Source: OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
INCREASING NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY OF OKLAHOMA WINTER WHEAT VIA THE 4R'S
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1003910
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2014
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2019
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
STILLWATER,OK 74078
Performing Department
Plant & Soil Sciences
Non Technical Summary
Forty-one percent of the crop land in Oklahoma is dominated by winter wheat. The 4.2 million acres ofwinter wheat represents 1 in every 10 acres of wheat planted in the United States. This track ofcropland receives nearly 175 thousand tons of nitrogen (N) a year in the form of commercial nitrogenfertilizers. Determining the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is complicated by the fact that a significantpercentage of the crop is used for grazing or hay production and accurate removal values are notrecorded. However, if the NUE of small grains estimated by Raun and Johnson (1999) is applied, only57,750 tons (33%) are captured by the crop leaving the remaining 67% (117,250 tons) in the soil systemsubject to loss.The 4R nutrient stewardship concept was first introduced in the late 1980's. The concept tied a sloganwith the existing scientific knowledge that to maximize NUE the correct source of N must be placed inthe proper location at the optimum rate applied at specific times during the cropping cycle. In recentyears as the economic and environmental constraints of fertilizer application have tightened, the LandGrant Extension Service and Industry groups have emphasized the promotion of the 4R's. In recent themajority of the support for 4R demonstration and extension has been placed into the Corn Belt due tothe extensive use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in corn production. This project will target agroup of users that have been to some degree under represented, Southern Great Plains winter wheat producers.
Animal Health Component
75%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
0%
Applied
75%
Developmental
25%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
1021540106050%
1020110106050%
Knowledge Area
102 - Soil, Plant, Water, Nutrient Relationships;

Subject Of Investigation
1540 - Hard red winter wheat; 0110 - Soil;

Field Of Science
1060 - Biology (whole systems);
Goals / Objectives
1. Demonstrate and evaluate the impacts of the 4R approach to nitrogen management in winter wheat productions in Oklahoma.2. Quantify impact of the 4R's principle on soil, water, and yield components.3. Develop and disseminate and extensive suite of education and training modules on the 4R concept. These include the creation of a digital decison aid that will provide guidance on selecting the correct source based on weather conditions, equipment, and product cost.
Project Methods
Demonstation Plots will be established in multiple sites across Oklahoma. Demonstration sites willl be strategically located in the state to represent specific winter wheat management systems. The sites will be located on both University Research and Extension Stations and in the fields of EQIP eligible producers. Plot size will be established to meet specific needs of each location and the equipment available. Each demonstration will be replicated three times. The treatments applied at each site will be dependent upon management system and the availability of the technology, Table 1. However, the central approach will be the same across all locations. A range of nitrogen (N) rates will be applied using ammonium nitrate (34-0-0, N-P205-K20). This range will allow for the creation of a response curve which all methods will be measured against. The remaining treatments will be applied at a rate at which N deficiency is insured so that differences in the NUE of the methods applied can be identified. Methods will not be applied at multiple N-rates to allow for the demonstration of as many methods as possible. If multiple rates were included the number of methods would have to be reduced to accommodate for limited land availability. At initiation each location will intensely sampled to a depth of 45 cm and analyzed for nutrient and carbon levels. In addition, soil samples will be collected from a depth of 122 cm to determine the distribution of NO3 through the soil profile. Soil samples will be collected to a depth of 122 from each plot after harvest and analyzed for residual nitrate levels. Biomass production will be evaluated throughout the growing season via NDVI readings collected from a GreenSeeker Sensor. Grain will be harvested from the center 2 m of each plot using a conventional combine. A sub-sample of grain from each plot will be collected for total N analysis. Grain samples will be dried in a forced air oven at 66ºC, ground to pass a 140 mesh sieve (100µm), and analyzed for total N content using a Carlo-Erba NA 1500 automated dry combustion analyzer, using the methods outlined in Schepers et al. (1989).

Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Data and results of the project were shared in several venues to a wide array of audiences. Agricultural producers of Oklahoma saw the results in the form of field day demonstrations, meeting presentations, and blogs. The focus was on the winter wheat producers of Oklahoma however the information was shared with all commodity groups including corn, sorghum, soybean, and forage production. Results were also shared with researchers across the US at national society meetings and invited lectures. Changes/Problems:An objective of the project was to "Develop and disseminate an extensive suite of education and training modules on the 4R concept. These include the creation of a digital decision aid that will provide guidance on selecting the correct source based on weather conditions, equipment, and product cost." While the dissemination of educational material was completed, the creation of a digital decision aid tool that specifically addressed "guidance on selecting the correct source based on weather conditions, equipment, and product cost" was not completed. Due to the complexity environment brings into the selection process the project did not feel it had the capabilities at the moment to produce a tool that could be robust enough to meet the needs of producers in Oklahoma and the southern Great Plains. Extreme weather also caused issues in 2019. Record rains fell in Oklahoma. This had a significant impact on the 30 ac Large Scale Study conducted in Chickasha. Lysimeter sampleswere collectedduring the session, the crop was established and preplant N was applied. The rains prevented any in-season application of nitrogen and while the field was harvested at least 40% was lost due to waterlogging and drown out. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?During the course of the project, the programhad sixundergraduates participating in research projects and two visiting scholars.These students/scholars were taught the scientific process, how to collect and analyze data and then presented their results in oral and poster formats. In addition, eleven graduate degrees were conferred via a program during this project and I currently have five active graduate students. Many if not all of the students in my program will have at least some component of 4R nutrient management integrated into their thesis/dissertation. If not, they are still heavily involved in the process as my project operates as a team. These students attend and present at local, regional, and national meetings. They interact with other scientists and students in a very interdisciplinary manor. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Journal publications, presentations, and blog posts have been used to disseminate informationto interested groups. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?This project came to a completion in September of 2019. However, during the next reporting period, the data and results collected will continue to be shared. The data which had not been published will be written up and submitted to peer review journals during this time.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? This project looked at bringing the 4R concepts of nutrient management which are heavily incorporated in corn products to a relatively underserved wheat production region. During this project's time, best management practices such as the use of the N-Rich Strip and Sensor Based Nitrogen Rate Calculator saw a significant increase in adoption reaching well over a million acres in Oklahoma and Kansas per year. Past research has documented well that this practice has an economic impact of $10 per acre per year, suggesting the practice is providing the wheat producers of the southern Great Plains an economic return of $10 million annually. Many of the stakeholders may have heard of the importance of nutrient management but due to resources or tradition, many do notimplement best management practices (BMPs) nor fully understand why they should. A primary object of this project was to demonstrate and evaluate the impacts of the 4R approach to nitrogen management in winter wheat productionin Oklahoma.Over the time of this project trials/demonstrationsfocusing on 4R nitrogen management (Right Rate, Right Place, Right Source, Right Time) in wheat were established at five research stations across the state. Trials were located nearStillwater,Lahoma, Perkins, and Chickasha research stations. An annually large audience of producers, agri-business, and Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service professionals were in the audience at the field days. In addition to the field days, I gave over 270 presentations of which the data and results drawn from this work were prominent. The estimated attendance for my talks over the time frame of this project was a little over 20,000 people. Without a reason or rationale to adopt technologies producers will not implement BMPS. Therefore thesecond objective of the project was to quantify the impact of the 4R's principle on soil, water, and yield components. Over the timeline of the project, my program evaluated all aspects of 4R management on wheat production and the resulting soil and water characteristics.The results from thepast three years of research on nitrogen application timing showed that winter wheat can show a deficiency for a significant period of time and as long as the Nitrogen