Source: PURDUE UNIVERSITY submitted to
CARBOHYDRATE BIOMATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE FOOD AND HEALTH
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1005081
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
IND011653
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Dec 22, 2014
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2019
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Yao, YU.
Recipient Organization
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
WEST LAFAYETTE,IN 47907
Performing Department
Food Science
Non Technical Summary
When sustainable biomaterials meet with nanoscience, they create strong inter-disciplinary synergies in fundamental research and technology development. This is particularly the case in the areas of agriculture, food, and human health.From an application perspective, there are a great number of active compounds, including nutrients, antimicrobial materials, agricultural chemicals, and pharmaceutical ingredients that have low stability, low solubility, or both. It is important to effectively improve their chemical or physical stabilities, enhance their water-solubility, save enormous costs of production and utilization, and reduce the safety risks associated with the uncertainties of their dose for use. Currently, there are solutions proposed or already applied in each category; however, there are still significant gaps between what we can achieve and what we hope to accomplish. In the food safety area, for example, there is still a major lack of effective tools to protect food surfaces from pathogenic contaminations. In the area of drug discovery and development, many highly potent, whereas poorly water-soluble chemicals, cannot be effectively formulated since currently available solubilizers are unable to dissolve them sufficiently.I have been working with biopolymers and carbohydrates in the past 20 years. In the past 7 years, I have been exploring carbohydrate-based nano-biomaterials. In the next 5 years, I plan to focus on the following areas that have great potential for social and economic impacts:(1) Based on new scientific platforms, design cost-effective approaches to reduce bacterial load of foods, such as meat products and fresh and fresh-cut produce. This will contribute to a reduction of outbreaks of food pathogens and may potentially save human lives.(2) Improve the stability of food nutrients to reduce production costs and contribute to enhanced nutrition value of foods products.(3) Improve the solubility of active ingredients, which may save the cost of drugs and enhance the efficacy and safety profiles of drugs.
Animal Health Component
0%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
70%
Applied
30%
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2021510108020%
7015010101030%
7124010110025%
5117010118025%
Knowledge Area
511 - New and Improved Non-Food Products and Processes; 712 - Protect Food from Contamination by Pathogenic Microorganisms, Parasites, and Naturally Occurring Toxins; 202 - Plant Genetic Resources; 701 - Nutrient Composition of Food;

Subject Of Investigation
1510 - Corn; 7010 - Biological Cell Systems; 4010 - Bacteria; 5010 - Food;

