal Colleges and Universities, researchers from the U.S. Geological and Desert Research Institute, and tribal community members from Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico.Our integrated team of research and Extension faculty will partner with American Indian water specialists, cultural advisors, agriculturalists, and educators to collaboratively develop climate scenarios and water supply projections for the tribal lands and surrounding arid areas. Tribal members and researchers will test the effectiveness of existing and future water infrastructure systems to optimize profits and production efficiencies under these climate scenarios. Researchers will study alternative water management policies being adapted worldwide in rural and agricultural areas and assess how these policies could improve climate resiliency in our area. Policy experts and tribal members will assess the efficacy of the federal government's "trust" land tenure system to support or impede tribal water management and agricultural sustainability under the climate scenarios. Researchers will create a set of time series of paleoecological data of tribal land ecosystems and correlate this with climate data to identify extreme events and periods of prolonged climatic change. Interviews with tribal members will be used to gather traditional knowledge about their community's response to these events and the impacts of these events on tribal culture and agricultural production. Knowledge generated and shared through this project will build understanding among tribal and non-tribal organizations about challenges and opportunities for sustaining tribal agriculture and cultural traditions in a changing climate.
Animal Health Component
65%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
15%
Applied
65%
Developmental
20%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
1320430207020%
6050210301025%
6010199301020%
6100210306020%
1020399107015%
Knowledge Area
601 - Economics of Agricultural Production and Farm Management; 102 - Soil, Plant, Water, Nutrient Relationships; 605 - Natural Resource and Environmental Economics; 132 - Weather and Climate; 610 - Domestic Policy Analysis;

Subject Of Investigation
0430 - Climate; 0210 - Water resources; 0199 - Soil and land, general; 0399 - Watersheds and river basins, general;

Field Of Science
2070 - Meteorology and climatology; 1070 - Ecology; 3010 - Economics; 3060 - Political science;
Goals / Objectives
The long-term goal of this proposed project is to increase the climate resiliency of agricultural production on American Indian lands of the Great Basin region through collaborative generation and analysis of alternative policies, water plans, economic models, and agricultural practices.Specific objectives to achieve the long-term goal of this project are:- IncreaseclimateresiliencyoftribalcommunitiesinGreatBasinDesertarea- Increase mutual understanding of traditional ecological knowledge among tribes and research communities- IncreasecapacityofAmericanIndiancommunitiestosustainablymanageagriculturalwaterresources- Increasecapacityoftribalnationstosustain agricultural andculturaltraditions- Build/enhancetribalcapacitytodevelopreservation-wideplansandpoliciestosupportsustainableagricultureandwatermanagement/use- Strengthen1862&1994 Land Grant institutionresearchandExtensionpartnerships- HarnessFRTEP,1862 &1994 Land Grant institutionhumancapital&infrastructuretoaddressclimatechangeissuesonreservationlands
Project Methods
Efforts:- Mine existing historical and paleoclimatic data and projected climate models to compare past/future conditions out to 2050 and 2100- Conduct targeted interviews with tribal groups to gather and evaluate how climate extremes are expected to stress agricultural production and economic stability- Engage (interactively) with focus groups to estimate effectiveness of future adaption measures (e.g., changes in infrastructure and crop/livestock production)- Conduct interviews and analyze data to assess available options to adapt to climatic scenarios- Collect and analyze secondary data on historic changes to water rights institutions under past drought conditions- Summarize water policy components that have proven valuable in similar agricultural and rural economic settings elsewhere in the U.S. and worldwide- Gather and analyze data on land and water right structures, water and land use choices, and agricultural outcomes- Conduct participatory meetings to prioritize policy innovations to address reservation water management challenges- Estimate magnitude of potential benefits through policy adoption in comparable settings- Create a data stewardship portal for online information management and collaboration- Develop, conduct, and evaluate annual tribal agricultural water educational summit to build capacity- Conduct key informant interviews with tribal agriculture stakeholders to identify agricultural water delivery infrastructure issues- Collect and analyze secondary data from NRCS, BIA, and tribal staff regarding agricultural water allocation, delivery infrastructure, traditional ecological tribal and nontraditional irrigation practices- Conduct focus groups to evaluate changes to existing resource management institutions that can improve resilience- Create Extension materials based on climate change scenarios, land tenure status, and traditional ecological tribal practices that build capacityEvaluation:- Baseline evaluative primary data will be collected in Year One and will focus on measures of short-term impacts of research and outreach activities. Short-term impacts include increasing awareness, knowledge and changes in attitudes related to the capacity and skills of tribal government officials and American Indian producers to manage agricultural water resources under extreme climate changeconditions.- Medium-term impacts will include primary and secondary data to identify and measure changes in behaviors to coalesce around achieved knowledge gains and proactively plan strategies and policies to increase resiliency to climate change across reservation lands.-Long-term impacts will include documented reservation wide plans and policies that specificallyaddress agricultural water use efficiencies and conservation to sustain agriculture and naturalresource management actions on reservation lands under climate change scenarios.- Developmental evaluation activities (throughout the project) willinclude perception and knowledge changes that may occur among project members and AdvisoryCouncil members with regards climate change issues, project direction, project activities andproject methods.-Project members andpartners will implement and evaluate the collaborative communication and informationmanagement portal established through this project to improve cross-cultural communications inaddition to sharing data, research results, and educational materials.

Progress 07/01/15 to 06/30/22

Outputs
Target Audience:NWAL outreach to our tribal partners relies on the integration of three critical activities. Academic research conducted with and in support of ourtribal partners Tribal College & University (TCU) Extension Faculty and agents who engagestudents and faculty in support of tribal community agriculture and who participate in the FALCON network of TCUs to share experiences and best practices NWAL Target Audiences reached: Tribal Partner Engagement:NWAL collaborating tribal organizations and tribal government officials and agencies Federal and State Public Agency Engagement:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation,U.S.Dept.ofAgriculture,Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. EPA,ArizonaDepartmentofWaterResources,CentralArizonaProject,SaltRiverProject, New Mexico Office of State Engineer, NM Interstate Stream Commission,NM State University, Lower Rio Grande Water Users Association, Colorado Water Conservation Board, Colorado Office State Engineer Scientific Community & Water Stakeholders Engagement:Arizona Farm Bureau, Arizona Cooperative Extension, Family Farm Alliance,TheNatureConservancy, WesternResourceAdvocates, Sonoran institute, ProNatura, Western Governors Association, Western States Water Council, National Audubon Society. During the final Year 7 of the NWAL Project we continued our outreach to tribes throughout the United States through the NWAL COVID-19 Action Working Group (COVID WG for short), which was started in March 2020 to address the concurrent emergencies of COVID and climate in Indian Country. In 2021, the COVID WG transitioned to addressing urgent issues associated with the current extreme drought impacting the western US. It met weekly on Zoom with over 200 participants on the invitation list from across the US and Alaska, with participants joining from FRTEP, 1994 TCU Extension, 1862 Extension, Ag Experiment Stations, Climate Adaptation Science Center (CASCs), USDA Climate Hubs, and many others. Highlights of Stakeholder Outreach and Impacts: Communications stakeholder engagement: Native Waters on Arid Lands Website: Stakeholders reached: From July 1, 2021-April 22, 2022, the NWAL website was visited by 3,129 unique users (5,473 pageviews). COVID-19 in Indian Country StoryMap: This StoryMap has been viewed 11,701 times. It was also featured in ArcGIS's "Innovative uses of story maps during the COVID-19 pandemic" collection in June 2020. Facts Not Fear Website: Since launching in February 2021, this website has been visited by 1,340 users (5,072 pageviews). COVID-19 Toolkit: Stakeholders reached: Since launching in May 2021, this website has been visited by 280 users (599 pageviews). Educator engagement impacts: A total of 160 professional development hours were credited to 15 educators during this module. Following educator engagement, a post-survey was circulated to gauge the confidence level (self-efficacy) of educators. High confidence of participants (83%) to identify and define the CLAIM in scientific argumentation. High confidence of participants (83%) to provide examples of EVIDENCE to support their claim in scientific reasoning. High to fairly high confidence of participants (67%) to identify and define the REASONING in scientific argumentation. Student impacts: One graduate student (Brianda Hernandez Rosales) from a group under-represented in the STEM fields completed her Master's thesis as part of this project. Faculty impacts: Co-PD Singletary's indirect teaching activities 2021-2022 included ongoing circulation of the 4th National Climate Assessment report (Chapter 15: Indigenous Communities) on which she is a co-author in addition to circulating copies of the STACC Report, Climatic Change article, and Extension Special Publication. Changes/Problems:The major impact resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic. During Year 7 UNR returned to in-person or hybrid teaching, research, and Extension by Fall 2021 but the Tribal Colleges remained closed until Spring 2022. The use of virtual communication platforms allowed the NWAL team to engage more communities from around the country through the NWAL COVID WG and other virtual events. NWAL and follow-on project team members were able to plan for a combination of in-person, virtual, and hybrid events starting in 2022. Limited travel by remaining project personnel was permitted in the first half of 2022. Meeting COVID-19 Challenges:InMarch of 2020 theNWAL Team adapted to the CVOID-19 pandemic by rapidly transitioning our in-person meetings, workshops, and focus groups to virtual platforms. We also establishedthe NWAL COVID-19 Action Working Group to work with tribes from the Southwest, Great Basin, and Northern Rockies and Great Plains to identify and address urgent COVID-19 impacts in Indian Country. Participation has expanded to include 1994 and 1862 Tribal Extension agents from across the country and Alaska, and other 1862 Extension and Agriculture Experiment Station partners, as well researchers and agency partners. By joining forces from theNWAL network of researchers, FRTEP agents, and TCU faculty, working directly with federal agencies, state and local organizations, and non-profit groups we have been able to address urgent COVID-related impacts in tribal communities. As the COVID crisis evolved, the COVID WG partnered with CDC, HHS, and others to provide information to Tribes to support COVID vaccine education through our newly created Facts Not Fear website:https://factsnotfearcovid.com We have also partnered with the Intertribal Agriculture Council (IAC) to provide regular updates and guidance to the group on CARES Act and American Rescue Act relief funds for Tribal farmers and ranchers. During the Spring of 2021, the COVID crisis morphed into an extreme drought crisis with drought conditions worsening across the western US. Our COVID WG is now focusing on a wide range of topics related to drought impacts on water supplies and agriculture. The accomplishments of this group are a testament to the extensive outreach among diversecommunities in Indian Country maintained by ourFRTEP and TCU partners,the commitment of NWAL researchers to their knowledge and resources to solvingreal-world problems, and the dedication ofour federal partners atUSDA and other agencieswho haveworking tirelessly to help us meet therapidly evolvingchallenges created by both theCOVID-19 pandemic and now the worst drought on record. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?NWAL Year 5 Training and Professional Development: Synergies with Teaching Native Waters educator professional development. Our team created synergies between NWAL and the Teaching Native Waters program, which is a community of practice that develops and hosts place-based virtual professional development for middle and high school educators serving Native students (USDA WAMS 2020-02337). Kyle Bocinsky provided archeological and paleo-climate content expertise for these modules. Karletta Chief shared hydrologic expertise and cultural knowledge for educator engagement and strategic direction of the series. Alexandra Lutz incorporated hydrologic content expertise into a new middle school lesson plan on water quality entitled "What Makes Water Drinkable?". This unit engaged educators in building skills to use the standards-based scientific argumentation (claim-evidence-reasoning framework) in evaluating multiple aspects of water quality, including pH, salinity, turbidity, and bacteria contamination. Meghan Collins incorporated training on scientific argumentation (claim, evidence, reasoning) as a key STEM skill into this module. Faculty Supervision: Co-PD Singletary supervised 1 temp faculty LOA (Fillmore) and 1 permanent faculty (Ilchuk) to complete the Special Publication and a refereed journal article to disseminate research findings to public and resource professionals via hard copy and ADA compliant materials via UNR UNCE website. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Outreach, Communication and Project Management NWAL Stakeholder report dissemination: Co-PD Singletary contracted with a graphic designer and publisher to produce, print, and distribute 500 hard copies of the Extension Special Publication to the 49 Tribes who participated in the survey. The publications should serve to support Tribe's grant applications for BIA tribal climate planning funds. Hard copies of the report was also provided to Native Waters team members, USDA NIFA program leaders and sponsors, and affiliated project partners. Native Waters on Arid Lands website -https://nativewaters-aridlands.comThe NWAL project website documents the work of the team through a blog with project news, links to resources, and links to new NWAL follow-up projects including the COVID-19 Working Group, Facts Not Fear, Teaching Native Waters, and the COVID-19 Toolkit projects. COVID-Climate Working Group -In March 2020, the NWAL team began hosting weekly video conference calls with Tribal leaders, Federally Recognized Tribal Extension Program (FRTEP) agents, and Tribal Colleges & Universities (TCUs) faculty from across the intermountain west to collect information about the impacts of COVID-19 on tribal farmers, ranchers, and communities and to identify actions that our team or our federal sponsors can take to help lessen the impacts of the pandemic.During fall of 2021, we transitioned the working group from weekly to monthly meetings. The work of this group has been documented in several ways: COVID-19 in Indian Country Storymap (March 2020 - October 2021) -https://nativewaters-aridlands.com/covid19- This website documents the work of NWAL's COVID-19 Working Group from March 2020 to October 2021, including impact maps, a list of urgent issues, COVID-19 response projects, resources, presentations, and more. COVID-Climate Working Group web page (October 2021 - present)-https://nativewaters-aridlands.com/working-group/- Recordings and presentations from these monthly meetings are now housed on this COVID-Climate Working Group page, where they are organized by topic. A feature story on the DRI website (July 2021)- "From COVID-19 to Drought: Collaborating on Emerging Challenges Across Indian Country".https://www.dri.edu/from-covid-19-to-drought/ Facts Not Fear website -https://factsnotfearcovid.com/"Facts Not Fear" is a website and information campaign developed by NWAL's COVID-19 Working Group to supply Tribal members and Tribal Extension Experts across Indian Country with accurate information and educational resources about the COVID-19 vaccines. The website contains answers to questions that were gathered from our project partners during weekly calls organized by the COVID-19 Working Group, vaccine information for tribal youth, mental health resources for tribal farmers, and other resources aimed at tribal communities. COVID-19 Toolkit -https://nwaltoolkit.com/The COVID19 Toolkit website allows users to submit drought impact reports documenting Blister Beetles, Weevils, and Grasshoppers, impacts to livestock, and impacts related to monsoon and soil erosion. It also contains environmental data and other place-based resources for tribal extension agents and agricultural professionals. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?This was the final year (Year 7) of the NWAL Project. See above for follow-on project descriptions.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A reduced NWAL team completed close-out research and Extension activities in Year 7. This included Co-PDs McCarthy and Singletary (UNR), DRI team members Collins, Fitzgerald, Lutz and Bocinsky, and FALCON Co-PD Phillips and consultant Judy Dudley, and Tribal College experts Dupuis (SKC) and RoyChowdhury (NTU). Accomplishments for the project objectives outlined above have been aggregated into four categories (Outreach, Communications & Project Management; Research, Data Collection & Analysis; Tribal College Research, Education & Outreach; and FRTEP Extension and Outreach). Outreach activities are reported below under dissemination of results to stakeholders.The accomplishments listed below represent the combined effort of many Co-PDs working together and with their respective research,Extension, and education tribal and non-tribal partners. Highlights of NWAL Year 7accomplishments are listed below. A more detailed report will be posted on the NWAL website. Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on NWAL programs: Due to COVID shutdowns and restrictions in 2020-2022, all in-person events including the NWAL Summit, workshops, training, etc. were canceled or moved virtually. NWAL participants did not travel during the first half of Year 7 with limited travel occurring in spring 2022. We did conduct outreach with Tribal partners, faculty, and students, through Zoom and other on-line platforms, completed most research activities, and published results and outreach materials. All TCUs were closed to in-person education and outreach during the first half of NWAL Year 7. Limited in-person events were permitted at our partner Tribal Colleges (Salish Kootenai College and Navajo Technical University) in Spring semester/quarter 2022. Research, Data Collection & Analysis Water Resources and Water Quality:NWAL has partnered with UA and a local non-profit toimplement rainwater harvesting with Tribal communities in Peach Springs, Arizona.Peach Springs' climate makes it an ideal location to implement rainwater harvesting systems due to the availability of precipitation during the growing season (North American monsoon). Approximately 7,700 gallons of rainwater can be captured from the 4H building during the growing season in Peach Springs, AZ during a normal precipitation year (~ 9.5 inches).An average area of 645 ft2 can be cultivated using the captured rainwater and can yield approximately 178 pounds of maize.Climate projections for precipitation are less certain and show high variability, while temperature projections show an increase in mean daily temperatures in Peach Springs. Climate projections also show an earlier start to the growing season. The cost to implement a basic rainwater harvesting system for outdoor water use on the 4H building to capture rainwater from April - September ranges from $3,204-$11,973 USD. Basic materials include polyethylene cisterns, gutters, pump and drip irrigation system. Winter rainwater harvesting is also possible and can capture more than double the volume (16,025 gallons), however, further engineering and materials are need to store the captured rainwater which include additional cisterns, burial or insulation of cisterns to prevent freezing, and disinfection methods. Although rainwater harvesting in Peach Springs, AZ cannot replace current irrigation practices, it can help alleviate some of the strain that is felt during this ongoing drought and can help attain a level of food security. Brianda Hernandez Rosalez completed this project under the advisement of DRI team member, Dr. Lutz. Climate data for Tribes.DRI NWAL team member Bocinsky, updated downscaled climate data for Tribes across the Intermountain West with updated information on drought conditions, seasonal weather and wildfire conditions, and resources available from the North American Drought Atlas, US Drought Monitor, and NOAA/NIDIS. He also trained Tribal partners on climate services available through the Montana Climate Office. Extension outreach and publications: (For more details see products listed in later in this report). Co-PD Singletary and Fillmore co-authored an extension special publication to report the methods and results of analysis of primary data collected from a 2016-2017 survey of summit participants to assess tribes' climate data and information needs. The Extension Special Publication, Climate Resilient Tribal Waters, is available online at (see products listed in this report:https://naes.agnt.unr.edu/PMS/Pubs/2022-4671.pdf Singletary and Fillmore co-authored an article published inClimatic Changereporting the highlights of GRA thesis research funded by this project:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-021-03285-9 Singletary was an invited lead author on a chapter on Economic Development on reservation lands across the US as part of theStatus of Tribal Action on Climate Change Report,coordinated by U. of N. AZ, ITEP:https://sites.google.com/view/stacc2021-itep/how-to-access-report?authuser=0 Planning for the sustainability of NWAL through follow-on projects: Several members of the core NWAL project team have pursued additional project funding for NWAL "daughter" projects to sustain engagement with our tribal partners. This is essential to build on relationships with tribal community members, educators, students, agricultural producers, resource managers, and others established during the seven years of the NWAL project. These NWAL follow-on projects leverage the investments USDA-NIFA made in NWAL and are exploring new opportunities to further the impact of research, Extension, and education in enhancing the climate resilience of tribal agriculture. NWAL Team members McCarthy (now at the Desert Research Institute), Collins (DRI), Fitzgerald (DRI and UNR), Emm and Hebb (UNR-Extension) partnered onNative Climate,a new USDA-NIFA funded project (Award 2022-68015-36357) to expand the impact of USDA Climate Hubs in enhancing climate resilience with tribes in the intermountain west.Co-PDs and partners McCarthy, Emm and Hebb (UNR-Extension), Teegerstrom (UA), Bocinsky (U. Montana), Lutz (DRI), developed the COVID Toolkit Project that was funded in fall 2020 under USDA/NIFA COVID CARE program (Award 2020-68008-32762)calledNWAL Toolkit Project.This new project is designed to make research and outreach products from NWAL available to FRTEP agents working in the field with Tribal farmers and ranchers. New resources are also being developed to support Tribal Extension agents in helping their communities deal with the impacts from the ongoing extreme drought. Co-PDs McCarthy, Bocinsky, and NWAL partner Virgil Dupuis (Tribal Extension Director, Salish Kootenai College) applied for and were awarded a USDA-NIFA Conference Grant (Award 2021-67019-33420), calledAll Climate is Local, to share NWAL climate, water and agriculture resources with other TCUs in the Crown of the Continent (MT, ND, SD, and NE). Both of these projects are ongoing and have been converted to be conducted virtually. Co-PD Collins (DRI), was awarded a NIFA Women and Minorities in Science (WAMS) grant (USDA WAMS 2020-02337), calledTeaching Native Waters, to work with Native 6-12 teachers in the Four Corners region in translate NWAL climate and water research into place-based teaching modules that can be used in classroom.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Fillmore, H., Singletary, L. Climate data and information needs of indigenous communities on reservation lands: insights from stakeholders in the Southwestern United States. Climatic Change 169, 37 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03285-9
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Fillmore, H. & Singletary, L. 2021, Climate Resilient Tribal Waters, Extension | University of Nevada, Reno | SP-21-04.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Singletary, L., Clow, S., Connolly, M., Marks-Marino, D., Samoy, A., & Stout, S. (2021). Economic development. In Status of Tribes and Climate Change Report [Marks-Marino, D. (ed.)]. Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals, pp. 174189. https://extension.unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=4382.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: 2021-2022 Accepted Presentations (* denotes presenter) Fillmore, H. and Singletary, L.* (2022, June). Climate data and information needs of indigenous communities on reservation lands: insights from stakeholders in the Southwestern United States. Selected paper presentation for University Council on Water Research, reporting on research funded by USDA NIFA Native Waters on Arid Lands project. Greenville, SC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Fillmore, H.* and Singletary, L. (2021, December). Climate data and information needs of indigenous communities on reservation lands: insights from stakeholders in the Southwestern United States. Selected poster presentation for American Geophysical Union Annual Meeting reporting on research funded by USDA NIFA Native Waters on Arid Lands project, Virtual session. https://agu2021fallmeeting-agu.ipostersessions.com/Default.aspx?s=25-4B-28-76-B7-8F-A3-BC-8B-29-E8-A8-5F-5D-54-18.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Singletary, L.* (2021, October). Collaborative research processes and outcomes for enhancing the climate resiliency of water resources. Invited speaker for 2021 Drought Forum Panel: Drought in Nevada-California, GPHS Fall Colloquium Series.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Abhiskek RoyChowdhury, 2022, Navajo Technical University Technical Report for FALCON, "Post Gold King Mine Spill: San Juan River Health Monitoring," published on NWAL website: https://nativewaters-aridlands.com
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Judy Dudley, August 2021, FALCON Technical Report, "Riverine Recovery and Resilience. A Cooperative Project Between First Americans Land Grant Consortium and Navajo Technical University," published on the NWAL website: https://nativewaters-aridlands.com
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Brianna Hernandez Rosales, May 2022, University of Nevada, Reno, Master of Science in Hydrogeology, "Feasibility and Implementation Plan for Rainwater Harvesting in Peach Springs, AZ on the Hualapai Indian Reservation."
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, A.M. Leger, K. Chief, (2022) Resilience on Native American Lands of the Intermountain West: Native Waters on Arid Lands, CCAST Case Study on Community Engagement and Educations, Drought Learning Network, https://usbr.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=251db02f3b8041989577b3cf5bf24161
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: E.R. Bandala, M.I. McCarthy, N. Burne, (2022), Water Security in Native American communities of Nevada, Env. Sci. & Policy, 136, 520-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.07.009
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: M. Durglo, Jr., R. Everett, T. Incashola, Jr., M.I. McCarthy, S. Pete, S�lia-Ql?isp� Culture Committee, J. Rosenau, T. Smith, A.A. Carlson (2022), S??i?p�lq??: Biocultural Restoration of Whitebark Pine on the Flathead Reservation in Climate Action: Local Applications and Practical Solutions, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: E. Bickle, M.I. McCarthy, L. Singletary, D. Kauneckis, (2021) Decision-Making in Snow-Fed, Arid-Land River Systems, A CCAST Case Study on Actionable Science, Drought Learning Network, https://usbr.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=58c1f7b9594a4a99bbea44ab4d4e8829
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, April 2022, Keynote Address, "Storymaps for Tribal Storytelling," 2022 Tribal GIS Conference, Albuquerque, NM.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, March 2022, Keynote Presenter, "Water, Climate, and Resilience in Indian Country," WEDA/WASED Annual Meeting, Reno NV.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, Jan 2021, Symposium Chair, National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE), "COVID-19 and Climate Crises in Indian Country," virtual conference.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: K. Fitzgerald, July 2021, o A feature story on the DRI website (July 2021)  From COVID-19 to Drought: Collaborating on Emerging Challenges Across Indian Country. https://www.dri.edu/from-covid-19-to-drought/
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, April 2022, Keynote Address, "Climate Impacts and Resilience in Indian Country," Southwest Indian Agriculture Conference, Tuscon, AZ.


