Progress 03/15/15 to 03/14/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Audiences reached were forest pest managers, scientists who study plant-insect interactions or symbiosis, federal and state regulatory agencies, and the general public dealing with infestations of Asian longhorned beetle. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A graduate student and postdoc were trained on this project. The graduate student learned molecular techniques and bioinformatics. The postdoc wrote and was awarded a Postdoctoral Fellowship from USDA NIFA last year. The postdoc also gave multiple talks at scientific meetings during this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We published 10 papers from this project and gave 15 presentations at scientific conferences. Results were conveyed as well to the USDA APHIS ALB eradication program. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We completed all the goals of the project. Objective 1. We conducted an experiment with resistant Chinese white poplar, Populus tomentosa, and susceptible Eastern cottonwood, Populus deltoides. Larvae were inserted under the bark for feeding assessments; wood and phloem tissues were collected before and after feeding for metabolite screening. The concentrations of phenolic glycosides were quantified by our collaborators at University of Georgia and found to be relatively low compared to the amounts that are present in other tree tissues (such as leaves and bark). There were, however, two major differences between the tree species. Populus tomentosa contained significantly more tremulacin, and more of an unidentified complex flavonoid. We did not observe any evidence of induced responses in these trees to larval feeding as indicated by the amounts of phenolics present before or after larval insertion, or through the marker compound trehalose. This confirmed our hypothesis that the basis for resistance involves phytochemical(s) that are constitutively higher in the resistant vs. the susceptible tree species. Objective 2. We sequenced gut communities (fungi and bacteria) of the larvae inserted into the trees from Objective 1 and analyzed the data. We found that the gut bacterial communities of the larvae were different between those fed in the resistant compared with the susceptible poplar tree species. In contrast, the fungal community was unaffected by tree species. We did not see differences in larval growth between the two tree species because most larvae lost weight. We also conducted in vitro inhibition assays of phenolic glycoside extracts from poplar on growth of the major fungal gut symbiont, Fusarium solani species complex 6 (FSSC6). We did not find observable negative effects on fungal biomass or the activities of several enzymes (cellulases, peroxidases, laccases and esterases). Objective 3A. We performed choice and no-choice tests by providing twigs for adults to feed on of red maple (Acer rubrum), Populus deltoides, and Populus tomentosa. For adults, we observed that in choice tests, beetles fed entirely upon maple, avoiding both poplar species. For no-choice tests, the adults ate significantly less of either Populus spp. compared to maple. When females maturation fed on Populus, they did not produce eggs and their guts incurred elevated levels of oxidative damage. However, if the females were maturation fed on maple twigs, they produced eggs and oviposited into either Populus species. All eggs hatched and larvae developed equally well in maple, P. deltoides, and P. tomentosa. There were large intra-plant chemical differences among these host plants, with bark having ~100X greater concentrations of salicinoids compared to the wood. This work further solidifies the notion that resistance in Populus is mediated through effective adult feeding. Objective 3B: When we applied salicinoid extracts to maple bark (which lacks these compounds) at different doses, there were negative impacts on beetle physiology. Adults that fed on salicinoids had lower feeding rates, and developed significantly fewer eggs. There do not appear to be elevations in oxidative stress markers compared to when they fed on Populus, indicating a potential chemical component and/or enzyme other than salicinoids impacted beetle physiology that is not present in maple. Objective 3C. We sequenced the gut bacterial and fungal communities of female adult ALB fed on P. tomentosa and P. deltoides compared with red maple and found a reduction in species richness and diversity in poplar-fed adults. Additionally, we observed reduced titers of the fungal symbiont Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) in the gut tissues, which the female passes to her offspring in her frass during oviposition.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Mason, CJ, Long, DC, Nagachar, N, McCarthy, EM, Scully, ED, Rosa, C, Tien, M, & K Hoover. (2017) Within gut physicochemical variation does not correspond to distinct fungal and bacterial communities in the tree-killing xylophage, Anoplophora glabripennis. J Insect Physiol. 102: 27-35.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Mason CJ, Campbell, AM, Sculley, ED, K Hoover. 2019. Bacterial and Fungal Midgut Community Dynamics and Transfer between Mother and Brood in the Asian Longhorned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), an Invasive Xylophage. Microbial Ecology 77 230-242.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Scully ED, Geib SM, Mason CJ, Carlson JE, Tien M, Chen HY, Harding S, Tsai CJ, Hoover K. 2018. Host-plant induced changes in microbial community structure and midgut gene expression in an invasive polyphage (Anoplophora
glabripennis). Scientific Reports 8(1:9620.
