EVALUATION OF NATIVE PLANTS AND COMMERCIAL SPECIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED CROPS FOR SOUTH DAKOTA

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1005480
• Project Start Date: Dec 8, 2014
• Project End Date: May 12, 2017
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
SOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY
PO BOX 2275A
BROOKINGS,SD 57007

Performing Department
Biology & Microbiology

Non Technical Summary
The use of natural plant products for treatment of diseases and parasites has become increasingly more important to medicine, as these natural products provide new compounds to deal with resistance to drugs by pathogens and less toxic treatments for diseases. One of the major limitations to the use of natural products for medicinal treatments has been the complex way in which multiple chemicals, within a plant or plant extract, act together to provide an effect that is not found when individual compounds are used alone. Our research approach, including the use of modeling, provides a new way of evaluating natural plant products for use in medicine and agriculture. We have identified several native plant species that have the potential to be used in the treatment of aerodigestive cancers, porcine diarrhea and for control of parasites in sheep and goats. We are now at a point where we can determine how the plants and /or plant extracts work in disease intervention. During the next 5 years we will identify the active compounds responsible for their medicinal activity and work to develop plant varieties that can be used by the people South Dakota to improve both human and animal health. These efforts will result in the improved health and economic wellbeing of SD citizens. The evaluation of traditional Native America foods will also lead to increased economic and nutritional health of South Dakotans. Many of the traditional foods contain nutriceuticals that are of great benefit to human diets and most of these plants are a good source of vitamins and minerals, while still having a low glycemic index that is important in the control of diabetes. Our work will help in the identification of marketable new crop species. We will evaluate and promote their healthful benefits and select plants that produce the most beneficial levels of the nutrients for future production.

Animal Health Component

20%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

40%

Applied

20%

Developmental

40%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
203	0430	1020	10%
511	0799	1000	30%
502	1129	1000	30%
206	0799	1000	30%

Knowledge Area
511 - New and Improved Non-Food Products and Processes; 206 - Basic Plant Biology; 203 - Plant Biological Efficiency and Abiotic Stresses Affecting Plants; 502 - New and Improved Food Products;

Subject Of Investigation
1129 - Berries and cane fruits, general/other; 0430 - Climate; 0799 - Rangelands and grasslands, general;

Field Of Science
1000 - Biochemistry and biophysics; 1020 - Physiology;

Keywords

buffaloberry

juneberry

nannyberry

elderberry

black raspberry

prairie turnip

aerodigestive cancer

porcine diarrhea

parasites

anthelmintics

nutriceuticals

natural products

biofuels

drought stress

new crop species

Goals / Objectives
The primary focus of my research will remain the identification of metabolites to help provide data for development of niche crops. Plants collected from the wild or from our common garden plots will be evaluated for medicinal, agrichemical or nutritional content based upon their traditional uses and the results of bioassays. Modeling of biological activity will be employed to identify synergistic interactions of chemicals that often go undetected by traditional pharmaceutical approaches. Nutritional analyses and identification and characterization of specific nutriceuticals will be conducted in my lab and in conjunction with collaborators as needed. Additionally, my lab will continue to support biochemistry and plant physiology research with faculty and students working on drought and biofuels research.The secondary focus of my laboratory will be the continuation of the horticultural and agronomic selection of plants that may prove valuable in reclamation, and as alternative crops for small farm operations. Germination studies provide valuable data and protocols for the seed industry. Growth of plants in common gardens provides an opportunity to evaluate and select plants that are structurally suited to mechanization and resistant to disease. Greenhouse and field studies also provide an opportunity to assess developmental changes that may prove important in niche crop production.ObjectivesDetermine mechanisms of biological activity of plant compounds used in promoting human and animal health.CancerAnthelminticsAntibioticsEvaluate the nutritional value of traditional native plant foods to promote their inclusion in the diets of Native Americans and to encourage their cultivation.Examine cultivation practices that enhance efficacy of plants used in promoting human and animal health.Provide biochemical and physiological expertise and equipment to support Drought and Biofuels research at SDSU.