Progress 07/01/20 to 06/30/21

Outputs
Target Audience:Year 6 Target Audience NWAL outreach to our tribal partners relies on the integration of three critical activities. Academic research conducted with and in support of ourtribal partners Federally-Recognized Tribal Extension (FRTEP) agents who are tribal members and live and work in theircommunities Tribal College & University (TCU) Extension Faculty and agents who engagestudents and faculty in support of tribal community agriculture and who participate in the FALCON network of TCUs to share experiences and best practices NWAL Target Audiences reached: Tribal Partner Engagement:NWAL collaborating tribal organizations and tribal government officials and agencies Federal and State Public Agency Engagement:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation,U.S.Dept.ofAgriculture,Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. EPA,ArizonaDepartmentofWaterResources,CentralArizonaProject,SaltRiverProject, New Mexico Office of State Engineer, NM Interstate Stream Commission,NM State University, Lower Rio Grande Water Users Association, Colorado Water Conservation Board, Colorado Office State Engineer Scientific Community & Water Stakeholders Engagement:Arizona Farm Bureau, Arizona Cooperative Extension, Family Farm Alliance,TheNatureConservancy, WesternResourceAdvocates, Sonoran institute, ProNatura, Western Governors Association, Western States Water Council, National Audubon Society. During NWAL Year 5-6 the AZ and NV FTREP Programs expanded their outreach to Tribes in the project area including: UA-FRTEP engagedNative American farmers, ranchers, natural resources managers and land managersfrom:Ak-Chin Indian Community, Colorado River Indian Tribes, Hualapai, Hopi Nation, Gila River Indian Community, Navajo Nation, Pascua Yaqui,Salt River Pima Indian Community, San Carlos Apache Nation, Tohono O'odham Nation and the White Mountain Apache Nation. NV-FRTEP engagedNative American farmers, ranchers, natural resources managers and land managersfrom: Duck Valley Shoshone-Paiute, Fallon-Shoshone,Pyramid Lake Paiute,Walker River Paiute, Washoe Tribe, and other through the Intertribal Council of Nevada. During Year 6 the NWAL Project expanded its outreach to tribes throughout the United States through the NWAL COVID-19 Action Working Group (COVID WG for short), which was started in March 2020 to address urgent issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic with Tribal communities and federal agency partners (USDA/OTR and NIFA, USFS, FEMA, HHS, CDC and others as needed). The COVID WG has transitioned to addressing urgent issues associated with the current extreme drought impacting the western US. It meets weekly on Zoom and has expanded to over 200 participants from across the US and Alaska with participants joining from FRTEP, 1994 TCU Extension, 1862 Extension, Ag Experiment Stations, Climate Adaptation Science Center (CASCs), USDA Climate Hubs, and many others. Changes/Problems:The major impact resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic. During Year 6 all of the academic institutions (1862 and 1994) closed in March 2020 and transitioned to on-line education through spring 2021. Many of the tribes in our region were (and many remain) under stay-at-home orders with only essential personnel able to perform duties.The UA and UNR FRTEP agents continued to work from home, most on their home reservations, but providing service to their farmers, ranchers and communities became very challenge due to the inability to hold in-person meetings, limited computer and internet access in many of the communities, and a lack of running water and electricity in many homes. The UA College of Agriculture and private foundationsdid provide some resources to put up mobile hotspots fortemporary broadband accessin some reservation communities, but on-line connectivity remains a challenge. With COVID vaccination rates in Tribal communities above the national average in many areas, most reservations are opening up to in-person education and community events. However, with uncertainty about potential next waves of the virus in the fall and winter of 2021 and 2022, NWAL will retain the option to conduct outreach activities virtually or in hybrid (in-person/virtual). The use of virtual communication platforms have also allowed the NWAL team to engage more communities from around the country through the NWAL COVID WG and other virtual events. Specific impacts and adjustments that will be made are: DelayofAll Climate is Local: Co-developing 'multiple ways of knowing' to enhance resilience of tribal agroecosystems to droughts, floods, and rising temperatures: Due to all TCUs remaining closed during the spring of 2021, theAll Climate is Localteam decided to delay the kick-off the webinar series until late summer/fall of 2021. All activities will be conducted virtually. TransitionofPlace-based Lesson Plan Workshops -- Building a Community of Practice: This effort will be jointly funded by NWAL and a new grant from USDA-WAMS (awarded in May 2020) will continue virtually in 2021-2022. RealignmentofBuilding water security in northern Arizona -- Workshops for water security education and outreach in Hopi and Navajo communities:Materials and resources are being developed for water security workshops are being folded in to our collaborative efforts with AZ, NM, and NV FRTEP agents and will be implemented through the COVID Toolkit Project (funded in 2020). Postponementof publication of the carbon sequestration and trench composting report:Due to Covid-19, project personnel Scott Goode and Anna Eichner are delayed in delivering their report on carbon sequestration and trench composting, but plan to deliver it during summer 2020. FALCON/TCU Impacts: As FALCON Faculty-faculty Research Partnership (FFRP)planning was underway in early 2020, the program was disrupted by COVID-19 pandemicschool closures. This effort has been restructured to be a partnership with DRI, FALCON, and NTU and will be conducted virtually. Travel canceled:All NWAL travel was canceled or postponed during NWAL Year 6 due to COVID restrictions. Most activities will remain virtual during Year 7 with limited travel for specific events including the joint FALCON/FFRTEP meeting in Kansas City in Oct 2021. Co-PD Relocation: Co-PD Bocinsky relocated in Jan 2021 from DRI and Crow Canyon Archeological Center to the Montana Climate Office (MCO) at the U. Montana, WA Frank College of Forestry and Conservation. Dr. Bocinisky is now Climate Extension Director for the MCO and continues his NWAL duties from this position. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?NWAL Year 5 Training and Professional Development: Creating synergy among 1994s and FRTEP.An exciting outcome of the NWAL project has been increased trust and collaboration among FALCON, the 1994s and FRTEP.Ongoing discussions led to a one-day 1994/FRTEP strategic planning session on March 24, 2020 and two additional workshops in Dec 2020 and Jan 2021. This effort has also linked with, and leveraged funding from, the Native American Agriculture Fund (NAAF) which distributes Keepseagle settlement funds for Native American agriculture outreach.NAAF grant applications will incentivize 1994/FRTEP collaboration.A joint 1994/FRTEP annual conference will be held in Kansas City in Oct 2021. NWAL Graduate Students:CO-PD Chief's graduate student, E. Schuyler Chew defended his dissertation entitled, "A collaborative investigation of climate change adaptation for the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe" on July 28, 2020. Although Schuyler Chew completed his PhD, he continues to work on NWAL as a research analyst and is working on a manuscript entitled"Collaboration with the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe through Decolonizing Participatory Climate Action Research"which will be submitted to a Special Issue: Collaborative Management, Environmental Caretaking and Sustainable Livelihoods in September. Under the direction of Co-PD Edwards, graduate student Leslie Sanchez completed a Graduate Research Fellowship at the Property and Environment Research Center. Complementary Student Training: Co-PD Chief mentoredgraduate and undergraduate students in Food, Energy and Water Security in Indigenous communities. Students aretrainedto be culturally sensitive and to work with tribal college students. Students at Dine College have also been trained to operateoff-grid water treatment systems. Community of Practice (CoP) for Native K-12 Teachers:Our team created synergies between NWAL and the Teaching Native Waters program, which is a community of practice that develops and hosts place-based virtual professional development for middle and high school educators serving Native students (USDA WAMS 2020-02337). This work quickly pivoted in spring 2020 to address the needs of educators and students that were multiplied by the COVID-19 pandemic. Content experts on the NWAL team were integrated into Teaching Native Waters supported content experts in soil and ancient farming practices (Bocinsky), water quality and effects of mining (Chief), general water quality (Lutz), and leadership (McCarthy). In total, NWAL experts served as part of three six-week professional development modules, engaging a total of 45 educators. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Outreach, Communication and Project Management Project Communications:NWAL Project communications included a significant expansion of the sharing of information and resources on our website (www.nativewaters-aridlands.com) and adding new on-line resources including; Native Waters on Arid Lands website-https://nativewaters-aridlands.com The NWAL project website documents the work of the team through a blog with up-to-date project news, links to resources, and links to new NWAL follow-up projects including the COVID-19 Working Group, Facts Not Fear, Teaching Native Waters, and the COVID19 Toolkit projects. Stakeholders reached: Since July 1, 2020, the NWAL website has been visited by 5,257 unique users (12,296 pageviews). Facts Not Fear website-https://factsnotfearcovid.com/ "Facts Not Fear" is a website and information campaign developed by NWAL's COVID-19 Working Group to supply Tribal members and Tribal Extension Experts across Indian Country with accurate information and educational resources about the COVID-19 vaccines. The website contains answers to questions that were gathered from our project partners during weekly calls organized by the COVID-19 Working Group, vaccine information for tribal youth, mental health resources for tribal farmers, and other resources aimed at tribal communities. A video tour of Facts Not Fear, an online suite of resources for Tribal members related to the COVID-19 vaccine, was created and distributed to 30-40 educators serving Native students who are involved in the Teaching Native Waters program. Stakeholders reached: Since launching in February 2021, this website has been visited by 613 users (2,880 pageviews). COVID-19 in Indian Country Storymap-https://nativewaters-aridlands.com/covid19 In March 2020, the NWAL team began hosting weekly video conference calls with Tribal leaders, Federally Recognized Tribal Extension Program (FRTEP) agents, and Tribal Colleges & Universities (TCUs) faculty from across the intermountain west to collect information about the impacts of COVID-19 on tribal farmers, ranchers, and communities and to identify actions that our team or our federal sponsors can take to help lessen the impacts of the pandemic. This website documents the work of NWAL's COVID-19 Working Group from March 2020 to the present, including impact maps, a list of urgent issues, COVID-19 response projects, resources, presentations, and more. Stakeholders reached: This StoryMap has been viewed 8,668 times. It was also featured in ArcGIS's "Innovative uses of story maps during the COVID-19 pandemic" collection in June 2020. COVID-19 Toolkit-https://nwaltoolkit.com/ The COVID19 Toolkit website (under development) will allow users to submit drought impact reports and to access environmental data and other place-based resources for tribal extension agents. Portion of the NWAL document library will be incorporated into Toolkit to facilitate access to "gray" literature related to Tribal land.This online resource contains almost 700 documents on the topics of natural environment, paleo/archaeology history, water issues, agriculture, climate, law/policy, traditional knowledge, education/outreach, sustainability, and economics. NIFA Tribal Research, Education, and Extension:https://storymaps.arcgis.com/collections/9f9ade2dc77d4cb0b1d81d14d8edcffe A collection of ArcGIS Storymaps were developed by the NWAL communications team that capture the NIFA Tribal programs. This was done to encourage information sharing, capacity-building, and the co-development of new programs among Tribal partners from FRTEP, 1994s and with researchers working across Indian Country. This resource was shared with NIFA leadership and NPLs from a range of programs. It is currently be expanded to include Tribal health program content from CDC to stimulate more synergies between Tribal agriculture and health initiatives. Regional Coordination:Co-PD Bocinsky is leading the project coordination between NWAL and the Missouri River and Columbia Basin NOAA/NIDIS on drought, meteorological monitoring, and flood early warning programs.Impactsinclude enhanced prioritization of Tribal needs in NOAA/NIDIS activities, and the coordination between the Tribes, TCUs and NWAL partners. The All Climate is Local webinar series with TCUS from the Crown of the Continent conducted during NWAL Years 6 and 7 is a direct outcome of NWAL collaboration with NOAA/NIDIS. Expanding outreach of Native Science:Co-PD Chief has led an extensive outreach campaign to share Native science activities with a broad audience. This effort leverages support from both NWAL and a National Science Foundation (NSF) INFEWS grant, calledIndigeFEWS, led by Dr. Chief. These efforts include: Native Voices in STEM Fall Seminar Series 2020. Water in the Native World Webinar Series 2020.Webinar features papers from "Water in the Native World," a special issue Dr. Karletta Chief was the guest editor for. Papers are about water challenges facing tribes where Indigenous scientists and community members, and students lead and are involved in addressing the challenges. Native Voices in STEM Fall Seminar Series 2020. Tribal community workshops:Co-PD Edwards and graduate student Leslie Sanchez analyzed materials developed in workshop on tribal water right adjudication for agriculture with tribal leaders and water managers, extension agents, and researchers.Graduate student Sanchez was interviewed on the MIT podcast:Gender, Race, and Environmental Justice on the issues surrounding tribal water right settlements. Maintained and enhanced the NWAL document library.This online resource contains over 1000 documents on the topics of natural environment, paleo/archaeology history, water issues, agriculture, climate, law/policy, traditional knowledge, education/outreach, sustainability, and economics.? FRTEP Outreach Activities: Under Co-PD Emm, the UNR FRTEPteam has been working with Nevada Tribes and assisting other tribes in the project area with creating the agriculture side of local food systems includingresearch onHoop House (season extension tool) designs that function under reservation climate conditions. This includes monitoring and production trips to the reservations to work with individual Indian producers to be able to grow their own food or grow enough to sell at a farmers' market and/or Community Service Agriculture (CSA) Program. Hoophouse designs, community engagement plans, and food production guidance were shared with other Tribes through the NWAL COVID WG. Under Co-PD Teegerstrom the UA-FRTEP team,engagedNative American farmers, ranchers, andnatural resource and land managers from tribes in Arizona and New Mexico. During the COVID19 pandemic in 2020, this included providing urgently needed supplies including wood, food, and hand sanitizer to Hopi, Navajo and other communities who were severely impacted from both the disease and shutdown of roads and services. Nevada and Arizona FRTEP teams have partnered to develop resources and training materials to help Tribal farmers and ranchers navigate through myriad of federal relief programs implemented during the COVID pandemic. These include training on applying for food and debt-relief assistance and completing the necessary tax forms after receipt of funds, accessing farm equipment from Native-owned retailers, and anticipating impacts to meat and hay prices due to the ongoing drought. These resources are shared regularly with Tribal partners and others during weekly Zoom calls of the NWAL COVID WG. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?NWAL Activities for a No Cost Extension Year 7 were documented in the NCE Request and Justification report submitted to USDA in March 2021 and approved in April 2021. The NWAL Year 7 activities will be focused on expanding the outreach to Tribal communities throughout the Intermountain West and with others across the US to maximize the outcomes of the NWAL project. Due to ongoing COVID19 restrictions in some areas and uncertainty about future COVID waves in the fall and winter of 2021 and 2022, the majority of NWAL outreach will be provided virtually during NWAL Year 7. Due to the impacts of extreme drought and recording breaking heatwaves throughout the western US in 2021, the NWAL team share resources widely with Tribal partners across the country through the weekly Zoom calls with the NWAL COVID WG. These resources are posted weekly on the COVID WG Storymap at:https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/336825e7c44a494ab24c72f67e02814a Other activities include; Conduct a series of regional resilient agriculture webinars with TCUs from the Crown of the Continent: The All Climate is Local project will share climate services, drought mitigation actions, climate adaptation planning, and Traditional Ecological Knowledge with TCUs from across the Crown of the Continent (MT, ND, SD, and NE) in the Upper Columbia and Missouri River Basins. Co-PDs McCarthy, Bocinsky, and Dupuis will lead this effort with webinars scheduled to kick-off in late summer 2021. These are designed to translate NWAL research, education and Extension efforts into place-based, culturally-relevant materials help 1994 Extension faculty enhance climate-agriculture resilience in their communities and mitigate the impacts of extreme drought, heat, wildfires, and floods. Advance TCU capacity building: NWAL researchers and TCU faculty advisors will continue to co-develop place-based short-course materials for faculty and students that incorporates NWAL research on water sustainability, climate impacts, agriculture productivity, food sovereignty in the context of native community traditional practices. These materials will help TCU faculty and Extension agents to incorporate climate agriculture resilience in their course curriculum and outreach programs.This includes implementation of an FFRP with with Navajo Technical University (NTU), DRI, and FALCON toevaluate stream "health" in the San Juan River system that crosses the state lines of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Arizona and flows through tribal lands. Expand online resource library for climate resilience on tribal lands: The NWAL Knowledge Portal will be extended, updated, and automated to include additional climate data, water resource data, tribal climate adaptation and resource management plans, water rights inventories, NWAL workshop materials, publications, and other relevant literature and resources for tribes across the western US. The Knowledge Portal will also preserve the digital legacy of NWAL. Code will be hosted and publicly accessible on GitHub for use by the research community and tribal partners. Expand multimedia communications: NWAL's extensive on-line resource capacity will be expanded in accordance with Tribal needs and transitioned to be supported by DRI for long-term sustainability. Share findings and lessons learned: NWAL team members will complete technical and Extension publications and technical reports and present findings at professional conferences, annual meetings for FALCON and FRETEP, topic national and international meetings, and ITEP conferences including the first annual National Tribal & Indigenous Climate Conference in Aug 2020. Project Evaluation: Workshops and other project meetings with tribal partners will be evaluated to assess short- and medium-term outcomes including knowledge gains and attitude changes as reflected in post-event evaluations. A retrospective evaluation will involve an e-survey to measure medium-term and anticipated long-term outcomes of the 7-year project. These may include knowledge and action around tribal climate policy and/or reservation-wide planning and action.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on NWAL programs: Due to COVID shutdowns and restrictions in 2020-2021, all in-person events including the NWAL Summit, workshops, training, etc. were canceled or moved virtually. NWAL participants did not travel during Year 6 of the project. We did conduct outreach with Tribal partners, faculty, and students, through Zoom and other on-line platforms, completed most research activities, and published results and outreach materials. All TCUs were closed to in-person education and outreach during most of NWAL Year 6. This presented significant challenges for Tribal Extension faculty and students involved in NWAL activities due to lack of available broadband connectivity to participate in virtual training, high levels of COVID illness and death among reservation communities, and severe economic disruptions. New funding for NWAL follow-on projects: Co-PDs and partners McCarthy, Emm and Hebb (UNR-Extension), Teegerstrom (UA), Bocinsky (U. Montana), Lutz (DRI), developed the COVID Toolkit Project that was funded in fall 2020 under USDA/NIFA COVID CARE program (Award 2020-68008-32762)calledNWAL Toolkit Project.This new project is designed to make research and outreach products from NWAL available to FRTEP agents working in the field with Tribal farmers and ranchers. New resources are also being developed to support Tribal Extension agents in helping their communities deal with the impacts from the ongoing extreme drought. Co-PDs McCarthy, Bocinsky, and NWAL partner Virgil Dupuis (Tribal Extension Director, Salish Kootenai College) applied for and were awarded a USDA-NIFA Conference Grant (Award 2021-67019-33420), calledAll Climate is Local, to share NWAL climate, water and agriculture resources with other TCUs in the Crown of the Continent (MT, ND, SD, and NE). Both of these projects are ongoing and have been converted to be conducted virtually. Co-PD Collins (DRI), was awarded a NIFA Women and Minorities in Science (WAMS) grant (USDA WAMS 2020-02337), calledTeaching Native Waters, to work with Native 6-12 teachers in the Four Corners region in translate NWAL climate and water research into place-based teaching modules that can be used in classroom. Research, Data Collection & Analysis Water Resources & Economics: Co-PD Colbyshared (virtually) accessible, easy-to-understand material on water economics and management for tribal nations and their representatives. Climate adaptation:Co-PDs McCarthy, Kauneckis, Chief, and Bocinisky shared NWAL research output on climate adaptation in Tribal communities during virtual conferences including the National Tribal & Indigenous Climate Conference (NTICC), the Global Conference on Science & the Environment, the Intertribal Agriculture Conference Annual Meeting. Water sources and water quality: Co-PD Lutz continued to build out the NWAL Knowledge Portal with resources and and inventory of web-based repositories related to water resources and water quality (e.g., groundwater well, surface, spring). These resources are being used to support drought mitigation training and outreach by our Tribal Extension agents.NWAL has partnered with UA and a local non-profit toimplement rainwater harvesting with Tribal communities in Peach Springs, Arizona. Climate data for Tribes.Co-PD Bocinsky, augmented downscaled climate data for Tribes across the Intermountain West with updated information on drought conditions, Awards:Co-PD Chief awardedU. Arizona Extension Faculty of the Year. Tribal College Research, Education & Outreach Faculty-Faculty Research Partnership (FFRP) program.Upon successful completion and evaluation of the Aaniiih Nakoda College/Desert Research Institute (ANC/DRI) pilot project, a FFRP was implemented with Navajo Technical University (NTU), DRI, and FALCON. Developed a sharable and adaptable Water Resources in a Warming World course.FALCON, in partnership with USDA NIFA and the DRI developed a "Water Resources in a Warming World" course. This course is designed with stackable, plug-and-play modules that can be incorporated into existing environmental, water or climate change related courses; or as a standalone 3-credit undergraduate course. Promote understanding and appreciation of Native Waters in the Missouri River watershed.Nueta Hidatsa Sahnish College (NHSC), tribally chartered by the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation in New Town, North Dakota, in collaboration with DRI and FALCON secured a NIFA Tribal College Research Grant Program. Expanded relationship with Salish Kootenai College(SKC). Through a follow-on grant from USDA-NIFA forAll Climate is Local, SKC is the hub institution for a series of on-line webinars with the other 16 TCUs from the Crown of the Continent region (MT, ND, SD, NE) to share climate, water, drought impact resources in the context of traditional ecological knowledge to build resources and capacity among the 1994 Extension to enhance climate and agriculture adaptation and resilience. Outreach to 1994 TCUs and FRTEP.The 1994 TCU Extension network and the 1862 FRTEP network are all included in COVID WG weekly Zoom calls. In collaboration, with NIFA National Program Leader for Tribal Programs (Erin Riley), we hosted two workshops to foster collaboration among 1862 and 1994 Tribal Extension programs.?

