Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience: The target audience for the project are other plant biologists, and more broadly, scientists such as agronomists and horticulturalists who seek to apply fundamental knowledge about pathogen responses of plants to increase food security, and reduce impacts of diseases on crop plants. Seminars were presented at the annual national meeting of the American Society for Plant Biology in August 2019 in San Jose, CA. Refereed journal articles were published in appropriate peer reviewed journals Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The post doctoral fellow working on the project, Dr. Yi Ma, delivered a training program to high school biology teachers to update them about how to incorporate plant molecular genetics into their high school biology classrooms. This training aided in development of Dr. Ma as a teacher. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?In addition to refereed publications as mentioned above, presentations about the work were made at the 2019 American Society for Plant Biology National Meeting in San Jose, CA. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In the final year of the project, we generated more detailed analysis of how G proteins are involvfed in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. We determined that the alpha subunit of G proteins is required for the BR signaling pathway involving CNGCs and calcium to be functional. We also demonstrated that the signaling occurs in specific root cells near the root apex. We also demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is downstream of the G protein signaling. Work was also undertaken on objec5tive 6 with tomato. We demonstrated that the tomato Pep peptide does evoke defense gene expression, and that calcium signaling is involved. Over the term of the project, we generated new information relevant to the major goals of the project as follows (numbers correspond to the major objectives listed in the proposal). 1. We demonstrated Ca2+ involvement in pathogen response signaling cascades. We did not address objective 2, we only have indirect evidence that the Ca2+ conducting channel CNGC2 and the receptor PEPR1 functionally interact. 3. We did demonstrate involvement of the ca2+ binding protein calmodulin (CaM), a Ca2+-dependent kinase, and a calmodulin activated transcription factor in both pathogen signal (Pep peptide) and hormone (BR) signaling. 4. We found that mutating putative cGMP binding domains in the BRI1 receptor did not affect signaling. 5. And 6. We did identify genes in tomato corresponding to the Arabidopsis Pep receptor (PEPR1), and demonstrated that in tomato, a Ca2+ signal is downstream from ligand perception by the receptor. Overall, the project generated new and fuller understanding of how extracellular signals involved in pathogen and hormone perception are translated into altered cell function by a signaling cascade dependent on the generation of a cytosolic Ca2+ elevation that then activates a CaM signaling system that alters cell function and gene expression so cells can respond to the external signals.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
McGehee C, Apicella P, Berkowitz G, Durocher S, Ma Y, Lubell J 2019 First report in United States of Pythium myriotylum on hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Storrs, Connecticut. Plant Disease Reports.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Yu X, Xu G, Li B, de Souza Vespoli L, Liu H, Moeder W, Chen S, de Oliveira MVV, Araidina de Souza S, Shao W, Rodrigues B, Ma Y, Chhajed S, Xue S, Berkowitz GA, Yoshioka, K, He P, Shan L 2019 The receptor kinases BAK1/SERK4 regulate Ca2+ channel homeostasis for cell death containment. Current Biol 29: 3778-3790. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.018
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Ma Y, He K, Berkowitz GA 2019 An Overview: From Structure to Signalsomes; new perspectives about membrane receptors and channels. Frontiers Plant Sci 10:682 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00682
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Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for the project are other plant biologists, and more broadly, scientists such as agronomists and horticulturalists who seek to apply fundamental knowledge about pathogen responses of plants to increase food security, and reduce impacts of diseases on crop plants. Seminars were presented at the annual national meeting of the American Society for Plant Biology in July 2018 in Montreal, Canada. Refereed journal articles were published in appropriate peer reviewed journals. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The post doctoral research scientist (Dr. Yi Ma) working on the project attended several workshops and international conferences during the project; including metabolomics workshops, plant membrane biology workshops, and plant cell calcium signaling symposiums. These meetings/workshops provided Dr. Ma opportunities to continue learning new techniques, and interacting with other scientists in this research field.Dr. Ma also had opportunities to review refereed journal articles and federal grant proposals. Dr. Ma also co-edited a Research Topic (special journal issue) in the refereed journal 'Frontiers in Plant Biology' with the PI; this experience will expand her training in new ways. Undergraduate students working on the project continued their development as young scientists. Many undergraduate students who undertook independent studies related to the project objectives have continued their development as young scientists. Several have gone on to complete graduate degrees. Others have obtained prestigious summer internships at distinguished research venues. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Invited platform presentations have been given at an international conferences;the 2018 meeting of the American Society for Plant Biology national meeting (Montreal, Canada, 7/2018). Refereed publications have been generated. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We intend to finish generating the PDE double mutants. Once the genetics are confirmed, we will examine if the putative PDE genes are involved in BR signaling. We will expand our GCamP studies of BR signaling in root cells of Arabidopsis seedlings. Dr. Ma, the postdoctoral scientist, will also complete some refereed journal articles about the work for submission. Finally, some undergraduate students supervised by Dr. Ma will complete their independent study projects by the end of the Spring 2018 semester.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We continued studies linking G proteins to brassinosteriod (BR) signaling that involves a cytosolic Ca2+elevation. We examined the putative guanylyl cyclase (GC) domain of the BR receptor BRI1. We also undertook some new work to characterize a newly uncovered putative cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) gene Arabidopsis mutant. We continued using GCaMP-expressing plants, developed during the project, to demonstrate Ca2+ signals in root cells upon expose of seedlings to BR.We used Arabidopsis G protein α and β subunit null mutants for some new work examining G protein interaction with Ca2+-dependent BR signaling. The involvement of G proteins in BR signaling was probed by examining BR-dependent phenotypes, and BR-dependent gene expression. We used alanine substitutions in the GC domain to evaluate if, upon expression in the bri1-5 weak allele mutant, the BRI1 coding sequence with functional residues modified would show wild type or BRI1 mutant phenotypes.Our achievement of identifying the linkage between plant G proteins and Ca2+signaling evoked by the hormone BR may lead to new paradigms for what we call 'instantaneous' effects of the steroid hormone on growth and other responses of plant cells. Another line of significant results pertained to our development of the GCamP biosensors forin situCa2+responses associated with BR signaling. We were able to use this new (for us) sensor to identify cell-level cytosolic Ca2+elevations in roots of Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to BR. Significantly, we demonstrated that exposure of Arabidsopis seedlings to a Ca2+ channel blocker prevented the GCaMP signals occurring in response to BR application. We also completed studies linking PEP signaling peptides to immune responses such as ROS generation.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
McGehee C, Apicella P, Berkowitz G, Durocher S, Ma Y, Lubell J 2019 First report in United States of Pythium
myriotylum on hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Storrs, Connecticut. Plant Disease Reports.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Ma Y, Ali R, Garrido K, Berkowitz GA 2019 Phenotypes of Arabidopsis cyclic nucleotide-gated channel null mutants: probing the nature of native protein complexes. Plant Physiol
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Zheng X, Kang S, Jing Y, Ren Z, Li L, Zhou J-M ,Berkowitz GA, Shi J, Lan W, Zhao F, Luan S 2018 Danger-Associated Peptides Close Stomata by OST1-Independent Activation of Anion Channels in Guard Cells. Plant Cell (doi:10.1105/tpc.17.00701)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Ma Y, Berkowitz GA 2018 Brassinosteroid induced, Ca2+ and cyclic nucleotide associated signaling in Arabidopsis involves G proteins. Amer Soc Plant Biol Natl Mtg. 600-010.
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience this reporting period included the research community, as well as graduate and undergraduate students. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A post-doctoral research scientist continued her professional development as part of the work on the project. She participated in several molecular genetics training workshops (on metabolomics and RNAseq). This scientist also visited other universities to present research seminars, and presented invited platform talks at international conferences. Graduate students continued to develop bench skills as part of their training. Undergraduate students participated in the research project and attended conferences with the PI and the lab group. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The PI and post-doctoral scientist presented invited talks reporting results of the project at the International Plant Calcium Signaling Conference held at the John Innes Research Institute in Norwich, UK. Members of the lab also presented work at several regional conferences. Papers reporting the work were published in peer-reviewed journals. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We will continue to develop the GCamp5 fusion protein reporter and generate transgenic plants expressing these fusion proteins. We will then be able to test a key hypothesis of the work; that is, to determine whether or not the application of ligands for specific receptor proteins generate calcium signals locally, in nanodomains surrounding the receptor at the plasma membrane. We will use liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to attempt to evaluate whether cAMP elevations can be directly measured during the signaling cascades. This work will provide a test of the Glosensor cAMP monitoring system. We will use whole-genome approaches to monitor global effects of BR on gene expression as affected by calcium signaling.