Project Methods
Identification of plant secondary productsScreening of plants for use in the examination of biologically active compounds was accomplished as part of my recently completed Hatch Project. Selection of these plant species and the types of bioassays utilized have been based, at least in part, upon the traditional uses of the plants by the American Indians indigenous to the region. During this next 5 years, we anticipate examining the efficacy and mechanisms of action of specific compounds and plant extracts using a mixture of traditional compound isolation and identification techniques (e.g. basic chromatography using both LC and GC, LC-MS, MS-MS, and one and two dimensional NMR), in vitro and in vivo bioassays, and statistical modeling of the data. The equipment and expertise used during previous studies will be similar to that used in our published works. We will also continue nutritional analyses of native plants that have been selected during the previous 5 years of study.Selected species, already identified by our previous research, will be collected from multiple locations in the wild and/or from research and production gardens. These plants or plant extracts will be further screened for variability in biological activity in specific bioassays ant these results will be used to model how variation is chemical composition effects the bioassay and to identify specific compounds of interest from the plants.Evaluation of the effects of cultural practices and environmental factors on the nutriceutical and nutritional qualities of plants, and the related effects of the environment on the morphological and physiological development of the plants are also planned. Understanding changes in growth habit, tissue storage sites and the stability of chemical compounds in pre and post-harvest tissues, in response to cultural and environmental variables, is essential to development of niche crops. These data also provided basic understandings of the mechanisms regulating plant growth and development. Collaborations with scientists from the Drought and Biofuels Centers, using systems approaches, will provide understanding of how plants cope with stress and how stress impacts crop quality and production.Plants, collected at each location or grown in a common garden, will be divided into fruits, flowers, roots, and shoots. Depending upon the goals and bioassay used, materials will be air dried, freeze dried and powdered, or be chopped and immersed in methanol or other extractant. Extracts will then be filtered and dried under nitrogen for later evaluation. Isolation and characterization of compounds will be guided by assays, conducted using standard biochemical procedures currently in use in our lab (Paudel, et al., 2014 and 2013, Gibson et al., 2012, Ozgen et al., 2008, 2006; Tulio et al., 2008; Piechowski et al., 2008; Riedl et al, 2014; Reese et al., 2006; Wyzgoski et al., 2005).Biologically active plant productsDuring this granting period, we plan to specifically examine three aspects of nutriceutical production. We will 1) continue to develop procedures for identifying bioactive components of black raspberries (Rubus occidentalis L.) as chemopreventive agents for aero-digestive cancers via a metabolomics-based approach using high-field NMR spectroscopy and statistical modeling, 2) continue investigations into anthelmintic and anti-diarrheal activities in pigs and sheep, 3) complete the identification of novel antibiotic compounds from species already shown in our laboratory to have bioactive compounds with potential value.NutritionNutritional analyses of native plants (e.g. protein quality and quantity, total carbohydrates, vitamins, fiber, and minerals), that have a traditional place in the diets of the indigenous American Indians of the Northern Great Plains, will be conducted using standard protocols (Official methods of analysis, 2001). Identification and characterization of unique nutriceutical compounds will be made. Studies of the antioxidants, unique phenolics and the nutritional value of native fruits and teas are planned. Results will be used to encourage planting and marketing of unique crops for South Dakota.We will focus on two major areas of nutritional analyses. 1) Differentiation of genetic, cultural and environmental factors that enhance phytonutrient contents of food plants for consumers and clinical products. 2) Identification of novel antioxidant-rich components of fruits and other native foods. Extracts of plant materials will be prepared for HPLC, MS and NMR analyses and characterization of chemical changes in response to growth and development of the plant's chemical constituents will be measured to improve their nutritional values, and to answer basic questions of events that regulate and respond to plant growth and development.Limited greenhouse and field studies will continue during the duration of this grant. Studies of root and shoot growth and development, following protocols established previously (Stahnke and Reese, 2003; Gunvordahl and Reese, 2003; Jauert et al., 2002; Nagel et al., 2002; Wassom et al., 2000; Riedell and Reese, 1999; Hoffer and Reese, 1994) will be continued to help us gain a better understanding of phenology, anatomy and morphology of native plants and their roles in secondary product production. Additionally, we will evaluate genetic variability, suitability for use in mechanized agriculture, and selection of disease resistant plants.Efforts and EvaluationThis research will be used to mentor graduate and undergraduate student training in collaboration with faculty and staff at national, regional and tribal colleges and universities. We will provide formal classes and laboratory experiences for these students. Evaluation of the success of these efforts will be determined by the number of students graduated, their participation in scientific conferences and the number of publications they produce. Nutritional research and production agricultural developments will be shared through the presentation of workshops, extension events and lectures. The success of this work will be evaluated by the number of formal and informal workshops and presentations made to the people of South Dakota, and the number of non-technical publications made. Use of the Native Plants website will also be monitored to provide proof of use by the general public.