Publications

  • Type: Websites Status: Other Year Published: 2021 Citation: Facts Not Fear COVID: https://factsnotfearcovid.com
  • Type: Websites Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: NWAL COVID Working Group: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/336825e7c44a494ab24c72f67e02814a
  • Type: Websites Status: Other Year Published: 2021 Citation: NWAL Toolkit Project: https://nativewaters-aridlands.com/2020/07/new-usda-grant-will-fund-covid-19-rapid-response-toolkit-for-tribal-extension-agents/
  • Type: Websites Status: Other Year Published: 2021 Citation: USDA Tribal Research, Education, and Extension Programs: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/collections/9f9ade2dc77d4cb0b1d81d14d8edcffe
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Schachner, Gregson, Joel Nicholas, R. J. Sinensky, and R. Kyle Bocinsky. 2021. The sustainability of Hopi agriculture. In Becoming Hopi: A History, edited by Wesley Bernardini, Stewart Koyiyumptewa, Gregson Schachner, and Leigh Kuwanwisiwma, Chapter 9, pp. 113132. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Curtis, K.R., Drugova, T., Ward, R., (2020), Research Report: Producer Response to Drought Policy in the West, J. Food Distribution Res., 51(1), pg 17-25.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Drugova, T., Curtis, K.R., Kim, M-K, (2021), The Economic Impacts of Drought on Navajo Nation, J. Food Distribution Res., 52(1), pg 31-38
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ge, M., Edwards, E.C., Akhundjanov, S.B., (2020), Irrigation Investment on an American Indian Reservation, Amer. J. Agr. Econ, 102(4): 1083-1104; doi:10.1002/ajae.12077
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Tovar, Alejandro, (2020), Profitability Analysis of Drought Management Strategies on Southwest Indian Reservations. Thesis for MS of Science in Applied Economics, Utah State University.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ge, Muyang, "Three Essays on Land Property Rights, Water Trade, and Regional Development" (2019). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 7492. PhD in Applied Econ. Utah State University, https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7492
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Drugova, T., Curtis, K., Kim, M.-K., (2020), Impacts of Drought on Tribal Economies in Arizona, Utah State U. Extension Fact Sheet, Applied Economics/2020-04pr.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Drugova, T., Curtis, K., Kim, M.-K., (2020), Economic Impacts of Drought in Utah: Uintah and Ouray Reservation, Utah State U. Extension Fact Sheet, Applied Economics/2020-01pr.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Drugova, T., Curtis, K., Kim, M.-K., (2020), Economic Impacts of Drought on Tribal Economies in New Mexico, Utah State U. Extension Fact Sheet, Applied Economics/2020-03pr.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Drugova, T., Curtis, K., Kim, M.-K., (2020), Economic Impacts of Drought on Tribal Economies in Nevada, Utah State U. Extension Fact Sheet, Applied Economics/2020-02pr.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Rice, E.., Curtis, K., (2021), Drought-Tolerant Options for Southwest Agriculture: Edible Produce, Utah State U. Extension Fact Sheet, Applied Economics/2021-05pr.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Rice, E.., Curtis, K., (2021), Drought-Tolerant Options for Southwest Agriculture: Grasses, Grains, and Legumes, Utah State U. Extension Fact Sheet, Applied Economics/2021-04pr.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Rice, E.., Curtis, K., (2021), Drought-Tolerant Options for Southwest Agriculture: Ornamentals, Herbs, and Cosmetics, Utah State U. Extension Fact Sheet, Applied Economics/2021-06pr.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Curtis, K, Drugova, T., Ward, R. (2021) Utah Fresh Produce Grower Preferred Drought Management Strategies, Utah State U. Extension Fact Sheet, Applied Economics/2021-01pr.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Curtis, K, Drugova, T., Ward, R. (2021) Utah Livestock Producer Preferred Drought Management Strategies, Utah State U. Extension Fact Sheet, Applied Economics/2021-02pr.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Curtis, K, Drugova, T., Ward, R. (2021) Utah Hay and Forage Grower Preferred Drought Management Strategies, Utah State U. Extension Fact Sheet, Applied Economics/2021-03pr.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Johns, B., M. Caslin, M. Lewis, K. Chief, and M. Katti. 2021. Settler colonialism and pandemics: Native Americans misrepresented in health data pay a heavy COVID-19 price. Science for the People Biopolitics 23(3): 11-15. https://magazine.scienceforthepeople.org/vol23-3-bio-politics/native-americans-health-data-covid-19/?fbclid=IwAR1JqSXVHRDrBXfusOwXm2ioRzE4nED3tzZl7Rgh0dP55rwK28t1f5d_LoA
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Chief, K., D. David Chavezo, S. Semken, D. Reanoo, and A. Garcia, 2020. Indigenous knowledges sustainable futures team: Certificate Program in Ethics in STEAM Research with Indigenous Communities and Lands. NSF The Future Substance of STEM Education. Arizona State University September 15, 27, 23, 24 and October 5-9, 2020.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Patterson, M. and C. Mosely. 2020. Pioneering Navajo hydrologist Karletta Chief honored by American Geophysical Union. University of Arizona College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, December 10, 2020. https://cals.arizona.edu/news/pioneering-navajo-hydrologist-karletta-chief-honored-american-geophysical-union
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Chief, K. 2021. Solutions for Food, Energy, and Water Challenges Faced by Indigenous Communities. TheHumanist.com March 23, 2021. https://thehumanist.com/features/articles/solutions-for-food-energy-and-water-challenges-faced-by-indigenous-communities
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Chief, K. 2020. University-Community Research Response to COVID-19 FEWS Insecurities on the Navajo Nation. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, October 15, 2020 (Invited Talk)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Chief, K. 2020. Indigenous Food, Energy and Water (FEW) during COVID-19. AEESP Converging COVID-19: Environment, Health, and Equity, Session 4, November 6, 2020. https://aeespconvergingcovid19.org (Invited Talk)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: McCarthy, M.I, (2020), Invited Talk, Responding to the Dual Crises: COVID and Climate, Native and Indigenous Climate Conference (Virtual), Sep 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: McCarthy, M.I, (2020), Session Chair, Food Sovereignty During COVID and Drought, Native and Indigenous Climate Conference (Virtual), Sep 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: McCarthy, M.I. (Session Chair) with Bocinsky, R.K, Hebb, V., Rattling-Leaf, J., Resilience During COVID and Climate Crises, Global Conference of Science and the Environment (virtual), Jan 2021
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Chief, K. 2021. Water and COVID-19 in Indian Country. Episode 2 of the Water Solutions for Our Warmer World Series Water and COVID-19 in Indian Country, University of Arizona, Arizona Institutes for Resilience: Solutions for the Environment and Society, April 21, 2021 https://environment.arizona.edu/water-series-2021. (Invited Talk)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Chief, K., M. Luna, and J. Levy. 2021. Earth Week Keynote Panel. Broad Institute's Earth Week 2021: You. We. All. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, April 19, 2021. (Invited Talk)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Chief, K., C. T. Laurencin, L.M. Kee, M. Peek, C.K. Gunsalas, and P.I. Beamer, 2020. Indigenous Food, Energy & Water Security & Sovereignty during COVID-19. National Academy of Engineering (NAE) panel series: Engineering solutions for the next pandemic: Exploring ethics concerns-Social (in)justice, disparities in COVID-19 health care delivery, June 26, 2020. (Invited Panelist).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2021 Citation: Chief, K., C. Tulley-Cordova, B. Becker, N. Tulley, and S. Megdal. 2021. The Wicked Water Problems of the Navajo Nation and Efforts to Address Them. 2021 Virtual Joint American Water Resources Association and National Capital Annual Water Symposium, Human Dimension to Resilient and Sustainable Water Management: Promoting Integrated Collaboration Water Symposium, April 15, 2021 (Topical Session: Invited Talk)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2021 Citation: Chief, K. 2021. Indigenous food, energy and water security and sovereignty during COVID-19. 2021 Virtual University Council on Water Resources and the National Institutes for Water Resources Joint National Conference (Plenary Speaker).
  • Type: Books Status: Other Year Published: 2021 Citation: Chief, K. 2021. Responding to amplified food, energy and water challenges on the Navajo Nation. Annual RMSAWWA/RMWEA Student Research Conference, Colorado School of Mines, May 17, 2021. (Keynote Speaker)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Chief, K. 2020. Unique Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources of American Indians and Alaska Natives in the U.S. Department of Earth Science, University of Cambridge, England, November 5, 2020 (Invited Talk).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Chief, K. 2020. COVID-19 on tribal lands. University of Arizona Agnese Nelms Haury Program in Environmental and Social Justice, April 15, 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Chief, K. 2020. Water challenges facing the Navajo Nation. Israel Water Authority (Danny Lacker), May 15, 2020.


Progress 07/01/19 to 06/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:NWAL outreach to our tribal partners relies on the integration of three critical activities. Academic research conducted with and in support of ourtribal partners Federally-Recognized Tribal Extension (FRTEP) agents who are tribal members and live and work in theircommunities Tribal College & University(TCU) Extension Faculty and agents who engagestudents and faculty in support of tribal community agriculture and who participate in the FALCON network of TCUs to share experiences and best practices NWAL Target Audiences reached: Tribal Partner Engagement:NWAL collaborating tribal organizations and tribal government officials and agencies Federal and State Public Agency Engagement:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation,U.S.Dept.ofAgriculture,Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. EPA,ArizonaDepartmentofWaterResources,CentralArizonaProject,SaltRiverProject, New Mexico Office of State Engineer, NM Interstate Stream Commission,NM State University, Lower Rio Grande Water Users Association, Colorado Water Conservation Board, Colorado Office State Engineer Scientific Community & Water Stakeholders Engagement:Arizona Farm Bureau, Arizona Cooperative Extension, Family Farm Alliance,TheNatureConservancy, WesternResourceAdvocates, Sonoran institute, ProNatura, Western Governors Association, Western States Water Council, National Audubon During NWAL Year 5 the AZ and NV FTREP Programs expanded their outreach to Tribes in the prooject area including: UA-FRTEP engagedNative American farmers, ranchers, natural resources managers and land managersfrom:Ak-Chin Indian Community, Colorado River Indian Tribes, Hualapai, Hopi Nation, Gila River Indian Community, Navajo Nation, Pascua Yaqui,Salt River Pima Indian Community, San Carlos Apache Nation, Tohono O'odham Nation and the White Mountain Apache Nation. NV-FRTEP engagedNative American farmers, ranchers, natural resources managers and land managersfrom: Duck Valley Shoshone-Paiute, Fallon-Shoshone,Pyramid Lake Paiute,Walker River Paiute, Washoe Tribe, and other through the Intertribal Council of Nevada The NWAL Project expanded its outreach to tribes in the Southwest, Great Basin, and Northern Rockies through our TCU partners including: SalishKootenai College (SKC) on the Flathead Reservation in northwest Montana. Dine College and Navajo Technical University on the Navajo Nation Menominee College in Wisconsin Outreach to all 34 TCUs isled by NWAL partner,FALCON Changes/Problems:There were two major changes and impacts to the NWAL project during Year 5. First, we lost our dearcolleagueand Co-Project Director, Beverly Ramsey. Beverly passed away in March 2020 andhad been Co-PD from DRI. The NWAL Key Personnel from DRI areAlex Lutz (water quality and knowledge portal lead researcher), Meghan Collins (education coordinator), and Kyle Bocinsky (climate coordinator). Alex, Meghan, and Kyle are integral to NWAL and will continue to execute the DRI subaward during NWAL Year 6. The second major impact resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic. During Year 5 all of the acacemic institutions (1862 and 1994) closed in March 2020 and transitioned to on-line education. Many of the tribes in our region were (and many remain) under stay-at-home orders with only essential personnel able to perform duties.The UA and UNR FRTEP agents continued to work from home, most on their home reservations, but providing service to their farmers, ranchers and communities became very challenge due to the inability to hold in-person meetings, limited computer and internet access in many of the communities, and a lack of running water and electricity in many homes particularly on the Hopi Tribe and Navajo Nation. The UA College of Agriculture and private foundationsdid provide some resources to put up mobile hotspots fortemporary broadband accessin some reservation communities, but on-line connectivity remains a challenge. The Navajo Nation has been particularly hard hit with COVID-19 cases and deaths. As of today (28 June 2020) cases are alosincreasing signifcantly on the Hopi Tribe, San Carlos Apache, Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe,CSKTFlathead Reservation, Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, and others, and Walker River Paiute Tribe reported its first case this past week. We anticipate continued impacts and challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic during NWAL Year 6. Our NWAL team is collectively committed to continuing to work with our tribal partners virtually,and when possible, in-person under COVID social distancing guidelines. This will require us to rely more extensivly on Zoom and other video-conferencing platforms for meetings, workshops, and focus groups. It willalso require us to work with our tribal commmunities to address immediate and urgent needs resulting from COVID-19 health impacts, agriculture productivity challenges, and other economic disruptions due to mandatory shutdowns. To that end, we appreciate the understanding of USDA-NIFA National Program Leaders as we reassess any impacts to both deliverables and Year 6 budgets. Specific impacts and adjustments that will be made are: PostponementofMT-TCU Climate Conference -- All Climate is Local: Co-developing 'multiple ways of knowing' to enhance resilience of tribal agroecosystems to droughts, floods, and rising temperatures Due to restrictions on travel and large group gatherings, this Climate Conference will be postponed, and considerations are being taken to adapt the format for distance knowledge-transfer approaches. This conference was developed to co-develop outreach products based on NWAL and other AFRI-funded projectswith TCU Extension faculty from the seven TCUs in Montana. Support for this event wasproposed ina separate Conference Grant to NIFA AFRI-Agroecosytems in early April 2020. If funded, the NWAL leaders (McCarthy, Bocinsky, and Dupuis) will amend plans for the conference so it can be held virtually and through webinars and hybrid workshops. TransitionofPlace-based Lesson Plan Workshops -- Building a Community of Practice This effort will be jointly funded by NWAL and a new grant from USDA-WAMS (awarded in May 2020). Three workshops were planned to engage teachers from regional Tribal communities in the community of practice at the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center in Cortez, CO. These workshops will be redesigned to be held in a virtual format and build capacity by addressing COVID response and recovery challenges for educators and education systems. A preliminary needs assessment of educators serving Native students: In the weeks following COVID-19 shutdowns, project personnel communicated with educators serving Native students across Nevada and Arizona to understand impacts to classes. The information provided by teachers will help to shape the adapted approach to the Community of Practice. RealignmentofBuilding water security in northern Arizona -- Workshops for water security education and outreach in Hopi and Navajo communities Due to restrictions on travel and large group gatherings and emergent needs of FRTEP agents on the ground in Indian Country, materials and resources being developed for in-person water security workshops are being folded in to our collaborative efforts with AZ, NM, and NV FRTEP agents. The expanded effort has been proposed in theCOVID-19 Rapid Response Toolkit for Tribal Extension Agents Initiative, proposed to NIFA COVID-19 CARE Initiativein April 2020. Postponementof publication of the carbon sequestration and trench composting report Due to Covid-19, project personnel Scott Goode and Anna Eichner are delayed in delivering their report on carbon sequestration and trench composting, but plan to deliver it during summer 2020. FALCON/TCU Impacts: As FALCOFaculty-faculty Research Partnership (FFRP)planning was underway in early 2020, the program was disrupted by COVID-19 pandemicschool closures. Thisrequired us to develop arecalibrated at-distance approach that will provide training and facilitate collaboration through a virtual knowledge-sharing and collaborative platform called the Technical Assistance Framework (TAF).The TAF will provide seed funding to rapidly deploy innovative 1994 extension approaches in response to COVID-19, share those innovations with the 1994s community, and scale-up best practices.It will also foster collaboration among the 1994s, FRTEP, DRI and others. The TAF concept wasproposed in an application to the NIFA COVID-19 CARE Initiative in Apr 2020. Travel canceled: Co-PD Chief wasunable to travel and conduct outreach activities due to COVID-19. The outreach is being revised to remote platform in FY 2020. The CO-INFEWS workshop, which actively engages NWAL partners,"Indigenous Co-Innovation of Food, Energy & Water Systems" is now a virtual workshop. The training we were supposed to do with Dine' College is now virtual and we are developing training tools that can be completed remotely.In the spring and early summer of 2020, NWAL Researchers Fillmore and Singletary had planned to work with several nearby Tribes to offer in-person trainings based on the results of their research and the synthesis of climate data and information resources identified as being prioritized needs by these stakeholders. Being unable to carry these out these activities as planned, they havepivoted towards developing written Extension curriculum with virtual workshops to carry out objectives. Additional travel impacts are anticipated for other NWAL team members and tribal partners. Budgetadjustments will be made, accordingly. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?NWAL Year 5 Training and Professional Development: Creating synergy among 1994s and FRTEP.An exciting outcome of the NWAL project has been increased trust and collaboration among FALCON, the 1994s and FRTEP.NWAL brought these groups together five years ago and over the course of the project strong trusting relationships have developed.Recently, with new 1994 eligibility in the FRTEP competitive grant program (2018 Farm Bill), there has been a strong push to encourage more collaboration among 1994 and FRTEP programs.Ongoing discussions led to a one-day 1994/FRTEP strategic planning session on March 24, 2020, a FRTEP/1994 survey of collaborative interests, and the identification of three pilot sites where 1994/FRTEP collaboration would be supported as potential best practice models (Michigan, Wisconsin and Arizona/Nevada).This effort has also linked with, and leveraged funding from, the Native American Agriculture Fund (NAAF) which distributes Keepseagle settlement funds for Native American agriculture outreach.NAAF grant applications will incentivize 1994/FRTEP collaboration.There is also a commitment to hold a joint 1994/FRTEP annual conference in 2021.(Target audience: TCU and FRTEP faculty) NWAL Graduate Students: Co-PD Colby continued training and PD for graduate students is provided on an ongoing basis through project activities. Students receiving PD and training through NWAL activities in 2019-20 include Austin Walker (graduating Dec2020), Ryan Young (graduated May, 2019), Brian McGreal (graduating May2021) and Emily Joiner (graduating May 2020). Co-PD Curtis mentoredAlejandro Molano, MS thesis working title, "Cost and Returns to Drought Management Strategies in Southwest Indian Country" scheduled to graduate December 2020 andEmily Rice, Extension Intern, writing up fact sheets from research completed. Co-PD Edwards mentoredgraduate student Leslie Sanchez attended the NWAL Tribal Summit and the Workshop on Renewing Indigenous Economies, Hoover Institution at Stanford University. Student Training: Co-PD Cheif mentored12 graduate students in Food, Energy and Water Security in Indigenous communities. Students aretrainedto be culturally sensitive and to work with tribal college students. Students at Dine College have also been trained to operateff-grid water treatment systems. Awards and Internships: Project ResearcherFillmore was awarded an internship to research Indigenous community approaches to disturbed landscape restoration and climate resiliency with the Wildlife Society and the U.S. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region for part of the summer of 2019. Place-Based Education Teacher Workshops(March & September 2019) - NWAL held a climate resilience workshop in March for students of Arizona's STAR School and identified a need for place-based modules for teaching subjects like climate resilience, energy supply, and agriculture that aligned with Arizona Science Standards. In September 2019, Co-PD Collins with Bocinsky, Lutz, Chief, Teegerstrom, and McCarthy delivered a two-day workshop on place-based education at STAR School (Service to All Relations) in Leupp, AZ with the goal of helping teachers serving Navajo and Hopi students to develop science lesson plans that relate to the cultures and life experiences of Indigenous students. Fourteen teachers attended NWAL's September workshop, including K-12 and GED adult educators from the Hopi, Navajo, and Tohono O'odham communities of Arizona. On day one, scientists shared key ideas from their fields (renewable energy, water quality, and paleo-climate), and then offered an immersive, hands-on demonstration of the subject matter. On day two, teachers and scientists worked through the place-based lesson plan template to create a lesson that each teacher could take home to use in his or her classroom. Some of the themes of the lesson plans that teachers created at the pilot workshop include: Water Quality Chemistry; Energy Efficiency through Comparing Light Bulbs; Can Our School's Energy Needs be Met by Solar Energy;and Water pH. Impactson participants included: High confidence of 75% of teachers in creating lessons and activities that are relevant to current science topics in their region. High confidence of 50% of teachers discussing connections between solar energy and their community High confidence of 67% of teachers discussing connections between water quality and their community High confidence of 58% of teachers discussing connections between drought and their community. Following this workshop, the team proposed to expand this program to the USDA Women and Minorities in STEM program. The resulting award was announced in May 2020 entitled "Teaching Native Waters" will create a Community of Practice of educators in the four corners area serving Native American students and bolster their curriculum development and STEM skills. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Outreach, Communication and Project Management Project Communications:NWAL Project communications included creating additional podcasts, maintaining an interactive website (www.nativewaters-aridlands.com), and initiating a webinar series.NWAL Communications Lead (Fitzgerald) created anArcGIS Storymap "COVID-19 in Indian Country" to document the activities of the NWAL COVID-19Action Coordination Group at:https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/336825e7c44a494ab24c72f67e02814a Youth Day:NWAL Youth Day: Science Career Panels at Pyramid Lake High School (PLHS).70 students participated in a series of career panels held on site at PLHS, led by Co-PDs Collins and Fillmore. The goal of the day was to highlight STEM career paths and talented individuals from the NWAL project who are involved in STEM in higher education, specifically Tribal Colleges and Universities. Panelists shared the story of their career path and passions (in lightning style format), and then answered students' questions and questions from the facilitator. Panelists included, Steve Chischilly (Professor, Navajo Technical University, NTU), Dalyna Hannah (undergraduate student at NTU), Lynsie Dunn (Pyramid Lake High School counselor and former UNR student advisor), Dan Mosely (Director of Fisheries at Pyramid Lake), Maureen McCarthy (NWAL Project Director), Helen Fillmore (NWAL Research Scientist). An importantimpactfrom this panel was the initiation of a relationship between Pyramid Lake High School and Navajo Technical University for dual credit, distance learning options for PLHS students. Regional Meeting:Participated in a regional meeting in support of the Missouri River Basin Drought Early Warning System in Billings, Montana,to facilitate project coordination between NWAL and the Missouri River and Columbia Basin DEWS.Impactsinclude enhanced prioritization of Tribal needs in DEWS activities, and the coordination between the Tribes, TCUs and NWAL partners. The MT-TCU Climate Conference taking place during year 6 is a direct outcome of NWAL participation in this regional meeting. Major Publication: Co-PD Chief was invited guest editor for a special issue of the Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, entitled "Water in the Native World"(Issue 169 released inApril 2020). Papers focus on water challenges facing tribes and highlight the contributions of Indigenous scientists, students andcommunity members to addressing these challenges. This special issue is available for download at:https://ucowr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/JCWRE_169_Full_Issue.pdf Tribal community workshops:Co-PD Edwards and graduate student Leslie Sanchez facilitated a discussion on tribal water right adjudication for agriculture with tribal leaders and water managers, extension agents, and researchers. Co-PD Singletary·Worked with Tribal nations to identify climate data and science information needs to support Tribal efforts to enhance the climate resilience of agricultural water resources and food systems on reservation lands. Also identified topics specific to capacity building to support adaptation on reservation lands. Maintained and enhanced the NWAL document library.This online resource contains almost 700 documents on the topics of natural environment, paleo/archaeology history, water issues, agriculture, climate, law/policy, traditional knowledge, education/outreach, sustainability, and economics. Led by Co-PD Lutz with support from Co-PD Bocinsky and Shawn McCabe.Impactsinclude Tribal members and resource managers having more immediate access to "gray" literature related to Tribal land, examples of vulnerability assessments for tribes across the US, and summaries of existing water rights adjudications Tribal Water Rights Settlement Database:Co-PD Edwards and graduate student Leslie Sanchez completed an analysis using the tribal water right settlement database, finding that while water scarcity drives tribal water right settlements, bargaining costs associated with large numbers of participants delay outcomes, and predicting that 1.1-1.6 million AF of water will be allocated to tribes in ongoing adjudications. FRTEP Outreach Activities: Under Co-PD Emm, the UNR FRTEPteam has been working with Nevada Tribes and assisting other tribes in the project area with creating the agriculture side of local food systems includingresearch onHoop House (season extension tool) designs that function under reservation climate conditions. This includes monitoring and production trips to the reservations to work with individual Indian producers to be able to grow their own foodor grow enough to sell at a farmers' market and/or Community Service Agriculture (CSA) Program. There were eight different trips to work with reservation farmers regarding vegetable production; and two trips working with alfalfa hay crops and livestock reaching over 100 producers.Educational program topics include, crop varieties, soil analysis, climate conditions, government assistance programs, marketing and production recommendations, and agriculture sustainability of the farm and/or ranch.The NV FRTEP Team alsoled the effort for the 2019 Native Water Summit, and to conduct regional workshops to assist in facilitating tribe's agricultural sustainability plans. Under Co-PD Teegerstrom the UA-FRTEP team,engagedNative American farmers, ranchers, andnatural resource and land managers from tribes in Arizona and New Mexico.For the 2019 NWAL Summit theydeveloped a Native American Panel comprised of a mix of rancher farm managers and small producers to discuss any changes since the original panes in the previous 4 years. This panel of composed of FRTEP agents and 1994 extension personnel sharedtheir insight to addressing food insecurities and the need for traditional foods. They discussed their successes, challenges, barriers, and solutions in developing and implementing programs for the different tribes and tribal communities. Due toCOVID-19 restrictionsthey have redirected their efforts to developwebinars and virtual regional conference to reach tribes throughout the Intermountain West. These webinars will supportmid to small size tribal farmers on crop selection, ranch management and conservation practices and their impacts on water management and marketing. Evaluation of Annual Native Water Tribal Summits 2015-2019: Co-PD Singletary leads project evaluation for NWAL.NWAL's key outreach event is an annual Tribal summit where Tribal communities from across the US are the featured speakers to educate project researchers about successes and challenges in managing agricultural water resources at the farm unit and reservation scale. 2015-2019 Overall Summit Evaluation Results:Data collected year over year demonstrate that annual Tribal summits effectively accomplish short-term impacts (e.g., knowledge gains and attitude changes) through providing opportunities for relationship-building, networking, information exchange, and communication.Summits also accomplish medium-term impacts (e.g., behavioral changes) as demonstrated by the approximately 20% increase in registrants from 2015-2018, regardless of changes in event location and venue. In 2019, we saw a 20% reduction in registrants which may be related to the chosen date for the Tribal Leadership Summit coinciding with several key meetings and conferences requiring Tribal participation such as the EPA Region 9 Tribal Operations Committee fall meeting. Results from evaluations of individual annual summits indicate that these events succeed in building capacity of all participants to assess and support climate adaptation planning and implementation on Tribal lands (e.g., long-term impact/outcome). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?NWAL Activities for a No Cost Extension Year 6 were documented in the NCE Request and Justification report submitted to USDA in Feb 2020 and approved in May 2020. Due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic a major focus of the NWAL project will be on providing virtual outreach and support to our tribal partners to address ongoing agriculture challenges. These activities include; Conduct a series of regional resilient agriculture workshops with tribal communities in the Western US: At the conclusion of the Fifth NWAL Tribal Summit in Oct 2019, the participants recommended that the NWAL team conduct focused topical climate-agriculture resiliency workshops would be held with tribal communities in the three study areas (Southwest, Great Basin, and Northern Rockies) in lieu of holding a sixth Tribal Summit. These workshops will be designed to build capacity among tribal college faculty and tribal resource managers to enhance water sustainability and agriculture resilience under a range of climate conditions projected for each of regions. Researchers and tribal partners will share insight and experiences and co-develop materials - based NWAL data and research findings and traditional knowledge and native wisdom shared throughout the NWAL project - to support place-based, reservation-specific climate, water, agriculture, and land-use adaptation planning and decision-making. FRTEP faculty at UNR and UA and FALCON faculty advisors at SKC, Dine College, and NTU will be instrumental in recruiting faculty and tribal community members to participate in these on-reservation workshops and tailoring the content to meet the needs of tribal communities in the region. Materials, workshop summaries, and lessons learned will be shared with other tribal communities in the project area and with tribal and non-tribal organizations outside the project team. Create a Community of Practice (CoP) for Native K-12 Teachers: Native teachers from Hopi, Navajo and other tribes in the Southwest (some of whom participated in from in the pilot teacher education workshop in Year 5) will participate in a series of three workshops during the year focused on co-developing and evaluating the effectiveness of place-based lesson plans that capture both western science and native wisdom understanding of climate change, water sustainability and quality, agriculture (crops and livestock) resilience on the landscape, and renewable energy generation and use. Materials and evaluations from the CoP will inform future work to expand STEM education among Native teachers. Advance TCU capacity building: NWAL researchers and TCU faculty advisors will co-develop place-based short-course materials for faculty and students that incorporates NWAL research on water sustainability, climate impacts, agriculture productivity, food sovereignty in the context of native community traditional practices. These materials will help TCU faculty and Extension agents to incorporate climate agriculture resilience in their course curriculum and outreach programs. Expand online resource library for climate resilience on tribal lands: The NWAL Knowledge Portal will be extended, updated, and automated to include additional climate data, water resource data, tribal climate adaptation and resource management plans, water rights inventories, NWAL workshop materials, publications, and other relevant literature and resources for tribes across the western US. The Knowledge Portal will also preserve the digital legacy of NWAL. Code will be hosted and publically accessible on GitHub for use by the research community and tribal partners. Expand multimedia communications: A webinar series will be organized to share NWAL research, Extension, and education initiatives with tribal and non-tribal communities inside and outside the study area. These webinars will provide opportunities to broaden the exchange ideas and findings from NWAL with other USDA project teams, Native American federal agency programs, and tribal communities across the U.S. and abroad. NWAL graphics arts team will also produce written reports and online tools that help tribal partners access and utilized project information. Share findings and lessons learned: NWAL team members will complete technical and Extension publications and technical reports and present findings at professional conferences, annual meetings for FALCON and FRETEP, topic national and international meetings, and ITEP conferences including the first annual National Tribal & Indigenous Climate Conference in Aug 2020. Project Evaluation: Workshops and other project meetings with tribal partners will be evaluated to assess short- and medium-term outcomes including knowledge gains and attitude changes as reflected in post-event evaluations. A retrospective evaluation will involve an e-survey to measure medium-term and anticipated long-term outcomes of the 6-year project. These may include knowledge and action around tribal climate policy and/or reservation-wide planning and action.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Accomplishments for the project objectives outlined above have been aggregated into four categories (Outreach, Communications & Project Management; Research, Data Collection & Analysis; Tribal College Research, Education & Outreach; and FRTEP Extension and Outreach). Outreach activities are reported below under dissemination of results to stakeholders.The accomplishments listed below represent the combined effort of many Co-PDs working together and with their respective research,Extension, and education tribal and non-tribal partners. Highlights of NWAL Year 5 accomplishments are listed below. A more detailed report will be posted on the NWAL website. Meeting COVID-19 Challenges: InMarch of 2020 theNWAL Team adapted to the CVOID-19 pandemic by rapidly transitioning our in-person meetings, workshops, and focus groups to virtual platforms. We also establishedthe NWAL COVID-19 Action Coordination Group to work with tribes from the Southwest, Great Basin, and Northern Rockies and Great Plains to identify and address urgent COVID-19 impacts in Indian Country. This group continues to meet weekly (via Zoom). By joining forces from theNWAL network of researchers, FRTEP agents, and TCU faculty, working directly with federal agencies, state and local organizations, and non-profit groups we have been able to address urgent COVID-related impacts in tribal communities. Our team has been able to find solutions tourgent needs identifiedby our tribal partners including communities in need offood, hand sanitizer and cleaners,wood for home heating/cooking, hay for livestock, access to COVID-19 test kits, access to water testing for buildings left unoccupied, coordination of actions to gettribal farmers and ranchersrelief from lease and fee payments, and many more issues. The accomplishments of this group are a testament to the extensive outreach among diversecommunities in Indian Country maintained by ourFRTEP and TCU partners,the commitment of NWAL researchers to their knowledgeand resources to solvingreal-world problems, and the dedication ofour federal partners atUSDA and other agencieswho haveworking tirelessly to help us meet therapidly evolvingchallenges created by theCOVID-19 pandemic. Research, Data Collection & Analysis Water Resources & Economics: Co-PD Colbyand her team of graduate students and colleagues focus on providing accessible, easy-to-understand material on water economics and management for tribal nations and their representatives. The material provided is designed to be useful to tribes considering participation in regional water management initiatives and water trading. Tribal governments around the western UA are exploring and implementing voluntary collaborative agreements to share water and water-supply risks, in partnership with federal and state agencies, agriculture, cities and environmental stakeholders. These types of arrangements can be an effective approach to address water shortage threats in regional economies and can provide revenues to tribes. Climate adaptation webinars:Co-PD Kauneckis organized and delivered three webinars with the Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals (ITEP) Tribal Climate Change Program, on climate adaption and the tribes.Topics included:(1)Introduction to climate vulnerability assessments), [July 27, 2018,~70 participants] (2)Why conduct a climate change vulnerability assessment) [Nov 1, 2018, ~ 60 participants, and (3)Learning from tribal climate adaptation plans [Jan 29, 2019, ~ 40 participants].Generated Database of Native Reservation Vulnerability Characteristics, included tribal government type, economic diversity, water rights claims, population demographics, tribal climate adaptation plans, and others. Collected information on water sources in Navajo/Hopi reservation areaswhere there is not consistent access to safe water. Information includes publications, reports, and an inventory of web-based repositories that describe water sources (e.g., groundwater well, surface, spring). As much as possible, quality of water sources were also compiled. The goal is to use these resources to help evaluate long-term safe water sources by determining which sources are safe and which may be in need of treatment. Safe water for hygiene has become a critical resource during the Covid-19 pandemic. Washing hands is one of the most important ways to avoid sickness and spreading germs to others. Besides Covid-19, many diseases are spread by not washing hands with soap and clean, running water; hands could become contaminated or re-contaminated if using standing or otherwise unsafe water. Extended/updated/automated climate data for tribes across western US.Added the North American Drought Atlas for retrospective climate to contextualize present and future drought impacts. These were included in community workshops and public presentations.Impactsinclude community discussions about climate and drought resilience that integrate past examples of resilience, and broader discussions about Tribal food sovereignty. Drought Management strategies: Co-PD Curtis completed data collection and analysis on producer preferences for drought management strategies for forage, fresh produce, and livestock; anassessment of major crops and cost of production studies available for SW Indian Reservations; collected dataon barriers and impediments to climate change mitigation in agriculture; and conducted production studies and risk analysis of drought oncrops. Awards: Co-PD Chief awarded2019Friends of UCOWR Award, University Council on Water Resources (UCOWR) and2019Area/Regional Impact Award, National Indian Health Board. Tribal College Research, Education & Outreach Created a New Faculty-Faculty Research Partnership (FFRP) program.Upon successful completion and evaluation of the Aaniiih Nakoda College/Desert Research Institute (ANC/DRI) pilot project, an application was released to all 1994s in 2019, to implement additional FFRPs.A short list of applicants was reviewed and selections weremade, but ultimately the selected 1994s chose to not proceed.By the end of 2019, upon careful reflection, it was understood that the FFRP pilot model requires a baseline of capacity that does not generally exist among the 1994 faculty and so represents a "cost of entry" barrier to participation in the FFRP.In early 2020, the NWAL team (PI McCarthy, Co-PD Phillips,Co-PD Collins), in consultation with a FALCON/TCU team of advisors (Dupuis, Litson, Caldwell, Chischilly), designed a new FFRP capacity building approach that would address the cost-of-entry barrier.It would provide regional and campus-based training workshops, as well as facilitate targeted collaborative projects between selected 1994s, DRI and other partners.(Target audience: TCU faculty-student engagement). Continued to build relationship with Salish Kootenai College. Co-PD Bocinsky worked to co-develop research, extension, and education projects with SKC faculty, and facilitate knowledge transfer to SKC faculty and CSKT land managers. He continued to mentor and advise SKC students in GIS and technical computing for environmental/agricultural analysis. Other NWAL activities at SKC include the mentoring of an undergraduate student in GIS and algebra, and the installation of a NWAL weather station for the community garden and SKC Forestry department.(Target audience: TCU faculty/student engagement). Continued outreach efforts with all 1994 Tribal Colleges & Universities.All research and extension output from the NWAL team is being used for tribal education and outreach. FALCON and Co-PD Collins have promoted the 1994/1862/FRTEP collaboration partnership model (NWAL model), through discussions with the NIFA FRTEP/1994 NPL (Erin Riley), at conferences and through outreach communications.(Target audience: TCUand FTEP faculty).

