Progress 10/31/14 to 09/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:The primary targeted beneficiaries for the current reporting period include sheep and other ruminant livestock producers, graduate and undergraduate students, academic professionals, and the feed formulation industry. Dissemination of project results and recommendations to targeted audiences included a published, peer-reviewed manuscript in the Journal of Animal Science, the NCERA-214 sheep research coordinating committee membership, and ruminant livestock producers attending the South Dakota Sheep Growers annual convention and the South Dakota State University lambing time open house and extension education program. Research summary data was also shared with undergraduate students enrolled in the AS 477 sheep production course at South Dakota State University. Changes/Problems:Dr. Brake, a principal investigator in SD00H511-14, accepted a position at the University of Missouri-Columbia in August 2018. Emily Petzel recently completed her MS degree in the Department of Animal Science at SDSU and has moved to the University of Missouri-Columbia to continue her work under mentorship of Dr. Brake. No additional research projects will be conducted under this Hatch project due to these staffing changes. Within the next year (January, 2020) Dr. Held will retire from the Department of Animal Science at SDSU therefore no new graduate students have been recruited. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research community: During this reporting period there was 1 peer reviewed journal articles published in the Journal of Animal Science and 1 proceeding paper published in the 2019 NCERA-214 annual proceedings. Extension stakeholders: Dissemination to stakeholders included producers, feed manufacturers, private consultants, industry representatives, veterinarians, extension personnel, and undergraduate students. In this reporting period research results were disseminated as outreach to regional and national audiences including: 1) South Dakota Sheep Growers Association (SDSGA) Annual Convention, 2) SDSU Lambing Time Open House and Extension Education program, 3) Pipestone Lamb and Wool Program Lambing Time Short course, and 4) Minnesota Lamb and Wool Producers Convention. Other extension educational products and communication to the sheep industry community were conducted using the SDSU iGrow platform. Research results from this project were also shared with undergraduate students enrolled in the SDSU AS 477 sheep production course. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1. Determine the impact of bio-fuels based co-products in sheep and lamb feeding management strategies on: 1) animal performance efficiency, 2) unit cost of production, 3) ruminal fermentation, 4) carcass characteristics, and/or 5) profitability. (100% completed) During this project (2014-19) investigators conducted several lamb finishing trials using co-product based diets. Initial research demonstrated that a diet with equal proportions of soyhulls (SH), dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS), and a traditional starch based energy feed (corn) offered ad libitum led to detrimental animal health resulting from metabolic digestive disorders including acidosis and polio. A subsequent research project evaluated a diet formulated with equal proportions of corn stover (CS), SH, DDGS, and corn compared to lambs offered other treatment diets. We found similar animal performance in terms of growth, feed efficiency and average daily gain. However, we observed no detrimental health outcomes, and postulated that corn stover contributed dietary fiber properties resulting in a more favorable rumen pH for normal digestive function. In another lamb finishing study, when DDGS was included at 30% in a finely ground lamb finishing diet, no observed metabolic disorders were reported despite the increased risk of rumen acidosis due to the physical form of the diet. However, dry matter intake was lower and feed efficiency was decreased compared to a traditional whole corn and pelletized protein concentrate diet. In a collaborative research project, North Dakota State University and South Dakota State University investigators studied the effects of 0, 15, 30, and 45% DDGS on ram lamb growth and reproductive traits. Results from this work include a significant quadratic effect on average daily gain, a linear increase in spermatozoa concentration, and % normal sperm, yet a linear decrease in blood testosterone concentration as levels of DDGS increased in the diet. This work provides scientifically defined diet formulation recommendations and the potential impact of DDGS on reproductive traits in growing rams. Based on our scientific investigations, co-products are cost effective and safe ingredients in lamb finishing diet formulation. Our research has shown that following diet formulation recommendations are important to avoid detrimental animal health outcomes and subsequently higher cost of gain. Objective 2. Determine the effect of physical and chemical treatment of corn stover on animal nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation in sheep. (100% completed) A research proposal was submitted to a private sector entity to support research studies on nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation end-products of lamb finishing diets formulated with corn stover. Unfortunately the proposal was not funded, therefore investigators shifted to available funding sources to conduct several ruminant nutrition studies with cattle as the ruminant model. Corn residues (corn stover) selected by grazing cattle are largely comprised of husks, leaves, and stalks. Unfortunately, relatively little is known about nutrients and energy available to cattle from husks, leaves, or stalks alone. Currently, estimates of nutrients available to cattle from corn residue are reflective of the average of all corn residues remaining after harvest of corn grain. More accurate measurements of selection of botanical parts by grazing cattle and subsequent nutrient intake can allow for improved estimate of performance of cattle grazing corn residues and for development of management strategies that can optimize forage utilization. An experiment was conducted to evaluate predictions of diet selection based on chemical components and post-sampling processing techniques in diet samples collected through ruminal evacuation. Predictions of diet composition were improved by increasing differences in concentration of chemical components between cornstalk and the leaf and husk fractions. Acid detergent lignin and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy provided the most accurate estimates of composition of the diet. A second experiment was conducted with ruminally cannulated cows to estimate the caloric value and digestibility of corn husk, leaf, and stalk. Net energy (NEm) available for maintenance value from corn leaves, husks, and stalks were 1.80 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM), 1.15 Mcal/kg DM and 0.83 Mcal/kg DM, respectively. Based on our tabular estimates the weighted average NEm available to cattle grazing corn residues is 0.99 Mcal/kg DM, this value is similar to the value reported in the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (2016) - Nutrient requirements of beef cattle (8th ed). However based on our data to predict botanical part selection by grazing cattle, the caloric density of the diet increases 25% to 1.34 Mcal/kg DM. Further, an improved understanding of the feed value of each botanical part in corn residue to cattle may allow for improved corn residue grazing management strategies. Objective 3. Develop sheep and lamb feeding management strategy guidelines utilizing appropriate levels of bio-fuel based co-products and traditional ingredients. (100% completed) Over the past 20 years investigators at South Dakota State University (SDSU) have gained a national reputation for sheep nutrition research with corn stover (CS), dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS), soyhulls (SH) and other bio-fuels industry based ingredients. Results from this work have provided greater knowledge on animal growth performance, feed efficiency, carcass merits, and animal health response to co-product enhanced diet formulations compared to traditional diets. Our previous and recent work has provided the sheep industry with the unbiased scientific data to make cost effective diet formulation and feeding practice recommendations. Studies we conducted in the past 5 years have confirmed that co-product formulated diets can result in similar average daily gain, higher dry matter intake, and lower feed efficiency (higher feed:gain) compared to traditional ingredient lamb finishing formulations. From our previous work we demonstrated that a diet with equal proportions of SH, DDGS, and a traditional starch based energy feed (corn) offered ad libitum can lead to detrimental animal health resulting from metabolic digestive disorders including acidosis and polio. Results from a more recent study with a treatment diet consisting of equal proportions of CS, SH, DDGS, and corn resulted in similar animal performance, but no observed detrimental health outcomes. Investigators concluded that the effective fiber properties provided to the rumen by CS resulted in a more favorable pH for normal digestive function. Based on our scientific investigations, co-products are cost effective and safe ingredients in lamb finishing diet formulation. Our research has also shown that following diet formulation recommendations are important to avoid detrimental animal health outcomes and subsequently higher cost of gain.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Petzel, E.A., Titgemeyer, E.C., Smart, A.J., Hales, K.E., Foote, A.P., Acharya, S., Baily, E.A., Held, J.E., and Brake, D.W. 2019. What is the digestibility and caloric value of different botanical parts in corn residue to cattle? Journal of Animal Science. 2019.97:3056-3070.