Progress 12/08/14 to 05/12/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Plant chemists, health researchers, plant scientists, agriculturalists, tribal colleges, Native American peoples, fruit producers, vintners, home gardeners, graduate and undergraduate students are target audiences for information generated by this research. Access to data through the SDSU website and the SDSU Horticultural Extension Service has helped to present this work to the state's Master Gardeners and to the general public through presentations at regional Lawn and Garden shows. The results of our efforts were reported at regional and national meetings of the American Chemical Society, the Botanical Society of America, the American Society for Horticultural Science, and the South Dakota Academy of Sciences. Portions of this work have also been used to develop teaching programs at 1994 Land Gant Colleges in ND and SD, and have been used to develop plantings of native plants on the region's reservations. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has provided training to my Graduate and undergraduate students, and students from throughout the sciences at South Dakota State University. I have been involved in training faculty and staff at the regional Tribal Colleges, encouraging and helping to obtain funding for research at these colleges. I have provided exposure to students from the Tribal colleges and SDSU by providing resources and time to take them to regional and national conferences, where they could present their research to the scientific community. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?I have participated in the University's Master Gardener Program, presented talks and provided training to garden clubs and other interested groups. Data on native plant charateristics, uses and horticulture have been presented on my website (nativeplants.sdstate.edu) for use by my ethnobotany students, tribal college classes and the general public. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? During the 5 years covered by this project we made great progress on all of the stated objectives. Obj. 1.1 -Determine mechanisms of biological activity of plant compounds used in promoting human and animal health- Cancer. We identified new compounds that had not previously been reported to occur in Black Raspberries:(quercetin 3- glucoside, myricetin 3-glucoside, dihydro-kaempferol glucoside, benzoic acid glucosyl ester, p-coumaryl glucoside, p-coumaryl sugar ester, MEAAP and methyl ellagic acid valerylpentose , phloretin glucoside, dihydrosinapic acid, salicylic acid glucosyl ester, and salicylic acid derivatives.) We developed a model showing that these compounds work both additively and synergistically in preventing aero-digestive cancers. Obj. 1.2 - Determine mechanisms of biological activity of plant compounds used in promoting human and animal health- Anthelmintics We screened 40 plants for potential as natural treatments for livestock parasitesand chemically characterized 8 native plant species that showed anthelmintic activity. We also initiated a feeding trial for one plant species to begin development of anthelmintic efficacy. Obj. 1.3 - Determine mechanisms of biological activity of plant compounds used in promoting human and animal health- Antibiotics We screened more than 80 native plant species for antibiotic activity with a wide range of bacterial species. Although many of the plant species show significant activity with one or more species of bacteria, we have concentrated our efforts on four species (Physalis virginiana, Rhus aromatica. Rhus glabra and Sanguinaria canadensis). Chemical characterization of bioactive components have been made for each species. Our focus is now on which of these plants can best be adapted to treating enterotoxigenic E. coli, that cause diarrhea in swine, and important problem in the SD swine industry. Obj. 2 - Evaluate the nutritional value of traditional native plant foods to promote their inclusion in the diets of Native Americans and to encourage their cultivation. We have published nutritional evaluations of wild and cultivated Juneberry, Buffaloberry and Prairie Turnip. All 3 of these species are important in the traditional diets of the Native American peoples of the Northern Plains. Obj. 3 Examine cultivation practices that enhance efficacy of plants used in promoting human and animal health. We have cultivated Juneberry and Prairie Turnip on regional Native American Reservations, to make these plants more available to tribal members. We have also reintroduced culturally significant native plant foods and medicines that were lost on Reservations as a result of the Damming of the Missouri River. Obj. 4 - Provide biochemical and physiological expertise and equipment to support Drought and Biofuels research at SDSU. We have conducted and published research on the mechanisms of drought stress in cultivated crop species. We have also established native grass test sites on regional Reservations for the study of their potential for biofuels and forage production.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: 2. Paudel, Liladhar; Wyzgoski, Faith J.; Giusti, M. Monica; Johnson, Jodee L.; Rinaldi, Peter L.; Scheerens, Joseph C.; Chanon, Ann M.; Bomser, Joshua A.; Miller, A. Raymond; Hardy, James K.; Reese, R. Neil (2014). NMR-Based Metabolomic Investigation of Bioactivity of Chemical Constituents in Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) Fruit Extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62(8), 1989-1998.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Reese, R. Neil, Riedl, Ken M., Choksi, Krunal, Wyzgoski, Faith J., Scheerens, Joseph C., Schwartz, Steven J. (2014). Buffaloberry Fruit: A New Source of Lycopenes. Botany 2014, Boise, Idaho. Abstract: 465.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Tyrel Deutscher, Volker Br�zel, Leslie Henry, and R. Neil Reese (2014). Nitrogen Fixing Endophytes within Pediomelum esculentum. Proc. South Dakota Acad. Sci. 93: 213
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: 1. Acharya, J., Hildreth, M. B., Reese, R. N. (2014). "In vitro screening of forty medicinal plant extracts from the United States Northern Great Plains for anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus." Veterinary Parasitology 201(12): 75-81.