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The objectives 2 and 4 of the project are based on prior work from this lab and others suggesting that the leucine-rich receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) proteins involved in a number of signaling pathways activate CNGCs through a putative guanylyl cyclase (GC) domain. Work undertaken during the past year sought to test this model using several of the receptors involved in the signaling pathways. One of these signal transduction systems is the hormone brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway. BR signaling involving binding of the hormone to the LRR-RLK receptor BRI1. Another pathway that we probed was the pathogen response pathway involving Pep (Plant Elicitor Peptides peptides that activate innate immune responses in plant cells upon binding to the PEPR1 and PEPR2 LRR-RLK receptors. The putative GC domain of the BRI1, PEPR1, and PEPR2 receptors have ostensibly critical amino acid residues that are required for GC function. We used genetic null mutants of Arabidopsis plants that had no functional genes encoding these receptors. We then used site-directed mutagenesis to alter the coding sequence in the receptors so that the key functional residues were replaced with (non-functional) alanine residues. We used gene expression known to be activated in these signaling pathways, along with some other phenotypes as 'read-outs' to determine if the mutated receptors lost the ability to activate the signaling pathways. This line of research provided the best experimental test to date of this GC signaling model. We determined that GC function could be abolished in these LRR-RLK receptors and the signaling pathway remains intact. Thus, we no longer posit that the signaling pathways involve the receptor directly generating cGMP that then opens the Ca2+-conducting cyclic nucleotide gated CNGC channels. Thus we focused our attention on possible cAMP generation as activating the CNGCs in these signal transduction systems. We continued work on characterizing putative cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in Arabidopsis. We reasoned that PDEs may be important in the CNGC signaling pathways as they may control levels of cAMP and thus impact the CNGC signal. We identified two putative PDEs (PDE1 and PDE2) and worked with plants that had null mutations of these genes. With wild type plants, we found that application of the immune signaling peptide Pep3 caused increased PDE1 and PDE2 expression in the time period during which a cyclic nucleotide signal would be dissipated after activating the CNGC during a signaling event. We also found that in the PDE mutant (pde1), application of Pep3 led to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) as compared to wild type plants. These results are consistent with a model suggesting that cAMP level may be affected by PDE activity in situ during signaling cascades. Research was also undertaken on the 'Glosensor' plants mentioned in last year's report. Experiments continued to test if this reporter can effectively monitor cAMP elevations in situ during signaling cascades. Finally, work was also continued on the genetically-encoded Ca2+ sensor GCamp5. We cloned the GCamp5 coding sequence into Gateway plasmids so that genetic constructs could be generated that allow for membrane proteins can be expressed as fusion proteins with the GCamp5 peptide at the carboxyl terminus of the protein.
Publications
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Ma Y, Berkowitz GA 2017 Biotic stress signaling: Ca2+ mediated pathogen defense programs. In: S. Shabala, ed, Plant Stress Physiology, edition 2. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Pgs. 332-351
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Ma Y, Berkowitz GA 2017 Multimeric CAX complexes and plant cell Ca2+ signaling. (eXtra Botany Insight) J Exp Bot 68:3997-3999. PMID: 28922775. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx227
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Ma Y, Zhao Y, Berkowitz GA 2017 Intracellular Ca2+ is important for flagellin-triggered defense in Arabidopsis and involves inositol polyphosphate signaling. J Exp Bot 68:3617-3628. PMID: 28595359 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx176
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Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience this reporting period included the research community, graduate, and undergraduate students. To some extent as the project develops, the results may be of importance and interest to agrichemical companies seeking to develop "biorational" anti-pathogen treatments for greenhouse crops, horticultural corps during production, and also the post-harvest produce handling industry. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A post doctoral research scientist continued her professional development as part of the work on the project. This included visits to other universities to present research seminars, presenting invited platform talks at international conferences, and training students. Graduate students continued to develop bench skills as part of their training. Undergraduate students attended conferences with the PI and the lab group. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A post doctoral research scientist continued her professional development as part of the work on the project. This included visits to other universities to present research seminars, presenting invited platform talks at international conferences, and training students. Graduate students continued to develop bench skills as part of their training. Undergraduate students attended conferences with the PI and the lab group. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Significant progress has been made in the past year on the Glosensor aspect of the prior research objectives. We will continue to focus on the Glosensor project, so that we can report to the plant biology community in a high-visibility research publication the findings that this novel tool works effectively in plants. To that end, we will work with check the signal output from Glosensor plants upon addition of a ligand that generates a signal, with other methods such as liquid chromatography tandem quadrapole mass spec./mass spec. analysis of cAMP in leaf extracts. We plant on using a suite of Arabidopsis mutants, including G protein subunit mutants, to test our model that cAMP and Ca2+ signaling are occurring in localized domains of receptors, G proteins, enzymes such ad adenylate cyclase that generate secondary messengers, and Ca2+-conducting channels activated by cAMP. This work will focus on identifying molecular steps in signaling pathways upstream and downstream from cAMP generation. We will start out with the plant hormone brassinosteroid because we see Glosensor signals with this ligand, and the receptor as well as much of the signaling pathway for brassinosteroid is well known. Primary focus will be to develop, expand, and validate the optogenetic biosensors for cAMP and localized calcium detection in plant leaf cells responding to extracellular signals.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
One major focus of the work during the past year was the development and testing of a optogenetic reporter for measurement of the cytosolic secondary messenger cAMP in plants. This biosensor allows for real-time, non-destructive monitoring of cAMP levels in cells undergoing signaling cascades. Technical aspects of the Glosensor optogenetic cAMP sensor system as developed for plants (Arabidopsis) were studied, and an improved protocol was developed for use of the biosensor. Titrations of cofactor (luciferin) indicated that increasing the concentration improved the assay. Also, we now are able to generate cAMP signals in Glosensor plants that repeatedly rise above control levels, and maintain an elevated signal for longer times. The adenylate cyclase activator forskolin was used to evaluate the Glosensor fusion protein reporter in animal systems. We find that the Glosensor construct in plants yields a signal upon forskolin that is as strong as in recorded from animal cells. The biosensor appears to be working well in plants. We also began working on an Arabiodpsis genotype that has an apparent null mutation in a gene encoding a cylic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE). PDE breaks down cAMP in plants. Thus, if this phenotype can be confirmed; that during signaling, a cAMP elevation might be maintained longer or rise to higher levels because of the PDE mutation, they this genotype might provide our work with a useful tool to study cAMP signaling in plants. The experimental approach we are taking is to evaluate the Glosensor reporter using luminometry. We focused on developing the Glosensor bioassay and dropped work on GCaMP5 this year. Our objectives were to generate sufficient results with the stably transformed Glosensor plants to publish the findings in a high impact journal. We have begun work testing a number of ligands for Glosensor responses; i.e. light signals upon application to seedlings. We are also working on completing some older projects. Work was done on Ca2+ involvement with innate immune signaling. Another PAMP besides flg22 was used; elf18. Our objective here was to compare the signaling pathway (involving cytosolic Ca2+ elevation) occurring downstream from two different PAMPs. We also added an objective this year that focuses on characterizing the Arabidopsis putative PDE null mutant line. We determined the apparent binding affinity of the AC activator forskolin for the putative plant AC. Forskolin evokes signals from the AC at a similar (forskolin) concentration as is used in animal studies. We find that dideoxyadenosine (DDA), an inhibitor of AC, blocks the signal generated from Glosensor plants treated with forskolin. DDA, on the other hand, had no effect on Glosensor signals in response to addition of lipophilic cAMP (dibutylyl (db)-cAMP). These results are consistent with Glosensor activing as a real-time, in vivo cAMP sensing reporter protein in plants. Continuing on a study from prior years, we were able to standardize our methods of shoot apical meristem size analysis for studies of CLAVATA peptide signals controlling stem cell fate in the meristem. We also completed our analysis of differences in the signaling pathways downstream from flg22 and elf18 PAMPs.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Chou H, Zhu Y, Ma, Y, Berkowitz GA (2016) The CLAVATA signaling pathway mediating stem cell fate in shoot meristems requires Ca2+ as a secondary cytosolic messenger. Plant J 85: 494-506
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Chou H, Wang H, Berkowitz GA (2016) Shoot apical meristem size measurement. Bio-Protocol DOI:https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.2055
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Ma Y, Berkowitz GA (2016) NO and Ca2+: critical components of cytosolic signaling systems involved in stomatal immune responses pp 285-323..In: D. Wendehenne, ed., Nitric Oxide and Signaling in Plants, Adv Bot Res 77. Elsevier, NY pgs.286-323. ISBN 9780128010747 doi: 10.1016/bs.abr.2015.11.001