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Progress 03/15/18 to 03/14/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Audiences reached were forest pest managers, scientists who study plant-insect interactions or symbiosis, federal and state regulatory agencies, and the general public dealing with infestations of Asian longhorned beetle. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A graduate student and postdoc were trained on this project. The graduate student completed his M.S. thesis and successfully defended. He is now working for NIH. The postdoc was trained in grant writing during this project; he wrote a USDA NIFA Postdoctoral Fellowship proposal that was funded. As of a few months ago, he is working on that project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Two manuscripts were published and one is in review in peer reviewed journals with broad audiences. The PI presented a poster on this project at the USDA Interagency Research Forum on Invasive Species. We currently have 1 other manuscript in preparation from research findings on this project. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The project has been completed.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We completed Objectives 1 and 2 as described in the previous reporting period. We found that different poplar species possess different defense metabolites, and that the abundance of these compounds varies between adult and larval feeding substrates. Objective 3A: This objective has been completed, and the resulting manuscript is currently in review for publication. In a series of choice-test experiments with ALB adults using maple, Populus spp. and red maple was amended with phenolic glycosides at concentrations found in P. deltoides hybrids (9 different genotypes) and P. tomentosa (low to high doses, respectively). We found that given a choice between hybrid poplar and maple twigs, ALB adults chose to feed on maple. Choice-tests using phenolic glycosides applied to maple were more dose-dependent. Twigs that had concentrations of phenolic glycosides similar to those in poplar twigs were not consumed, but those with concentrations that were 50 and 25% the concentrations found in hybrid poplar were selected more frequently. These trends were consistent for both male and female ALB. This finding supported our hypothesis that these compounds are feeding deterrents at the concentrations present in poplar bark, which ALB adults feed on. We also conducted experiments to assess the impacts on female ALB egg loads. Females that consumed phenolic glycosides even at low doses applied to maple produced significantly fewer eggs and had reduced longevity compared to those fed on maple. These results suggest that there are fitness costs associated with consuming these defensive compounds. Objective 3B: We completed this objective; we applied salicinoid extracts to maple bark (which lacks these compounds). We found that applying these extracts to maple at different doses impaired egg development in females. The response was dose-dependent, with lower doses having marginal impacts on the insects. The results of this study are currently in preparation for publication, and will be submitted after the acceptance of the paper onresults from Objective 3A. Objective 3C. This objective is in progress. We sequenced the gut bacterial and fungal communities of female adult ALB feeding on P. deltoides compared with red maple and found a reduction in species richness and diversity in poplar-fed adults. We have collected ALB gut tissue samples from adults fed on a gradient of salicinoid concentrations, extracted DNA, and are awaiting sequencing results. The findings from this objective are in preparation for submission.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Mason CJ, Campbell, AM, Sculley, ED, K Hoover. 2019. Bacterial and Fungal Midgut Community Dynamics and Transfer Between Mother and Brood in the Asian Longhorned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), an Invasive Xylophage. Microbial Ecology 77 230-242.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Mason CJ, Long, DC, Lindroth, RL, K Hoover. Divergent host plant utilization by adult and juvenile conspecifics is related to intra-plant variation in chemical defences. Journal of Animal Ecology, in review.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Scully ED, Geib SM, Mason CJ, Carlson JE, Tien M, Chen HY, Harding S, Tsai CJ, Hoover K. 2018. Host-plant induced changes in microbial community structure and midgut gene expression in an invasive polyphage (Anoplophora glabripennis). Scientific Reports 8(1:9620.