Field Of Science
1180 - Pharmacology; 1010 - Nutrition and metabolism; 1100 - Bacteriology; 1080 - Genetics;
Goals / Objectives
The overarching goal of this research program in the next 5 years is to enhance the quality of food and human health through innovative use of carbohydrate-related biomaterials and nanotechnology. Specific objectives will include:(1) To enhance the protection, stabilization, and utilization of active food ingredients (AFI): A number of AFIs are poorly water-soluble or liable to rapid degradation in food systems. The aim of this work is to design carbohydrate-based nano/micro systems to encapsulate AFIs (e.g., polyphenols, vitamins, antimicrobial peptides, and essential oils) to enhance their stability, release, or bioaccessibility.(2) To design bio-nanomaterials to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (API): Among APIs for newly marketed drugs, 40% are poorly water-soluble. For chemicals in high throughput drug screening, over 80% are poorly water-soluble. To increase the solubility of API may greatly enhance the safety and efficacy profiles of drugs. A number of approaches and excipients have been designed and utilized, however, with limited success. To address this grand challenge, we are designing carbohydrate-based bio-nanomaterials as the next generation of powerful API solubilizers.(3) To identify novel mutants of cereals for improved carbohydrate quality: At Purdue, there is a large population of cereal grains with potential mutant genotypes. Among those, some may lead to structural and functional change of carbohydrates; in particular starch. The goal of this work is to identify new starches that may display useful functionalities similar to those of chemically modified starches. These new starches would replace chemically modified starch in food and meanwhile offer a "clean label" that is highly desirable by the industry.
Project Methods
Objective-1: To enhance the protection, stabilization, and utilization of active food ingredients:1. To protect and effectively release antimicrobial compounds (peptides, essential oil, etc.), carbohydrate particulates are designed through chemical, physical, and enzymatic modifications. These nano/micro-particulates are used to adsorb antimicrobial compounds in various colloidal systems. Two steps will be used to evaluate the delivery efficacy of particulate-compound complexes. First, model culture systems will be used to understand the particulate-compound interactions. Second, real food systems, such as deli meat and fresh-cut produce will be used to evaluate and optimize the efficacy of complexes. Bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, and E. coli 157 will be used to test the efficacy of complexes against food pathogens.2. To stabilize soluble and non-soluble food nutrients, such as vitamins and polyphenols, we will design carbohydrate particulates with specific structure and properties. In this objective, carbohydrate particulates will be prepared and used to encapsulate active ingredients. The complexes will be preserved in normal conditions or challenged with excessive stresses. The stability of compounds, that is, the amount of compounds not chemically changed over the storage or stress conditions, will be determined using spectrophotometer, HPLC, or other methods.Objective-2: To design bio-nanomaterials to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (API):1. A number of APIs will be selected as drug models for evaluating the efficacy of bio-nanomaterials as solubilizer. These APIs are either poorly water-soluble with high permeability (BCS II) or poorly water-soluble with low permeability (BCS IV) (BCS: Biopharmaceutics Classification System).2. To prepare bio-nanomaterials with different functions, carbohydrate polymers will be modified using various approaches. Compared with native carbohydrates, modified carbohydrates are highly active, being able to intensively interact with APIs and increase their solubility. The soluble APIs will be quantified using HPLC or other methods. The in vitro permeability of API enhanced through carbohydrate complexation will be determined using Caco-2 cell monolayer.Objective-3: To identify novel mutants of cereals for improved carbohydrate quality:1. From the germplasm stock at Purdue Agronomy Department, Dr. Weil will provide a collection of seeds (several thousand) for starch analysis using single kernel screening (SKS) procedure. For SKS procedure, a small section of tissue is sliced from a single kernel without damaging the germ. Starch is extracted from the slice for structure analysis. When a unique starch (e.g., from a mutant phenotype) is identified, the corresponding kernel is planted for genotyping and potential breeding program.2. To characterize starch structure, starch granules are isolated from kernel tissue and observed under a microscope for their size and shape. The isolated starch is also debranched and then subjected to chain length distribution analysis using HPLC. The data obtained from individual kernels will be compared against a database of starch structure of available plant genotypes.

Progress 12/22/14 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience: The industry: product development scientists in the food, health care, personal care, and animal drug industries. The farmers: melon growers The academic personnel: students, researchers Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Ph.D. and MS students have received important training in the areas of food safety, food chemistry, carbohydrates, and nanotechnology. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Through invited talks and oral and poster presentations in ACS annual meeting, Starch Round Table, and annual meeting of Cereals & Grains Association; Through meetings hosted by the Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Additional research articles have been published or in review on using phytoglycogen-based nanomaterials to improve the solubilities and biological efficacies of active food ingredients or drugs; Molecular rotor technique has been studied in the starch and phytoglycogen systems, with results planned to be reported in 2-3 research articles; Physical property analysis of starch at milligram level has been achieved, with 2 manuscripts in preparation. The outcome of this research may greatly facilitate the high-throughput analysis and screening of starch; A new technique has been advanced to reduce or remove pathogen biofilms at cantaloupe surface, with a manuscript in review.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Randol J Rodriguez-Rosales, Yuan Yao. 2019. Phytoglycogen, a natural dendrimer-like glucan, improves the soluble amount and Caco-2 monolayer permeation of curcumin and enhances its efficacy to reduce HeLa cell viability. Food Hydrocolloids
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Xie Y, Yao Y. 2019. Incorporation with dendrimer-like biopolymer leads to improved soluble amount and in vitro anticancer efficacy of paclitaxel. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 108: 1984-1990


Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience: The industry: product development scientists in food ingredients, food, and pharmaceutical companies. The farmers: corn farmers, melon growers The academic personnel: students, researchers Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate students have received intensive training in the areas of food safety, food quality, food chemistry, carbohydrates, and nanotechnology. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Through symposium in IFT annual meeting Through meetings hosted by the Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Publish 3-4 papers on the applications ofphytoglycogen materials Publish 2-3 papers on the applications of molecular rotors Publish 1-2 papers on reducing pathogen load at the surface of fresh produce

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Further explored the use of phytoglycogen and its derivatives in solubilizing and enabling food-related components such as phytochemicals Established a cutting-edge molecular rotor-based methodology in studying the nano and supramolecular structure of biopolymers Used molecular rotor methodology to establish a starch-screening platform and to study the structural and functional differences between different glucans Advanced the methodology in reducing food pathogen contaminations at the surface of fresh produce such as cantaloupe