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Colby, B. (2020). Acquiring environmental flows: ecological economics of policy development in western U.S. Ecological Economics, 173, [106655]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106655
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ryan Young, Bonnie Colby and Gary Thompson Tribal Water Rights, Community Economies, and Adaptive Water Institutions in the Western United States Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019 Copyright � 2020 doi: 10.5325/naturesopolirese.9.1.0074
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Isaaks, R., & Colby, B. (2020). Empirical application of rubinstein bargaining model in western u.s. water transactions. Water Economics and Policy, 6(1), [1950010]. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2382624X19500103
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Colby, B. and R. Isaaks, Water Trading: Adaptation, Innovations and Modeling, Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, Volume 165, Issue 1 Pages 76-88, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2018.03295.x
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Bonnie Colby, Austin Walker and Michael ODonnell, Water Auction Design for Supply Reliability: Design, Implementation, and Evaluation, The University of Arizona Working Paper, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, May, 2020
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Bonnie Colby, Austin Walker and Emily Joiner, Creating Economic Development on Tribal Reservations, Literature Review and Working Paper, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, The University of Arizona December, 2019.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Colby, B., co-author as member of Colorado River Research Group The Emerging Tribal Role in the Colorado River Basin, August, 2019
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Colby, B., co-author as member of Colorado River Research Group Thinking About Risk on the Colorado River, May, 2019
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: COVID-19 in Indian Country, ArcGIS Storymap available at: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/336825e7c44a494ab24c72f67e02814a
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ryan Young, Tribes, Water and Economic Characteristics of the Western United States, University of Arizona, Masters Thesis May, 2019.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Emily Joiner, Effects of Employment Diversity on Western U.S. Tribal Economies, University of Arizona, Masters Thesis, June, 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Tribal Water Settlements: Economic Innovations for Addressing Water Conflicts, Water Economics Symposium Series, University of Arizona, April, 2020
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Colby, B. Robust Reservation & Regional Economies: The Role Of Water, Annual Summit: Native Waters Arid Lands, Reno, October 2019
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Curtis, K., T. Drugova, T., and R. Ward, "Producer Response to Drought Policy in the West", Food Distribution Research Society Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA. October 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Curtis, K., and T. Drugova, "Farmer and Rancher Response to Drought in the West", Native Waters on Arid Lands 2019 Tribal Summit, Reno, NV. October 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Curtis, K., and T. Drugova, Agricultural Producer Adaption to Drought in Utah: An Experimental Study. Presented at the Australian Agriculture and Resource Economics Society Annual Conference in Perth, Australia, Feb. 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Molano, A., and K. Curtis, Evaluating the Farm Level Impacts of Drought Management Strategies on Native American Reservations. To be presented at the Western Agricultural Economics Association Annual Conference in Santa Fe, NM, June 2020 (virtual presentation).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Curtis, K., and T. Drugova, Producer Adoption of Drought Management Strategies in the Western US. To be presented at the Agriculture and Applied Economics Association Annual Conference in Kansas City, MI, July 2020 (virtual prevention)
  • Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: E. Rice, and K. Curtis. Drought Tolerant Options for Southwest Agriculture", Three Part Series I. Grains & Grasses, II. Edible Produce, III. Herbs, Cosmetics & Ornamentals, U. Utah Extension Publication (accepted) 2020.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: D. Kauneckis & R. Martin, Patterns of cooperation among coastal communities responding to climate risks, Journals of Coastal Management. DIO: https://doi.org/ 10.1080/08920753.2020.1773209
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: D. Kauneckis, Keynote Speech, Emerging research frontiers in transboundary water governance, 2019 Sustainable Water Resources Management Conference, University of El Paso, Texas
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: A. Lutz, 2019 NWAL Tribal Summit Hands-on Workshop, "Water Quality and Treatment Options," Reno, NV, Oct 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: D. Kauneckis, Designing regional climate cooperation: Toward a theory of institutional bricolage, International Association for the Study of the Commons Workshop, Tempe, AZ, March 12, 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: D. Kauneckis, 2019, Networked governance as a local response to climate vulnerability: Theory and evidence from local governments in the United States, International Association for the Study of the Commons (IASC), Lima, Peru, July 3.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: D. Kaunekis, M. Gordon, 2019, Climate planning with multiple knowledge systems: The case of tribal adaptation plans, National Adaptation Forum, Madison, WI, April 24.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: D. Kauneckis, 2019, Chair & Session Organizer, Social networks as a governing mechanism for responding to global commons, International Association for the Study of the Commons (IASC), Lima, Peru, July 3.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: M. Collins, 2019 NWAL Tribal Summit Presentation, "Lessons Learned from Teacher Professional Development Workshop," Reno, NV, Oct 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: K. Bocinsky, 2019 NWAL Tribal Summit, Plenary Workshop, "Native Waters on Arid Lands: Using wisdom from the past to guide the future of traditional practices, farming, ranching, forestry, and natural resource management," Reno, NV, Oct 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: K. Bocinsky, "Healthy Forests, Healthy Watersheds Workshop  Reading and Heeding the Seasons: Tribal Agriculture and Forestry in a Changing Climate," U. Arizona, Laboratory of Tree Ring Research workshop, Tuscon, AZ, Nov 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, K. Bocinsky, "Climate and Drought Impacts to Tribal Agriculture," NOAA-NIDIS Upper Missouri River Basin Workshop, Billings, MT, Aug 2019.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: K. Bocinsky, Public Lecture, "Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the Past, Present, and Future," Cortez, CO, Aug 2019.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: K. Bocinsky, 2020 "Agricultural and hydrologic models for Hopi traditional lands," in Hopi Archeology, U. Arizona Press, accepted.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Sanchez, L., Edwards, E.C., and Leonard, B. 2020. "The Economics of Indigenous Water Claim Settlements in the American West. Environmental Research Letters (in press).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ge, M., Edwards, E.C., and Akhundjanov, S.B. "Irrigation Investment on an American Indian Reservation." American Journal of Agricultural Economics (in press).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Edwards, E.C. May 2019. "Land Tenure and Irrigation on an American Indian Reservation. Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sanchez, L., Edwards, E.C. October 2019. "Tribal Water Right Adjudication for Agricultural Use." Native Waters on Arid Lands Tribal Summit, Reno, NV, Oct 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sanchez, L., Edwards, E.C. November 2019. "Bargaining for American Indian Water Rights." Workshop on Renewing Indigenous Economies, Hoover Institution at Stanford University
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Edwards, E.C. January 2020. The Economics of Solving Environmental Problems: "The Case of Indigenous Water Claims in the American West." University of Wisconsin Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics Seminar.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Chief, K., R. E. Emanuel, and O. Conroy-Ben. 2019. Indigenous symposium on water research, education, and engagement, EOS, 100, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EO114313. Published on 24 January 2019. https://eos.org/meeting-reports/indigenous-symposium-on-water-research-education-and-engagement
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Bair, L.S., C.B. Yackulic, J.C. Schmidt, D.M. Perry, C. Kirchoff, K. Chief, and B.J. Colombi. 2019. Incorporating social-ecological considerations into basin-wide responses to climate change in the Colorado River Basin. Current opinion in environmental sustainability: 37:14-19.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Chief, K. (Ed), 2020. Water in the Native world. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education 169: 1-7.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Chief, K., D. Groenfeldt, G. Rigney, and M. Dadgar. 2019. Engaging with Indigenous water ethics. Desert Waters International Symposium, April 3, 2019, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Chief, K. 2019. Desecration of T� Bakae and Din� way of life: How the Navajo Sacred Male River of the San Juan became the Yellow River. 27th Annual EPA Region 9/ Tribal Conference, Plenary Talk, October 21-24, 2019, Harrahs Ak- Chin in Maricopa, AZ, October 22, 2019. (Invited Talk)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Chief, K. 2019. My journey from the Rez to Academia and what drives me to do science. Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans Annual Conference, Plenary Session and Featured Speaker, Honolulu, HI, October 31  November 2, 2019. (Invited Talk)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Chief, K. 2019. Indigenous Food, Energy, and Water Security and Sovereignty. University of Arizona Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center All-Hands Meeting, February 13, 2019, Tucson, AZ.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Singer, Neilroy, P. Beamer and K. Chief. 2019. Farming is Life-D�'�k'eh Bee Iin� (Seed to Harvest Environmental Monitoring Project). University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Shiprock Agriculture Days, March 20, 2019, Shiprock, NM.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: K. Chief, R. Waller and M. Kacira. Indigenous Food, Energy and Water Security and Sovereignty (Indige-FEWSS): Energizing your food and integrating organic photovoltaics with a greenhouse system. Northern Arizona University Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals Tribal Composting Training, April 11, 2019, University Marriott, Tucson, AZ.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 1. Chief, K. 2019. From the reservation to academia. Diversity in Agronomy, Crops, Soils and Environmental Sciences Committee (ACS 528) of the Tri-Societies, Gateway Scholars Motivational Program, January 8, 2019, Sheraton Marina Hotel, International Soils Meeting, January 6-9, 2019, San Diego, CA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: K. Chief, Traditional Ecological Knowledge Training for University of Arizona. 2019 by Perry H. Charley, Din� College, November 22, 2019, ENR2, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fillmore, H. (Presenter) & Singletary, L. (2019). Climate Information and Data Needs Assessment: Applications and Filling the Gaps with Indigenous Communities in Climate Adaptation/Resiliency Planning. Oral presentation at the Native Waters on Arid Lands Tribal Leadership Summit. Reno, NV. October, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fillmore, H. (2019). Indigenous Knowledge in Climate Adaptation: Lessons from Waaiaiw ?itde. Oral presentation at the Tribal Climate Adaptation Symposium in Tahoma, CA. September, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fillmore, H. (2019). Gabigi: Perspectives on the Future of Great Basin Indigenous Communities. Oral presentation at the Sierra Nevada Forums in Carson City, NV. September 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: L. Singletary, presentation on NWAL participatory research and outreach processes and outcomes, 2019 European Adaptation Conference, Lisbon, Portugal. Presentation title: Community-based Participatory Research in Arid Snow-fed River Systems: Best Practices that Support Local Climate Adaptation"
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: L. Singletary, presentation on NWAL participatory research and outreach processes and outcomes, 2019 International Mountains Conference, Innsbruck, Austria. Presentation title: Participatory and Collaborative Approaches to Transformational Climate Adaptation Research in Mountain Systems
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, "Climate impacts to Native water and agriculture," Presentation to the Black Mesa Community Group, Kayenta, AZ, Sep 2019.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, 2020, "COVID-19 Impacts in Indian Country," Presentation (virtual) to the Rotary Club of Tahoe-Incline, 13 May, 2020.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, contributing member of Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, Climate Adaptation Plan Working, (ongoing).