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Progress 03/15/17 to 03/14/18
Outputs
Target Audience:This year our audiences have been undergraduate students who were taught about the microbial community of the ALB gut and how it interacts with the beetle and host plants, the scientific community through publications and presentations, and the public through an interview and broadcoast from a reporter in NW Pennsylvania. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The postdoc on the project attended and presented at the USDA Interagency Research Forum in Annaplis, MD. He also received mentoring on giving talks on several occasions. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Several publications were submitted and the PI gave a presentation about this work at UC Davis in March 2017 and a poster at the USDA NIFA Workshop in October 2017. Results were also reported at the USDA Interagency Research Forum in Annapolis, MD in January 2018. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The next step for Objective 3 are to examine the metabolism of salicinoids by ALB adults in collaboration with Rick Lindroth at University of Wisconsin. We have started examining impacts of the fungal gut symbiont FSSC on larval fitness to determine if FSSC can detoxify salicinoids.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
As reported last year, we completed Objectives 1 and 2. We found that different poplar species possess different chemical defense metabolites, and that the abundance of these compounds varies between adult and larval feeding substrates of the tree (higher in bark than wood). Since the larvae feed in the wood and adults feed on bark, we also found that host plant resistance against larvae is very low compared to the degree that plant defenses impact adults. Objective 3A: This objective has been completed. We performed choice and no-choice tests by providing twigs for adults to feed on of red maple (Acer rubrum), Populus deltoides, and Populus tomentosa. For adults, we observed that in choice tests, beetles fed entirely upon maple, avoiding both poplar species. For no-choice tests, the adults ate significantly less of either Populus spp. compared to maple. When females maturation fed on Populus, they did not produce eggs and their guts incurred elevated levels of oxidative damage. However, if the females were maturation fed on maple twigs, they produced eggs and oviposited into either Populus species. All eggs hatched and larvae developed equally well in maple, P. deltoides, and P. tomentosa. There were large intra-plant chemical differences among these host plants, with bark having ~100X greater concentrations of salicinoids compared to the wood. This work further solidifies the notion that resistance in Populus is mediated by salicinoids that deter adult feeding, and when poplar is fed on, it reduces beetle fitness. Objective 3B: We have completed the study where we applied salicinoid extracts from poplar to maple bark (which lacks these compounds). We found that by applying salicnoid extracts to maple at different doses, there were negative impacts on beetle physiology. Adults that fed on salicinoids had lower feeding rates, and developed significantly fewer eggs. There did not appear to be elevations in oxidative stress markers compared to when they fed on Populus, indicating a potential chemical component and/or enzyme other than salicinoids impacted beetle physiology that is not present in maple.The next step is to examine the metabolism of salicinoids by ALB adults. Objective 3C. This objective is in progress. We sequenced the gut bacterial and fungal communities of female adult ALB fed on P. tomentosa and P. deltoides compared with red maple and found a reduction in species richness and diversity in poplar-fed adults. Additionally, we observed reduced titers of the fungal symbiont Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) in the gut tissues, which the female passes to her offspring in her frass during oviposition (Mason et al., in review).
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Mason, C.J., D. Long, E.M. McCarthy, C. Rosa, E.D. Scully and K. Hoover. 2017. Within gut physicochemical variation does not correspond to distinct fungal and bacterial communities in the tree-killing xylophage, Anoplophora glabripennis. J Insect Physiol. 102: 27-35.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
McKenna, D., E.D. Scully, Y. Pauchet, K. Hoover et al. (74 authors). 2016. Asian longhorned beetle genome provides new insights into the genomic basis of invasiveness and the evolutionary success of beetles on plants. Genome Biology 17(1):227.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Graves, F., T. Baker, A. Zhang, M.A. Keena, and K. Hoover. 2016. Sensory aspects of trail-following behaviors in the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis. J Insect Behavior, 29(6), 615-628.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Mason, C.J., A.M. Campbell, E.D. Scully and K. Hoover. Bacterial and fungal midgut community dynamics and transfer between mother and brood in an invasive xylophage, Microbial Ecology, in review.