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Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:Research community, graduate, and undergraduate students. To some extent as the project develops, the results may be of importance and interest to agrichemical companies seeking to develop 'biorational' anti-pathogen treatments for greenhouse crops, horticultural crops during production, and the also post-harvest produce handling industry. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A graduate student was trained as part of the research project. This student acquired expertise in bioinformatic genome analysis, and sequence comparisons for phylogenetic comparisons of homologous members of gene families. The student also gained experience with standard DNA/RNA manipulation methods; these skills included RNA isolation, cDNA generation, PCR, agarose gel electrophoresis, etc. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Students and scientists in the research field related to the work had the opportunity to hear and see results of the work presented at the 2015 American Society of Plant Physiology National Meeting. These presentations included an invited platform presentation. The abstracts for these presentations are listed in the publications resulting from this work. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will first examine whether self-phosphorylation is altered in these BRI1m-FLAG transgenic plants compared to BRI1-FLAG transgenic plants. Wassilewkia, (ws), wild type (wt) plants will be used as the negative control. We will also transform bri1-5-aeq plants with BRI1m-FLAG to further investigate whether BR induced Ca2+ elevation is changed due to the mutation of the three residues. We will further examine what transcripts are altered in the BRI1m-FLAG plants compared to BRI1-FLAG plants using RNAseq. BRI1 and BRI1m will be fused with GCaMP5 to examine whether localized Ca2+ generation is changed.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1. We identified and used two volatile plant secondary metabolites (ocimene and myrcene) that are generated in response to pathogen infection and predation. We began experiments with ocimene. We usedthe model plant Arabiodopsis for the work. We developed several assay systems and employed transgenic calcium reporter plants for some of the work. We showed that application of ocimene gave a repeatable, statistically significantly great increase in luminescnece as compared to carrier (DMSO) solvent control. However, we wanted to develop an assay system that would allow for entire plants to be incubated with the volatile (ocimene) for long periods of time, and examine pathogen defense-related gene expression in response to long-term exposure to the volatile. Our results indicated that plants exposed to the volatile reduced expression of the target genes; this was unexpected. We are reexamining our whole-plant assay system before making conclusions. We believe we had air leaks in our system and there was problems with the treatment of the plants. 2. We are developing the new-generation optogenetic calcium reporter GCamP6 gene construct for the recpetor:channel protein complext assays. At this point, we have been able to transiently express the GCamP6 reporter in isolated Arabidopsis protoplasts and observe PAMP-dependent flourescence signals, indicating for the first time that thisnew-generationcalcium sensor can work in plant cells. We have obtained transgenic plants expression optogenetic cell localization markers (Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, tonoplast, etc. We are in the process of developing these research tools to allow for transient expression of the GCamP6 reporter in the cell localization marker plants so as to refine our confocal microscopy analysis of GCamP6- signals revealing calcium accumulations within protoplasts. We are in the process on generating genetic constructs that allow the GCamP6 coding sequence to be in-frame cloned with the PEPR1 receptor and CNGC2 calcium channel genes. This will allow in the future for GCamP6-faciltated monitoring of calcium signals occurring in signalsome microdomains around/hear the receptor/channel complexes. 3. We are finding that CAMTA3 is involved in the calcium-dependent component of BR signaling. 4. We have obtained transgenic bri1-5 mutant plants expressing BRI1 with the three putative functional residues mutated (BRI1m-FLAG). BRI1m plants showed intermediate phenotype between wt and bri1-5 mutants. In addition, analysis of BR-regulated genes, such as IAA1 and SAUR-Ac1 showed reduced expression level after BR treatment in the transgenic plants compared to wt and plants transformed with the normal BRI1 (BRI1-FLAG), while the expression of BAS1 did not change in these genotypes. 5 and 6. We have completed studies for this objective that support the hypothesis. We have shown that a Pep peptide (SlPep) that is encoded in the Solanum lycopersicum genome is able to generate cytosolic calcium elevations in tomato leaves when applied at nanomolar levels. This peptide is also able to facilitate the enhanced expression of pathogen defense genes. In addition, preapplication of the peptide to tomato plants (a day prior to pathogen inoculation) results in a ten-fold reduction in the growth of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syryngae DC3000.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Rauf M, Shehzad K, Ali R, Ahmad M, Habib I, Mansoor S, Berkowitz GA, and Nasir A Saeed NA 2014 Cloning and characterization of Na+/H+ antiporter (LfNHX1) gene from a halophyte grass Leptochloa fusca for drought and salt tolerance. Mol Biol Rep 41:1669-1682.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Shahzad K; Rauf M; Ahmad M; Malik ZA; Habib I; Ahmed Z, Mahmood K, Ali R; Masmoudi K; Lemtiri-Chlieh F; Gehring C; Berkowitz GA; Saeed N 2015 Functional characterization of an intron retaining K+ transporter of barley reveals intron mediated alternate splicing. Plant Biol doi:10.1111/plb.12290.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Ma Y, Berkowitz GA 2015 Visualization of real-time cytosolic Ca2+ elevation using a novel optogenetic Ca2+ sensor. Amer. Soc. Plant Biol. Natl. Mtg. Minisymposium. 500-006-Z
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Chou H, Berkowitz GA 2015 Development and testing of a new biosensor for real-time in vivo measurement of the cytosolic secondary messenger cAMP in plants. Amer. Soc. Plant Biol. Natl. Mtg. Minisymposium. 500-008-Y
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