Progress 09/01/14 to 08/31/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Organic vegetable farmers, breeders, researchers, and advisors. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?At the UW-Madison, this project was the foundation for Charlene Grahn's PhD dissertation. At Oregon State University, this project was the foundation for Ryan King's PhD dissertation. Each graduate student mentored undergraduate students. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research plots were shown at organic vegetable and breeding field days in Madison, WI and Corvallis, OR. Further, results were presented at Organicology in February 2019 in Portland, OR and in August 2018 at the International Carrot Conference in Madison, WI. Results will also be disseminated when we will finish writing manuscripts for publication in peer-reviewed journals: Grahn, C, E. Silva, P. Simon. 2019. Mega-environment analysis of diversely managed multilocation trials to enhance carrot breeding efficiency. In preparation. Grahn, C, E. Silva, P. Simon. 2020. Genomic patterns of selection for complex traits in organic and conventional management systems. In preparation. Grahn, C, E. Silva, P. Simon. 2020. Comparing direct and indirect selection approaches to breeding for organic agriculture: QTL-by-management system interaction and adaptive differentiation in experimental populations. In preparation. Grahn, C, E. Silva, P. Simon. 2020. The effect of seed morphology on carrot stand establishment and growth. In preparation. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
University of Wisconsin-Madison: Germplasm. 329 recombinant inbred line (RIL) and 524 F3 and F4 segregating carrot populations were developed from four biparental populations of diverse lineage. We have utilized these RILS for QTL mapping, and many of the RILS and segregating populations generated over the course of the project have applications in future breeding and research efforts. Seed for the germplasm developed has been contributed to the USDA Carrot Breeding Program's germplasm collection for use in such projects. Experimental lines possessing desirable weed competitiveness, flavor, and root color traits have been identified for application in organic carrot breeding projects. Genotyping. 1669 individual carrot plants were genotyped via genotyping by sequencing (GBS) over the course of the project. SNP datasets were generated from GBS data for QTL mapping and to observe the effects of selection in organically and conventionally managed environments across generations. The added value of this genotypic data is attracting breeders and researchers to utilize the germplasm developed during this project. Phenotyping. Paired organically and conventionally managed breeding trials were conducted at the University of Wisconsin- Madison (UWM) West Madison Agricultural Research Station, the UWM Hancock Research station, and the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center to evaluate carrot breeding populations from generations F2 through F5 for 14 phenotypic traits of interest to organic carrot growers. This phenotypic data was used for QTL mapping and to compare impact and efficiency of breeding efforts conducted in organic and conventional environments. Novel phenotyping methods were developed for evaluating top growth in carrot, and existing tools for agronomic crops and Arabidopsis were validated and refined for use in carrot. Oregon State University: We utilized two recombinant inbred snap bean populations, OR5630 x Black Valentine (ORBV) and Hystyle x Provider (HYPR), which were split after the F1 generation and grown in parallel organic and conventional systems from the F2 through F6 generations, resulting in four populations, two in each system. Systems treatments (organic and conventional) differed for seed fungicide treatment, fertilizers, herbicides, and other pesticides utilized. Most generations were grown in Corvallis, Oregon at Oregon State University's Vegetable Research Farm, Lewis Brown Research Farm, and greenhouse facilities, with the exception of the F5 which was grown for seed increase in a winter nursery near Palm Springs, California. Linkage maps were constructed for all four populations. The ORBV map had the most coverage with 445 SNP markers spanning 1,153 cM, followed by the conventional population with 388 SNPs spanning 798 cM (96 and 67 percent coverage, respectively, of 1,200 cM average P. vulgaris genetic map length). The linkage maps of the HYPR populations contained fewer markers as the parents were from more similar gene pools. The organic population had 272 markers and spanned 590 cM, and the conventional had 268 SNPs and spanned 566 cM (49 and 47 percent