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Progress 03/15/16 to 03/14/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Pest managers, scientists who study plant-insect interactions or symbiosis, and the general public dealing with infestations of Asian longhorned beetle. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A graduate student and postdoc were trained on this project. The graduate student learned how to do multiple molecular techniques over the past year and both individuals gave presentations about their work at a scientific meeting. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We published one journal article on our findings since the last reporting period in 2016, and have an additional paper in review. The PI presented our work at two scientific meetings last year (ICE and the USDA PD Workshop in Orlando). We currently have 3 manuscripts in preparation from research findings on this project. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will complete dose response experiments using phenolic glycosides to determine the fitness effects on ALB adults. We will assess damage to the gut tissue using TEM and assays for lipid peroxidation, quantify oxidative stress levels using several marker enzymes, and determine impacts on insect fitness by documenting mortality and egg loads. Metabolism of phenolic glycoside compounds in different gut regions will be completed using LC-MS in collaboration with Rick Lindroth at U of Wisconsin. These approaches will allow us to exert greater control over ingested dose of phenolic glycosides and identify specific impacts of these compounds on adults in a systematic manner. We will also utilize tree bolts of poplar to identify how the different poplar species impact oviposition behavior, and transfer of the fungal symbiont to the next generation.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
As reported in our last annual report, Objectives 1 and 2 have been completed. We found that resistant and susceptible trees had different metabolite profiles in phenolic glycoside content, and these plant defenses corresponded to differences in bacterial communities in ALB larvae. Objective 3A. A portion of this objective has been completed. We conducted a series of choice-test experiments with ALB adults using maple, Populus spp. and red maple amended with phenolic glycosides at concentrations found in P. deltoides hybrids (9 different genotypes) and P. tomentosa (low to high doses, respectively). We found that given a choice between hybrid poplar and maple twigs, ALB adults chose to feed on maple. Choice-tests using phenolic glycosides applied to maple were more dose-dependent. Twigs that had concentrations of phenolic glycosides similar to those in poplar twigs were not consumed, but those with concentrations that were 50 and 25% the concentrations found in hybrid poplar were selected more frequently. These trends were consistent for both male and female ALB. This finding supported our hypothesis that these compounds are feeding deterrents at the concentrations present in poplar bark, which ALB adults feed on. We also conducted experiments to assess the impacts on female ALB egg loads. Females that consumed phenolic glycosides even at low doses applied to maple produced significantly fewer eggs and had reduced longevity compared to those fed on maple. These results suggest that there are fitness costs associated with consuming the compounds. Objective 3B. This objective is in progress. We have established protocols for assessing oxidative stress induced by plant defenses on ALB adults. We found that while manipulating phenolic glycosides on the bark worked well for behavioral assays, this delivery method was not effective for achieving consistent doses for these experiments due to variability in feeding behavior. We are now utilizing a micro-injector delivery system to provide exact doses of the compounds to beetles of identical age in order to obtain greater control over the system. By using this method, we can administer different types of phenolic glycosides (salicin, tremulacin, salicortin and combinations of these 3 major phenolic glycosides), to better identify the mechanism of toxicity. We plan to assess metabolism of these compounds as they pass through different regions of the gut. The physio-chemical conditions differ markedly in different regions of the midgut and phenolic glycosides destroy primarily the anterior region of the midgut where pH is lowest and redox potential is highest (Mason et al. in review). Objective 3C. This objective is in progress. We sequenced the gut bacterial and fungal communites of female adult ALB feeding on poplar and found a reduction in species richness and diversity. Additionally, we observed reduced titers of the fungal symbiont, FSSC6, in the gut tissues, which the female passes to her offspring in her frass during oviposition. We are in the process of determining if loss of FSSC6 impacts will trans-generational fitness, which we expect to occur.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Mason, C., Scully, E., Rosa, C.R., Long, D., McCarthy, E. and K. Hoover. 2016. Contrasting diets reveal metabolic plasticity in the tree-killing beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae). Scientific Reports 6:33813 DOI: 10.1038/srep33813.