doi: 10.1093/jas/skz137
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Petzel, E.C., Smart, A.J., Hales, K.E., Foote, A.P., Acharya, S., Wright, C.L., Held, J.E., and Brake, D.W. 2019. An evaluation of digestibility and caloric value of different botanical parts of corn residue. Proceedings of the 2019 NCERA-214 Annual Meeting, June 2-5, Ft. Collins, CO.
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Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:Sheep Industry: The primary targeted beneficiaries for this research are sheep and other small ruminant producers, graduate and undergraduate students, academic professionals, and the feed formulation industry. Dissemination of project results and recommendations to target audiences can include published peer-reviewed manuscripts including the Journal of Dairy Science, Journal of Animal Science, popular press, and electronic formats including the SDSU extension iGrow platform, industry conferences and conventions. Researchers and the livestock industry: Co-product feed ingredients from the bio-fuels industry have expanded the ingredient inventory available to formulate diets for ruminants. Scientific investigations on the effects of ruminant diet formulation using co-product feed ingredients to improve animal performance efficiencies and to lower the unit cost of production is critical for economic sustainability in ruminant animal agriculture. Data from our projects provides other scientists with critical information to further design experiments and publish scientifically verified outcomes and recommendations for feeding management strategies with co-product ingredients. Although the primary scientific audience is sheep and other small ruminant nutritionists, the benefits are inclusive with beef and dairy cattle investigators in the US and internationally. Dissemination to this audience focuses on peer reviewed manuscripts and presentations at professional and scientific meetings. Furthermore, results and recommendations from our investigations have and will be communicated to ruminant livestock end-users to improve animal performance and reduce the unit cost of production by the research team and extension professional at South Dakota State University. Changes/Problems:Dr. Brake, a principal investigator in SD00H511-14, accepted a position at the University of Missouri-Columbia in August 2018. Emily Petzel recently completed her MS degree in the Department of Animal Science at SDSU and has moved to the University of Missouri-Columbia to continue her work under mentorship of Dr. Brake. No additional research projects will be conducted under this Hatch project due to these staffing changes. Within the next year (January, 2020) Dr. Held will retire from the Department of Animal Science at SDSU therefore no new graduate students have been recruited. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Emily Petzel, MS student- entire reporting period. 49% graduate research assistantship. Highly motived and exceptionally well prepared graduate student completed the MS degree requirements in the Department of Animal Science in less than 24 months. During her MS program she gained extensive training in analytical skills related to ruminant nutrition research: site of nutrient digestion including rumen, duodenal and ileum cannulation; proximate analysis and fiber fraction NDF and ADF determination; and indirect calorimetry techniques. Furthermore with mentorship she gained proficiency using the statistical tool SAS to properly analyze and interpret complex data sets. Additionally she received mentorship in developing scientific writing and oral communication skills resulting in a successful peer reviewed publication in the JAS, a scientific abstract (JAS) and oral presentation to scientific peers. Also in the fall of 2017 Emily served as teaching assistant in an undergraduate course in the Department of Animal Science at SDSU. Along with other responsibilities she developed and presented lecture materials and laboratory instruction. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research community: During this reporting period there was 1 successful MS degree and 1 theses completed (Emily Petzel), 3 peer reviewed journal articles published and 1 under review with Journal of Animal Science, 3 scientific abstracts published, 2 proceeding papers were submitted and published in the 2018 NCERA-214 report and shared with scientific peers using oral presentation format. Oral presentations and posters were presented to peers at Midwest Section meetings hosted by the American Society of Animal Science (ASAS). Extension stakeholders: Dissemination to stakeholders included producers, feed manufacturers, private consultants, industry representatives, veterinarians, extension personnel and undergraduate students. In this reporting period research results were disseminated as outreach to regional and national audiences including: 1) South Dakota Sheep Growers Association (SDSGA) Annual Convention, 2) American Sheep Industry Association Annual Convention 3) UW-Wisconsin Extension Producer meeting, 4) Pipestone Lamb and Wool Program Lambing Time Short course, and 5) National Lamb Feeders Association "Industry Leadership" school participants. Other extension educational products and communication to the sheep industry community were conducted using the SDSU iGrow platform. Research results from this project were also shared with undergraduate students enrolled in the SDSU AS 477 sheep production course. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective 1 Determine the impact of bio-fuels based co-products in sheep and lamb feeding management strategies on: 1) animal performance efficiency, 2) unit cost of production, 3) ruminal fermentation, 4) carcass characteristics, and/or 5) profitability. The objective is completed and so no further work is planned for the next year. Objective 2. Determine the effect of physical and chemical treatment of corn stover on animal nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation in sheep. A manuscript resulting from the work of Emily Petzel is under review with the Journal of Animal Science. Expected publication date in the next reporting period. Objective 3. Develop sheep and lamb feeding management strategy guidelines utilizing appropriate levels of bio-fuel based co-products and traditional ingredients. Upon successful completion of MS degree requirements, Emily Petzel, was expected to enter a PhD program in the fall of 2018 with Drs. Brake and Held in the Department of Animal Science at SDSU. A research project related to her proposed PhD program was begun in January 2018. The project focus was on the use of bio-fuel based ingredients and protein supplementation on immunology status in late gestation ewes and subsequent newborn lamb health. Both Emily Petzel and Dr. Brake departed for the University of Missouri-Columbia in August 2018 subsequently additional research work under this objective has terminated. In the next reporting period work scholarly work related to SD00H511-14 will be published in the 2019 SDSU Research and Extension Report. Scientific advancements reported in this publication will be available to the public electronically and print-media via iGrow.