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:This research will provide information and products that range from basic scientific research to applied recommendations for production agriculture. We will also provide culturally relevant materials for the state's American Indian population, focusing on traditional plants, their names, their uses, and nutritional value. Basic biochemical research will be of direct value to other scientists and researchers interested in plant secondary products, veterinary medicine and medicinal chemistry. This information will be made available through peer-reviewed publications and presentations at scientific meetings. Evaluation of production and nutrition of native food plants will be of interest to local producers, vintners, gardeners and the general populace. Our findings will be made available through peer-reviewed horticultural journals, non-technical magazines and newspapers, presentation and workshops offered to the public at home and garden events and SDSU Extension events (e.g. Master Gardeners Programs). Relevant data on native plants will also be made available to the public at large on the Native Plants website. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two graduate students were directly trained as part of this research. Tyrel Deutscher - MS student finished his research on Pediomelum esculentum and produced a thesis that has been accepted by the committee and graduate school. His training included isolation and identification of Bacillus in Pediomelum and other bacterial involved in nitrogen fixation. PCR, GC-MS, microscopy and bioinformatics techniques. Barbara Wielenga - PhD student began her studies this year examining the genetics of Pediomelum and developing a teaching curriculum for K-12 students in South Dakota. She and I have written an external grant application for funding for her research. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have published 4 peer reviewed manuscripts and produced a Master's thesis. Work will continue on the characterization of the Bacillus genome. Further studies into Pediomelum and its ability to host nitrogen-fixing bacteria are planned. We are also working to develop a STEM education curriculum for use in SD secondary schools, particularly ones on the state's Native American Reservations. This project will make use to state of the art DNA sequencing technology and bioinformatics to assemble the first transcriptome of prairie turnip. The data will be integrated in teaching modules to introduce middle and high schools students to DNA sequencing technology, the mathematical approaches used to analyze sequence data and the biological interpretation of such data. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Goal 1:Determine mechanisms of biological activity of plant compounds used in promoting human and animal health. We have a manuscript ready for submission that will be published this year. Goal 2: Evaluate the nutritional value of traditional native plant foods to promote their inclusion in the diets of Native Americans and to encourage their cultivation. We are currently examining the sequences of Bacillus that were isolated from the seeds of Pediomelum and anticipate completion of this project by the end of 2017. Goal 3: Examine cultivation practices that enhance efficacy of plants used in promoting human and animal health. We are currently in contact with a research group that is interested in the growth promoter (PlantCatalyst) for studies on its use to increase production of plants on marginal and contaminated soils. I anticipate development of a grant proposal. Goal 4:Provide biochemical and physiological expertise and equipment to support Drought and Biofuels research at SDSU. I am currently working on a project at Ohio State University the is examining the effects of temperature on plant roots and fruit yields. We anticipate a manuscript to be completed before the end of 2017.