Progress 07/01/18 to 06/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:NWAL Targeted Audiences for Outreach: Tribal governments/councils and natural resource department staff; Tribal farmers and ranchers; Federally Recognized Tribal Extension Programs (FRTEP); regional climate centers; federal, state, and county agencies; and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) involved with decisions that involve tribal stakeholders and pertain to climate adaptation planning and implementation involving tribal lands, waters, and other natural resources. Tribes: Tribal communities in Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Montana including (but not limited to) Washoe Tribe, Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe, Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Tribe, Duck Valley, Shoshone-Paiute, Walker River Paiute Tribe, Navajo Nation, Hopi Tribe, Colorado River Indian Tribes, Jicarilla Apache Tribe, San Carlos Apache Tribe, Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reseravation, Aniiih Nakoda Tribe, Ute Indian Tribe. Tribal Colleges include (not limited to): Dine College, Navajo Technical University, Salish Kootenai College, Aniiih Nakoda College, Menominee College Federal Agencies include (not limited to): U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs; U.S. Bureau of Reclamation; U.S. Dept. of Agriculture-NIFA-AFRI; FRTEP; FALCON; AIHEC; U.S. National Institute of Health; U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development; U.S. Forestry Service; U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service; U.S. EPA, U.S. Geological Survey. State Agencies & Universities include (but not limited to): Nevada Division of Water Resources; Nevada Department of Agriculture; Oregon State University-Cascades; North Central Climate Science Center; Colorado State University; Oregon Department of Energy; Michigan State University; Northern Arizona University; University of Arizona; Arizona State University; Western Rural Development Center at Utah State University; FRTEP faculty with University of Arizona, University of Nevada, Reno, New Mexico State University. NGOs include (but not limited to): The Nature Conservancy; Private water utilities in the Truckee Carson River System; Carson Valley Conservation District; Truckee Carson Irrigation District; Carson Water Subconservancy District K-12 Schools: STAR School (Flagstaff, AZ), Tuba City High School, Hopi 2nd Mesa High School, Pyramid Lake Paiute High School, high schools of the Flathead Reservation. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?NWAL Training and Professional Development Climate change adaptation training. Co-PD Chief trained 30 Native America technicians on an introductory course on climate change adaptation through Indigi-FEWS Project. Graduate student training. Multiple NWAL Co-PDs advise graduate students on research projects related to NWAL (Target audience: Student engagement). Under the direction of Co-PD Edwards, graduate student Muyang Ge participated in Climate Adaptation Science program at USU, attended project team meeting and NWAL Tribal Summit, and completed a dissertation on project topics. Co-PD Singletary supervised NWAL graduate research assistant to collect, analyze and report primary data collected at Native Water tribal summits and FALCON conferences. Also advised and directed graduate thesis research (M.S.) in Graduate Program of Hydrologic Sciences, using research objectives and data collected through Native Waters project. GRA Filmore completed her MS in Hydrologic Sciences at UNR. Project participant Christine Albano received her PhD in Hydrology from the University of Nevada, Reno; PD Maureen McCarthy was her primary advisor. Dr. Albano's dissertation focused on developing high-resolution scenarios of meteorological extremes to support regional water sustainability, natural resource, and emergency response planning under climate change. Grad student Leslie Sanchez (PhD Candidate, Tufts University) attended project team meeting and Tribal Summit held in Reno, NV November 16-18, 2018 to improve her dissertation on "Identifying Economic Determinants and Agricultural Outcomes to Winters Right Adjudication on Native American Reservations in the Western United States." Graduate student Muyang Ge, who was funded as a graduate RA on the project for four years, successfully defended her dissertation "Essays on Land Property Rights, Water Trade, and Regional Development" and received a PhD from Utah State University in May 2019. Trainings for tribal members. Co-PD Emm continued to develop research protocols and coordinate with Tribes to include water resource planning in their Community Economic Development Strategies (CEDS) plans. She also assisted tribes in dealing with agricultural land leases that have surface and groundwater rights and led discussions of ground and surface water management helping tribes understand conjunctive use (combined use of surface and groundwater) in basins. 2018 NWAL Tribal Summit Native American Economic Development Panel shared successes, challenges, barriers, and solutions for developing new economic enterprises and activities on Native Nations evolving around agriculture, natural resources, education and alternative energy. Co-PD Curtis designed and conducted experiments for producer adoption to climate change for several ag industries. Data currently being analyzed. Designed online survey for Extension agent/educators in AZ, NM, NV, and UT on climate change adoption hurdles in Indian country. Survey will be conducted summer 2019. Continued assessment of current economically viable cropping/livestock systems on tribal lands. Continued data collection on potential alternative agricultural crops/livestock systems and ag-related enterprises. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?NWAL Y4 Accomplishments: Outreach, Communications and Project Management Organized the 2018 Native Waters on Arid Lands Tribal Summit in Reno, NV. Approximately 180 people attended this successful event, traveling to Reno from communities, reservations, colleges and universities located across the US to share information related to climate change, water resources, agriculture, ranching, climate adaptation options, and other topics during two days of talks and interactive sessions. Sessions included a Native American Economic Development and Decision Tool Panel designed to explore agriculture's role in Tribal economic development portfolio and introduces economic tools to evaluate options. Speakers represented Tribal Communities in Arizona, California, Nevada and Utah. on building research capacity at TCUs and in Native communities. The interactive session featured short presentations that illustrated the breadth of research capacity building efforts related to climate and water, and then a facilitated open discussion. Co-PDs Bocinsky (DRI) and Dupuis (SKC) organized Tribal College session that focused on building research capacity at TCUs and in Native communities. The interactive session featured short presentations that illustrated the breadth of research capacity building efforts related to climate and water, and then a facilitated open discussion.(Target audience: Tribal partners). Organized Youth Day at Salish Kootenai College, Pablo, MT. Twelve students from local high schools of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation in western Montana gathered at Salish Kootenai College for a one-day event organized by researchers and educators from the Native Waters on Arid Lands (NWAL) project team, aimed to provide opportunities for meaningful dialogue and learning around the themes of climate change, adaptation, water and agriculture. The event was organized by Co-PD Collins and supported by Co-PD Kanaukis and project personnel Goode and Eichner. (Target audience: Tribal partners, student engagement). Organized 2018 "Youth Day" at the Desert Research Institute (DRI). More than 20 youth from the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe were invited to DRI in Reno, NV to participate in hands-on science activities with DRI researchers and learn about careers in the sciences related to agriculture and water management. (Target audience: Tribal partners, student engagement). Organized Short Course in R for Environmental Analysis. Co-PD Bocinsky, along with UNR graduate student (and now PhD) Christine Albano and SKC faculty member Tracy Bowerman developed and taught a three-day, intensive short course focused on transferring environmental knowledge and skills to SKC faculty, students, and CSKT resource managers. 25 people registered for the course, and course materials were freely available to course registrants. (Target audience: Tribal partners, TCU faculty/students). Conducted six on-reservation climate-agricultural resilience workshops. Workshops were held with faculty, students and tribal resource managers at Salish Kootenai College (Pablo, MT), college and high school students at Navajo Technical University (Crowne Point, NM), rangeland and water managers at Jicarilla Apache Reservation (Jicarilla, NM), students and 6th and 7th grade students at the STAR School (Flagstaff, AZ), farmers, ranchers, and high school students and teachers on the Navajo Nation (Tuba City, AZ), and farmers, ranchers, resource manager, and high school students and teachers from the Hopi Tribe (First Mesa, AZ). Workshop discussions focused on ways to make climate data available and accessible to tribal partners, impacts to traditional and production livestock and crop agriculture from warming temperatures and extreme precipitation events, and options to enhance the climate resiliency of tribal agriculture. agriculture (Target audience: Tribal farmers, ranchers, resource managers, TCU faculty/students, K-12 teachers) Participated as authors in USGCRP Reports on climate impacts to tribal lands. PDs McCarthy served as lead author and Co-PDs Ramsey and Phillips were supporting authors for the Tribal Lands Chapter of the Second State of the Carbon Cycle. Co-PD Singletary served as contributing author for the 4th National Climate Assessment, Indigenous Peoples and Communities chapter. Both reports were released by USGCRP in Dec 2018. McCarthy also presented a NOAA webinar on the Tribal Lands chapter in the USGCRP SOCCR-2 webinar series (Feb-Apr 2018). (Target audience: general public, scientific community, policy-makers, resource managers) Developed multimedia communications products. Communicated the work of the NWAL project through a podcast (available on iTunes, Google Play, Stitcher and the NWAL website), a blog, social media accounts, YouTube videos and other channels. The NWAL website (http://nativewaters-aridlands.com) houses these communications products as well as information and resources for project participants and partners including links to climate data, weather stations, a document library, information on past and upcoming events, and more.For more details, see Outreach Products. Co-PD Kauneckis organized three webinars with the Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals (ITEP) Tribal Climate Change Program, on climate adaption and the tribes.Tentative topics include:(1) The Value of Vulnerability Assessments to Tribal Nations (May 2018), (2) Indicators and Data for Tribal Adaptation Planning (June 2018), and (3) Learning from Tribal Adaption Plans (July 2018). (Target audiences: Tribal partners, TCU faculty/students, FRTEP, Public agencies, scientific community, water stakeholders). Maintained and enhanced the NWAL knowledge portal. This online resource now contains almost 700 documents on the topics of natural environment, paleo/archaeology history, water issues, agriculture, climate, law/policy, traditional knowledge, education/outreach, sustainability, and economics. Key additions in Year 4 include a library of tribal water rights summaries and results from over 25 climate vulnerability assessments. The library is intended to provide tribal partners with access to documents that are hard to find in a traditional academic or public library. A comparison table and overview (along with dozens of difficult-to-locate documents related to tribal water settlements and court decrees) were produced by Co-PD Colby and her graduate students. These are now available through the NWAL Knowledge Portal. Led by Co-PD Lutz with support from Co-PD Bocinsky and DRI information technology specialist McCabe. (Target audience: Tribal partners and researchers). Developed educational pamphlets. Co-PD Kauneckis developed pamphlets for tribal natural resource professional and educators around the topics of: 1) What are Vulnerability Assessments? Summary of the history, methods and application of vulnerability assessment in climate change research and in climate change adaptation plans/programs. 2) What is the Value of Conducting a Vulnerability Assessment? Identify case studies and benefits to Native American Communities which have conducted these assessments and used them to support climate change adaptation. 3) What is the Methodology, Project Data Sources and Findings of the Thesis? (Target audience; tribal natural resource managers) Facilitated Nevada FRTEP and Extension involvement in NWAL. Continued work with small to mid-size tribal farmers on crop selection ranch management and marketing. These discussions have been expanded to include alternative energy and its role in agriculture and economic sustainability for local communities and rural businesses. (Target audience: tribal farmers, ranchers, natural resource managers, federal/state/tribal water managers, federal agency land managers) What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Plans for NWAL Year 5 include: Outreach, Communication & Project Management Organize and host the 2019 Annual Tribal Summit. The NWAL team will continue to hold one Tribal Summit each year during 2018 and 2019, gathering tribal members from across the United States for interactive sessions on climate change, adaptation, economics, agriculture, water resources and other topics. The 2019 Summit will focus on capacity-building sessions including hands-on sessions in accessing and using weather-to-climate data, connecting paleoclimate data to traditional knowledge, tribal farming/ranching and economic development, clean water-clean energy, and other topics identified by prior summit participants. Organize focused workshops to enhance capacity-building with Native farmers, ranchers, resource managers, tribal high-school and college faculty and students. The NWAL researchers, FRTEP faculty, and education specialists are organizing a series of workshops with Navajo and Hopi K-12 teachers to translate NWAL research into STEM curriculum. The first of these will be help at STAR School in Sep 2019. Additional workshops are being organized with the Montana Tribes and TCUs to facilitate using resources from the recent Montana Climate Assessment to inform tribal climate-ag resilience planning and teaching. Additional climate-ag resilience workshop will be organized with the Ute Reservations in fall 2019 or spring 2020. Present at conferences. NWAL team members will continue to present their project research at conferences, including the Midwest Political Science Association, the National Adaptation Forum, and the 6th annual workshop of Rising Voices: Collaborative Science with Indigenous Knowledge for Climate Solutions. NWAL team members continued to present their project research at conferences, including the Midwest Political Science Association, the National Adaptation Forum, and the 6th annual workshop of Rising Voices: Collaborative Science with Indigenous Knowledge for Climate Solutions. Engage with tribal partners. All team members will continue to engage with tribal partners from the NWAL study area. Co-PDs Edwards and Curtis will meet with/present to Uintah Ouray tribe on agricultural development and land ownership and climate resilience workshop. Finalize assessment of current economically viable cropping/livestock systems on tribal lands, secondary data and Extension agent/educator online survey in AZ, NM, and UT. Finalize data collection on potential alternative agricultural crops/livestock systems and ag-related enterprises, including annuals. Complete economic feasibility and returns to investment analysis for current and alternative cropping and livestock systems. Complete behavioral assessment of producer adoption strategies to climate change. Research, Data Collection & Analysis: Finalize and disseminate economic guidelines for tribes interesting in participating in regional water management initiatives and water trading. Collect data to support development of tribal integrated water plans, Winter's Doctrine impact analysis, tribal climate-agricultural resilience studies, and to build capacity among tribal communities to support agricultural adaptation planning on reservation lands. Finalize data collection on potential alternative agricultural crops/livestock systems and ag-related enterprises, including annuals. Analyze data with Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe on climate adaptation based on traditional knowledge. Finalize assessment of current economically viable cropping/livestock systems on tribal lands, secondary data and Extension agent/educator online survey in AZ, NM, and UT. Finalize economic feasibility and returns to investment analysis for current and alternative cropping and livestock systems. Analyze and report primary data collected to support TCUs' efforts to strengthen teaching, research, and outreach expertise on reservation lands specific to climate adaptation. Expand the scope of NWAL knowledge portal. Led by Co-PD Lutz, the geographical scope of the knowledge portal will grow to include all groups participating in the NWAL project.? Some groups -e.g. tribal colleges- have indicated a more urgent need for information than others, thus they will be immediately prioritized early in year 5.?Lutz will search for information, upload into the knowledge portal, and provide assistance to the programmer (Shawn McCabe) with fixing bugs.? Develop climate adaptation resources for tribes to support tribes in developing and implementing adaptation frameworks that incorporate results from the NWAL agriculture resiliency workshops, climate projection data, and other research products. We plan to update and transform the existing climate projection posters into an online dashboard in order to reach even more Native communities. Pursue synergistic projects that leverage and complement NWAL project activities including partnering with UTEP CAP Team on border water concept for USDA/NIFA Sustainable Agrisystems, developing additional targeted projects to support research capacity building with TCU partners, seeking additional funds for a follow-on prject "Pathways for Improved Institutions to Manage Water as an Asset on American Indian Reservations," and pursuing both public and private funding to support implementation of sustainable, climate resilient agriculture projects with tribal partners. Tribal College Research, Education & Outreach: Continue outreach efforts with all 1994 Tribal Colleges & Universities. All research and extension output from the NWAL team can be used for tribal education and outreach. FALCON and Co-PD Collins will follow-up on the 1994/1862/FRTEP collaboration partnership model (NWAL model), including discussions with the NIFA FRTEP/1994 NPL (Erin Riley). Expand Faculty-Faculty Research Partnership (FFRP) program. Co-PD Collins, Jasoni and other NWAL team members will continue to implement the collaborative Faculty-to-Faculty Partnership research program at Aaniiih Nakoda College. The FFRP will be expand the Faculty-to-Faculty Partnership model to include Keweena Bay Ojibwe Community College. Co-PD Lutz will partner with Dr. Andrew Kozich at KBOCC to mentor a student capstone project on the impact of climate change on water and food resources in northern Michigan. Co-PD Collins will evaluate the project for capacity-building impact. Continue to build relationship with Salish Kootenai College. Co-PD Bocinsky will co-develop research, extension, and education projects with SKC faculty, and facilitate knowledge transfer to SKC faculty and CSKT land managers. Continue to mentor and advise SKC students in GIS and technical computing for environmental/agricultural analysis. Training & Professional Development: Develop training course materials. Finalize a PLPT climate change and adaptation training modules. Publish SKC R-Short Course training manual and class syllabus. Continue graduate work and graduate mentorships including encouraging graduate students to participate in related climate adaptation science programs, NWAL Summit and Youth Day programs, NWAL agriculture resiliency workshops, National Climate Adaptation Forum, and other venues that expand tribal engagement in agricultural resiliency efforts.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Accomplishments for the project objectives outlined above have been aggregated into four categories (Outreach, Communications & Project Management; Research, Data Collection & Analysis; Tribal College Research, Education & Outreach; and, NWAL Training & Professional Development). The accomplishments listed below represent the combined effort of many Co-PDs working together and with their respective research/Extension teams. Outreach and Communications accomplishments are described under dissemination of results to communities of interest. Research, Data Collection & Analysis Installed weather stations. To help close information gaps related to climate in the NWAL study area, team members installed weather stations in Harlem, MT (Aaniiih Nakoda College), Santa Ynez, CA (Santa Ynez Reservation), Parker, AZ (Colorado River Indian Tribes), Pablo, MT (Salish Kootenai College), and most recently at the Spider Mound Community Center on the Hopi Reservation. The weather stations collect information such as wind speed, temperature, and solar radiation and are installed on reservations in areas like community gardens andschools, where the climate data can also be used by members of the community. Researched agreements for water sharing and water supply risks. Tribal governments, federal and state agencies and stakeholder groups representing agriculture, cities and the environmental water needs are exploring and implementing voluntary collaborative agreements to share water and water-supply risks. Co-PD Colby and others are creating a guidebook for creating and implementing key economic components of these agreements, through research and stakeholder collaboration. Developed agricultural and hydrologic models for Hopi traditional lands. In collaboration with the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office and faculty from UCLA and the University of Redlands, Co-PD Bocinsky developed agricultural niche models for maize across the Hopi?Tutsqua--their traditional land in central Arizona--extending back to AD 400, as well as a hydrological model of runoff across the same area. This work is culminating in a volume on Hopi archaeology co-written with the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office. Assessed economically viable cropping/livestock systems. Co-PD Curtis continued an ongoing assessment of current economically viable cropping/livestock systems on tribal lands, and a secondary data and Extension agent/educator online survey in AZ, NM, NV, and UT. Collected data on potential alternative agricultural crops/livestock systems and ag-related enterprises, including annuals; Finalized research on and selection of economic profitability modeling approach; Started economic feasibility and returns to investment analysis for current and alternative cropping and livestock systems. Supported tribal participation in regional water management initiatives. Co-PD Colby and her team of graduate students focus on providing user-friendly material for tribal leaders that are considering tribal participation in regional water management initiatives and water trading. Tribal governments, federal and state agencies and stakeholder groups representing agriculture, cities and the environmental water needs are exploring and implementing voluntary collaborative agreements to share water and water-supply risks. These are proving to be an effective approach to address the economic damages that can accompany climate-related water supply variability. Created database of reservation water rights: Co-PD Edwards completed a database covering 225 reservations in 11 Western states documenting Winters right adjudication outcomes to reservations including quantity of adjudicated water rights and adjudication duration; number and types of participants in settlement negotiations; the quantity of adjudicated water rights compared to original water claims; federal funding for water development; reservation crop production; prime farmland area on reservations; population and population growth rates in counties overlying reservations; and reservation streamflow levels. Longitudinal variables documenting environmental, demographic, and socioeconomic conditions on and surrounding reservations before, during, and after adjudication. Tribal College Research, Education and Outreach Maintained the Faculty-Faculty Research Partnership Program (FFRPP) at Aaniiih Nakoda College (ANC). NWAL is collaborating with the First Americans Land Grant Consortium (FALCON) to build capacity at Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs) across the country through the FFRPP. This program aims to develop sustainable STEM research partnerships between TCUs and centers of research, such as the Desert Research Institute (DRI), with the goal of building capacity for inquiry, education, career readiness, and meeting the needs of Tribal communities. During 2018, NWAL team member R. Jasoni from DRI teamed with a TCU faculty member and student intern from ANC to complete the successful pilot season of this program. The team conducted an original research project in a community garden focusing on agricultural water use and irrigation. This FFRPP pilot offered a unique opportunity to demonstrate the viability of a future agricultural re-use project at ANC for a USDA NIFA grant proposal, which was subsequently funded, as well as a NSF-funded grant program. Expanded the pilot FFRPP to additional 1994s. Upon successful completion and evaluation of the ANC/DRI pilot project, an application was released to all 1994s in February, 2019, to implement additional FFRPPs. A short list of applicants was reviewed in April, 2019, and a final selection was made in May, 2019. Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College will be working with DRI team members to gather community input and secondary data on historical climate and traditional food patterns that have had an effect on the tribe's water resources and traditional foods. The goal will be to develop capacity for comprehensive management planning that will consider climate variability in the future. Reported on Faculty-Faculty Research Partnership Program at Aaniiih Nakoda College (ANC). The report outlines the results of the pilot Faculty-Faculty Research Partnerships (FFRP), a partnership between NWAL, the Desert Research Institute (DRI), the First American Land Grant Consortium (FALCON), and select Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs). NWAL and FALCON piloted the FFRP with Aaniiih Nakoda College (ANC) in Fort Belknap Agency, Montana, during summer 2017, funding ANC faculty member Brian Grebliunas, Ph.D., and ANC student researcher Joel Doney. ANC partners worked with DRI researcher Richard Jasoni, Ph.D., to jointly develop and carry out a project on agricultural water use and irrigation in ANC's two-acre demonstration garden. The report was prepared by Co-PD Collins.

Publications

  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gordon, Miles (Kauneckis, D., Chair), Climate Planning with Multiple Knowledge Systems: The Case of Tribal Adaptation Plans, Graduate student thesis, Submitted: 2018,16-Apr,"Ohio University, Masters of Science Program, Thesis
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Webinar: Kauneckis, Derek, Anna Palmer, Webinar #1 of 3- Why Conduct a Climate Vulnerability Assessment, Part 1 (In partnership with the Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals) - 83 participants - https://nativewaters-aridlands.com/2018/07/webinar/",Online,2018,27-Jul.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Webinar: Kauneckis, Derek, Anna Palmer, Miles Gordon", Webinar #2 of 3- Why Conduct a Climate Vulnerability Assessment, Part 2  Where to get climate data and how to use it. (In partnership with the Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals and the Blackfeet Environmental Office) - 78 participants - https://tinyurl.com/yxdxre8j",Online,2018,1-No
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Webinar: Kauneckis, Derek, Miles Gordon, Webinar #3 of 3- Why Conduct a Climate Vulnerability Assessment, Part 3 - Learning from Tribal Adaptation Plans (In partnership with the Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals & the Confederated Salish and Kootenai tribe) - 98 participants - http://www7.nau.edu/itep/main/tcc/Training/Webinars_Schedule , 2018,27-Jul
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kauneckis, Derek, National Adaptation Forum, Conference Track Organizer, Madison, WI, USA. (April 24, 2019). Co-organized session for the National Adaptation Forums bi-annual meeting on Native American Partnerships for ""Building Tribal Resilience to Drought in the Western U.S. with the Native Water on Arid Lands Project"" with federal partners the National Oceans and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Drought Mitigation Center. Session included presentations by Prof. Kauneckis, and two former GVS graduate students (Gordon & Palmer). Follow-up meeting with NOAA representative planned for July in Columbus, OH, Location: Madison, WI,2 019, 24-Apr, Practitioner session.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kauneckis, D., Podcast, What good is a climate vulnerability assessment?, Support by the Native Water on Arid Lands research project., January 10, 2019, Available here: https://nativewaters-aridlands.com/2019/01/kauneckis/, 2019, 10-Jan.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Suhina Deol and Bonnie Colby, Tribal Economies: Water Settlements, Agriculture, and Gaming in the Western U.S. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, Issue 163, April 2018 http://ucowr.org/files/Journal/Issues/163/163_Deol_and_Colby.pdf
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bonnie Colby and Ryan Young, Tribal Water Settlements: Economic Innovations for Addressing Water Conflicts, Western Economic Forum, Vol. 16, issue no. 1, 2018 http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/273677/files/6.pdf
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: E. Kendy, B. Aylward, L. Ziemer, B. Richter, B Colby, T. Grantham, L Sanchez, W Dicharry, E. Powell, S. Martin, P. Culp, L. Szeptycki, and C. Kappel. Water Transactions for Streamflow Restoration, Water Supply Reliability, and Rural Economic Vitality in the Western United States" Journal of the American Water Resources Association, December, 2018.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bonnie Colby and Rowan Isaaks, Water Trading: Innovations, Modeling Prices, Data Concerns, Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, December 2018.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Thinking About Risk on the Colorado River (May 2019) (publication of the Colorado River Research Group, An Independent, Scientific Voice for the Future of the Colorado River) https://www.coloradoriverresearchgroup.org/uploads/4/2/3/6/42362959/crrg_thinking_about_risk.pdf
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: It's Hard to Fill a Bathtub When the Drain is Wide Open: The Case of Lake Powell(August 2018) (publication of the Colorado River Research Group, An Independent, Scientific Voice for the Future of the Colorado River) https://www.coloradoriverresearchgroup.org/uploads/4/2/3/6/42362959/crrg_the_case_of_lake_powell.pdf
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: When is Drought Not a Drought? Drought, Aridification, and the "New Normal" (March 2018) (publication of the Colorado River Research Group, An Independent, Scientific Voice for the Future of the Colorado River) https://www.coloradoriverresearchgroup.org/uploads/4/2/3/6/42362959/crrg_aridity_report.pdf
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: " Ge, M., Edwards, E.C. and Akhundjanov, S., 2018. Land Ownership and Irrigation on American Indian Reservations CEnREP Working Paper No. 1901-2018-4415). Revisions submitted to American Journal of Agricultural Economics. URL: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/274103/files/WP-2018-017.pdf
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: " Fillmore, H., Singletary, L., & Phillips, J. (2018). Assessing tribal college priorities for enhancing climate adaptation on reservation lands. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education. 163(1), 68-74; DOI: doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2018.03270.x
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: " Jantarasami, L. C., Novak, R., Delgado, R., Marino, E., McNeeley, S., Narducci, C., Singletary, L., Raymond-Yakoubian, J., Rowys Whyte, K. (2018). Tribes and Indigenous Peoples. In Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II. I [Reidmiller, D.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, K.L.M. Lewis, T.K. Maycock, and B.C. Stewart (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 572603. doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH15
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: " USGCRP, 2018: Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR2): A Sustained Assessment Report, [Eds: N. Cavellero, G. Shrestha, R. Birdsey, M.A. Mayes, R.G. Naijar, S.C Reed, P. Romero-Lankao, Z. Zhu], U.S. Global Change Research Program Washington, DC, USA, 878 pp., doi: 10.7930/SOCCR2.2018.Highlights Tribal Lands Chapter 7: M.I. McCarthy, B. Ramsey, J. Phillips, M. Redsteer. Available for download at: https://carbon2018.globalchange.gov
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kauneckis, Derek , Resilient Investment Planning and Development Working Group (RIPDWG), Committee Member, Arlington, VI. (March 25, 2019 - Present)., Arlington, VI, 2019,25-Mar,Advisory Committee Membership.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kauneckis, Derek, Elk Valley Rancheria, Southwest Climate Adaptation Science Center, & American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC). Series of conference calls with the environmental manager of the Elk Valley Rancheria, the reservation for the Tolowa and Yurok federally recognized tribes, and representatives of the Southwest Climate Adaptation Science Center and the American Indian Higher Education Consortium on exploring opportunities for offering community resiliency training workshop, modeled after the 2018 years climate vulnerability assessment workshop, (February 20, 2019; March 4, 2019; March 29, 2019; April 15, 2019). 2019,20-Feb,Training Development.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gordon, M. and D. Kauneckis, "Collaborative Knowledge Management in Tribal Climate Planning"", The 6th annual workshop of Rising Voices: Collaborative Science with Indigenous Knowledge for Climate Solutions, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Duluth, Minnesota",2018,12-Apr.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kauneckis, D., American Society Adaptation Professionals (ASAP), Professional Education Advisory Committee Member. Co-developing core competencies and professional skills for climate adaption professional in tribal and non-tribal communities and new avenues for training opportunities. 2019  current.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bonnie Colby and Ryan Young, Water and Regional Economies: Water Agreements Between Tribes and Cities, Arizona Community Forum, Tucson, December 6, 2018
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bonnie Colby, From Courthouse to Marketplace: Trading Groundwater, Getches Wilkinson Center, Annual Water Conference, University of Colorado, June, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bonnie Colby and Suhina Deol, Tribal Economies: Water Settlements, Agriculture, and Gaming, Universities Council on Water Resources Workshop, May 2018
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bonnie Colby, Evaluating Environmental Water Acquisitions in the Context of Regional Climate Challenges, Southwest Climate Symposium, Tucson, April 2018
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, Climate Resilience on Tribal Lands, Oral presentations, American Geophysical Union Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, Dec 2018
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, Climate Resilience on Tribal Lands, Southwest Climate Symposium, Tucson, Oct 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: E. Govea and Bonnie Colby, Evaluating the Colorado River Basin System Conservation Pilot Program, March, 2018, University of Arizona Speaker Series
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bonnie Colby, Water and Energy Economics in the 21st Century, Thomas R. Brown Foundation Symposium, March 2018
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: NWAL Tribal Summit, Reno, October 2018, co-organized keynote session on Ten Tribes Partnership with main speaker Darryl Vigil, Jicarilla Apache and Ten Tribes Partnership Executive Director
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bonnie Colby and Ryan Young Tribal Water Management and Risk-sharing Innovations, Arizona Water Resources Research Annual Conference, March, 2018
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: " Fillmore, H. (Presenter) & Singletary, L. (2018). Assessing Data and Information Priorities for Enhancing Climate Adaptation on Reservation Lands. Oral presentation at American Geophysical Union Fall 2018 Meeting. Washington, D.C. December 10-14, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: " Fillmore, H. (Presenter), Singletary, L., & Phillips, J. (2018). Assessing Tribal College Priorities for Enhancing Climate Adaptation on Reservation Land. Oral presentation at American Geophysical Union Fall 2018 Meeting. Washington, D.C. December 10-14, 2018.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: H. Filmore, University of Nevada Reno, Masters in Hydrologic Sciences, May 2019.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: C. Albano, University of Nevada Reno, Ph.D. in Hydrologic Sciences, May 2019.