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1 Determine the impact of bio-fuels based co-products in sheep and lamb feeding management strategies on: 1) animal performance efficiency, 2) unit cost of production, 3) ruminal fermentation, 4) carcass characteristics, and/or 5) profitability. (100% completed) A recent collaborative research project with North Dakota State University and South Dakota State University investigators studied the effects of dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) on ram lamb growth and reproductive traits. Diet inclusion levels for DDGS were 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% in a ground mixed ingredient lamb finishing diet formulation. Rams (n=112) were allocated to four treatments (n=4 pens/treatment; 7 rams/pen) in a completely randomized design. Lambs were fed for 112 d (PHASE 1) on their respective treatment diet, after which rams were placed on the 0% DDGS (control) diet until d 168 (PHASE 2). Treatment effects measured were growth performance (0 to 168 d), scrotal circumference and semen quality characteristics (d 84, d 112, d 140 and d 168), and blood serum testosterone every 14 d during the study. Results from this work include a quadratic effect on body weight (BW) on d 112 and overall BW (P=0.03; P=0.05), average daily gain (ADG) on d 112 and overall ADG (P=0.02; P=0.02), dry matter intake (DMI) (P=0.007) on d 112, and a cubic effect (P=0.05) response. Overall and d 168 scrotal circumference had a quadratic (P=0.05) response. A linear increase in spermatozoa concentration on d 168 was observed (P=0.03) as DDGS concentration increased in the treatment diets, yet rams were no longer receiving DDGS (Phase 2). Overall blood serum testosterone concentrations exhibited a linear decrease (P=0.005) as level of DDGS increased in the diet. A linear increase ((P=0.04) on d 168 in morphologically normal sperm as DDGS increased was observed. This work provides scientifically defined diet formulation recommendations and the potential impact of DDGS on reproductive traits in growing rams. In this reporting period results were published in the Journal of Animal Science, "Influence of dried distiller's grains with solubles on ram lamb growth and reproductive traits", (Crane, A. et. al.) (2018). Objective 2. Determine the effect of physical and chemical treatment of corn stover on animal nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation in sheep. (90 % completed) A research proposal was submitted to a private sector entity to support research studies on the nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation end-products of lamb finishing diets formulated with corn stover. Unfortunately the proposal was not funded, however with alternative funding sources several related studies were conducted using cattle as the ruminant model. These studies were led by Emily Petzel, a graduate student, for her MS thesis work (Co-advisors Drs. Held and Brake). In the study, "Estimates of diet selection in cattle grazing cornstalk residues by measurement of chemical composition and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy of diet samples collected using the ruminal evacuation method" investigators used six ruminally cannulated cows fed corn residues in a 6 x 6 Latin square design. After complete ruminal evacuation, cows were fed 1 kg meals (DM basis) containing different combinations of cornstalk, and leaf and husk (LH) residues in ratios of 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20, and 100:0. Diet samples from each meal were collected by removal of ruminal contents after 1 h and were either unrinsed, hand-rinsed or machine-rinsed to evaluate effects of endogenous compounds on prediction of diet composition. Diet samples were analyzed for neutral (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA), acid detergent lignin (ADL), crude protein (CP), and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to calculate diet composition. Rinsing type increased NDF and ADF content and decreased ADIA and CP content of diet samples (P<0.01). Rinsing tended to increase (P<0.06) ADL content of diet samples. Differences in concentration between cornstalk and LH residues within each chemical component were standardized by calculating a coefficient of variation (CV). Accuracy and precision of estimates of diet composition were analyzed by regressing predicted diet composition and known diet composition. Predictions of diet composition were improved by increasing differences in concentration of chemical components between cornstalk and LH residues up to a CV of 22.6 + 5.4%. Predictions of diet composition from unrinsed ADIA and machine-rinsed NIRS had the greatest accuracy (slope=0.98 and 0.95, respectively) and large coefficients of determination (r2=0.86 and 0.74, respectively). These data indicate that diet composition can be predicted by chemical components or NIRS from ruminal collection techniques. In another study, "An evaluation of digestibility and caloric value of different botanical parts of corn residue fed to cattle" investigators used six ruminally cannulated cows in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square experiment. The purpose of this work was to determine energy metabolism, apparent nutrient digestibility and nitrogen (N ) balance of cattle fed diets that consisted of individual components of corn residues (i.e., leaves, husk or stalk). As percent of digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) was higher for leaf residue which can be attributed to a lower (P<0.02) production volume of CH4 on an energy basis. Methane energy emissions, as a percent of GE or DE, were less (P < 0.01) for leaf residue while ME (Mcal/kg DMI) were lower (P<0.01) which may be attributed to the numerically lower urine energy values. Heat production of cattle was not different for the different residue types but as a percent of both gross energy (GE) and DE, there was reduced (P<0.01) heat production in leaf residue. Subsequently, net energy for maintenance (NEm) (Mcal/kg DMI) was higher (P<0.01) for leaf (1.80) than husk (1.15) or stalk (0.83). NDF and ADF total tract digestibility were greater (P< 0.01) for husks and leaves then stalks. Similarly, husk had higher dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility in comparison to both leaves and stalks. In conclusion the results from this trial indicate that leaf residue has the highest energy value while husk residue is the most digestible. The scientific merits and management recommendations resulting from these investigations are directly applicable for either cattle or sheep grazing mechanically harvested corn plant residue. Furthermore the impact from determining the caloric properties of different corn plant components will benefit the scientific community and provide ruminant livestock manager's critical information necessary to better utilize corn stover residue in cost effective and nutritionally sound ruminant diets. In the reporting period products included: 1 referred publication (JAS), 1 manuscript under review (JAS), 1 scientific abstract published and oral presentation (JAS), and an MS degree awarded to Emily Petzel. Objective 3. Develop sheep and lamb feeding management strategy guidelines utilizing appropriate levels of bio-fuel based co-products and traditional ingredients. (100% completed) During this reporting period the manuscript titled "Lysine retained among two lipid coated lysine products after exposure to alfalfa- or corn-silage with different amounts of acidity" was published in the Journal of Dairy Science 101:5159-5165 (2018). Data from these studies serve as vital resources in improving nutritional management strategies in formulating bio-fuel based diets for ruminants.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Reiners, J.N., Held, J.E., Wright, C.L., and Brake, D. 2018. Lysine retained among 2 lipid-coated lysine products after exposure to alfalfa or corn silage with different amounts of acidity. Journal of Dairy Science. 101:5159-5165.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Petzel, E.A., Smart, A.J., St. Pierre, B., Selman, S.L., Bailey, E.A., Beck, E.E.., Walker, J.A., Wright, C.L., Held, J.E., and Brake, D.W. 2018. Estimates of diet selection in cattle grazing cornstalk residues by measurement of chemical composition and near infrared spectroscopy of diet samples collected by ruminal evacuation. Journal of Animal Science. 96:1914-1928.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Crane, A.R., Redden, R.R., Crouse, M.S., Kirsch, J.D., Borowicz, P.P., Held, J.E., Swanson, K.C., Schauer, C.S. 2018. Influence of distillers dried grains with solubles on ram lamb growth and reproductive traits. Journal of Animal Science. 96:1484-1494.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Petzel, E.A., Smart, A.J., Hales, K.E., Foote, A.P., Acharya, S., Wright, C.L., Held, J.E., Brake, D.W. 2018. An evaluation of digestibility and caloric value of different botanical parts of corn residue fed to cattle. Journal of Animal Science. (submitted)
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Petzel, E.A. 2018. What is the value of corn residue to grazing cattle? MS Thesis-South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Co-advisors Drs. Held and Brake)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Petzel, E.A., Smart, A.J., St. Pierre, B., Selman, S.L., Bailey, E.A., Beck, E.E.., Walker, J.A., Wright, C.L., Held, J.E., and Brake, D.W. 2018. Estimates of diet selection in cattle grazing cornstalk residues by measurement of chemical composition and near infrared spectroscopy of diet samples collected by ruminal evacuation. Journal of Animal Science. 96 (Suppl 2): Poster 414.