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Goal 1:Determine mechanisms of biological activity of plant compounds used in promoting human and animal health. (25% accomplished) This year we have completed studies of natural compounds that are involved in crown rust resistance in wheat and have completed work on genes for new compounds involved in disease resistance in Barley. We have also completed research on new alkaloids for the treatment of bacterial infections in farm animals. Goal 2: Evaluate the nutritional value of traditional native plant foods to promote their inclusion in the diets of Native Americans and to encourage their cultivation. (25% accomplished) We have initiated and continued studies of Prairie Turnips (Pediomelum esculentum) as part of my ongoing commitment to help promote research in and utilization of culturally significant native plants. We have data showing that uninoculated Pediomelum plants can fix nitrogen (acetylene reductase assay) indicating that Bacillus sp. may be responsible for nitrogen fixation in this species. Isolation and culture of the bacteria from surface-sterilized seeds have shown that the bacteria are carried in the seeds of this plant which ensures inoculation of the plants when the seeds germinate. We have sequenced the bacterial genome and are working to identify new genes for nitrogen fixation. We also began a project to incorporate this plant into K-12 curricula for students in South Dakota. This research will continue to expand the knowledge of plants that are culturally significant to the Lakota and Dakota people. To this end, we have also updated and moved our native plants database. Goal 3: Examine cultivation practices that enhance efficacy of plants used in promoting human and animal health. (20% accomplished) We also completed a study on synthetic compounds used to promote increased growth in plants raised in greenhouses as a prelude to understanding how to improve commercial yields for glasshouse growers in South Dakota. In cooperation with a commercial greenhouse we examined the impact of PlantCatalyst on seed germination and yields of crops including tomatoes, peppers and lettuce. Plants grown hydroponically were measured for yield and changes in phenology. The initial results of our study indicate that the patented solution shortens time to plant maturity and can increase yields. Goal 4:Provide biochemical and physiological expertise and equipment to support Drought and Biofuels research at SDSU. (25% accomplished) In soybeans we have finished a study on the secondary plant metabolites that promote drought resistance. We have identified metabolites, proteins and genes that are strongly up or down regulated under water stress: 163 metabolites in roots and 93 in shoots showed significant response to water stress. Coumestrol was shown to be a useful biomarker of drought and a promising target for improving drought resistance. We also identified regulatory genes and signaling components including WRKY transcription factors that will provide new approaches to increasing drought resistance.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: A. de A. Figueiro, J. L. Gonzalez-Hernandez, M. T. Pacheco, R. N. Reese, G. L. de Morais, F. Guzman, P. Swaminathan and C. A. Delatorre. (2016). RNA seq analysis reveals the role of secondary metabolism in the response of URS 21, a race-nonspecific resistant cultivar, to crown rust. Plant Pathology: Doi: 10.1111/ppa.12615 Andersen Ethan J; Reese R Neil; Yen Yang; Neupane Surendra; Nepal Madhav P; Ali Shaukat (2016), Diversity and Evolution of Disease Resistance Genes in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Evolutionary bioinformatics online 12, 99-108. Tripathi Prateek; Rabara Roel C; Reese R Neil; Rohila Jai S; Subramanian Senthil; Bucking Heike, Miller Marissa A; Rushton Paul J; et al (2016), A toolbox of genes, proteins, metabolites and promoters for improving drought tolerance in soybean includes the metabolite coumestrol and stomatal development genes. BMC Genomics 17: 102. Scott Swanson, Subhadra Lohani and R. Neil Reese, 2016. Impact of PlantCatalyst� on Seed Germination and the Hydroponic Culture of Fresh Produce. American Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Technology, 5: 113-119.