Publications


    Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

    Outputs
    Target Audience:The industry: product development scientists in food ingredients, food, and pharmaceutical companies. The farmers: corn farmers, melon growers. The students: graduate and undergraduate students in the areas of food science, chemistry, nanotechnology, and pharmaceutical sciences. Academic peers: researchers in the areas of food science, chemistry, nanotechnology, and pharmaceutical sciences. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate students have received intensive training in the areas of food chemistry, carbohydrates, microbiology, and/or nanotechnology. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?(1) Through research publications (2) Through professional meetings including ACS meeting, AACCI annual meeting and meetings hosted by the Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?(1) Enhance the studies on phytoglycogen materials with additional 3-4 papers published (2) Advance the studies on new starch resources and applications, with 2-3 papers published (3) Establish a strategy to reduce pathogen load on cantaloupe surface, with 1-2 papers published

    Impacts
    What was accomplished under these goals? (1) Two papers have been published on the preparation, characterization, and efficacy evaluations of octenylsuccinate hydroxypropyl phytoglycogen (OHPP), a newly generated solubilizer of poorly water-soluble active ingredients. (2) Apaper was published on describing the formation and resistance of pathogen biofilms at cantaloupe surface. (3) Apaper was published on describing the role of native phytoglycogen in increasing the solubility of poorly water-soluble active food ingredients. (4) Studies on small-granule starch (SGS) has led to a published paper. SGS may have unique applications in food-related areas. (5) Exploration on high-throughput starch screening has led to the establishment of a novel methodology to test the functional properties of starch at milligram levels.

    Publications

    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Xie Y, Yao Y. 2018. Octenylsuccinate hydroxypropyl phytoglycogen enhances the solubility and in-vitro antitumor efficacy of niclosamide. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 535: 157-163
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Xie Y, Yao Y. 2018. Octenylsuccinate hydroxypropyl phytoglycogen, a dendrimer-like biopolymer, solubilizes poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients, Carbohydrate Polymers, 180: 29-37
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Peng X, Yao Y. 2018. Small-granule starches from sweet corn and cow cockle: Physical properties and amylopectin branching pattern. Food Hydrocolloids, 74: 349-357
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Fu Y, Deering A, Bhunia AK, Yao Y. 2017. Biofilm of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on cantaloupe surface is resistant to lauroyl arginate ethyl and sodium hypochlorite, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 260: 11-16
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chen H, Yao Y. 2017. Phytoglycogen increases water solubility of lutein and its permeation through Caco-2 monolayer, Food Research International, 97: 258-264
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Fu Y, Deering A, Bhunia AK, Yao Y. 2017. Pathogen biofilm formation on cantaloupe surface and its impact on the antibacterial effect of lauroyl arginate ethyl. Food Microbiology, 64: 139-144
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Peng X, Yao Y. 2016. Carbohydrates as Fat Replacers, Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 8: 331-351
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Sadeghi R, Rodriguez RJ. Yao Y, Kokini J. 2016. Advances in nanotechnology as they pertain to food and agriculture: benefits and risks. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, volume 8, 8: 467-492
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lu F, Mosley YY, Rodriguez RJ, Carmichael B, Elesa S, Yao Y, HogenEsch H. 2016. Alpha-D-glucan nanoparticulate adjuvant induces a transient inflammatory response at the injection site and targets antigen to migratory dendritic cells, npj Vaccines, 2: 4


    Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

    Outputs
    Target Audience:The industry: product development scientists in food ingredient, food, and pharmaceutical companies. The farmers: corn farmers, melon growers. The students: graduate and undergraduate students in the areas of food science, chemistry, nanotechnology, and pharmaceutical sciences. Academic peers: researchers in the areas of food science, chemistry, nanotechnology, and pharmaceutical sciences. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Each graduate student and visiting scholar has received intensive training in the area of food chemistry, microbiology, or nanotechnology. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?(1) Through research publications (2) Through professional meetings including IFT annual meeting and meetings hosted by the Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?(1) Enhance the studies on DLB materials with around 3-4 papers published (2) Advance the studies on new starch resources, with around 2-3 papers published (3) Establish a strategy to reduce pathogen load on cantaloupe surface, with 1-2 papers published

    Impacts
    What was accomplished under these goals? (1) We have studied the role of a dendrimer-like biopolymer (DLB), as a vaccine adjuvant, in inducing a transient inflammatory response and targeting antigen to migratory dendritic cells. A manuscript based on this study is in review. (2) We have published 4 papers on using carbohydrate biopolymers to stabilize and deliver antimicrobial compounds, such as nisin, e-polylysine, and thymol. (3) We have further advanced our study on using DLB materials to enhance the solubility of active ingredients, including drug compounds. (4) We have published 1 review paper, along with 2 invited review papers accepted or in revision. (5) We have initiated a research on new starch resources.