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Sheep Industry: The primary targeted beneficiaries for this research areproducers of sheep and other small ruminants, graduate and undergraduate students, academic professionals and the industry feed formulation infrastructure. Dissemination of project results and recommendations to target audiences can include published peer-reviewed manuscripts including the Sheep and Goat Journal and JAS, popular press, and electronic formats including the SDSU extension iGrow platform, industry conferences and conventions. Researchers and the livestock industry: Co-product feed ingredients from the bio-fuels industry have expanded the ingredient inventory available to formulate diets for ruminants. Scientific investigations on the effect of ruminant diet formulation using co-product feed ingredients to improve animal performance efficiencies and to lower the unit cost of production is critical for economic sustainability in ruminant animal agriculture. Data from our projects provides other scientists with critical information to further design experiments and publish scientifically verified outcomes and recommendations for feeding management strategies with co-product ingredients. Although the primary scientific audience is sheep and other small ruminant nutritionists, the benefits are inclusive with beef and dairy cattle investigators in the US and internationally. Dissemination to this audience focuses on peer reviewed manuscript publication, presentations at professional and scientific meetings. Furthermore, results and recommendations from our investigations has and will be communicated to ruminant livestock end-users to improve animal performance and reduce the unit cost of production by research team and extension professional at South Dakota State University. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Three graduate students have been trained on this project in the reporting period. Jessica Reiners, MS student- reporting period to March, 2017. 49% graduate research assistantship. Completed MS degree. In this reporting period thesis development and completion enhanced scientific writing skills, critical thinking and statistical analysis of data sets. As a result, two peer reviewed manuscripts were completed with one already published and a second expected to be published in 2018. MS program training and professional skill development created a strong foundation to successfully complete MS program and lead to career opportunities in academia. Past training and professional development included earned skills associated with abomasal cannulation procedures in sheep, feed ingredient analyses including proximate analysis, NDF and ADF fiber fractions, and HPLC techniques to determine amino acid concentrations. Wrote a scientific abstract and presented this work as an oral presentation at the national ASAS meeting. Also prepared a proceedings paper and presented the scientific findings at a NCERA-214 annual meeting. Other capacities included serving as a teaching assistant for the undergraduate sheep production course, preparing and presenting electronically several lectures. Co-advised by Drs. Held and Brake. Ann Kolthoff, MS student- reporting period to May, 2017. 49% graduate research assistantship. Completed MS degree. In this reporting period dissertation development and completion enhanced scientific writing skills, critical thinking and statistical analysis of data sets. Past training and professional development included learned skills associated with diet formulation, feed ingredient analysis including proximate analysis, and fiber fraction NDF and ADF determination. Developed an extensive electronic survey using the electronic technologies available via Question Pro. Invited speaker at a national sheep production education program, prepared and presented scientific findings from MS graduate studies on pre-marketing management practices effect on live weight shrink loss. Co-advised by Drs. Held and Wright. Emily Petzel, MS student- entire reporting period. 49% graduate research assistantship. Highly motived student that in just 12 months has gained extensive training in skills related to ruminant nutrition research investigations on site of digestion including rumen, duodenal and ileum cannulation, proximate analysis, and fiber fraction NDF and ADF determination, and indirect calorimetry techniques. Actively engaged in writing a manuscript for peer reviewed journal which provides development of scientific writing skills and statistical analysis and interpretation of complex data sets. She also served as a TA for the undergraduate sheep production course in fall of 2017, developed and presented lecture material. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research community: During this reporting period there were2 successful MS degrees and theses,a peer reviewed journal article published, 2 submitted manuscripts to a peer reviewed journal (JAS), and 2 proceeding papers were submitted and published in the 2017 NCERA-214 report. Additionally the information was shared with peers using oral presentation format. Extension stakeholders: Dissemination to stakeholders targeted include producers, feed manufacturers, private consultants, industry representatives, veterinarians, extension personnel and undergraduate students. In this reporting period we published2 peer-reviewed extension fact sheets, prepared2 presentations for regional or national audiences: 1) SDSGA Annual Convention, 2) American Sheep Industry Assn Annual Convention. Results from the live lamb shrink loss work by Kolthoff was applied to a demonstration field study conducted by Dr. Held and Dave Ollila, SDSU Field Sheep Specialist with 10 producer partners. Data from that work was shared with producer audience and professional peers at the 2017 South Dakota Sheep Growers Assn annual meeting and the American Sheep Industry Association annual national convention. Other extension educational products and communication to the sheep industry community were conducted using the SDSU iGrow platform. Also research results from this project were shared with undergraduate students enrolled in the SDSU AS 477 sheep production and management course. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Goal A: Determine the impact of bio-fuels based co-products in sheep and lamb feeding management strategies on: 1) animal performance efficiency, 2) unit cost of production, 3) ruminal fermentation 4) carcass characteristics, and 5) profitability. Anticipate a peer reviewed publication from the collaborative study with NDSU and SDSU in the next reporting period. Completed studies from this projectincluding goals A, B and C will be summarized into a SDSU Sheep Research and Extension report in 2018. Scientific evidence generated from a recent feeding trial under Goal A with corn stover ingredients has been incorporated into a funding proposal for Goal B. Although in 2017 private sector funds were unavailable, we will continue to explore funding opportunities for this important scientific investigation in the future. Bio-fuel based feed ingredients and subsequent formulations for ruminant animals will be critical to future sustainable production models. This project would serve as an excellent training opportunity for an incoming graduate student to our program. Goal B: Determine the effect of physical and chemical treatment of corn stover on animal nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation in sheep. As stated under Goal A we will continue to explore opportunities to funda project with ruminal and duodenal cannulated wethers to investigate nutrient utilization, and associative effects of starch and non-starch dietary components with corn stover based diets in sheep. A graduate student, Emily Petzel, has submitted a manuscript for peer review, anticipate at least 1 additional manuscript from work under this goal in 2018. These works will be including in MS dissertation with expected completion of MS requirements in 2018. Goal C: Develop sheep and lamb feeding management strategy guidelines utlizing appropiate levels of bio-fuels based co-product and traditional ingredients. Current work by Petzel et. al. will serve as guidelines to develop innovative feeding management strategies for ruminants. Beneficiaries include professional and academic peer professionals through peer reviewed publications and ruminant species producers from cost effective dietary management strategies shared by SDSU extension specialists. Upon successful completion of MS degree requirements, Emily Petzel will enter into a PhD program with Drs. Brake and Held at SDSU. Her PhD project will focus on the use of bio-fuel based ingredients and protein supplementation on immunology status in late gestation ewes and subsequent newborn lamb health. This project will be launched during the 2018 reporting period.