Progress 12/08/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Plant chemists, health researchers, plant scientists, agriculturalists, tribal colleges, Native American peoples, fruit producers, vintners, home gardeners, graduate and undergraduate students are target audiences for information generated by this research. Access to data through the SDSU website and the SDSU Horticultural Extension Service has helped to present this work to the state's Master Gardeners and to the general public through presentations at regional Lawn and Garden shows. The results of our efforts were reported at regional and national meetings of the American Chemical Society, the Botanical Society of America, the American Society for Horticultural Science, and the South Dakota Academy of Sciences. Portions of this work have also been used to develop teaching programs at 1994 Land Gant Colleges in ND and SD, and have been used to develop plantings of native plants on the region's reservations. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has provided training to my Graduate and undergraduate students, and students from throughout the sciences at South Dakota State University. I have been involved in training faculty and staff at the regional Tribal Colleges, encouraging and helping to obtain funding for research at these colleges. I have provided exposure to students from the Tribal colleges and SDSU by providing resources and time to take them to regional and national conferences, where they could present their research to the scientific community. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?I have participated in the Univversity's Master Gardener Program, presented talks and provided training to garden clubs and other interested groups. Data on native plant charateristics, uses and horticulture have been presented on my website (nativeplants.sdstate.edu) for use by my ethnobotany students, tribal college classes and the general public. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? During the 5 years covered by this project we make great progress on all of the stated objectives. Obj. 1.1 - We identified new compounds that had not previously been reported to occur in Black Raspberries. (quercetin 3- glucoside, myricetin 3-glucoside, dihydro-kaempferol glucoside, benzoic acid glucosyl ester, p-coumaryl glucoside, p-coumaryl sugar ester, MEAAP and methyl ellagic acid valerylpentose , phloretin glucoside, dihydrosinapic acid, salicylic acid glucosyl ester, and salicylic acid derivatives.) We developed a model showing that these compounds work both additively and synergistically in preventing aero-digestive cancers. Obj. 1.2 - We have screened 40 plants for potential as natural treatments for livestock parasitesand chemically characterized 8 native plant species that showed anthelmintic activity. We also initiate a feeding trial for one plant species to begin development of anthelmintic efficacy. Obj. 1.3 - We have screened more than 80 native plant species for antibiotic activity with a wide range of bacterial species. Although many of the plant species show significant activity with one or more species of bacteria, we have concentrated our efforts on four species (Physalis virginiana, Rhus aromatica. Rhus glabra and Sanguinaria canadensis). Chemical characterization of bioactive components have been made for each species. Our focus is now on which of these plants can best be adapted to treating enterotoxigenic E. coli, that cause diarrhea in swine, and important problem in the SD swine industry. Obj. 2 - We have published nutritional evaluations of wild and cultivated Juneberry, Buffaloberry and Prairie Turnip. All 3 of these species are important in the traditional diets of the Native American peoples of the Northern Plains. Obj. 3 - We have cultivated Juneberry and Prairie Turnip on regional Native American Reservations, to make these plants more available to tribal members. We have also reintroduced culturally significant native plant foods and medicines that were lost on Reservations as a result of the Damming of the Missouri River. Obj. 4 - We have conducted and published research on the mechanisms of drought stress in cultivated crop species. We have also established native grass test sites on regional Reservations for the study of their potential for biofuels and forage production.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: 1. Acharya, J., Hildreth, M. B., Reese, R. N. (2014). "In vitro screening of forty medicinal plant extracts from the United States Northern Great Plains for anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus." Veterinary Parasitology 201(12): 75-81.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: 2. Paudel, Liladhar; Wyzgoski, Faith J.; Giusti, M. Monica; Johnson, Jodee L.; Rinaldi, Peter L.; Scheerens, Joseph C.; Chanon, Ann M.; Bomser, Joshua A.; Miller, A. Raymond; Hardy, James K.; Reese, R. Neil (2014). NMR-Based Metabolomic Investigation of Bioactivity of Chemical Constituents in Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) Fruit Extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62(8), 1989-1998.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Tyrel Deutscher, Volker Br�zel, Leslie Henry, and R. Neil Reese (2014). Nitrogen Fixing Endophytes within Pediomelum esculentum. Proc. South Dakota Acad. Sci. 93: 213