Progress 07/01/17 to 06/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Target Audiences for NWALOutreach are listed below. Accomplishments are linked to specifictarget audiences in the Accomplishments Section of this report. Tribal Partner Engagement TCU Faculty/Student Engagement FRTEP Engagement Public Agency Engagement Scientific Community & Water Stakeholders Engagement Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?NWAL Training and Professional Development Climate change adaptation training. Co-PD Chief trained 30 Native America technicians on an introductory course on climate change adaptation (Target audiences: tribal partners). Economics of tribal water training.Co-PD Colby presented a half-day training on economics of tribal water at the Tribal Water Management Training sponsored by the U.S. Department of Interior and Bureau of Indian Affairs in Tucson, July, 2017(Target audiences: Tribal partners, public agencies). Graduate student training.Multiple NWAL Co-PDs advise graduate students on research projects related to NWAL (Target audience: Student engagement). Under the direction of Co-PD Edwards, graduate student Muyang Ge participated in Climate Adaptation Science program at USU, attended project team meeting and NWAL Tribal Summit, and completed a dissertation on project topics. Co-PD Kauneckis served as MSES thesis chair for multiple graduate students at Ohio University on topics including: Climate Change on Arid Lands: A Vulnerability Assessment of Tribal Nations in the American West (August 2017); Climate Planning with Multiple Knowledge Systems: The Case of Tribal Adaptation Plans (March 2018); An Exploration of Social Networks among U.S. Local Government and Climate Change Policy Partners (March 2018); Environmental Equity and Community Adaptive Capacity (Sept 2017 - current); Ecosystem Services Approach as a Management Tool for Improving Climate Resilience in Arid-snow Fed River Systems (Sept 2017). Co-PD Singletary supervised NWAL graduate research assistant to collect, analyze and report primary data collected at Native Water tribal summits and FALCON conferences. Also advised and directed graduate thesis research (M.S.) in Graduate Program of Hydrologic Sciences, using research objectives and data collected through Native Waters project. Trainings for tribal members. Co-PD Emm worked to develop research protocols and coordinate with Tribes to include water resource planning in their Community Economic Development Strategies (CEDS) plans. She also assisted tribes in dealing with agricultural land leases that have surface and groundwater rights, and led discussions of ground and surface water management helping tribes understand conjunctive use (combined use of surface and groundwater) in basins (Target audiences: tribal partners). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Outreach, Communications and Project Management Organized the 2017 Native Waters on Arid Lands Tribal Summit in Sparks, NV.Approximately 120 people attended this successful event, traveling to Sparks, NV from communities, reservations, colleges and universities located across the US to share information related to climate change, water resources, agriculture, ranching, climate adaptation options, and other topics during two days of talks and interactive sessions(Target audience: Tribal partners). Organized "Youth Day" at the Desert Research Institute (DRI).More than 20 youth from the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe were invited to DRI in Reno, NV to participate in hands-on science activities with DRI researchers and learn about careers in the sciences(Target audience: Tribal partners, student engagement). Facilitated two agricultural resilience workshops.Workshops were held at Dine College is Tsaile, AZ (Navajo, Hopi, and Zuni invitees) and Colorado River Indian Tribes in Parker, AZ (Mohave, Chemehuevi, Hopi, and Navajo invitees). Workshop discussions focused on ways to make climate data available and accessible to tribal partners, impacts to traditional and production livestock and crop agriculture from warming temperatures and extreme precipitation events, and options to enhance the climate resiliency of tribal agriculture (Target audience: Tribal partners, TCU faculty/students). Developed multimedia communications products.Communicated the work of the NWAL project through a podcast (available on iTunes, Google Play, Stitcher and the NWAL website), a blog, social media accounts, YouTube videos and other channels. The NWAL website(http://nativewaters-aridlands.com) houses these communications products as well as information and resources for project participants and partners including links to climate data, weather stations, a document library, information on past and upcoming events, and more.For more details, see Outreach Products (Target audiences: Tribal partners, TCU faculty/students, FRTEP, Public agencies, scientific community, water stakeholders). Launched the NWAL knowledge portal.This online resourcecontains almost 400 documents on the topics of natural environment, paleo/archaeology history, water issues, agriculture, climate, law/policy, traditional knowledge, education/outreach, sustainability, and economics. The library is intended to provide tribal partners with access to documents that are hard to find in a traditional academic or public library (Target audience: Tribal partners). Facilitated Nevada FRTEP involvement in NWAL.Co-PD Emm worked with FRTEP to recruit Nevada Indian Tribes to attend the2018 NWAL Summit, to?identify needs of Nevada Tribes in water resource management for the project team, to facilitate water use plans for Nevada Tribes, to coordinate with Tribes in the Community Economic Development Strategies (CEDS) plans, to conduct crop trials on reservations based on availability of water resources on the reservations, and to create relationships between USDA and tribal communities (Target audience: Tribal partners) What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Outreach, Communication & Project Management Organize the Annual Tribal Summit.The NWAL team will continue to hold one Tribal Summit each year during 2018 and 2019, gathering tribal members from across the United States for interactive sessions on climate change, adaptation, economics, agriculture, water resources and other topics. Organize workshops for knowledge transfer and skill development. The NWAL team will continue to organize events and workshops, including 1) Youth Day and the Short Course in R, to be held in May 2018 at Salish Kootenai College in Montana; and, 2)AClimate Resilience Workshop on the Ute Reservation in Utah, fall 2018. Produce multimedia communications pieces.NWAL will continue to communicate the work of our project through outreach products such as blog posts, podcasts, videos and other means. Co-PD Chief willdevelop a video of climate change impacts on the Navajo Nation. Produce webinars on climate adaptation.Co-PD Kauneckis will organize three webinars with the Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals (ITEP) Tribal Climate Change Program, on climate adaption and the tribes.Tentative topics include:(1) The Value of Vulnerability Assessments to Tribal Nations (May 2018), (2) Indicators and Data for Tribal Adaptation Planning (June 2018), and (3) Learning from Tribal Adaption Plans (July 2018). Develop educational pamphlets. Co-PD Kauneckis will develop pamphlets for tribal natural resource professional and educators around the topics of:1) What are Vulnerability Assessments? Summary of the history, methods and application of vulnerability assessment in climate change research and in climate change adaptation plans/programs.2) What is the Value of Conducting a Vulnerability Assessment?Identify case studies and benefits to Native American Communities which have conducted these assessments and used them to support climate change adaptation.3) What is the Methodology, Project Data Sources and Findings of the Thesis?Provide summary of the methods, data, sources of data and findings in language useful to Native Community members. Develop extension fact sheets.Grad student Ge, along with co-PIs Edwards and Curtis will complete an extension factsheet on land ownership and agricultural development. Present at conferences. NWAL team members will continue to present their project research at conferences, including the Midwest Political Science Association, the National Adaptation Forum, and the 6th annual workshop of Rising Voices: Collaborative Science with Indigenous Knowledge for Climate Solutions. Engage with tribal partners.All team members will continue to engage with tribal partners from the NWAL study area. Co-PDs Edwards and Curtis will meet with/present to Uintah Ouray tribe on agricultural development and land ownership and climate resilience workshop Research, Data Collection & Analysis Finalize and disseminate economic guidelinesfor tribes interesting in participating in regional water management initiatives and water trading. Collect datato support development of tribal integrated water plans, Winter's Doctrine impact analysis, tribal climate-agricultural resilience studies, and to build capacity among tribal communities to support agricultural adaptation planning on reservation lands. Finalize data collection on potential alternative agricultural crops/livestock systems and ag-related enterprises, including annuals. Analyze datawith Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe on climate adaptation based on traditional knowledge. Finalize assessment of current economically viable cropping/livestock systems on tribal lands, secondary data and Extension agent/educator online survey in AZ, NM, and UT. Finalize economic feasibility and returns to investment analysis for current and alternative cropping and livestock systems.Analyze and report primary data collected to support TCUs' efforts to strengthen teaching, research, and outreach expertise on reservation lands specific to climate adaptation. Expand the scope of NWAL knowledge portal.Led by Co-PD Lutz, the geographical scope of the knowledge portal will grow to include all groups participating in the NWAL project.? Some groups -e.g. tribal colleges- have indicated a more urgent need for information than others, thus they will be immediately prioritized early in year 4.?Lutz will search for information, upload into the knowledge portal, and provide assistance to the programmer (Shawn McCabe) with fixing bugs.? Develop climate adaptation resources for tribesto support tribes in developing and implementing adaptation frameworks that incorporate results from the NWAL agriculture resiliency workshops, climate projection data, and other research products. Publish papers, book chapters and other resourcesincluding (but not limited to)authorship of the SOCCR-2 Tribal Lands Chapter 7 and the NCA4 Indigenous Peoples and Communties Chapter 15, technical reports and peer-reviewed publications. Pursue synergistic projectsthat leverage and complement NWAL project activities including partnering with UTEP CAP Team on border water concept for USDA/NIFA Sustainable Agrisystems, developing additional targeted projects to support research capacity building with TCU partners, seeking additional funds for a follow-on prject "Pathways for Improved Institutions to Manage Water as an Asset on American Indian Reservations," and pursuing both public and private funding to support implementation of sustainable, climate resilient agriculture projects with tribal partners. Tribal College Research, Education & Outreach Continue outreach efforts with Tribal Colleges.All research and extension output from the NWAL team can be used for tribal education and outreach. FALCON/Co-PD Collins will follow-up on the 1994/1862/FRTEP collaboration partnership model (NWAL model), including discussions with the NIFA FRTEP/1994 NPL. Present at Conferences.FALCON/Co-PD Collins will coordinate with NWAL on presentation at the FALCON annual conference in Minneapolis, MN, on November 5-8, 2018. Expand Faculty-Faculty Research partnership program.Co-PD Collins, Jasoni and other NWAL team members will continue to implement the collaborative Faculty-to-Faculty Partnership research program at Aaniiih Nakoda College, and expand the Faculty-to-Faculty Partnership model to other interested 1994s in Y4 and Y5. Continue to build relationship with Salish Kootenai College. Co-PD Bocinsky will co-develop research, extension, and education projects with SKC faculty, and facilitate knowledge transfer to SKC faculty and CSKT land managers. Continue to mentor and advise SKC students in GIS and technical computing for environmental/agricultural analysis. NWAL Training & Professional Development Develop training course materials.Finalize a PLPT climate change and adaptation training modules. Publish SKC R-Short Course training manual and class syllabus. Continue graduate work and graduate mentorshipsincluding encouraging graduate students to participate in related climate adaptation science programs, NWAL Summit and Youth Day programs, NWAL agriculture resiliency workshops, National Climate Adaptation Forum, and other venues that expand tribal engagement in agricultural resiliency efforts.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Accomplishments for Native Waters on Arid Lands (NWAL)project objectives outlined above have been aggregated into four categories (Outreach, Communications & Project Management; Research, Data Collection & Analysis; Tribal College Research, Education & Outreach; and, NWAL Training & Professional Development). Research accomplishments listed below represent the combined effort of many Co-PDs working together and with their respective research/Extension teams. Outreach and Professional Development accomplishments are listed in subsequent report entries.Target Audiences are listed for each major category. Research, Data Collection & Analysis Installed weather stations.To help close information gaps related to climate in the NWAL study area, team members installed weather stations in Harlem, MT (Aaniiih Nakoda College), Santa Ynez, CA (Santa Ynez Reservation), Parker, AZ (Colorado River Indian Tribes), and Pablo, MT (Salish Kootenai College). The weather stations collect information such as wind speed, temperature, and solar radiation and are installed on reservations in areas like community gardens andschools, where the climate data can also be used by members of the community (Target audiences: Tribal partners, TCU faculty/students, scientific community/water stakeholders). Published and presented NWAL research findings. Many members of the NWAL team wrote and published journal articles, extension outreach materials, and presented their NWAL research through oral presentations and posters. More information on NWAL publications, presentations and fact sheets can be found in Publications(Target audience: Scientific community, water stakeholders, tribal partners, public agencies and others). Assessed data and information needs to support tribal climate adaptation planning and action.Co-PD Singletary worked with graduate students to collect, analyze and report primary data from the Native Water Tribal Summits (2016 and 2017) and the 2016 FALCON conference. Co-PD Singletary is also currently developing a secondary data set to establish and assess climate adaptation planning criteria of the 28 reservations in the project region (Target audiences: tribal partners, TCU faculty/students). Collected data on traditional knowledge and climate change. Co-PD Chief conducted interviews with the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe on traditional knowledge and climate change. The interviews were transcribed, and are currently being analyzed for themes. Researched agreements for water sharing and water supply risks.Tribal governments, federal and state agencies and stakeholder groups representing agriculture, cities and the environmental water needs are exploring and implementing voluntary collaborative agreements to share water and water-supply risks. Co-PD Colby and others are creating a guidebook for creating and implementing key economic components of these agreements, through research and stakeholder collaboration (Target audiences: Tribal partners, public agencies, scientific community and water stakeholders). Developed agricultural and hydrologic models for Hopi traditional lands.In collaboration with the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office and faculty from UCLA and the University of Redlands, Co-PD Bocinsky developed agricultural niche models for maize across the Hopi?Tutsqua--their traditional land in central Arizona--extending back to AD 400, as well as a hydrological model of runoff across the same area. This work is culminating in a volume on Hopi archaeology co-written with the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office (Target audiences: Tribal partners, public agencies, scientific community). Analyzed agricultural water use and crop type on Unita-Ouray Reservation.Analysis by Co-PD Edwards identified key differences in irrigation rates, infrastructure and crop types, indicating that land use restriction affects agricultural development on tribal lands. Edwards also initiated preliminary data collection to understand effect of Winters' Doctrine rulings on income and agricultural outcomes (Target audiences: Tribal partners, scientific community, water stakeholders). Assessed economically viable cropping/livestock systems.Co-PD continued an ongoing assessment of current economically viable cropping/livestock systems on tribal lands, and a secondary data and Extension agent/educator online survey in AZ, NM, NV, and UT. Collected data on potential alternative agricultural crops/livestock systems and ag-related enterprises, including annuals; Finalized research on and selection of economic profitability modeling approach; Started economic feasibility and returns to investment analysis for current and alternative cropping and livestock systems (Target audiences: Tribal partners, scientific community). Tribal College Research, Education and Outreach Established Faculty-Faculty Research Partnership Program at Aaniiih Nakoda College (ANC).NWAL is collaborating with the First Americans Land Grant Consortium (FALCON) to build capacity at Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs) across the country through the Faculty-Faculty Research Partnership Program. This program aims to develop sustainable STEM research partnerships between TCUs and centers of research, such as the Desert Research Institute (DRI), with the goal of building capacity for inquiry, education, career readiness, and meeting the needs of Tribal communities. During summer 2017, NWAL team member R. Jasoni from DRI teamed with a TCU faculty member and student intern from ANC to complete the successful pilot season of this program. The team conducted an original research project in a community garden focusing on agricultural water use and irrigation (Target audience: TCU faculty-student engagement). Developed plans for knowledge and technology transfer at Salish Kootenai College (SKC).Co-PDs Bocinsky and Collins developed plans for a Youth Day event and R Short Course on Environmental Analysis that will take place during May 2018. The course will be targeted toward SKC faculty, graduate students, and CSKT land managers. Other NWAL activities at SKC include the mentoring of an undergraduate student in GIS and algebra, and the installation of a NWAL weather station for the community garden and SKC Forestry department(Target audience: TCU faculty/student engagement). Recruited and advised graduate student.Co-PD Chief and B. Litson worked to recruit, fund and mentor a graduate student from University of Arizona to work at Dine College during summer 2017. Work resulted in a poster presented at NWAL 2017 conference and a 28 page report entitled "Tsaile/Wheatfields Integrated Water Use Plan Report Summary Diné College Land Grant Office Tsaile, Arizona." The student is now applying to the NSF NRT Indige-FEWSS Program to pursue her PhD (Target audience: TCU faculty-student engagement). Established new partnerships.Co-PD Chief met with Dine' College (Perry Charley, Benita Litson, Interim President Martin Ahmuda) to discuss partnership for an NSF National Research Training Grant entitled "NRT-INFEWS: Indigenous Food, Energy, and Water Security and Sovereignty Indigi-FEWSS" with Chief as Lead PI(Target audience: Tribal partners, TCU faculty-student engagement) Developed a summer class for college students.Through a UA grant, Co-PD Chief developed a course calledTLS496C/596C Arizona Indigenous Communities: Environment, Education, & Science. In this course, students learn about climate adaptation on tribal lands (Target audience: TCU Faculty/Student Engagement).

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: Colby, B. and R. Young. Tribal Innovations in Western Water Management, Western Economics Forum, (in press) May, 2018.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: Deol, S. and B.G. Colby, Economies of Tribal Nations: Water Rights, Agriculture and Gaming, Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, (in press) April, 2018.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fillmore, H., Singletary, L., & Phillips, J. (forthcoming, 2018). Assessing Tribal College Priorities for Enhancing Climate Adaptation on Reservation Lands. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education. 163.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Fillmore, Helen. (2017). Using the Washoe Language to Inform Hydrologic and Environmental Models. Groundwater. 55 (5): 626-629. doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12571
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lee, G., Rollins, K., & Singletary, L. (submitted). An Empirical Analysis of the Influence of Permitted Place of Use Transfers on the Performance of Prior Appropriations Water Rights. Submitted to: Journal of the American Agricultural Economics Association.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: Novak, R., Jantarasami, L., (author team members alphabetically listed) Delgado, R., Marino, E., McNeeley, S., Narducci, C., Raymond-Yakoubian, J., Singletary, L., & White, K.P. (forthcoming, 2018). Chapter 15: Tribes and Indigenous Peoples, in the Fourth National Climate Assessment. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: McCarthy, M.I, Ramsey B., Phillips, J., Redsteer, USGCRP Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report, Chapter 7 Tribal Lands, publication scheduled for Dec 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chief, K. 2017. Navajo Nation climate adaptation efforts. Navajo Fish and Wildlife Department of Fish and Wildlife Annual Strategic Planning Session and Climate Change Training, March 16, 2017, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chief, K. 2017. Considering traditional knowledge in adapting to climate change. Navajo Fish and Wildlife Department of Fish and Wildlife Annual Strategic Planning Session and Climate Change Training, March 17, 2017, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chief, K. and V. Small. 2017. Climate change and adaptation for tribes. Bureau of Indian Affairs Water Resources Technician Training Program, July 12, 2017, Tucson, AZ.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chief, K., D.C. Yazzie, and J. Yazzie. 2017. Sharing stories across the watershed: Din� Perspectives. Durango Teach-In, November 7, 2017, Durango, CO.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, Climate and Agricultural Resilience in the American Southwest: Safeguarding Ancient Traditions Against Modern Threats, Scientia, www.scientia.global
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chief, K. 2017. Tribal collaborative water and climate planning. University of Arizona Technology and Research Initiative Fund (TRIF)- Water, Energy, and Environmental Solutions (WEES) Flash Talks, February 15, 2017, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ornelas Van Horne, Y., K. Chief, P. Beamer, and N. Lothrop. 2017. Understanding cultural and spiritual uses of water. Indigenous Cultural Uses of Water: A Forum, CLIMAS and Native Nations Institute, April 12, 2017, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chief, K. 2017. Engaging Southwestern Tribes in Sustainable Water Resources Topics and Management. University Council on Water Resources (UCOWR) Annual Conference, June 13, 2017, Fort Collins, CO.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Colby, B. Innovations in Shortage Sharing Arrangements with Agricultural Water Users June, 2017, Annual Water Conference, University of Colorado, Boulder.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Colby, B. Tribal Innovations in Regional Water-Resilience,?Conference: Native Waters on Arid Lands Reno, November 2017.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Colby, B. Tribal Water Management: Water as Sacred, Water as Commodity, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs Workshop, Tucson, July, 2017
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Fillmore, H., Singletary, L. & Phillips, J. (2017). Assessing Tribal College Priorities for Enhancing Climate Adaptation on Reservation Lands. Published abstract. UNR Nevada Agriculture Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Field Day. Reno, NV. September 23, 2017.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ge, M. Land Ownership and Irrigation on American Indian Reservations: A Regression Discontinuity Approach. Utah State University APEC Seminar Series March 21, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Gordon, M. and D. Kauneckis, Using Multiple Knowledge Streams in Tribal Climate Adaptation Planning, Poster Session, Native Waters Summit, Native Waters Arid Lands Summit, Nov. 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Colby, B., Developing an Evaluation Framework for Water Transactions to Assess Progress in Water Markets, White Paper Commissioned by Walton Family Foundation, April, 2017
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Fitzgerald, K. 2018. Tribal Summit Report, 2017. Native Waters on Arid Lands. Available: http://nativewaters-aridlands.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Tribal-Summit-Report-2017.pdf.