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal A. Determine the impact of bio-fuels based co-products in sheep and lamb feeding management strategies on: 1) animal performance efficiency, 2) unit cost of production, 3) ruminal fermentation, 4) carcass characteristics, and/or 5) profitability. (80% completed) A recent collaborative research project with North Dakota State University and South Dakota State University investigators studied the effects of dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) on ram lamb growth and reproductive traits. Diet inclusion levels for DDGS were 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% in a ground mixed ingredient lamb finishing diet formulation. Rams, n=112, were allocated to four treatments (n=4 pens/treatment; 7 rams/pen) and for 112 d (PHASE 1), after which rams were placed on the 0% DDGS (control) diet until d 168 (PHASE 2). The level of DDGS resulted in a significant quadratic (P<0.02) response for average daily gain in Phase 1 and Overall (Phase 1 and 2),and alinear response for Overall (Phase 1 and 2) feed efficiency (Gain:Feed).Reproductive trait comparisons included scrotal circumference, spermatozoa and blood testosterone concentration, and sperm morphology. InPHASE 2 and Overall (Phase 1 and 2)scrotal circumference had significant linear and quadratic effects. In PHASE 2 there was a linear increase in spermatozoa concentration and percentage of morphologically normal sperm with greater dietary DDGS inclusion, however interestingly the testosterone concentration exhibited a linear decrease as DDGS increased across treatment diets. This research has been shared with peers as an ASAS Western Section proceedings paper and a manuscript titled "Influence of dried distiller's grains with solubles on ram lamb growth and reproductive traits" (Crane, A. et. al.) has been submitted to JAS for review and subsequent publication. Goal B. Determine the effect of physical and chemical treatment of corn stover on animal nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation in sheep. (80 % completed) A research proposal was submitted to a private sector entity to support research studies onnutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation end-products of lamb finishing diets formulated with corn stover. Unfortunately the proposal was unable to be funded at this time. These studies were expected to be led by Emily Petzel, a graduate student, for her MS thesis work (Co-advisors Drs. Held and Brake). Therefore a different MS thesis project related to corn stover utilization in ruminants was developed using cattle grazing cornstalk residues. This work has advanced extensively including a manuscript submitted to the Journal of Animal Science (JAS), "Estimates of diet selection in cattle grazing cornstalk residues by measurement of chemical composition and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy of diet samples collected using the ruminal evacuation method". Twostudies areincluded in this manuscript submission: 1) a 6 x 6 latin square with cannulated calves receiving diets consisting of designated proportions of cornstalk and noncornstalk components (husk and leaves), 2) afield study was conducted to evaluate prediction of diet composition consumed bycattle grazing corn cropresidue. Results from study 1 indicated that prediction of diet composition from chemcial analytics using acid-detergent insoluble ash (ADIA) andNIRS had the greatest accuracy (slope=0.98 and 0.95) and large coefficients of determination (r squared = 0.86 and 0.74 respectively). In study 2, predictions of diet compostiion based onADIA and NIRS did not differ (P=0.99), and estimates of cornstalk intake tended to be greater (P=0.09) in strip-grazing compared to continuously grazed cows. Currently a third study is being conducted to measure the calorimetric properties associated with cornstalk and noncornstalk components of cornstalk residue using indirect calorimetry on cattle. Data from this study will beanalyzed in 2018.The scientific merits and management recommendations resulting from these investigations will be directly applicable for either cattle or sheep grazing mechanically harvested corn plant residue. At least 1 additional manuscript will be prepared and a MS thesis dissertation prepared and completed in 2018. Goal C. Develop sheep and lamb feeding management strategy guidelines utilizing appropriate levels of bio-fuel based co-products and traditional ingredients. (80% completed) Jessica Reiners, SDSU Animal Science graduate student (co-advisors Drs. Held and Brake), successfully completed an MS thesisin partial fulfillment of MS degree requirements March 2017. Her researchincluded two studies: 1) Effects of acidity and silage type on lysine retention among two lipid-coated ruminally protected lysine products; 2) Determination of lysine retentionin tworuminally protected lysine products in abomasally cannulated wethers. In addition to her MS thesis, results from this work were published as: 1)an abstract in the Journal of Animal Science and disseminated at the 2016 ASAS meeting, 2) a peer reviewed journal publication "Lysine bioavailability among 2 lipid-coated lysine products after exposure to silage" in Translational Animal Science (Aug 10, 2017),and 3)a manuscript titled "Lysine retained among two lipid coated lysine products after exposure to alfalfa- or corn-silage with different amounts of acidity" which has been submitted to JAS and is currently under review. Results from these studies indicate that lipid-coated lysine can provide metabolizable lysine, but that amounts of metabolizable lysine from lipid-coated lysine are affected by both physical and chemical characteristics of diet. Ann Kolthoff, SDSU Animal Science graduate student (co-advisors Drs. Held and Wright), successfully completed an MS thesisin partial fulfillment of MS degree requirements May 2017. Her research studies included two studies: 1) Effect of pre-marketing management practices of lambs on shrink loss; 2) Evaluating live lamb marketing and management practices in the North Central region. In addition to her MS thesis, results and recommendations based on these studies were published in the 2017 NCERA-214 coordinating committee proceedings and presented to peers at the annual meeting. In addition these results were shared with producers at the 2017 South Dakota Sheep Growers Annual convention. Her work demonstrated that marketing management practices for lambs including handling and sorting, separating contemporaries, changing the penning evnironment and/or shift in plane of nutrition can impact the live body weight of feeder and finished lambs.Recommendations from this study were applied to a lamb finishing trial conducted by SDSU extensionto help producer participants fully understand the sources and impact of live body weight shrink loss on net lamb economic return. A manuscript will be prepared and submitted to the peer-reviewed journal, Sheep and Goat Journal, in 2018.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Reiners, J. N., Held, J. E., Qiao, Q., Reza, K. M., Brake, D. (2017). Lysine bioavailability among 2 lipid-coated lysine products after exposure to silage. Translational Animal Science, 1, 311-319.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Reiners, J. N., Held, J. E., Wright, C. L., Brake, D. Lysine retained among two lipid coated lysine products after exposure to alfalfa- or corn-silage with different amounts of acidity. Journal of Dairy Science. (under review)