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Progress 03/15/15 to 03/14/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Targets include scientists who study the chemical ecology of plant-insect-microbial interactions, as well as USDA-APHIS, US Forest Service, and state agency personnel who work to manage the Asian longhorned beetle. Additional audiences include homeowners, arborists, landscape managers, and the general public who are concerned about trees being attached by this pest. Changes/Problems:From Objective 1, we found that phenolic glycoside concentrations were very low in woody tissues, but very high in bark. We also did not observe induced tree responses in this experiment. Moreover, we were unable to determine the effects of different tree species on larval fitness because all insects lost weight. We have opted to redirect the focus of our study for Objectives 1 and 2 from larval ALB to adults because we found in the last year that adults are far more profoundly impacted by tree defenses than the larvae. This also makes sense from a real world perspective given that it is the female adults who choose which trees to lay their eggs in. Thus, we conducted preliminary experiments on ALB adults in our colony using hybrid poplars (genotypes of P. deltoides) and by amending maple twig surfaces with extracted phenolic glycosides. We found that ALB adults avoided feeding on these hybrid poplars, and when they did feed there were significant physiological effects on the gut, reduced fecundity, and early death. Likewise, when we applied purified extracts of phenolic glycosides at different concentrations to maple twigs and fed them to adults, we observed similar behavioral and physiology effects in addition to early death. Dissected ALB cadavers showed substantial deterioration of the anterior midgut in both males and females, and a reduction in egg load in females. Most females contained no eggs. We intend to follow these new findings by adding a few new objectives, while continuing with the original Objective 3: Evaluate the behavioral and fitness effects of phenolic glycosides on ALB adults. Characterize the mechanism(s) of toxicity of phenolic glycosidesin a dose dependent manner in ALB adults. Determine if plant defenses in poplar impact the ability of the ALB fungal symbiont to facilitate larval establishment in the tree. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A graduate student and a postdoc were trained on this project. The graduate student learned numerous molecular techniques over the past year and took several courses on bioinformatics. The postdoc presented findings from his work on this project at two scientific meetings in the past year and is scheduled to give an invited talk on his work at the International Congress of Entomology this September. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We published two papers on our findings to date in 2015 and presented our work at four scientific meetings last year (two presentations by the postdoc and two by lead PI). We will be submitting two publications in the next few weeks and have another manuscript in progress on our work from this project. Results were also conveyed to the USDA and the scientific community in a poster at the USDA Interagency Research Forum on Invasive Species in Annapolis, MD in January, 2016. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Maple twigs, which do not contain phenolic glycosides, will be amended with crude, methanol extracts of phenolic glycosides by applying these compounds to the bark. Feeding behavior will be assessed at 3 concentrations (~2% w /v; ~1% w/v; ~0.5% w/v) and we will quantify how much of the treated bark was consumed. Physiological effects caused by consumption of phenolic glycosides will be assessed, including mortality and gut deterioration, in a time course experiment. Guts will be removed and imaged with TEM and confocal to visualize damage to the anterior midgut cells. TUNEL assays may also be conducted if tissues do not appear to be necrotic or lysing to determine if apoptosis is occurring. Female egg loads will be enumerated and compared among treatments. We will assess lipid and protein peroxidation of tissues of the anterior and posterior midguts of adults that consume phenolic glycosides applied to maple twigs in a dose dependent manner compared to controls. This is a known mechanism of physiological damage by phenolic glycosides in foliage feeders, but mechanisms of resistance in xylophagous insects are unknown. We have found that we can manipulate the presence of the fungal symbiont in this system, so we will determine if the presence/absence of the fungus affects the ability of the larva to successfully establish in its host tree in the presence/absence of phenolic glycosides applied to the oviposition site. We will also measure lignin degradation using the TMAH assay as described in our proposal in the presence and absence of phenolic glycosides (PGs) to determine if PGs interfere with this process. Diet manipulation studies will be continued using increasing doses of phenolic glycosides and larval development and surivival will be measured. These diets will not contain antimicrobials to avoid impacting gut symbionts.