    Publications

    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Bi L, Yang L, Bhunia A, Y Yao. 2016. Emulsion stabilized with phytoglycogen octenyl succinate prolongs the antimicrobial efficacy of ?-poly-L-lysine against ESCHERICHIA coli O157:H7. LWT  Food Science & Technology, 70:245-251
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Sarkar P, Bhunia AK, Yao Y. 2016. Nisin adsorption in colloidal systems formed with phytoglycogen octenyl succinate. Food Biophysics, doi:10.1007/s11483-016-9436-5
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fu Y, Sarkar P, Bhunia AK, Yao Y. 2016. Delivery Systems of Antimicrobial Compounds to Food. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 57:165-177
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Sarkar P, Bhunia AK, Yao Y. 2017. Impact of starch-based emulsions on the antibacterial efficacies of nisin and thymol in cantaloupe juice. Food Chemistry, 217:155-162
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Chen H, Yao Y. 2016. Phytoglycogen Improves the Water Solubility and Caco-2 Monolayer Permeation of Quercetin, Food Chemistry, DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.064
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Sarkar P, Bhunia AK, Yao Y. 2016. Emulsion Stabilized with Starch Octenyl Succinate Prolongs Nisin Activity against Listeria Monocytogenes in a Cantaloupe Juice Model. Journal of Food Science, DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13550
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Sadeghi R, Rodriguez RJ. Yao Y, Kokini J. 2017. Advances in nanotechnology as they pertain to food and agriculture: benefits and risks. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, volume 8
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Xingyun Peng, Yao Y. 2017. Carbohydrates as Fat Replacers, Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 8
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2017 Citation: Fu Y, Deering A, Bhunia AK, Yao Y. Pathogen biofilm formation on cantaloupe surface and its impact on the antibacterial effect of lauroyl arginate ethyl. Food Microbiology
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lu F, Mosley YY, Rodriguez RJ, Carmichael B, Elesa S, Yao Y, HogenEsch H. Alpha-D-glucan nanoparticulate adjuvant induces a transient inflammatory response at the injection site and targets antigen to migratory dendritic cells, npj Vaccines


    Progress 12/22/14 to 09/30/15

    Outputs
    Target Audience:The industry: product development scientists and decision-makers in food ingredient and food companies, as well as pharmaceutical companies. The farmers: improved processing to improve food safety of fresh produce (e.g., melon) would benefit the growers. The students: graduate and undergraduate students for training in the area of food science, chemistry, nanotechnology, and medical sciences Academic peers: research publications and presentations supporting academic researchers to explore new areas of interest Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?(1) Each graduate and undergraduate student, as well as each visiting scholar has received training in the area of food chemistry, microbiology, or nanotechnology (2) Two graduate students were sent to the Gordon Research Conference on "Nanoscale Science and Engineering for Agriculture and Food Systems". How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?(1) Through research publications (2) Through professional meetings such as IFT annual meeting, meetings with the Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, meeting hosted by the Birck Nanotechnology Center of Purdue Discovery Park, and the Gordon Research Conference (3) Through news release by the Purdue Research Foundation What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?(1) Establish a strategy to reduce bacterial load of cantaloupe surface (2) Study the mechanism of DLB in stabilizing bioactive compounds (3) Explore new applications of starch materials

    Impacts
    What was accomplished under these goals? (1) We have established that a dendrimer-like biopolymer (DLB), namedas "Nano-11", was able to activate dendritic cells and therefore it can be used as an effective vaccine adjuvant. The finding was published in the Journal of Controlled Release (2) We have established a cryo-SEM protocol to image the biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria including E. coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella on the surface of cantaloupe rind. We have also found that such a biofilm makes bacteria highly resistant to antimicrobial treatment. (3) We have optimized DLB for the delivery of small molecule drug substances

    Publications

    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Lu F, Mencia A, Bi L, Taylor A, Yao Y, HogenEsch H. 2015. Dendrimer-like alpha-D-glucan nanoparticles activate dendritic cells and are effective vaccine adjuvants. Journal of Controlled Release, 204: 5159
    • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chen H, Narsimhan G, Yao Y. 2015. Particulate structure of phytoglycogen studied using ?-amylolysis, Carbohydrate Polymers, 132: 582588