Progress 07/01/16 to 06/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:General NWAL Project Target Audiences for Outreach: Tribal Partner Engagement TCU Faculty/Student Engagement FRTEP Engagement Public Agency Engagement Scientific Community & Water Stakeholders Engagement TCU Faculty/Student Engagement - NEW (added as separate category in Year 2) Examples of target audience engagement during NWAL Project Year 2 include: Tribal Partner Engagement Co-PD Colby, NWAL collaborating tribal organizations and tribal government officials and agencies Co-PD Chief, Chief, K. 2016. Engaging Southwestern Tribes in Sustainable Water Resources Topics and Management. Native Waters in Arid Lands, November 5, 2016, Las Vegas, NV. Co-PD Ramsey and DRI team deployed meteorological stations to NWAL and partner tribes (upon request) including Duck Valley Shoshone Paiute, Duckwater Shoshone, Hopi Tribe, Walker River Paiute Tribe Public Agency Engagement Co-PD Colby, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Arizona Department of Water Resources, Central Arizona Project, Salt River Project, New Mexico Office of State Engineer, NM Interstate Stream Commission, NM State University, Lower Rio Grande Water Users Association FRTEP Engagement NV/AZ FRTEP Educators (Emm and Teegerstrom) and PD McCarthy organized first NWAL Climate Resiliency workshop, Reno, NV (May 2017) NV/AZ FRTEP Educators/Agents recruited tribal members to attend, present, and serve on panels at the 2016 NWAL Tribal Summit (Nov 2016) Scientific Community & Water Stakeholders Engagement Co-PD Colby, Scientific Community & Water Stakeholders Engagement: The Nature Conservancy, Western Resource Advocates, Environmental Defense; Sonoran institute, ProNatura, Western Governors Association, Western States Water Council, National Audubon Co-PD Chief, Chief, K. 2016. Collaborative and resilient water management planning under climatic and non-climatic stressors for 2 Southwestern tribes. Southwest Indian Agricultural Association Annual Meeting, January 20, 2016, Parker, AZ. Co-PD Chief, Chief, K. 2016. Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources of Native Americans in the U.S. Navajo Environmental Protection Agency Annual Conference, April 28, 2016, Fountain Hills, AZ. Co-PD Chief, Chief, K. 2016. Incorporating Hydrological and Climate Information in Watershed Resources Planning and Management, Water Resources Technician Training (WRTT) Program for American Indians and Alaska August 3, 2016, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Co-PD Chief, Chief, K. 2016. Planning for drought. Northern Arizona University Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals, Climate Change Workshop: Potential impacts and identifying solutions, November 4, 2016, Gila River Indian Community, Huhugam Heritage Center, Chandler, AZ. TCU Faculty/Student Engagement - NEW (added as separate category in Year 2) Co-PDs Ramsey, Phillips and DRI researchers Collins and Jasoni, with Aaniih Nakoda College faculty B. Greblionas developed the plan to implement the first NWAL Faculty-Faculty partnership with research program for ANC students to conduct in the ANC community garden during the summer of 2017. Co-PD Chief, Met with Navajo Nation Tsaile Dineh Water Association Leaders and Benita Litson of Dine College in September 2016 to discuss developing an integrated water management plan that considered climate change impacts. Co-PD Chief, Met with Benita Litson November 2016 to discuss components of proposal for an integrated water management plan that considered climate change impacts for the Tsaile Dineh Water Association. Co-PD Chief, Wrote a proposal to Dine' College entitled "Tsaile/Wheatfields Integrated Water Use Plan Proposal" Co-PD Chief, Met with Dine' College (Perry Charley, Benita Litson, Interim President Martin Ahmuda) to discuss partnership for an NSF National Research Training Grant entitled "NRT-INFEWS: Indigenous Food, Energy, and Water Security and Sovereignty Indigi-FEWSS" with Chief as Lead PI. Co-PD Chief, Identified a tribal masters student to begin working on this project in November 2016. Changes/Problems:The NWAL Communications Specialist (Kelsey Fitzgerald) has moved home institutions from the University of Nevada, Reno to the Desert Research Institute. Both institutions (UNR and DRI) operate under the Nevada System of Higher Education and are located in Reno, NV. Ms. Fitzgerald will remain an integral member of the NWAL Projecct Team, continuing to manage communications for the NWAL Team including producing podcasts and blog posts and maintaining the NWAL project website, under the project subaward with DRI. A formal request to transfer allocated funds for the project communications specialist from the UNR project budget (under PD McCarthy) to the DRI subaward will be made in July 2017 to the USDA/NIFA Water for Agriculture Program Lead (J. Dobrowolski). A timely approval of the request to transfer the designated funds will ensure that the NWAL project continues to meet its communication goals with no break in service. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?NWAL Year 2 Training & Professional Development and Tribal College Research, Education & Outreach accomplishments listed below represent the combined effort of many Co-PDs working together, with their respective research/Extension teams, and with numerous tribal partners. More details will be provided to the USDA/PM in a subsquent email. NWAL Training & Professional Development Co-PD Curtis (USU) Application to NIFA Small and Medium-Sized Farms Program for $494K grant to complete detailed assessment of ag/food tourism/cultural tourism opportunities and markets with Southwest Indian Tribes, submitted August 2016. Grant was rated medium priority and wasn't funded. The team will resubmit the grant to NIFA July 2017. Co-PD Chief (UA) Co-PD Chief trained 30 Native American technicians on climate change and adaptation Co-PD Singletary (UNR/UNCE) Supervised, instructed, and mentored NWAL funded Native American graduate student [Helen Fillmore, GPHS-MS] to: Develop and identify, through secondary data, the criteria to establish a defensible methodology for selecting tribes/reservations to partner with for more in-depth research and outreach activities. Conduct a critical review of research literature focused on role of Traditional Knowledge as it relates to climate resiliency/adaptation planning. Develop question items to feature in NWAL climate science information needs assessment to gather tribal input into key research question. Code and conduct statistical analysis on data collected in FALCON and NWAL needs assessment and develop report. Co-PD Teegerstrom (UA/FRTEP) During the Native American Farm and Land Managers panels at the NWAL Tribal Summits (in 2015 and 2016), tribal members shared their tribes and farms successes, challenges, barriers, and solutions for sustaining and expanding economically viable agricultural operations on Native American managed farm and rangelands in the future. Co-PD Kauneckis (OU/DRI) Mentored Native American graduate student at Ohio University/DRI: The Study of Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Food Systems to Further the Adaptive Capacity and Climate Resiliency of Great Basin and Southwestern Native American Tribes. Donkor, Courtney N.; Master of Science, December 2016; Environmental Studies, Practicum for Desert Research Institute, Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs, Ohio University. Mentored graduate student at Ohio University/DRI: Climate Change on Arid Lands: Assessing the Agricultural Vulnerability of Tribal Nations in the American West. Palmer, Anna. Master of Sciences Thesis, April 2017. Environmental Studies, Practicum for Desert Research Institute, Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs, Ohio University. The study area consisted of seventy-two tribal entities representing 64 tribal nations, pueblos, bands & colonies. These communities covering 25 climate divisions located primarily in Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Colorado and Utah Tribal College Research, Education & Outreach Co-PD Singletary (UNR/UNCE) Continued to strengthen partnership between 1862s and 1994s via collaborating with FALCON Director to develop and implement a formal needs assessment of 1994 institutions regarding teaching, research and outreach goals focused on climate resiliency and climate adaptation on tribal lands. This assessment was administered at the 2016 FALCON Annual Meeting (Albuquerque, NM Oct 2016). Data coded and analyzed in order to develop tables and report results. Co-PD Phillips (FALCON) Retained Chris Caldwell, Director, College of Menominee Nation Sustainable Development Institute, as a NWAL team member. Retained Steven Chischilly, Assistant Professor of Environmental Science, Navajo Technical University, as a NWAL team member. Facilitated the development of a faculty research collaboration project between Richard Jasoni of the Desert Research Institute and Brian Grebliunas of Aaniiih Nakota College (see attachment). Recruited Andrew Kozich, Environmental Science Department Chair, Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College to contribute an article in a special issue on Native Waters for the Journal of Contemporary Water, edited by Karletta Chief. Recruited Robert Kirk, Principal Hydrologist, Navajo Nation, as a tribal partner participating in the 2016 Tribal Water Summit. Conducted outreach to Antony Berthelote (Salish Kootenai), Melanie Leinhart (Tohono O'odham Community College), Steve Dahlberg (White Earth Tribal & Community College) and Gary Halvorson (Sitting Bull College) about participation in NWAL. Participated in a 1994/1862/FRTEP collaboration meeting to discuss partnership initiatives in extension and research, including water/climate change, and emphasizing the Western region. Working with FRTEP to coordinate Indian Country Extension programming, in part as an outcome of relationships built within NWAL (Trent, Stacy, etc.) Co-PD Ramsey (DRI) Native Waters on Arid Lands (NWAL) is collaborating with the First Americans Land Grant Consortium (FALCON) to build capacity at Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs) across the country through the Faculty-Faculty Research Program. The Faculty-Faculty Research Program aims to develop sustainable STEM research partnerships between TCUs and centers of research, such as the Desert Research Institute (DRI), in which a research program is developed to focus on building capacity for inquiry, education, career readiness, and meeting the needs of Tribal communities. The model for this program pairs a faculty member at a TCU with a faculty member at a research institution to design and carry out a collaborative research project in the STEM fields. Career preparation experiences are built into the program for TCU undergraduates who become involved as research assistants. In the pilot program, funds are provided to support one faculty member at Aaniiih Nakoda College (ANC) and one faculty member at the Desert Research Institute in a collaborative research project. They have jointly developed a research proposal focusing on agricultural water use and irrigation to be carried out with support of two student research assistants during summer 2017. The work will be carried out at ANC in the college's two-acre community garden. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?NWAL Year 2 Outreach, Communications & Project Management accomplishments listed below represent the combined effort of many Co-PDs working together, with their respective research/Extension teams, and with numerous tribal partners. More details will be provided to the USDA/PM in a subsquent email. Outreach, Communications & Project Management: PD-McCarthy (UNR) Co-organized with Co-PD Emm (UNCE/NV-FRTEP) and hosted 2016 NWALTribal Summit (Nov16) Co-organized with Co-PD Emm (UNCE/NV-FTRTEP) and facilitated Nevada Indian Climate Resiliency Workshop (May17) Organized and led annual in-person NWAL team meeting (Nov16) and quarterly virtual team meetings and managed all required project reporting and renewals Developed (with NWAL Communications Specialist) an NWAL podcasts series with interviews with NWAL researchers and partners talking informally about their role in the project. Podocasts are available at: http://nativewaters-aridlands.com/podcast-episodes/ Developed (with NWAL Communications Specialist) a series of blob posts documenting the project meetings and activities available at: http://nativewaters-aridlands.com/blog/ Presented NWAL project progress (oral/poster) at USDA/AFRI PD meeting (Oct16) Presented NWAL project progress at USDA/Climate PD meeting (Dec16) Led panel discussion about NWAL Project at FALCON Annual Meeting with NWAL researchers (McCarthy/Singletary/Ramsey/Collins) (Nov16) Co-PD Singletary (UNR/UNCE) UNR-IRB modified to include FALCON and NWAL Team needs assessments. Shared Y1 NWAL Tribal Summit evaluation results with participants in Y2 summit. Developed, administered and analyzed Y2 post-summit evaluation Co-PD Chief (UA) Approval received from the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe to do interviews on traditional knowledge and climate change. Co-PD Chief received a grant in 2016 from the Southwest Climate Change to support student assistantship and workshops on traditional knowledge, climate change, and agriculture. These workshops will build on NWAL research and outreach. Co-PD Chief was invited by the University Council on Water Resources Journal of Education and Outreach to put together a special issue on indigenous water issues. I plan to invite NWAL PIs to submit papers. Co-PD Teegerstrom (UA/FRTEP In 2015, Co-PD Teegerstrom developed a Native American Farm Managers Panel for the NWAL Tribal Summit. This panel had representation from three of the largest Native American Farms in Arizona. In 2016, we developed a Native American Land Managers Panel. This panel had representation from three of the largest Native American tribal land managers in Arizona and the Nevada Shoshone-Paiute Tribes. Continuing to work with the mid to small size tribal farmers on crop selection, ranch management and conservation practices and their impacts on water management and marketing. Co-PD Ramsey (DRI) Co-PDs Ramsey and Chief organized the Traditional Knowledge & Ecology Session at the 2016 NWAL Tribal Summit. Tribal members discussed best practices for incorporating traditional knowledge and western science to enhance climate resiliency of sustenance and culturally important agricultural practice including the Pueblo Farming Project on drought-resistant Hopi corn cultivation, Black Mesa Water Coalition food sovereignty, Zuni riparian agriculture, and the Salt River Pima Maricopa Indian Community Garden dry farming practices. Co-PD Colby (UA) Bonnie Colby, "Farms, Economic Tradeoffs and the Federal Farm Program Implications for Water", Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco January, 2017. 100 attendees. "Developing a Framework for Evaluating Regional Water Trading", Public Policy Institute of California Annual Meeting, San Francisco January, 2017. Economic Aspects of Tribal Water Management and Settlement Negotiations, University of Arizona Workshop, November, 2016. Economic Criteria for Evaluating Environmental Water Transaction Programs, Workshop, National Center for Environmental Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara California, February, 2017. Water Linkages Beyond the Farm Gate: Implications for Agriculture, Agriculture's Water Economy Conference, Federal Reserve Bank, July, 2016. Managing Drought Risks Through Water Banks: Who Pays and Who Benefits? New Mexico Water Institute Annual Conference, October, 2016. Trading Water, Money and Risk to Achieve Environmental Benefits, Water Funders Workshop, Boulder County, Co, August, 2016. Serve on Sonoran Institute Advisory Commission for Economic Analysis for the Colorado River Delta, 2015-17 Serve on Arizona Community Foundation, Selection Committee and Judge for New Arizona Prize in Water Innovation, 2016-17 Serve on "Science for People and Nature" Collaborative Project on Water for Environmental Needs, National Center for Environmental Analysis and University of California, Santa Barbara Serve as National Science Foundation Proposal Reviewer Serve as U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, reviewer for external research grants funding program. Serve as Public Policy Institute of California, Research Advisory Committee What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The NWAL Year 3 plans listed below represent the combined effort of many Co-PDs working together, with their respective research/Extension teams, and with numerous tribal partners. More details will be provided to the USDA/PM in a subsquent email. PD McCarthy (UNR) Co-organize and host 2017 NWALTribal Summit and Climate Resiliency workshops in AZ, NM, UT Co-organize Tribal Youth Day in conjunction with 2017 NWAL Tribal Summit Organize annual in-person and virtual NWAL team meetings; manage all required project reporting and renewals Continue to develop the NWAL podcasts series to include tribal partners talking informally about their community needs Continue to publish blob posts, technical report, and manuscripts about NWAL activities Present NWAL project progress at USDA/AFRI PD, USDA/Climate, and FALCON meetings Participate in on-site evaluation of new ANC-DRI faculty-faculty partnership and student internships to assess the ability of this activity to building capacity at a TCU Develop with NWAL team, tribal partners, and private sector organizations NWAL "spin-off" project concepts and proposals to USDA/NIFA to support specific tribal water for agriculture needs Co-PD Colby (UA) Research, Data Collection & Analysis on building resilience and adaptive capacity to respond to water-related climate risks to regional and reservation economies and livelihoods New academic publications Workshop and conference presentations Reports for stakeholders and the public Presentations at stakeholder meetings Co-PD Phillips (FALCON) The "1994 Faculty/Student Research Experience" program is being piloted with Drs. Jasoni and Brian Grebliunas. Once that collaborative project is established, additional collaborative research partnerships with 1862 researchers will be pursued and this project will be evaluated jointly with NWAL-DRI researcher Meghan Collins through an on-site assessment with the ANC faculty, students, and administrators. An 1862/1994 Northcentral region water collaboration meeting is scheduled for May 23-25, 2017, hosted by Kansas State University and Haskell Indian Nations University. This is an outcome of a keynote presentation made by J. Phillips at the North Central Region Water Network 2016 Conference in Lincoln, NE, on March 21, 2016, found at: https://connect.unl.edu/p2rlttx9l7d/. NWAL will continue to expand the number of 1994 faculty/students that are involved, through continued outreach and increasing opportunities to participate in meaningful ways. For example, greater participation of NWAL at the FALCON Annual Conference, and visa versa at the NWAL Tribal Water Summit. A 1994 "water working group" (developed in large part from NWAL momentum) is continuing to explore opportunities to develop a 1994-wide water-related initiative. As an outcome of the presentation to the North Central Regional Association of Agricultural Experiment Station Directors (San Antonio, TX, on April 4-5, 2017), the North Central Regional Center for Rural Development has awarded a small seed grant to catalyze 1862/1994 collaboration, to be implemented in 2017-2018 Co-PD Chief (UA) Continue to reach out to tribal colleges on climate change. Work to get a government resolution from Leupp Chapter to approve to do a climate change survey or focus group. Submit an IRB application to the Navajo Nation IRB. Together with GRA will collect water data and develop a draft for an integrated water plan for the Tsaile Dineh Water Users Association. Develop a climate change video for climate change impacts on the Navajo Nation. Finalize the Navajo Nation climate change workshop from 2014 and assist towards an adaptation framework. Pilot climate change and adaptation introduction for 30 Native American technicians Co-PD Curtis (USU) Work with project Co-PDs to organize and schedule an NWAL Climate Resilience Workshop with Ute tribe in Utah, Fall 2017. Finalize assessment of current economically viable cropping/livestock systems on tribal lands, secondary data and Extension agent/educator online survey in AZ, NM, and UT (June 2017). Finalize study area and define by "climate zones" or other as appropriate. Finalize data collection on potential alternative agricultural crops/livestock systems and ag-related enterprises, including annuals. Finalize research on and selection of economic profitability modeling approach. Start economic feasibility and returns to investment analysis for current and alternative cropping and livestock systems. USU project team will attend the 2017 NWAL Tribal Summit in Reno, NV, Nov 2017. Co-PD Dettinger (USGS) Present additional climate-water research data to tribal members at the 2017 NWAL Tribal Summit and in the AZ-NM and Utah Climate Resilience Workshops Refine climate data to address specific questions from tribal communities to include max/min temps, degree growing days, etc. Co-PD Singletary (UNR/UNCE) Primary Data Acquisition Year 3 Complete reports on FALCON and NWAL data collected in 2016 and analyzed in 2017 Develop recruitment materials, including focus group and survey question items to submit to UNR to receive modified IRB approval for NWAL data collection. Apply for tribal IRB approval and/or tribal resolution to collect primary data with selected tribes Secondary Data Acquisition Year 3 Begin developing profile data for selected reservations to include (land tenure, water rights, cultural attributes, governance, climate adaptation planning, agricultural practices) Continue supervising and mentoring NWAL funded graduate student Planned Education/Outreach products Report on FALCON Climate Planning Information Needs Assessment Report Conduct NWAL Tribal Summit Climate Planning Information Needs Assessment Repor Publish results of FALCON assessment results MS thesis summarizing tribal climate information needs for adaptation planning and potential role of protected TK in climate adaptation planning on tribal lands Expand initial secondary data on criteria to include land tenure status for nine tribes and water rights status (Spring, 2018) Results of NWAL summit climate information needs assessment analyzed and reported in Extension report (Fall, 2018) Land tenure status, and land tenure primer background, 4 tribes (in progress) Attend and co-present at 2017 FALCON conference Collaborate with project team to conduct and evaluate 2017 NWAL Tribal Summit Coordinate with NWAL-DRI team and graduate student to organize first tribal student research plenary session Collaborate with project NV-AZ FRTEP team to frame research questions, establish protocol, and collect data from focus groups and surveys Work with NRCS and USDA/ERS to collect secondary irrigation data Collaborate with project team and selected tribes to collect secondary data relevant to these reservations Co-PD Teegerstrom (UA/FRTEP) Expand the focus and composition of the panel(s) for the 2017 NWAL Tribal Summit to include additional producers, farm and ranch managers, and natural resource managers from the other regional tribal communities Co-PD Ramsey (DRI) NWAL-DRI research and knowledge portal team is working on a community by community build-up of information so we can focus on research data collection and analysis across the communities in the study area. This will include detailed information such as number of members often community (from update census), types and ages of schools with food service, eldercare facilities, community gardens, locally available scientific(agriculture, environmental/meteorological) expertise as well as ecotype primary productivity estimates from aerial photos, etc. Since the new National Agricultural update occurs in October 2017, we will request to receive updates from USDA as soon as possible to include production by crop and distribution destination, local use vs sales, and how much of available cropland is being leased out to non-Native community farmers, etc.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The Native Waters on Arid Lands (NWAL) Project is addressing the challenge of enhancing the sustainability of Native American agriculture through integrated research and Extension outreach with tribal communities in Nevada, Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico and engagement of faculty and students from the 1994 Tribal Colleges & Universities (TCU). During the second year of the NWAL Project, research scientists, Federally Recognized Tribal Extension Educators, tribal community members, and Native American and western students and faculty shared knowledge and developed a mutual understanding of the challenges of accessing and managing water for agriculture on reservation lands, the role traditional practices have had in increasing the drought resiliency of food and ceremonial crops, and the economic risks and opportunities for current and future crop and livestock production. The annual NWAL Tribal Summit serves as a nexus for tribal farmers, ranchers, land and resource managers, and council members to exchange information with each other, project researchers, federal agency partners, and other participants. The 2016 Summit (Nov 2016) featured a pre-conference workshop on climate adaptation planning jointly-organized with BIA/Climate Adaptation Program and Intertribal Environmental Professions (ITEP) and panel sessions with extensive discussions on reservation surface-groundwater relationships, innovative water use and sharing to stimulate reservation economies, tribal rangeland and livestock conservation practices, and traditional knowledge to enhance drought-resistant farming. As a follow-on to the engaging discussion at the Summit, the NWAL NV-FRTEP team hosted the first of four climate resilience workshops (May 2017) with the tribes of Nevada to discuss current and future challenges to water resources due to the increasing frequency of weather-climate extremes. An NWAL Knowledge Portal has also been created by the NWAL-DRI project team to provide project researchers, Extension educators, and TCU faculty with streamlined access to ecological, socioeconomic, and demographic data generated by and about tribal communities in the American Southwest. Reservation-specific climate change data about future temperature and precipitation has been provided to each of the nine tribes in the study area to support their climate adaptation planning. Economic guidelines for creating and implementing voluntary collaborative agreements to share water and water-supply risks between tribes and with other water users and public agencies are being developed through research and stakeholder consultation. A new faculty-faculty research partnership has been established by NWAL DRI and FALCON team members to develop sustainable STEM research partnerships between TCU faculty and DRI researchers. In the pilot program, NWAL is funding a faculty member at Aaniiih Nakoda College (ANC) and a researcher at DRI in a project focusing on agricultural water use and irrigation to be carried out with support of two student research assistants during summer 2017 at ANC's two-acre community garden. Research, secondary data collection and synthesis, and climate resilience workshops, TCU-DRI faculty partnerships, and increased dialogue and capacity-building with our tribal partners will continue in NWAL Year 3. Accomplishments for the project objectives outlined above have been aggregated into 4 categories (Outreach, Communications & Project Management, Research, Data Collection & Analysis, Tribal College Research, Education & Outreach, NWAL Training & Professional Development). The accomplishments listed below (and in the following sections) represent the combined effort of many Co-PDs working together, with their respective research/Extension teams, and with numerous tribal partners. Due to space constraints only the highlights of progress made by NWAL Team in Year 2 are presented here. More details will be provided to the USDA/PM in a subsquent email. Research, Data Collection & Analysis: Co-PD Colby (UA Voluntary collaborative agreements to share water and water-supply risks between tribes, other water users and public agencies are proving to be an effective approach to address the economic damages that can accompany climate-related water supply variability. Economic guidelines for creating and implementing such agreements are being developed through research and stakeholder consultation. New innovatively-structured water trading initiatives are being designed and implemented in various areas of the western U.S. Elected officials and water management agencies have solicited testimony and workshops focused upon on implications of water trading in their area. Public agencies, tribes and NGOs which are acquiring water for environmental needs are developing programs based on an improved understanding of how to collaborate with agricultural participants and how to monitor environmental flow water produced by their programs. C-PD Curtis (USU) Compiled the following agricultural production data for each of the 9 NWAL reservations: Ag Production by NAICS by state and county restricted to include only ag operators self-identifying their race as Native American/Alaska Native and by reservartion State totals by NAICS for NWAL reservations restricted to include only ag operators self-identifying their race as Native American/Alaska Native Irrigation data for each of the 9 NWAL reservations Collected focus group data on current climatic change (drought to flooding//standing water) issues and hurdles associated with agricultural production on Nevada tribal lands Initiated data collection onalternative agricultural crops/livestock systems and ag-related enterprises, including annuals. Co-Dettinger (USGS) Downscaled climate projections produced for the 9 tribes and preseented data in the context of paleoclimate records at the 2016 NWAL Summit and Nevada Indian Climate Resilience Workshop. Additional downscaled reservation-specific climate data (temperature and precipitation) has been provided to other tribes outside the NWAL study area based on request. Co-PD Singletary (UNR/UNCE) Secondary data collected to outline criteria for all tribes/reservations in project area for purpose of identifying partner tribes for collaborative research (Extension publication in progress). NWAL climate science needs assessment instrument developed in partnership with NWAL project team. Data coded and analyzed in order to develop tables and report results. In Y1 Project Team collectively identified 9 tribes/reservations to partner with for primary data collection. During Y2 the NWAL Project Team worked further refined study area for primary data collection to following tribes/reservations: Hopi Tribe (AZ) Navajo Nation (Western Chapter, AZ) Jicarilla Apache Nation (NM) Duck Valley Shoshone-Paiute Tribes (NV/ID) Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe (NV) Worked with project team members to identify key research questions to drive rationale, methods, instrumentation and schedule for primary data collection. Co-PD Ramsey (DRI) An NWAL Knowledge Portal has been created by the NWAL-DRI project team to provide project team members with access to diverse data sources generated by and about tribal communities in the American Southwest. At present the NWAL Knowledge Portal contains approximately 1,300 items including books, articles, chapters, pamphlets, reports, websites, videos, photographs, geospatial datasets, and maps. Based on reviews of openly shared experiences from Hopi, Navajo, Gila River, Pyramid Lake, Walker River, Colorado River, Duck Valley, Isleta, Zuni, Tohono O'odham communities, identified TK practices valueable to achieving agricultural resilience (see follow-on report for details)

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Bonnie Colby, Farms, Economic Tradeoffs and the Federal Farm Program Implications for Water, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco January, 2017. 100 attendees.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Developing a Framework for Evaluating Regional Water Trading, Public Policy Institute of California Annual Meeting, San Francisco January, 2017
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Economic Aspects of Tribal Water Management and Settlement Negotiations, University of Arizona Workshop, November, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Water Linkages Beyond the Farm Gate: Implications for Agriculture, Agricultures Water Economy Conference, Federal Reserve Bank, July, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Managing Drought Risks Through Water Banks: Who Pays and Who Benefits? New Mexico Water Institute Annual Conference, October, 2016
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: - Trading Water, Money and Risk to Achieve Environmental Benefits, Water Funders Workshop, Boulder County, Co, August, 2016. Serve on Sonoran Institute Advisory Commission for Economic Analysis for the Colorado River Delta, 2015-17
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Phillips, John and Virgil Dupuis. (November 10, 2016). Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCU) Programs and Internships. Presented at the Native Waters on Arid Lands 2nd Annual Tribal Summit.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: J. Phillips presented to the North Central Regional Association of Agricultural Experiment Station Directors in San Antonio, TX, on April 4-5, 2017, on 1862/1994 research collaboration, highlighting the NWAL project as a model
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: J. Phillips presented to the Extension Committee on Policy (ECOP) in Anchorage, AK, on April 19-20, 2017, on 1862/1994 extension collaboration, highlighting the NWAL project as a model.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Chief, K., A. Meadow, and K.Whyte. 2016. Engaging Southwestern Tribes in Sustainable Water Resources Topics and Management. J. of Water. 8, 350; DOI:10.3390/w8080350.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Chief, K. 2016. Considering traditional knowledge in climate change initiatives. 2016 ITKI - UNESCO - City of Gastronomy Conference: Food and Water in Arid Lands: Dialogues across Contemporary and Traditional Knowledge, November 5, 2016, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
  • Type: Other Status: Under Review Year Published: 2017 Citation: Technical Report in development - Chief, K. and K. Cozetto. Climate change on the Navajo Nation Workshop 2014 Report.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Chief, K. 2016. Resiliency of Indigenous people to climate change. University of Arizona Poetry Climate Change and Poetry Series, December 1, 2016, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Curtis, K., S. Slocum, T. Teegerstrom, C. Bishop, and M. Landis, (2017). Innovative Food Tourism Development Strategies for Sustainability on American Indian Reservations. Journal of Food Distribution Research 48(1), 46-53. Online at: https://www.fdrsinc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/JFDR_48.1_13_Curtis.pdf
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Curtis, K., S. Slocum, T. Teegerstrom, C. Bishop, and M. Landis, Innovative Food Tourism Development Strategies for Sustainability on American Indian Reservations. Selected paper presented at the Food Distribution Research Society Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, October 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ge, M. (Advisors Edwards and Curtis) Institutional Land Ownership and Irrigation: Evidence from Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation. Presentation at the USU Applied Economics Seminar, April 2017.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: The Study of Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Food Systems to Further the Adaptive Capacity and Climate Resiliency of Great Basin and Southwestern Native American Tribes. Donkor, Courtney N.; Master of Science, December 2016; Environmental Studies, Practicum for Desert Research Institute, Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs, Ohio University.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Climate Change on Arid Lands: Assessing the Agricultural Vulnerability of Tribal Nations in the American West. Palmer, Anna. Master of Sciences Thesis, April 2017. Environmental Studies, Practicum for Desert Research Institute, Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs, Ohio University. The study area consisted of seventy-two tribal entities representing 64 tribal nations, pueblos, bands & colonies. These communities covering 25 climate divisions located primarily in Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Colorado and Utah.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, L.Singletary, "Native Waters on Arid Lands: Enhancing Climate Resiliency on Reservation Lands", Presented at USDA/NIFA PD Meeting, Washington, DC (Oct 2016)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, "Climate Change and the American Indian Farmer", Presented at the USDA/NIFA Climate Program Meeting, San Francisco (Dec 2016)
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Under Review Year Published: 2017 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, B.S.A Ramsey, J. Phillips, Tribal Lands Chapter, Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report, U.S. Global Change Research Program (anticipated publication date Fall 2017)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Bonnie Colby, Water Linkages beyond the Farm Gate: Implications for Agriculture, Federal Reserve Bank Economic Review, November, 2016. https://www.kansascityfed.org/~/media/files/publicat/econrev/econrevarchive/2016/si16colby.pdf
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Bonnie Colby, Water Trading Innovations: Reducing Agricultural Consumptive Use to Improve Adaptation to Scarcity, chapter in Competition for Water Resources: Experiences and Management Approaches in the US and Europe, edited by Jadwiga Ziolkowska and Jeffrey Peterson, Elsevier Publishing, August, 2016. https://www.elsevier.com/books/competition-for-water-resources/ziolkowska/978-0-12-803237-4
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mount, J., Hanak, E., Colby, B., et al, Improving the Federal Response to Western Drought, Public Policy Institute of California, 2016. http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_216JMR.pdf
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ashley Kerna, Bonnie Colby, and Francisco Zamora, Valuing Environmental Flows in Mexicos Colorado River Delta, Water Economics and Policy, December, 2016. http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S2382624X16500351