coverage, respectively, of 1,200 cM average P. vulgaris genetic map length). Phenotypic data was collected for the F6 generation from replicated trials (3 rep RCBD) at Oregon State University's Lewis Brown Research Farm in 2018. Populations from the same cross were compared, but families selected in one system were not simultaneously grown and compared in both systems. ANOVAs of population and production system main effects revealed that seed yield and biomass were significantly higher under conventional production. Flowering and physiological maturity were significantly earlier in organic populations. Population main effect was not significant except for flowering and seed weight. Production system by population interaction was not significant for most traits, seed weight being the only one for which a significant interaction was observed. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were calculated and were similar for most traits. To estimate variation in gene frequencies between populations from the same cross, F statistics were calculated using Nei's method of pairwise Fst. No significant differences in allele frequency variation were found between populations from the same cross. Based on expected allele frequencies, individual SNPs and regions that were biased towards one parent or the other's alleles were identified in the genetic data of all four populations. The ORBV organic and conventional populations shared 73 distorted SNPs with multiple distorted SNPs on Pv07 and Pv10, and two SNPs that were distorted on Pv08. The organic population had 208 system-specific distorted SNPs, many of which were in regions of the genome not showing distortion in other populations. These were found on all chromosomes except for Pv04 and Pv08, with the most distorted SNPs being on Pv05 (107 distorted SNPs). The conventional ORBV population also had 53 system-specific distorted SNPs, primarily on Pv10, where there were 47. This population also had single uniquely distorted SNPs on Pv03 and Pv05, and three unique SNPs on Pv07. The Hystyle x Provider (HYPR) organic and conventional populations also had 102 shared distorted SNPs. One was on chromosome 1, with the over-represented allele being from Hystyle in organic and from Provider in conventional. There also were distorted SNPs in both populations on Pv02, Pv07, Pv08, Pv10, and Pv11. Both of these populations also had many system-specific distorted SNPs. In the organic HYPR population, there were 91 uniquely distorted SNPs on Pv01, Pv02, Pv04, Pv07, Pv08, and Pv10, with the most being 37 on Pv04. For the conventional population, there were 201 uniquely distorted SNPs on Pv01, Pv02, Pv05, Pv09, Pv10, and Pv11, with the latter chromosome having 124. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) were also found for all four populations using the genetic maps that were constructed and F6 phenotypic data. For flowering and maturity traits, Pv02, Pv04, and Pv08 contained most QTLs in the ORBV populations, with the most significant in all categories being on Pv08 in the organic population. There were two unique QTLs found for flowering and maturity traits on Pv03 and Pv04 that were significant only in the organic population of ORBV. There was also a unique region for the conventional population linked to maturity on Pv06. For biomass, Pv06 contained QTLs for both populations with overlapping physical positions, and there were unique QTLs on Pv02 and Pv04 for the organic population. Seed yield and weight QTLs were found on Pv07, but there were two significant QTLs associated with seed yield on Pv05 and Pv06 for the conventional population. Both organic and conventional populations had significant QTLs on Pv08 associated with seed weight. There was also a QTL on Pv11 for harvest index in the conventional population. Both populations had QTLs for colored seed and germination traits on Pv07, and on Pv04 and Pv06 for pod fiber. There were significant QTLs for maturity traits in both (organic and conventional) HYPR populations on Pv01, Pv04, and Pv05, and unique QTLs on Pv02 and Pv07 for the conventional population. Like the ORBV populations, most of the significant QTLs for seed traits (weight, yield, color) and germination were on Pv07, and for pod fiber, QTLs were found in both populations on Pv04 and Pv05. There was a unique QTL on Pv10 for pod fiber in the conventional population. QTLs for the persistent color trait were found on Pv02. The differences in map size and recombination, and unique patterns of segregation distortion and QTLs produced from natural selection in each system supports the use of direct selection (selection within the target environment) to capture the desired alleles and traits for each system.