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1 - This objective has been completed. We conducted an experiment with resistant Chinese white poplar, Populus tomentosa, and susceptible Eastern cottonwood, Populus deltoides. Larvae were inserted under the bark for feeding assessments; wood and phloem tissues were collected before and after feeding for metabolite screening. The concentrations of phenolic glycosides were quantified by our collaborators at University of Georgia and found to be relatively low compared to the amounts that are present in other tree tissues (such as leaves and bark). There were, however, two major differences between the tree species. Populus tomentosa contained significantly more tremulacin, and more of an unidentified complex flavonoid. We did not observe any evidence of induced responses in these trees to larval feeding as indicated by the amounts of phenolics present before or after larval insertion, or through the marker compound trehalose. This confirmed our hypothesis that the basis for resistance involves phytochemical(s) that are constitutively higher in the resistant vs. the susceptible tree species. Objective 2 - This objective has been completed. We sequenced gut communities (fungi and bacteria) of the larvae inserted into the trees from Objective 1 and analyzed the data. We found that the gut bacterial communities of the larvae were different between those fed in the resistant compared with the susceptible poplar tree species. In contrast, the fungal community was unaffected by tree species. We did not see differences in larval growth between the two tree species because most larvae lost weight. We also conducted in vitro inhibition assays of phenolic glycoside extracts from poplar on growth of the major fungal gut symbiont, Fusarium solani species complex 6 (FSSC6). We did not find observable negative effects on fungal biomass or the activities of several enzymes (cellulases, peroxidases, laccases and esterases). Objective 3 - This objective is still in progress. We manipulated red maple bark (maples are one of the most suitable hosts of ALB) by applying extracts of phenolic glycosides to half of each maple twig, using solvent only applied to the other half of the twig as a control. We then assessed adult ALB feeding preferences and fitness costs. We found that ALB avoids feeding on high concentrations of phenolic glycosides and that ingestion of even low doses of these compounds incurred significant fitness costs to the adults. We did not do this experiment with larvae because we found that feeding in resistant trees did not affect larval growth as long as the larvae did not have to feed on bark (from Objective 2). In nature, the female oviposits beneath the bark so the larvae do not have to feed on bark to develop to adults. However, it is the adult that chooses what trees to lay eggs in and adults feed on bark on twigs, as well as on large branches and the trunk to chew oviposition sites for her eggs. Depending on the genotype, poplars can be highly defended against ALB adults, so this is where we have chosen to focus our efforts for the remaining funding period. We also found evidence of the potential role of the fungal symbiont of ALB, FSSC6, in larval establishment in its host tree. When the female oviposits she first chews a pit through the bark to the cambium. Then she turns around and makes a slit in the bark above the pit then lays an egg under this slit. She then spreads frass and other secretions over the oviposition pit and the egg. Within a few days a fungal mat grows over the egg and the oviposition pit, which then darkens indicating that oxidized phenolics and/or free radicals are being formed (perhaps by free radicals generated during lignin degradation). This soft rot fungus is known to degrade lignin and this would make the wood in the pit softer for the larva to gain entrance to the tree. When the larva hatches from its egg, it feeds on the chorion of the egg and grazes on the partially degraded wood in the oviposition site, acquiring the fungal symbiont before it bores into the tree. We tested first instars after feeding on the oviposition site and cultured the fungus from this site. We are awaiting sequencing results from PCR products obtained using Fusarium specific primers.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Ayayee, P., T. Larsen, C. Rosa, G.W. Felton, J.G. Ferry and K. Ayayee, P., T. Larsen, C. Rosa, G.W. Felton, J.G. Ferry and K. Hoover. 2015. Essential amino acid supplementation by gut microbes of a wood-feeding cerambycid. Environmental Entomology 1-9 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv153.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Meng, P., K. Hoover and M.A. Keena. 2015. Asian longhorned beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an introduced pest of maple and other hardwood trees in North America and Europe. J Integrated Pest Management 6(1): 4; DOI: 10.1093/jipm/pmv003.
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