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Reiners, J. 2017. Lysine bioavailability of two lipid coated lysine products after exposure to silages with different acidities. M.S. Thesis-South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Co-advisors Drs. Held and Brake)
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Kolthoff, A. 2017. Effect of pre-marketing management practices on shrink loss in lambs. M.S. Thesis-South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Co-advisors Drs. Held and Wright)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Held, J. E., Kolthoff, A. R., Wright, C. L., Smart, A. J. 2017. Effect of Pre-marketing management practices on shrink loss in lambs. Proceedings of the 2017 NCERA-214 coordinating committee. 2017 NCERA-214 Annual Meeting, June 12-14, 2017, East Lansing, MI
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Held, J. E., Wright, C. L., Smart, A. J. 2017. Evaluating marketing and management practices for lambs in the North Central region. Proceedings of the 2017 NCERA-214 coordinating committee. 2017 NCERA-214 Annual Meeting, June 12-14, 2017, East Lansing, MI
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Crane, A., Redden, R., Held, J. E. (2017). Influence of dried distiller's grains with solubles on spermatozoa morphological abnormalities of ram lambs. American Society of Animal Science-Western Section. Vol.68:304
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Held, J. E., Slack, L. 2017. Copper levels in Common Feed Ingredients for Sheep. SDSU iGrow Fact Sheet. //igrow.org/up/resources/02-2002-2017.pdf
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Carroll, H., Held, J. E. 2016. Lambing Time Protocols: Management practices pre-and post-parturition of a ewe flock and their lamb crop. SDSU iGrow Fact Sheet. //igrow.org/up/resources/02-2010-2016.pdf
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Cramer, H. R. (Student), Held, J. E., Kolthoff, A. R., Brake, D. 2017. Evaluation of commercially prepared lamb milk replacers for artifically reared lambs. SDSU Undergraduate Research Poster Competition, April 11, 2017.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Crane, A.R., R.R. Redden, M.S. Crouse, J.D. Kirsch, J.E. Held, K.C. Swanson and C.S. Schauer. 2018. Influence of dried distiller's grains with solubles on ram lamb growth and reproductive traits. JAS (submitted)
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Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Sheep Industry: The primary targeted beneficiaries for this research are the sheep and other small ruminant producers, graduate and undergraduate students, academic professionals and the industry feed formulation infrastructure. Dissemination of project results and recommendations to target audiences can include published peer-reviewed manuscripts including the Sheep and Goat Journal, popular press, and electronic formats including the SDSU extension iGrow platform, industry conferences and conventions. Researchers and the livestock industry: Co-product feed ingredients have expanded the ingredient inventory available to formulate diets for ruminants. Scientific investigations on the effect of ruminant diet formulation using co-product feed ingredients to improve animal performance efficiencies and to lower the unit cost of production is critical for economic sustainability in ruminant animal agriculture. Data from our project provides other scientists with critical information to further design experiments and publish scientifically verified outcomes and recommendations for feeding management strategies with co-product ingredients. Although the primary scientific audience is sheep and other small ruminant nutritionists the benefits are inclusive with beef and dairy cattle investigators in the US and internationally. Dissemination to this audience focuses on peer reviewed manuscript publication, presentations at professional and scientific meetings. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two graduate students have been trained on this project in the reporting period. Jessica Reiners, M.S. student, entire reporting period. 49% graduate research assistantship. Learned skills associated with abomasal cannulation procedures in sheep, feed ingredient analyses including proximate analysis, NDF and ADF fiber fractions, and HPLC techniques to determine amino acid concentrations. Wrote a scientific abstract and presented this work as an oral presentation at the national ASAS meeting. Also prepared a proceedings paper and presented the scientific findings at the 2016 NCERA-214 sheep research coordinating committee annual meeting. In addition capacities include serving as a teaching assistant for the undergraduate sheep production course, preparing and presenting electronically 3 lectures. Expected MS thesis completion and defense in early 2017. Co-advised by Drs. Held and Brake. Ann Kolthoff, M.S. student, entire reporting period. 49% graduate research assistantship. Learned skills associated with diet formulation, feed ingredient analysis including proximate analysis, and fiber fraction NDF and ADF determination. Developed an extensive electronic survey using the electronic technologies available via Question Pro. Invited speaker at a national sheep production education program, prepared and presented scientific findings from MS graduate studies on pre-marketing management practices effect on live weight shrink loss. Expected MS thesis completion and defense in early 2017. Co-advised by Drs. Held and Wright. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research community: We have published two proceedings papers, and one abstract during this reporting period. The proceeding papers were submitted and published in the 2016 NCERA-214 report, and subsequent oral presentations were presented to scientific peers at the annual NCERA-214 meeting. An abstract was accepted for the 2016 ASAS JAM scientific meetings, and scientific data shared with scientific peers as an oral presentation. Extension stakeholders: Dissemination to stakeholders targeted include producers, feed manufacturers, private consultants, industry representatives, veterinarians, extension personnel and undergraduate students. In this reporting period we published two peer-reviewed extension fact sheets, prepared and delivered two presentations to regional or national audiences: 1) SDSGA Annual Convention, 2) Center of the Nation NSIP Sheep Education Program. Additionally the scientific expertise gained from this project resulted in being chosen to serve as a cited reviewer for 2 book chapters in the sheep industry production handbook, SID Sheep Production Handbook, 8th Ed. Other extension educational products and communication to the sheep industry community were conducted using the SDSU iGrow platform. Also research results were shared with undergraduate students enrolled in the SDSU AS 477 Sheep Production and Management course. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Goal A: Determine the impact of bio-fuels based co-products in sheep and lamb feeding management strategies on: 1) animal performance efficiency, 2) unit cost of production, 3) ruminal fermentation, 4) carcass characteristics, and/or 5) profitability. We plan to publish a peer reviewed manuscript in the 2017 SDSU Sheep Research Report from a recent lamb finishing study exploring the effect of protein source and physical form of dietary ingredients on animal feed intake and gain efficency.A lamb finishing trial will be conducted to evaluatethe physical form of co-product formulated diets on feed intake, gain efficiency and unit cost of production. Goal B: Determine the effect of physical and chemical treatment of corn stover on animal nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation in sheep. Proposal to fund a project with ruminal and duodenal cannulated wethers to investigate nutrient utilization, and associative effects of starch and non-starch dietary components with corn stover based diets in sheep has been submitted for consideration to the private sector. Animals will be fitted with cannulas by March 2017, a MS graduate student has been recruited for training in this field of study. Goal C: Develop sheep and lamb feeding management strategy guidelines utilizing appropriate levels of bio-fuel based co-products and traditional ingredients Two graduate students will completed MS degree requirements in 2017 and manuscripts from their studies published as peer reviewed manuscripts.Results from research investigation described in Goal Bwill provide knowledge on appropiate levels of co-products ingredients to enhancenutritientutlization and ruminal fermentation in lamb finishsing diet.A lamb finishing trial will follow up this work to demonstrate the animal performance response to co-product formulations identified that enhance nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal A. Determine the impact of bio-fuels based co-products in sheep and lamb feeding management strategies on: 1) animal performance efficiency, 2) unit cost of production, 3) ruminal fermentation, 4) carcass characteristics, and/or 5) profitability. (60% completed) A recent investigation using DDGS at 30% inclusion in a ground mixed ingredientlamb finishing diet compared to a traditional whole corn and pelleted protein supplement offered ad libitum resulted in similar dry matter intake, animal performance, yet less gain efficiency. No evidence of metabolic disorders (acidosis and polio) were observed during the 42 d feeding trial. DDGS is a high energy ingredient with little or no starch therefore is not expected to negatively impact rumen fermentation compared to ground starch from corn. Gain efficiency was reduced by 14.6% with reduced diet particle size, or when expressed as cost of gain equivalent to an increase of $0.10 per lb of body weight gain ($0.56 vs $0.66). These results demonstrate that reducing dietary particle size in a lamb finishing diet was not economically advantageous yet fortunately did not result in clinical acidosis or polio. This research has been shared with peers with a proceedings paper and presentation at the 2016 NCERA-214 annual meeting, a peer reviewed manuscript will be published in the 2017 SDSU Sheep Unit Research and Extension Report. Goal B. Determine the effect of physical and chemical treatment of corn stover on animal nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation in sheep. (50% completed) A proposal has been submitted to fund a study utilizing rumen and duodenal cannulated lambs to study the nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation end-products of lamb finishing diets formulated with corn stover. Anticipate lamb surgical procedures to be completed by March 2017, diets formulated and data collection beginning mid-2017. Determining nutrient digestibility, rumen pH and VFA production of lamb finishing diets formulated with corn stover is expected to compliment results from a lamb feeding trial conduct under this project. Drs. Held and Brake will led project and provide opportunity for training a MS graduate student, Emily Petzel. Data collection in 2017 with subsequent peer reviewed manuscript and graduate thesis in 2018. Goal C. Develop sheep and lamb feeding management strategy guidelines utilizing appropriate levels of bio-fuel based co-products and traditional ingredients. (60% completed) Research and analyses were completed for data related to effects of acidity and silage type on lysine (Lys)retention among two lipid-coated ruminally protected lysine products (RPL). Results were published as an abstract in the Journal of Animal Science and disseminated at the 2016 ASAS meeting. With both RPL products acidity and type of silage (corn and alfalfa) significantlydissociated Lys from the lipid matrix by more than25%. In a secondrelated study with abomasally cannulated wethers the results reveal that bioavailability of Lys RPL was equal to crystalline Lys infused into the abomasal cannulas, 10.2 and 11.4 % respectively. Thus the lipid properties of the RPL products did not protect against Lysdissociation in the rumen environment.Data collection and analyses for this project are completed. Results from these studies will be published in a MS thesis and a peer-reviewed manuscript prepared and submitted to the Journal of Animal Science in 2017. Data collection and analyses are completed on a study to evaluate pre-marketing management practices of finished lambs in the Upper Midwest on live weight shrink loss. Results were published in the 2016 NCERA-214 proceedings and disseminated to peers attending NCERA-214, producers at the South Dakota state sheep growers convention and a national sheep production education program.This study demonstratedthat pre-marketing management practices can increaselive animalshrink lossby 4% of body weightand subsequently reduce gross returnby $4 to 7 per head of finished lambs marketed. We expect publication of a MS thesis and a manuscript prepared and submitted to a peer-reviewed journal, Sheep and Goat Journal, in 2017. Additional extension publication dissemination is expected to provide sheep producers with recommendations on appropriate on-farm marketing management practices to optimize lamb profitability.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Reiners, J.N., J.E. Held, D.W. Brake and A. Kolthoff. 2016. Dry matter intake, feed efficiency and lamb growth response to different particle sizes and protein sources in lamb finishing diets. Proceedings of the 2016 NCERA-214 coordinating committee.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Kolthoff, A., J.E. Held and A. Smart. 2016. Evaluating pre-marketing management practices of finished lambs in the Upper Midwest. Proceedings of the 2016 NCERA-214 coordinating committee.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Reiner, J.N. and D.W. Brake. 2016 Effects of acidity and silage type on lysine retention among two lipid-coated ruminally protected lysine products. J. Anim. Sci. 94:supplement 5:724.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Kolthoff, A. and J.E. Held. 2016. Impact of pre-marketing nutritional management on lamb body weight loss. 2016 Center of the Nation NSIP Sale Education Program- Spencer, IA
- Type:
Other
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Carroll, H., J.E. Held and D. Ollila. 2016. Sheep and Pasture Resource Videos. iGrow Fact Sheet.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Held, J.E. 2016. Reducing Lamb Mortality. 12 Best Management Practices Guidelines Fact Sheets" . United States Lamb Resource Center American Sheep Industry Lets Grow Committee .