Progress 07/01/15 to 06/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Native Waters on Arid Lands Target Audiences Tribal partnersincluding tribal agencies, councils, farmers and ranchers, tribal Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Tribal Colleges & Universities (TCUs) including faculty and students USDA and land grant Federally Recognized Tribal Extension Program (FRTEP) staff and land grant university officials, faculty, students,staff, and adminstrators USDA and other public agency professionals working directly or indirectly with tribes on natural resource management issues--includes NIFA-AFRI federal program leaders, FSA, NRCS,BIA, BOR, USFS and USFWS professionals Scientific community and otherpublic or private organizations involved in related water and agriculture issues. Tribal PartnersEngagement This was the first year of the Native Waters on Arid Lands Project(NWAL),funded through USDA/NIFA AFRI Water for Agriculture Program. As research is in its initial stages, target audiences includedNative American farmers, ranchers and tribal leaders from the American Southwestwho participated indiscussions and sessions at the Native Waters on Arid Lands firstTribal Summit,November 6-7 2015 (in Las Vegas, NV).No direct study implications or research results were provided at the Summit, but valuable information regarding producer needs, areas of concern, suggested crops/livestock, etc., as well as information on property right structure and data sources, was collected and used to inform research. All tribes from throughout the Great Basin and American Southwest were invited to participate in the Tribal Summit. A post conference survey instrument was developed and implemented toevaluate the short and medium term impacts of the first summitand to assess educational needs for future summits. These results are being used to plan the Second Annual Tribal Summit scheduled for November, 2016). In preparation of the Year 1NWAL Summit, U. Arizona FRTEP Co-PD engagedthe Native American Farmers on the tribes: Ak-Chin Indian Community, Colorado River Indian Tribes, Hopi Nation, Gila River Indian Community, Navajo Nation, Salt River Pima Indian Community, San Carlos Apache Nation, Tohono O'odham Nation and the White Mountain Apache Nation. Based on a set of criteria used to characterize the tribal reservations in the area, the NWAL Research Team, identified nine tribes fromthe study area that will be primarily involved inNWAL research - Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe, Navajo Nation, Hopi Tribe, Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of Duck Valley, Colorado River Indian Tribes, Ute Indian Tribe of Uintah and Ouray, Zuni Tribe, Walker River Tribe, and Gila River Tribe. In addition to the NWAL Summit,Tribal government representatives reached includesix tribal governments who attended the "Addressing Long-Term Drought and Climate Uncertainty" conference in Salt Lake City in October, 2015. Through a complimentary project,NWAL Co-PD Singletary organized a conference (funded by USDA-NIFA)the "Western Water Conference: Water Management Strategies for Addressing Long-term Drought and Climate Uncertainty" (http://werawater.org/western-water-conference/), Oct. 28-29, 2015 in Salt Lake City. The conference was focused onwater banking/markets, statewide drought forums, and emergent drought policies andfacilitated networking between tribal members and water management experts concerning issues related to tribal water rights and climate uncertainty. TCU Student/Faculty Engagement The First American Land-Grant Consortium (FALCON) is a partner in NWAL rsearch and outreach. The primary audience reached by the FALCON during Y1 was the Faculty & Students of the Tribal Colleges & Universities (1994 Land-Grant Institutions) and tribal members involved in agriculture, water and related issues. In particular, TCU faculty and administrators from Salish Kootenai College (SKC) and Dine Collegeparticipated in the NWAL project and Tribal Summit. NWAL Co-Project Directors (McCarthy and Singletary) presented at the Annual FALCON Meeting in Denver (Nov 2015) and engaged faculty andstudents interested in water and agriculture issues. FRTEP Engagement UNR Cooperative Extension Co-PDs andFRTEP faculty and staff from UNR and U. Arizona organized the first Tribal Summit, which included setting the agenda, securing facility contracts, recruiting tribal speakers and participants, marketing the event widely to tribes throughout the region,managing all meeting logistics, and developing and implementing the conference evaluation survey. Public Agency Engagement NWAL target audiences include public resource management agencies thatinteract with tribes and other water stakeholders, tribal government representatives and water stakeholder groups including NGOs. Specific target audiences reached in Year 1:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Arizona Department of Water Resources, Central Arizona Project, Salt River Project, New Mexico Office of State Engineer, NM Interstate Stream Commission, NM State University. Scientific Community and Water Stakeholders Engagement NWAL Co-PDs (Singletary/McCarthy) organized a technical session for the 2016 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) entitled "Climate, Water and the American Indian Farmer." The session was designed to highlight to thebroader scientific community the uniqueissues challenges faced by tribal communities in adapting to climate change and to stimulate discussions among scientists, policy-makers, and the general public. The session was selected by AAAS to be highlighted at the meeting, which included AAAS producing avideo based interviews with tribal partners in Nevadaand having the panel particpants (NWAL Co-PDsMcCarthy, Singletary, Chief, Kaneckis) present and answer questionsat apress conference held during the conferencein Washington, DC inFebruary 2016 (see products for links to the videos). Engagement with AAAS includedcoordinatingthe production of a AAAS sponsored educational video,arranging individual interviews with tribal leaders representing Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe, Fallon Shoshone-Paiute Tribe and Washoe Tribe (January 2016), and helpingAAAS journalists develop interview questions. Interviewees included staff of tribal natural resource/environmental departments as well as tribal council members,reviewed and edited the video product and facilitated the reviews of the video with tribal members. NWAL Co-PDs presented at the session including McCarthy presenting an overview of climate change in the Southwest and an overview of the NWAL Project and related Water for the Seasons Project (funded by National Science Foundation and USDA-NIFAthrough theNSF/Water Sustainability & Climate Program),Singletary presentingresearch on American Indian land tenure (research funded throughanotherUSDA/NIFA grant involving19 reservations across six states in the American west), Chief presenting on Traditional Knowledge research with tribes throughout the United States, and Kauneciks presenting related environmental policyresearch. The NWAL Project researchers (led by Co-PD Colby)also engagedLower Rio Grande Water Users Association, Tucson Water, Tucson Electric Power, Sonoran Institute, The Nature Conservancy, Western Resource Advocates, Environmental Defense, ProNatura, Western Governors Association, Western States Water Council, National Audubon through conferences, workshops and meetings. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?NWAL Training and Professional Development The Native Waters Tribal Summit held November 2015 provided professional development opportunities for study researchers regarding climate change predictions and outcomes, as well as tribal agricultural practices, research needs and concerns, and suggested considerations. NWAL Project supported Native American graduate student studying hydrologic sciencesat University of Nevada, Reno. NWAL Project provided an opportunity for graduate student funding and dissertation support atthe Utah State University,Department of Applied Economics 2015-2019. NWAL Project supported two Masters students working on NWAL related research at Ohio University, including a Native American student (member of the Western Band of theCherokee Nation). Collaboration with FRTEP agents, land grant faculty, tribal colleges and tribal nations in Year 1 served to improve NWAL Team membersunderstanding of the role of agriculture on tribal lands, challenges to sustaining agriculture on tribal lands pertaining to land tenure and water rights in addition to socioeconomic trends and competing, diverse demands for water resources. During the Native American Farm Managers Panel at the Tribal Summit participantsshared insight abouttheirtribes and farms, including successes, challenges, barriers, and solutions for sustaining and expanding economically viable agricultural operation in the future. 1994 TCU faculty involved have developed new professional contacts, increased knowledge of agricultural water issues, and begun planning for future endeavors. Public agencies and stakeholder partners participating in the NWAL Programwere provided informationto implement voluntary agreements with farmers and/or agricultural districts in order to reduce agricultural consumptive use and make water available for other purposes. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?NWAL Team Output (see products list) NWAL Co-PD Dettinger developed a detailed presentation about climate variability in the American Southwest spanning 100,000 years and focusing on major exteme events (droughts, floods) during the last 2000 years. These changes were put in context of current and anticipated/projectedclimate changefrom the1850s through 2100. These data will be used as the basis for the first NWAL educational video to be produced in Year 2. Team members presented NWAL program plans and preliminary findings at professional (national and international) scientific meetings,USDA/NIFA Project Directors AnnualMeeting andClimate Program Annual Meeting Co-PDs (McCarthy, Singletary, Chief, Kauneckis) presented a session, "Climate, Water, and the American Indian Farmer"at the 2016 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Washington, DC (Feb 2016). The session was chosen by AAAS to be highlighted at the international meeting and a video was made by AAAS about tribal water/agriculture issues. A press conference was also held with the NWAL session participants. Videos of both events are available on the NWAL Website (http://nativewaters-aridlands.com/press/) The NWAL Team iscontinuing to work with the mid to small size tribal farmers on crop selection, water management and marketing. NWAL research involvingdata collection and analysis is in its early stages and will be dismmeniated during the next Tribal Summit and through other engagements with tribal partners in Year 2. Organized water panel (luncheon) during FALCON 2015 annual conference to raise awareness of NWAL within the 1994 land grant community. NWAL PDMcCarthy participated in the paneland Co-PDSingletary presented NWAL information at the FALCON Annual Conference. FALCON listserve has been used regularly to update 1994s on NWAL progress and activities (e.g., Tribal Water Summit). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?NWAL Project Year 2 Plans: Outreach & Project Management Organize and host NWAL Tribal Summit, 9-10 Nov 2016, Las Vegas, NV. Expand upon the Native American Farm ManagersPanel with additional producers and farm managers from the other regional tribal communities Create a similar panel of tribal livestock ranch managers Create a similar panel of tribal natural resource managers Organize and lead Annual (in person) Team Meeting 8 Nov 2016, Las Vegas, NV. UNCE Co-PD Singletary will coordinate integrated effort toobtainIRB approvals from participating tribes that will cover all primary data gathering associated withNWAL resarch, outreach and education activities. Expand discussions aboutNWAL Project with tribal leaders from Utah reservations and encourage their participation in the Tribal Summit Present NWAL research/outreachfindings at national conferences, workshops and meetings Develop first multi-media educational video that integrates Co-PD Dettinger's data about climate varialitiy in the Southwesn with traditional knowledge to illustrate the impacts ofclimate change/variability in the study area. UseLogic Model to track, measure and report short, medium and long-term project output and impacts. Organize and stand-up a volunteer Tribal Advisory Group (TAG)whose role will beto provide input to the project on an annual basis beginning in Year 2. Research andData Collection/Analysis The NWAL Team agreed that the resarch focus inYear 2 will be on collecting and reporting secondary data related to ecological resources and climate characteristics of tribal lands within the study area. These data will be used to help inform question items featured in primary data collection (e.g., survey instrument)activities in Years 3 and 4. The NWAL Knowledge Portal will be designed andimplemented at DRI, which will allowall NWAL Team members to have readyaccessto collected secondary data. Year 2 will focus on gatheringand cataloging (meta-tagging)secondary traditional and ecological data. These data will inform thedevelopment and implementation of survey intruments and other primary data gathering methods to be used by the NWAL Team in Years 3-4. NWAL Economics Team (led by Co-PDs Singleary, Colby, Curtis, Edwards) work will help to further identify challenges and opportunities for sustainable agricultural water use and production on tribal lands within the context of Native American land tenure while exploring water market viability and the role of traditional knowledge pertaining to agricultural water use on tribal lands. This work also includes better understanding the role of alternative low-water use crops and innovative agricultural production technologies and/or water conservation and efficiency improvement choices available to tribal producers. Continue economic analysis of opportunities for innovations in reservation water management, and of potential collaborations (such as water leases and other risk-sharing arrangements) with off-reservation water users and other water stakeholders. Finalize data collection on potential drought tolerant agricultural crops and ag-related enterprises with focus on traditional tribal crops. Finalize data collection on potential efficient crop irrigation systems. Begin work on crop and irrigation system cost of production studies. Fully characterize property right institutions on select reservations Begin data collection efforts on water right and land values on reservations Complete data collection on tribal water use and begin collection of data on water use efficiency and irrigation investment Develop dissertation plan for Graduate Research Assistant (GRA)that will apply cutting-edge statistical methods to the analysis of the data on farm values, productivity, and water prices. Tribal College Research, Education and Outreach Therecommendation from Tribal Summit evaluation survey to increase student involvementwill be implemented through FALCON, which is establishinga newNWAL TCU Faculty/Student Internship Program in Year 2, which willaward2 TCU Faculty/Student resarch internships for the remaing years of the NWAL Project (Years 2-5). FALCON wil;lrecruit and award two new faculty-student internship awards through NWAL to support TCU faculty andundergraduate student researchers to develop research project in partnership with NWAL faculty members.NWAL Co-PDs will also seek alternative funding from USDA/NIFA and/or other federal programs to sustain resarch capacity building at the TCUs. A "1994 faculty/student Research Experience" program has been developed that will build the research capacity of 1994 faculty through collaborative research partnerships with 1862 researchers. Expand the number of 1994 faculty/students that are involved in NWAL, through continued outreach and increasing opportunities to participate in meaningful ways. For example, greater participation of NWAL at the FALCON Annual Conference, and visa versa at the NWAL Tribal Water Summit. A 1994 "water working group" has been developed (in large part from NWAL momentum) that is exploring opportunities to develop a 1994-wide water-related initiative.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? NWAL Team Accomplishments (Integrated Research & Outreach) Outreach & Project Management The NWAL Annual Tribal Summit is a key outreach component of NWAL, designed to integrate tribal perspectives and insight intoNWAL resarch, outreach and education activities. In 2015, the NWAL team planned, organized, implemented and evaluated the first of five annual summits. The 2015 NWAL Summit included, A Native American Farm Managers Panel for the NWAL Tribal Summit Nov 2015 withrepresentation from three of the largest Native American Farms in Arizona. Technical Sessions on Irrigation & Water Infrastructure, Traditional Knowledge, Climate Adaptation, Agriculture Economics Keynote Presentations on Climate Change, Tribal Water Rights, Tribal Land Tenure, and TCU Water/Hydrology Programs. Results from an evaluation of the 2015Annual NWAL Tribal Summit indicate that participants rated the summit highly (4.0-4.5 out of available scores of 1-5) with regards to providing the opportunity to: meet people who will be useful in future work; useful to tribal communities to exchange information and ideas about agriculture and water resiliency; better understand Traditional Knowledge as it applies to tribal climate adaptation; learn about what makes other tribes vulnerable to climate change;better understand the impacts of climate change on tribal lands and tribal water resources. The survey results also contained therecommendation forthe NWAL Team toengage more youth and students in related research and education. Developed and publishedthe NWAL Project website (http://nativewaters-aridlands.com) Developed NWAL Team Research & OutreachProgramPlan Gathered primary and secondary data needs from all NWAL Team Members and develop plan and schedule for gathering data in future years. Developed 5-year workplan and updated NWAL Logic Model Developed project evaluation methods and instrumentation Obtained IRB Approval through UNR that coversresearch and outreach activities for allpartners Research andData Collection/Analysis Developed a set of socioeconomic criteria to use in building a comprehensive secondary data base for the larger proposed study region. Developed criteria for characterizing tribal reservations involved in agrculturein the American Southwest and collected/analyzed data pertaining to contemporary agricultural production, traditional agricultural practices, and data related to land base and tribal water rights, income, employment, and demographics.. This information was presented to the NWAL Team at the first NWAL Team Meeting (6 Nov 2016) and was used by the team to discuss andprioritizetribal communities that will be engaged in more extensive researc through theNWAL project - the tribes to be included areareHopi, Navajo, Colorado River, Gila River, Zuni, Ouray/Uintah, Duck Valley, Pyramid Lake, and Walker Lake, with Washoe Tribe as an alternate. Co-PD Singeltary continued related research on the challenges and opportunities surrounding Native America land tenure (and related agricultural water rights issue). Asessed and refined the participatory research design for NWAL that focuses on working closely with tribal governments, staff, and tribal agricultural producers, in addition to land grant university faculty, staff and students and public agencies and related non-tribal stakeholders. Intiatiedresearch and outreach activities on innovatively-structured water trading initiatives. Western states, state legislatures and water management agencies solicited team input on the economic implications of water trading. Public agencies and NGOs interested in cost-effectively acquiring water now have better understanding of how to structure contracts with agricultural participants, including tribal agriculture, and how to measure and monitor water "savings" produced by participants. These efforts build collaborative water management networks that include tribal governments. Theis work also provides improved frameworks for analysis of alternative policies, water plans, economic models, and agricultural practices.Work by the team in collaboration with the Bureau of Reclamation is valuable for improved economic understanding of agricultural water use patterns and of factors that affect existing and proposed agricultural conservation programs, for understanding of patterns of farmer expenditure and use of conservation program dollars, and for identifying improvements program facilitation, monitoring, and enforcement. Overall, this work assists with design and implementation of programs to provide adaptive response to hydrologic effects of climate change. Data collection on agricultural water allocation, delivery infrastructure, traditional, and non-traditional tribal irrigation and production practices Year 1Status: Initiated data collection regarding tribal agriculturallands, irrigated acres, water resources, major crops, and irrigation practices to create an inventory of primary crops and irrigation practices for the nine reservations in the research programstudy area. Data collection on feasible low-water or applicable crops in the region Year 1 Status: A catalog of low-water and draught resistant/tolerant crops, livestock, and grazing/erosion control crops/grasses/forbs has been assembled. Additional work will focus on traditional tribal crops and current market demand/pricing to inform a final selection (list) of crops for further analysis. Characterize land tenure and water right structures within the Great Basin. Year 1 Status: Initiated data collection relating to tribal water and land tenure systems.A preliminary database has been completed cataloging quantities of water used and water rights claimed by tribes across the Great Basin. A more completecharacterization of property right institutions for a selection of tribes is anticipated by December 2016. Initiatedcataloging secondary data on paleo-environmental change Developed a research strategy to understand adaptation in response to climatic change Conceptualized an approach to the data management portal. Initiated compiling a database of regional climate reconstructions, catalogued in GIS from a variety of sources, including lake levels, precipitation, streamflow, snowpack, and others. These datasets will be used to assess questions on the impact of climate change on agriculture and ecological production. Created first bibliography for traditional knowledge,ecological data, and GIS imagesfortribal reservations in the study area. Leveraged other sponsored programs to developapproach to modelling agricultural activity and productivity. The NWAL team will use measures of net primary productivity (NPP) in the past, present and future to identify climatological conditions or events that have triggered past adaptation or may trigger future adaptation. The team has been cataloging paleo-environmental data from past research that will help in identifying these climatological conditions or events. Members of the team have also been collaboratingwith thesocial science team membersto determine which physical secondary data will be needed to inform futureresearch and primary data collection surveys. Tribal College Research, Education and Outreach Recruited, hired and mentored a Native American graduate student through UNR Graduate Program in Hydrolgic Sciences Retained Virgil Dupuis (Salish Kootenai College) as water specialist and Benita Litson (Dine' College) as cultural advisor to NWAL Team. Ensured their participation in team conference calls and email communications. Recruited Mike Durglo, Antony Berthelote (SKC), and Amy Redhorse (Dine) as tribal partners participating in the 2015 Tribal Water Summit. Administered a 1994 water survey to determine the level of activity and interest in NWAL related opportunities. Working with several members of project team to develop 1994 student engagement with NWAL.

Publications

  • Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Bonnie Colby, Developing System Conservation Programs: A Guide For The Bureau Of Reclamation And Partner Organizations,�report to U.S.�Bureau of Reclamation January, 2016�(124 pages). (NB: this publication is related to NWAL objectives, but was produced with support from other funded projects)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Bonnie Colby, Trading Water and Money to Manage Economic Risk During Shortage, Presentation to New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, November 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Bonnie Colby, Innovations in Water Banking to Improve Supply Resilience Water Management Strategies for Addressing Long-Term Drought and Climate Uncertainty, Salt Lake City, Presentation, October, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Bonnie Colby, New Era of Water Banking and Refined Water Accounting June, 2015, Annual Water Conference, University of Colorado, Boulder.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Bonnie Colby, Colorado River Research Group Workshop, Tucson, Arizona, January 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Bonnie Colby, Colorado River Summit, March, 2016, Water Markets and Sustainable Finance for Environmental Water Acquisitions.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, L. Singletary, K. Chief, D. Kauneckis, Climate, Water and the American Indian Farmer, 2016 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Highlighted Session and Press Conference, Feb 2016, Washington, DC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, Native Waters on Arid Lands - Tribal Agriculture and Climate Resiliency, First Native Nations Summit, U. of Arizona, Nov 2015, Tuscon, AZ.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, L. Singletary, S. Emm, Native Waters on Arid Lands - Tribal Agriculture and Climate Resiliency, two presentations made at the FALCON Annual Meeting, Nov 2015, Denver, CO.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: B. Ramsey, Engaging Tribal Communities in Climate Research, Presentation to the USDA/NIFA Climate Program Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, July 2016.
  • Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: AAAS Short Documentary Film: "Water Scarcity on the Reservation." Produced by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and released February 13, 2016. Highlighting the Session Climate, Water and the American Indian Farmer at the 2016 AAAS Annual Meeting, Washington, DC. Link to video available at: http://nativewaters-aridlands.com/press/
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, L. Singletary, Native Waters on Arid Lands - Tribal Agriculture and Climate Resiliency, USDA/NIFA Project Directors Meeting, July 2015, Greensboro, NC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: M.I. McCarthy, L. Singletary, H. Filmore, Native Waters on Arid Lands - Tribal Agriculture and Climate Resiliency, Poster International SWCS Conference, July 2015, Greensboro, NC.
  • Type: Websites Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: NWAL Project website (http://nativewaters-aridlands.com)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2016 Citation: E. Edwards, K. Curtis, Conference Presentation submitted, Food Distribution Research Society Annual Conference in New Orleans, LA in October 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: AAAS News Briefing at the 2016 AAAS Annual Meeting showcasing the session Climate, Water and the American Indian Farmer with NWAL Co-PDs (McCarthy, Singletary, Chief, Kauneckis). Link to Press Conference available at: http://nativewaters-aridlands.com/press/
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Singletary, L. , Emm, S., Brummer, F.A., Hill, G., Lewis, S. & Hebb, V. (2015). Results of an assessment to identify potential barriers to sustainable agriculture on American Indian reservations in the Western United States. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension. DOI:10.1080/1389224X.2015.1074591. (NB: this publication is related to NWAL objectives, but was produced with support from other funded projects)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Singletary, L., Emms, S., Lomaomvaya, M., Clark, J., Livingston, M., Kotutwa-Johnson, M. (published December, 2014, released January, 2015). People of the Land: Sustaining Agriculture on the Hopi Reservation. Reno, NV: University of Nevada, Reno. Available online at: https://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/files/ag/2014/cm1402.pdf (NB: this publication is related to NWAL objectives, but was produced with support from other funded projects)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Singletary, L., McCarthy, M.* & Emms, S., Native Waters on Arid Lands: Project Overview. Invited oral presentation. Native American Fish & Wildlife Association Annual Conference, Reno, NV, (August, 2015).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Bonnie Colby, Water Trading Innovations: Reducing Agricultural Consumptive Use to Improve Adaptation to Scarcity, chapter in Competition for Water Resources: Experiences and Management Approaches in the US and Europe, edited by Jadwiga Ziolkowska and Jeffrey Peterson (2016), submitted. (NB: this publication is related to NWAL objectives, but was produced with support from other funded projects)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Bonnie Colby, Lower Rio Grande Groundwater Banking White Paper, Report to New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission, November, 2015. (NB: this publication is related to NWAL objectives, but was produced with support from other funded projects)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Bonnie Colby, Using Surveys to Inform Design and Implementation of System Conservation Programs,�report to U.S.�Bureau of Reclamation January, 2016 (133 pages). (NB: this publication is related to NWAL objectives, but was produced with support from other funded projects)