Publications
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Progress 09/01/17 to 08/31/18
Outputs
Target Audience:Continued progress of the field component of the experiment were highlighted and demonstrated in the field at the University of Wisconsin Organic Vegetable Field Day on August 23, 2018. This event was attended by approximately 35 graduate students, public and private plant breeders, industry representatives, and farmers from across the Wisconsin. Progress was also reported to other scientists, plant breeders, and farmers at the 2018 International Carrot Conference held in August in Madison, WI. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?University of Wisconsin-Madison: Charlene Grahn, the graduate student assigned to the project continued training in organic and conventional cultivation, breeding, seed production, and phenotyping of carrots in 2018. She also participated in workshops at the International Carrot Conference in Madison, WI. Oregon State University: Ryan King and Jim Myers attended the 2018 Organic Seed Growers Conference in Corvallis, OR. Additionally, the project was showcased during a field day at the Lewis Brown Farm (near Corvallis, OR) in 2018 and the project design was described to about 35 fresh market growers, chefs and seed company representatives. The project was also described to attendees at NOVIC sponsored participatory plant breeding workshops. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?University of Wisconsin-Madison: Preliminary results were disseminated via poster presentations at the 2018 International Carrot Conference and the 2018 UW West Madison Organic Vegetable Field Day. Analysis of data collected is ongoing and once finalized results will be disseminated via scientific journals, website, and personal communication with seed industry professionals. Oregon State University: Ryan King and Jim Myers attended the 2018 Organic Seed Growers Conference (Corvallis, OR). Additionally, the project was showcased during a field day at the Lewis Brown Farm (near Corvallis, OR) in 2018 and the project design was described to about 25 fresh market growers, chefs and seed company representative. The project was also described to attendees at NOVIC sponsored participatory plant breeding workshops. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?University of Wisconsin-Madison: F4 family evaluation and selection was conducted in Summer 2017 at the University of Wisconsin West Madison Agricultural Research Station and Hancock Agricultural Research Station using midseason top size phenotyping protocol from previous years. F4 family top biomass and architecture was also phenotyped using in-field and postharvest image analysis. In Winter 2018, selected F4 plants were vernalized and F5 seed produced in greenhouses at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Agricultural Research Station. F4 families were be evaluated in paired organic and conventional validation trials in Winter 2018 at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center and further tested in Wisconsin. Oregon State University: The seeds harvested in the summer of 2017 were be advanced in a winter nursery in El Centro California and again in Oregon at the Lewis Brown Farm. In both cases, the populations advanced under organic conditions were grown organically in in California and Oregon, while the conventionally derived populations will be advanced using conventional production techniques.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
University of Wisconsin-Madison: Starting with four diverse segregating carrot populations in 2015, 50 F3 families were generated from individual F2 plants selected for having either high, low, or intermediate midseason top size relative to their respective population mean. These families underwent field evaluation and selection in organically and conventionally managed field trials at the University of Wisconsin West Madison Agricultural Research Station in Summer 2016. Additional verification trials of the F3 families were conducted at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center in Fall 2016. Selections from each F3 family were again made based on 2016 midseason top size. Selected plants were vernalized and grown for F4 seed production in the University of Wisconsin Arlington Agricultural Research Station greenhouse in Winter 2017. F4 family evaluation and selection were conducted in Summer 2017 at the University of Wisconsin West Madison Agricultural Research Station and Hancock Agricultural Research Station. As in the previous year, again, selected plants were vernalized and grown for F5 seed production in the University of Wisconsin Arlington Agricultural Research Station greenhouse in Winter 2017. F5 family evaluation and selection were conducted in Summer 2017 at the University of Wisconsin West Madison Agricultural Research Station and Hancock Agricultural Research Station, this time on both organic and conventional land. Phenotypic data collected from the trials includes midseason top size, harvest top size and dry top biomass, harvest root length and root biomass, sensory evaluation, total dissolved solids, and digital images of shoot and root shape. Genotyping of 2015 F2 populations and the 2016 F3 populations was initiated. Parent-offspring regression of phenotypic data from parents and offspring shows that narrow sense heritability estimates were dependent upon population, production environment, and trait evaluated. Heritability estimates were higher in the organic environment for