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Progress 10/31/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:The product outputs will provide regional, national and potentially international end-users knowledge and guidelines for co-product ingredients in sheep and lamb diets. Co-products have expanded the ingredient inventory available to formulate diets for ruminants. The primary beneficiary for this work will be the sheep industry. Improving the scientific knowledge of co-product based diets or these ingredients in a complimentary role to formulate safe and cost effective diets for sheep or lambs will impact the industry's profitability and sustainability. Dissemination of project results to target audiences include producers, students, allied industries and academic professionals via print, electronic formats (SD extension iGrow), scientific meetings and invited presentations at industry conferences and conventions. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two graduate students have been involved with research and outreach associated with this project. Ms. Ann Kolthoff and Ms. Jessica Reiners are both SDSU Animal Science graduate students pursuing a Master's degree in ruminant nutrition. These students had full responsibility to conduct the study on the effect of corn stover on lamb growth performance and dry matter intake. A trial summary was published in the 2015 NCERA-214 proceedings and shared with coordinating committee members. Reiners also conducted a lamb finishing trial in late-fall of 2015 comparing soybean meal and DDGS in finely ground lamb finishing diets. In 2016 Reiners will complete the data analysis then prepare the written station proceedings report and present a trial summary to the members of the NCERA-214 coordinating committee. Additionally each are independently engaged in other animal study investigation, Reiners has been working with Dr. Derek Brake on a project with rumen protected lysine; Kolthoff has completed several trials on the effect of pre-marketing management strategies on lamb body weight loss. Reiners has prepared and submitted an abstract on rumen protected lysine to be presented at the 2016 national ASAS meeting. The work by Kolthoff will be published in her MS thesis in partial fulfillment of the degree requirements. In addition she will prepare a summary of her pre-marketing management strategies project to publish in the 2016 NCERA-214 proceedings. Both Reiners and Kolthoff are expected to complete a MS degree in the fall of 2016. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results and knowledge gained from studies under this project have been disseminated in numerous extension functions including regional and national extension programs to producers, feed manufacturers, private consultants, industry representatives, veterinarians, extension personnel and scientists. Educational activities included the 2015 SD Sheep Growers Assn annual convention, the Center of the Nation NSIP Sale Education program at Spencer, IA and SD extension web-based platform iGrow. Proceedings papers were prepared and published from scientific investigation conducted under this project in the 2015 NCERA-214 coordinating committee report and the Western Section-ASAS. A referred publication by Redding et al. (2014) was published in the Sheep and Goat Journal 29:45-50. Current projects led by Reiners and Kolthoff will contribute to their MS thesis and knowledge will be shared with scientists at the 2016 NCERA-214 and disseminated to stakeholders by extension staff at the annual sheep growers convention, in the 2016 SDSU Sheep Report and electronically using SD Extension iGrow. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the next reporting period the data analyses and results summary of a lamb finishing study conducted at the SDSU sheep unit will be completed. The results from the current study will add to the knowledge gained from previous studies on the potential of bio-fuels ingredients to improve animal performance efficiency, lower cost of gain and support sheep extension efforts to educate producers on improved feeding management strategies for lamb feedlot and lamb to finish operations. In 2016 several nutritional studies will be conducted to investigate the effect of specific bio-fuel dietary ingredients on rumen fermentation and nutrient utilization using rumen and abomasally cannulated sheep. The long term impact of this project applies to domestic and international target audiences. Graduate students trained in application of bio-fuel ingredients to livestock diet formulation for ruminants will potentially impact and benefit academic careers, and subsequently the livestock industry and mutually benefit the entire production agriculture sector.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Feed cost is a substantial proportion, 60 %, of the total cost of production in sheep enterprises. The bio-fuels industry has provided many co-product ingredients for ruminant livestock diet formulations including soyhulls (SH), dried distillers grains (DDGS), processed/treated corn stover and liquid co-products including glycerol and corn oil. These co-product feed ingredients can provide an economic advantage in nutritional management and diet formulation decisions for commercial manufacturers and livestock producers. Sheep nutritional studies at SDSU with corn stover, DDGS, soyhulls (SH) and other bio-fuels industry based ingredients has gained regional and national acceptance and resulted in changes to ruminant livestock feeding practices. A lamb finishing study was conducted at the SDSU Sheep Unit to evaluate the effect of corn stover on lamb growth performance and dry matter intake. All animal procedures were approved by the South Dakota State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. In the study 48 crossbred lambs (initial BW 107.3 + 6.3 lb) were used in a CRD design to evaluate the effect of corn stover on lamb growth performance and dry matter intake over a 42 d finishing period. Lambs were blocked by 2 weight classes with 4 lambs per pen. Each pen was randomly assigned one of three treatment diets resulting in two replicate pens per treatment for each weight class (block). The treatment diets were a corn grain based control (CON), and a pair of diets containing corn stover, IABF A (25% corn stover) and IABF B (20% corn stover). All diets were pelleted and formulated to meet or exceed the lamb nutritional requirements, Small Ruminant, NRC (2007). Lambs were housed in outdoor, dirt lot research pens (3.66 X 4.88 m). Lambs were offered ad libitum access to the treatment diets for 10 days before the study began, and throughout the experimental period via self-feeders. Diets were added and recorded in 50 or 100 lb increments at regular intervals. Dry matter intake (DMI) was calculated at 2 week intervals based on the amount of feed offered less the residual feed weigh back. Feed subsamples were collected at two week intervals and frozen until subsequent nutrient analysis. Lambs had access to unlimited water throughout the study. Growth performance and dry matter intake data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit, and block the random effect. Means were separated using the LSMEANS statement with the PDIFF option. For all data, significance was declared at P<0.05 and tendencies accepted at 0.05< P <0.10. Final weight (P=0.30), average daily gain (ADG)(P=0.52) and dry matter intake (DMI)(P=0.18) were similar for lambs fed the corn stover diets, IABF A and IABF B, and the CON diet. However lambs fed the CON diet had greater feed efficiency compared to those offered the corn stover diets, the feed to gain for lambs fed the corn stover treatment diets were similar. In this study lamb performance data including ADG, F:G and dry matter intake for the CON diet and a co-product formulated diet, IABF A, met expectations based on previous work at SDSU. Data from other studies shows that co-product formulated diets result in similar ADG, higher DMI and lower feed efficiency (higher F:G) compared to traditional ingredient lamb finishing formulations. However in a recent lamb finishing trial and a sheep metabolism study at SDSU when co-product based diets were formulated and offered pelletized containing approximately 25% corn evidence of digestive disorders and reduced lamb growth performance efficiency was observed. Furthermore, under circumstances when lamb diets are formulated with approximately equal parts of soyhulls, DDGS and a starch based energy feed ingredient increased lamb morbidity and death loss has resulted due to digestive disorders including acidosis and polio. In the current study the treatment diet IABF B was formulated to contain similar parts of soyhulls, DDGS and corn with 20% corn stover, lambs offered this diet had similar ADG and no observed negative animal health conditions compared to lambs fed other treatment diets. The investigators postulated that the effective fiber properties of corn stover would minimize the risk of digestive disorders associated with rumen function. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the optimum level of corn stover in lamb finishing diets.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Redding, P.L., J.E. Held, C.L. Wright and J.A. Clapper. 2014. Effect of fat source on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing lambs. Sheep and Goat Journal 29:45-50.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Held, J.E., A. Kolthoff, J. Reiners and D. Brake. 2015. Effect of corn stover on lamb growth performance and dry matter intake during the finishing period. Proceedings of the 2015 NCERA-214 coordinating committee.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Crane, A.R., R.R. Redden, M.S. Crouse, J.D. Kirsch, J.E. Held and C.S. Schauer. 2015. Influence of dried distillerss grains with soluble on ram lamb growth and reproductive traits. Proceedings of the American Society of Animal Science Western Section Vol. 66.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Held, J.E. 2015. Factors that influence lamb growth efficiency. 2015 Center of the Nation NSIP Sale Education Program- Spencer, IA
- Type:
Other
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Kolthoff, A. and J.E. Held. 2015. Impact of pre-marketing nutritional management on lamb body weight loss. 2015 South Dakota Sheep Growers Annual Convention - Rapid City, SD.
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