midseason and harvest top size, and heritability estimates were higher in the conventional environment for top dry biomass, root length, and root biomass. Trait stability across organic and conventional environments appears to depend not only on the trait but on the phenotypic extreme being targeted for breeding; average trait stability values showed that a short midseason top size phenotype was more stable across the environments tested than the tall midseason top size phenotype. Top growth curves generated for the four populations and two production environments show that genetic background and production environment influence the rate of accumulation of aboveground biomass across the growing season. We will continue to observe these relationships further as field selection and testing of these breeding lines continues under both organic and conventional conditions. Oregon State University: The bean project has been moving forward. The F2 populations (consisting of two crosses grown in separate organic and conventional environments) were grown in the field at the OSU Lewis Brown Research Farm, Corvallis, OR under organic and conventional production regimes (500 seeds/population/system). Over the winter of 2017, we grew the F3 of both populations in the greenhouses at OSU (in separate organic and conventional greenhouses) and in a winter nursery in Southern California (conventional management only although conventional seed was treated with fungicide whereas organic was not). For the F2 and F3 populations, no overt selection was imposed except for that entailed by the production system (Conventional had seed treatment, herbicide and chemical fertilizer while the organic treatment did not). From the original 500 seeds that were planted of the F2 of each population in the greenhouse, natural selection has reduced the 5630 x Black Valentine populations to about 30% of original stand in the organic and 57% in conventional, and the Hystyle x Provider cross to about 31% of original stand in organic and 48% in conventional treatments. Stand reduction in the winter nursery was even lower. The beans harvested from both the greenhouses and the winter nursery were planted at OSU's Lewis Brown Research Farm in Corvallis in mid-June. Data was collected on the populations during summer 2018 and genotyped in the fall.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Grahn, C., E. Silva, S. Ellison, and P. Simon. 2018. Mapping QTL for
carrot shoot traits in diverse crop management systems. International Carrot Conference, Madison, WI.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Bolton, A. C. Grahn, M. Pettit, I. Baxter, L. Hoagland, M. Colley, E. Silva, and P Simon. 2018. Utilizing ionomic analysis in carrot. International Carrot Conference, Madison, WI.
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Progress 09/01/16 to 08/31/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Continued progress of the field component of the experiment were highlighted and demonstrated in the field at the University of Wisconsin Organic Vegetable Field Day on September 11, 2016. This event was attended by approximately 50 graduate students, public and private plant breeders, industry representatives, and farmers from across the Wisconsin. Progress was also reported to other scientists, plant breeders, and farmers at the 2016 International Conference for Quantitative Genetics in Madison, WI and the 2017 Midwest Organic and Sustainable Education Services Organic Farming Conference in Lacrosse, WI as well as an oral presentation at the 2017 International Carrot Conference in Bakersfield, CA. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?University of Wisconsin-Madison: Charlene Grahn, the graduate student assigned to the project continued training in organic and conventional cultivation, breeding, seed production, and phenotyping of carrots in Spring and Summer 2016. She also participated in workshops for training in applied plant genomics and bioinformatics methods in Summer 2016 during the International Conference on Quantitative Genetics and in 2017 at the Organic Farming Conference. Oregon State University: Ryan King and Jim Myers attended the 2017 Organicology Conference (February 4-6, Portland, OR). Additionally, the project was showcased during a field day at the Lewis Brown Farm (near Corvallis, OR) in 2016 and the project design was described to about 25 fresh market growers, chefs and seed company representative. The project was also described to attendees at NOVIC sponsored participatory plant breeding workshops. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?University of Wisconsin-Madison: Preliminary results were disseminated via poster presentations at the 2016 International Conference on Quantitative Genetics and the 2017 Midwest Organic and Sustainable Education Service Organic Farming Conference. Analysis of data collected is ongoing and once finalized results will be disseminated via scientific journals, website, and personal communication with seed industry professionals. Oregon State University: Ryan King and Jim Myers attended the 2017 Organicology Conference (February 4-6, Portland, OR). Additionally, the project was showcased during a field day at the Lewis Brown Farm (near Corvallis, OR) in 2016 and the project design was described to about 25 fresh market growers, chefs and seed company representative. The project was also described to attendees at NOVIC sponsored participatory plant breeding workshops. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?University of Wisconsin-Madison: F4 family evaluation and selection will be conducted in Summer 2017 at the University of Wisconsin West Madison Agricultural Research Station and Hancock Agricultural Research Station using midseason top size phenotyping protocol from previous years. F4 family top biomass and architecture will also be phenotyped using in-field and postharvest image analysis. In Winter 2018, selected F4 plants will be vernalized and F5 seed produced in greenhouses at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Agricultural Research Station. F4 families will be evaluated in paired organic and conventional validation trials in Winter 2018 at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center. Oregon State University: The seeds harvested in the summer of 2017 will be advanced in a winter nursery in El Centro California and again in Oregon at the Lewis Brown Farm. In both cases, the populations advanced under organic conditions will be grown organically in in California and Oregon, while the conventionally derived populations will be advanced using conventional production techniques.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
University of Wisconsin-Madison: Starting with four diverse segregating carrot populations in 2015, 50 F3 families were generated from individual F2 plants selected for having either high, low, or intermediate midseason top size relative to their respective population mean. These families underwent field evaluation and selection in organically and conventionally managed field trials at the University of Wisconsin West Madison Agricultural Research Station in Summer 2016. Additional verification trials of the F3 families were conducted at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center in Fall 2016. Selections from each F3 family were again made based on 2016 midseason top size. Selected plants were vernalized and grown for F4 seed production in the University of Wisconsin Arlington Agricultural Research Station greenhouse in Winter 2017. F4 family evaluation and selection will be conducted in Summer 2017 at the University of Wisconsin West Madison Agricultural Research Station and Hancock Agricultural Research Station. Phenotypic data collected from the trials includes midseason top size, harvest top size and dry top biomass, harvest root length and root biomass, sensory evaluation, total dissolved solids, and digital images of shoot and root shape. Genotyping of 2015 F2 populations was completed and genotyping of 2016 F3 populations was initiated. Parent-offspring regression of phenotypic data from F2 parents and F3 offspring shows that narrow sense heritability estimates were dependent upon population, production environment, and trait evaluated. Heritability estimates were higher in the organic environment for midseason and harvest top size, and heritability estimates were higher in the conventional environment for top dry biomass, root length, and root biomass. Trait stability across organic and conventional environments appears to depend not only on the trait but on the phenotypic extreme being targeted for breeding; average trait stability values showed that a short midseason top size phenotype was more stable across the environments tested than the tall midseason top size phenotype. Top growth curves generated for the four populations and two production environments show that genetic background and production environment influence the rate of accumulation of aboveground biomass across the growing season. We will continue to observe these relationships further as field selection and testing of these breeding lines continues. Oregon State University: The bean project has been moving forward. The F2 populations (consisting of two crosses grown in separate organic and conventional environments) were grown in the field at the OSU Lewis Brown Research Farm, Corvallis, OR under organic and conventional production regimes (500 seeds/population/system). Over the winter of 2017, we grew the F3 of both populations in the greenhouses at OSU (in separate organic and conventional greenhouses) and in a winter nursery in Southern California (conventional management only although conventional seed was treated with fungicide whereas organic was not). For the F2 and F3 populations, no overt selection was imposed except for that entailed by the production system (Conventional had seed treatment, herbicide and chemical fertilizer while the organic treatment did not). From the original 500 seeds that were planted of the F2 of each population in the greenhouse, natural selection has reduced the 5630 x Black Valentine populations to about 30% of original stand in the organic and 57% in conventional, and the Hystyle x Provider cross to about 31% of original stand in organic and 48% in conventional treatments. Stand reduction in the winter nursery was even lower. The beans harvested from both the greenhouses and the winter nursery were planted at OSU's Lewis Brown Research Farm in Corvallis in mid-June. We will be collecting data on the populations this summer and genotyping in the fall.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Grahn, C., E. Silva, and P. Simon. 2016. The influence of organic and conventional management on breeding for carrot top height. International Conference for Quantitative Genetics. Madison, WI.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Grahn, C., E. Silva, and P. Simon. 2016. The influence of organic and conventional management on breeding for carrot top height. Organic Farming Conference, La Crosse, WI.
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Progress 09/01/15 to 08/31/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Continued progress of the field component of the experiment were highlighted and demonstrated in the field at the University of Wisconsin Organic Vegetable Field Day on September 8, 2015. This event was attended by approximately 50 graduate students, public and private plant breeders, industry representatives, and farmers from across the Wisconsin. Progress was also reported to other scientists and plant breeders at the AFRI Project Directors meeting in San Diego on January 7, 2016 and to the organic farming community at the Organic Farming Conference in La Crosse, WI on February 26-27, 2016. The graduate student presenting the poster at the La Crosse meeting received an award for the quality of her work and presentation. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?University of Wisconsin-Madison: Charlene Grahn, the graduate student assigned to the project continued training in organic and conventional cultivation, breeding, seed production, and phenotyping of carrots in Spring and Summer 2016. She also participated in workshops for training in applied plant genomics and bioinformatics methods in Summer 2016 during the International Conference on Quantitative Genetics. Oregon State University: Ryan King and Jim Myers attended the Organic Seed Alliance Organic Seed Growers Conference (February 4-6, Corvallis, OR). The project was showcased during a field day at the Lewis Brown Farm (near Corvallis, OR) on September 6th and the project design was described to about 25 fresh market growers, chefs and seed company representative. The project was also described to attendees at a NOVIC sponsored participatory plant breeding workshop September 13-14 held at the Salish Kootenai College in Pablo, Montana (approximately 25 participants). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?University of Wisconsin-Madison: Preliminary results were disseminated via poster presentations at the 2016 International Conference on Quantitative Genetics and the 2016 Midwest Organic and Sustainable Education Service Organic Farming Conference. Analysis of data collected is ongoing and once finalized results will be disseminated via scientific journals, website, and personal communication with seed industry professionals. Oregon State University: Ryan King and Jim Myers attended the Organic Seed Alliance Organic Seed Growers Conference (February 4-6, Corvallis, OR). The project was showcased during a field day at the Lewis Brown Farm (near Corvallis, OR) on September 6th and the project design was described to about 25 fresh market growers, chefs and seed company representative. The project was also described to attendees at a NOVIC sponsored participatory plant breeding workshop September 13-14 held at the Salish Kootenai College in Pablo, Montana (approximately 25 participants). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Oregon State University: The seeds harvested in the summer of 2016 will be advanced in a winter nursery in El Centro California and again in Oregon at the Lewis Brown Farm. In both cases, the populations advanced under organic conditions will be grown organically in in California and Oregon, while the conventionally derived populations will be advanced using conventional production techniques. University of Wisconsin-Madison: F3 seed will be planted in El Centro, CA for phenotypic data collection in Winter 2016. The largest and smallest-topped plants identified in Summer 2016 at UW-WMARS will be self-pollinated to produce F4 generation seed in the upcoming winter. This seed will then be planted at UW-WMARS and the Hancock Agricultural Research Station in Summer 2017 for phenotypic evaluation of top size. GBS data from carrots grown in 2015 and 2016 will continue to be collected and analyzed in conjunction with phenotypic data to generate a QTL map for top size.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
University of Wisconsin-Madison: 134 F3 self-pollinated families from 2015 F2 selected breeding materials were planted in organic and conventional environments at UW-WMARS with commercial checks for top size. Families were evaluated for top size characteristics in the field and phenotypic data for each population was collected. Narrow-sense heritability of midseason top height between 2015 parents and 2016 offspring was observed to be 0.29 in organic trials and 0.22 in conventional trials, demonstrating that phenotypic selection for top height can be effective. Oregon State University: Oregon Snap Beans: The F2 generation for two of the snap bean crosses made in the winter of 2015 (Hystyle x Provider and OSU 5630 x Black Valentine) were grown in parallel in organic and conventional plots over the summer of 2016 at Lewis Brown Farm in Corvallis, OR. Five hundred seeds of each population were grown in each system. Notes on overall performance and flower color ratios were recorded for each population. Parents in each cross were also grown out in each system. Root measurements and dry weights were recorded for 10 of the parent plants in each system. Seed was harvested from every plant in each population (excluding suspected outcrosses and those with viruses or genetic defects).
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Grahn, C., Silva, E., Simon,P. 2016.The influence of organic and conventional management on breeding for carrot top height. Organic Farming Conference. LaCrosse, WI, Feb 26-27.
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Progress 09/01/14 to 08/31/15
Outputs
Target Audience:The initial phases of the field component of the experiment were highlighted and demonstrated in the field at the Student Organic Seed Symposium on August 10, 2015. This event was attended by approximately 50 graduate students, public and private plant breeders, and industry representatives from across the U.S. Additionally, the goals of the project were communicated to plant breeders from across the U.S at the National Association of Plant Breeders annual meeting in Pullman, WA on July 29, 2015. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project was integrated into the activities of the Student Organic Seed Symposium, an event implemented to allow for professional development of organic plant breeding students across the US. At the University of Wisconsin-Madison, a PhD student, Charlene Grahn, was recruited to begin work on the carrot germplasm component of the project. At Oregon State University, a M.S. graduate student (Ryan King) has been recruited and will begin his thesis research in the fall of 2015. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The goals of the study were communicated to plant breeders at the National Association of Plant Breeders annual meeting in Pullman, WA on July 29, 2015. Additionally, the initial field trials were shown to organic plant breeding students, faculty, and industry representatives at the Student Organic Seed Symposium in Madison, WI on August 10, 2015. Analysis of data collected is ongoing and once finalized, results will be disseminated via scientific journals, website, and personal communication with seed industry professionals. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? At the UW-Madison and USDA-ARS site, plants with tallest and shortest tops will be self-pollinated to produce F3 generation seed and siblings with the 5% tallest and shortest tops will be crossed to create extreme populations. The self-pollinated F3 and extreme populations will then be planted and grown out to evaluate top height. GBS data from carrots grown in the summer of 2015 will be generated and analyzed with the phenotypic data collected to generate a QTL map for top height. At Oregon State University, our goal from this growing season is to have sufficient seed to split each population into two sets - one to be grown organically, the other conventionally in 2016 where the material will be evaluated and advanced a generation in separate production systems.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
At the UW-Madison/USDA-ARS site, selected F2 population breeding materials were planted at UW-WMARS in addition to commercial checks for top size in organic and conventional environments. Populations were evaluated for top height and growth characteristics in the field and phenotypic data for each population was collected. At Oregon State University, following a screen of snap bean cultivars grow under organic conditions in 2014, six were selected to create populations for evaluation in this project. Three showed good performance under organic production (Provider, Black Valentine, and Brittle Wax) and three were more poorly adapted (Hystyle, OSU 5630, and Thoroughbred). Three pairs were crossed as follows: Hystyle/Provider, OSU 5630/Black Valentine, and Thoroughbred/Brittle Wax. F1 hybrid seeds were obtained from the first two pairs but not the third cross. The seeds were planted in the field at the OSU Vegetable Research Farm in June 2015 and as of this writing, plants are growing in the field and flowering. The F1s are being grown using conventional crop management.
Publications
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