application is applied approximately 30 days prior to flag leaf yield, grain quality, and fertilizer efficiency was significantly increased across 10site years. Thetake-home message from this project is multifold; First, pre-plant may be cheaper and easier but it often falls short of in-season applications. Second, there should be no reason to rush putting top-dress nitrogen on. The application window is much wider than most ever expected and the closer we get to peak demand the better the yield and quality will likely be. And thirdand final, make the application of nitrogen when the conditions are the most conducive to getting the N in the ground and limiting losses. Another study looks at the application of urea as compared to ammonium nitrate and potential losses due to volatilization. The trial took place over four site years and results had 44 independent comparisons. The project documented nitrogen losses due to poor application timings which resulted in yield losses as great as 20 bushel per acre. Using the mesonet data we could conclude that significant N loss would occur anytime urea was applied on wet soils (fractional soil moisture greater than 70%), less than 2.0 mm of precipitation fell within seven days of application. Supprising results showed that even when average daily temperatures were near freezing significant losses occurred. One creative output of the project of the use of a grain drill to apply in-season N fertilizer in wheat. This project showed that by using the drill to place nitrogen below the soil surface NUE could be increased by 30%. A factsheet was released which helped producers calibrate their grain drills for fertilizer application.Finally, the work showed that after eight years of continuous management, there was no significant difference in average grain yield or cumulative grain yield of plots receiving the traditional producer fertilizer rate or the sensor-based nitrogen rate. In addition, there was no significant difference in the levels of residual nitrogen or organic matter, supporting that the use of the sensor technology will not deplete soil reserves but in fact, greatly reduce the amount of nitrogen being lost to the environment. The final objective of the project was to "Develop and disseminate an extensive suite of education and training modules on the 4R concept." While we are still working on training modules for the OSU Cooperative Extension service the project produces 12 factsheets, 30 relatedSunUp TV spots and 15 related mobile applications includingResearch Plot Calc,GreenSeeker N-Rate Calculator, andSafe Rate Starter App. Over the course of this project, a significant shift in wheat nitrogen management has occurred. While preplant nitrogen has been the preferred strategy a growing number of producers have moved away from preplant completely. Their strategies closely incorporate the aspects of 4R nutrient stewardship which were highlighted and promoted in this project. The producers are now using an adaptive three-pass system in which they apply a small amount of N at planting with the seed,40-60% of expected N in January-February after they have had the time to determine ifan adequate plant stand was achieved. Then in March, the producers decide if more N is needed based on the environment or tools such as the N-Rich strip. The producers I have worked with have moved the annual N applications from 2 lbs of N per bushel produced to 1.6 lbs per bushel. All the while their yields were increasing and their grain protein maintain at or above preferred levels, meaning protein premiums for many. The adoption of the 4 R strategies has meant improved productivity, profitability, and environmental sustainability of many Oklahoma producers.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Penn, C.J., E. B. Rutter, D.B. Arnall, J. Camberato, M. Williams, and P. Watkins. 2018 A Discussion on Mehlich-3 phosphorus extraction from the perspective of governing chemical reactions and phases: Impact of soil pH. Agriculture 2018, 8(7) 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8070106
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Mills, B.E., Wade Brorsen, B. & Arnall, D.B. The profitability of variable rate lime in wheat. Precision Agric (2019) doi:10.1007/s11119-019-09674-6


Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Data and results of the project were shared in several venues to a wide array of audiences. Agricultural producers of Oklahoma saw the results in form of field day demos, meeting presentations, and blogs. The focus was on the winter wheat producers of Oklahoma however the information was shared with all commodity groups including corn, sorghum, soybean, and forage production. Results were also shared with researchers across the US at national society meetings and invited lectures. Changes/Problems:Management will still be a significant component of the project. No additional support or reporting should be needed. 1. Demonstrate and evaluate the impacts of the 4R approach to nitrogen and phosphorus management in winter wheat productions in Oklahoma. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?In 2018 the program had three undergraduates participating in research projects. These students were taught the scientific process, how to collect and analyze data and then presented their results in oral and poster formats How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Journal publications, presentations, and blog posts have been used to disseminate information to interested groups. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?New demonstration and trials have already been established for the 2018 calendar year. The demonstrations will highlightinnovative techniques identified in the 2018 calendar year. This includes further development of phosphorus managementtechniques. External funding will be applied for while it is expected at a minimum of three manuscripts will be submitted. It isalso expected that multiple iOS and Android apps will be released during the 2019 calendar year.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Trials focusing on 4R nitrogen management (Right Rate, Right Place, Right Source, Right Time) in wheat were established atfour research stations across the state. Demonstrations were held at Lahoma, Perkins, and Chickasha research stations. Alarge audience of producers, agri-business, and Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service professionals were in theaudience. The results from the past two years of research on nitrogen application timing showed that winter wheat can show adeficiency for a significant period of time and as long as the Nitrogen application is applied approximately 30 days prior to flagleaf yield, grain quality, and fertilizer efficiency was significantly increased across 9 site years. This work supports the use ofthe N-Rich Strip and Sensor Based Nitrogen Rate Calculator. In cooperation with the USEPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory Groundwater, Watersheds, and Ecosystems Restoration Division of a 30-acre field at the Chickasharesearch station have been converted into a large scale nitrogen management study. In this field, the team from the Robert S.Kerr Environmental Research Center established lysimeters at strategic locations and regularly sample while I manage thefield in two N management strategies, farmer practice and N-Rich Strip SBNRC. In 2018 Dr. Tyson Ochsner added a networkof soil sensors to further evaluate the impact of cropping systems and management of soil water movement and storage. Anexciting development seen in preliminary work performed in 2018 was that wheat was able to reach 100% yield potentialwhen Phosphorus fertilizer application was delayed until the spring. This means there is potential to develop Sensor BasedPhosphorus recommendations based on P-Rich Strips in wheat fields.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bushong, J.T., J. Mullock, D.B. Arnall, and W.R. Raun. 2018. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer source on corn (Zea mays L.)optical sensor response index values in a rain-fed environment. Journal of Plant Nutrient. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1434202
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Murley, C.B., S. Sharma, J.G. Warren, D.B. Arnall, W.R. Raun. 2018. Yield response of corn and grain sorghum to row offsets on subsurface drip laterals. Ag. Water. Man. 208: 357-362. Available On-line at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377418309181?via%3Dihub
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Penn, C.J., E. B. Rutter, D.B. Arnall, J. Camberato, M. Williams, and P. Watkins. 2018 A Discussion on Mehlich-3 phosphorus extraction from the perspective of governing chemical reactions and phases: Impact of soil pH. Agriculture 2018, 8(7) 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8070106
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lollato, R., J.Edwards. 2018. From field experiments to regional forecasts: Upscaling wheat grain and forage yield response to acid soils. Agron. J. 111:1⿿16 (2019) doi:10.2134/agronj2018.03.0206
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Arnall, D.B., B. Carver, and D.A. Marburger. 2018 Finding winter wheat cultivars with agronomic yield stability and end-use quality stability across a range of N levels. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Souza, J.L.B., B. Ballagh, V. Reed, and B. Arnall. 2018 Impact of nitrogen fertilizer application timing on winter wheat. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gillespie, C., H. Zhang, D.A. Marburger, B. F Carver, and B. Arnall. 2018 Aluminum tolerance of winter wheat in acidic soils. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lollato, R.P., B.M. Figueiredo, J. S. Dhillon, D. B. Arnall and W.R. Raun. 2018. Wheat response to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer rates and their interaction: A synthesis analysis for dry environments. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Reed, V., D.B. Arnall, J. Lofton, H. Zhang, R. Jones, B. Ballagh, and J. Souza. 2018 On-farm evaluation of double crop fertility management in Oklahoma. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: B. Ballagh, D.B. Arnall, J. Souza, D. Marburger, V. Reed, and E.B. Rutter. 2018 Winter wheat topdressing response to nitrogen method variation. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2018 Citation: B. Ballagh, D.B. Arnall, B. Raun, J. Long. 2018 Winter wheat topdressing response to nitrogen method variation.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Abit, J.M, D. B. Arnall, S.B. Phillips, 2018. Environmental implications of precision agriculture. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd. Madison, WI 53711,USA. Precision Agriculture Basics. D.K. Shannon, D.E. Clay, and N. Kitchen (eds.).


Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Data and results of the project were shared in several venues to a wide array of audiences. Argicultural producers of Oklahoma saw the results in form of field day demos, meeting presentations, and blogs. Focus was on the winter wheat producers of Oklahoma however the information was shared with all commodity groups including corn, sorghum, soybean, and forage production. Results were also shared with researchers across the US at national society meetings and invited lectures. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A post-doc and multiple graduate students have been a part of the project gaining skills in laboratory and field research. Post-doc and students also presented at the Societies international meetings. . How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Journal publications, presentations, and blog post have been disseminated to interested groups. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?New demonstration and trials have already been established for the 2018 calendar year. The demonstrations will highlight innovative techniques identified in the 2017 calendar year. External funding will be applied for while it is expected at minimum three manuscripts will be submitted. It is also expected that multiple iOS and Android apps will be released during the 2018 calendar year.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Trials focusing on 4R nitrogen management (Right Rate, Right Place, Right Source, Right Time) in wheat where established at four research stations across the state. Demonstrations were held at Lahoma, Perkins, and Chickasha research stations. A large audience of producers, agri-business, and Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service professionals were in the audience. The results from this past year showed great potential for the utilization of a grain drill for in-season nitrogen application. In some environments applying urea into the ground with a drill increase yield by as much %50 versus the rate of urea surface broadcasted. In cooperation with the USEPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory Groundwater, Watersheds, and Ecosystems Restoration Division of a 30 acre field at the Chickasha research station has been converted into a large scale nitrogen management study. In this field the team from the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Center established lysimeters at strategic locations and regularly sample while I manage the field in two N management strategies, farmer practice and N-Rich Strip SBNRC. In 2017 a crop of sorghum was established, both 15 ac sections averaged 60 bushel yields however the SBNRC side did so with 100 less pounds of N. After sorghum harvest water samples were collected and winter wheat established. This field will allow for long term evaluation of N management strategies on yield, soil health and water quality.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Abit, J., K. Weathers, and D.B. Arnall. 2016. Evaluating the Impact of Starter Fertilizer on Winter Canola Grown in Oklahoma. International Journal of Agronomy Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 7513486, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7513486
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Abit,J.M, L.M. Shepherd, D.A. Marburger, and D.B. Arnall. 2017 On-Farm Winter Wheat Response to Nitrogen-, Phosphorus-, Potassium-, and Sulfur-Rich Strips in Oklahoma. Crop, Forage, & Turfgrass Management.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: EC Miller, JT Bushong, WR Raun, MJM Abit, DB Arnall 2017. Predicting Early Season Nitrogen Rates of Corn Using Indicator Crops Agronomy Journal 109 (6), 2863-2870
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Watkins, P. Dissertation PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT FOR NO-TILL WINTER WHEAT PRODUCTION IN NORTH CENTRAL OKLAHOMA
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Rutter, E.B. Thesis Impact of soil pH on Soil Test P extractions.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Butler, J. Thesis EFFECT OF MANURE APPLICATIONS COMPARED TO COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER FOR TOTAL NITROGEN IN DRYLAND WINTER WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)
  • Type: Websites Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: npk.okstate.edu
  • Type: Websites Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Aglandlease.info
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: J. Abit, J. Bulter, W.R. Raun, and D.B. Arnall. 2017 Long-Term Study on the Impact of Manure on Winter Wheat Grain Yields. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ballagh, B., D.B. Arnall, D.A. Marburger, J. Long, J. Souza, V. Reed, J. Abit, E.B. Rutter, and L. Cegobias. 2017 Drilling Nitrogen into an Established Wheat Crop. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Abit, J., J. Lofton, and D.B. Arnall. 2017 Winter Canola Response to in-Furrow Starter Fertilizer Application As Affected By Soil pH and Soil Test Phosphorus. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Arnall, D.B., J. Abit, E.D. Rutter, and J. Alderman. 2017 Summary of Grid Soil Sample Results from the Southern Great Plains. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ciampitti, I.A., P.V.V. Prasad, A.J. Schlegel, L. Haag, R. Schnell, B. Arnall, and J. Lofton. 2017. Genotype x Environment x Management (G x E x M) Interactions: US Sorghum Cropping Systems. American Society of Agronomy (ASA), Agronomy Monographs 58. Sorghum State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Drs. Ciampitti, I.A., and P.V.V. Prasad (Eds). KAES #17-076-B.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Rutter, E.B., D.B. Arnall, C.J. Penn, and H. Zhang, 2017 Impact of Soil-pH on Soil Test Phosphorus Extraction Results. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lasquites, J.J.S., D.B. Arnall, S. Abit, and P. Alderman. 2017 Evaluation of DSSAT CERES-Maize Model in Simulating Soil Mineral Nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3-) and Yield of Corn in North Central Oklahoma. Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Watkins, P.H. and D.B. Arnall 2017 Stratification of Soil pH and the Spatial Variability in Oklahoma No-till Soils. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Reed, V., D.B. Arnall, B. Ballagh, E.B. Rutter, J. Lofton, and H. Zhang. 2017 On-Farm Evaluation of Double Crop Fertility Management in Oklahoma. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Watkins, P.H. and D.B. Arnall. 2017 Phosphorus Management for No-till Winter Wheat in Oklahoma. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Bigato Souza, J.L., V. Reed, J. Abit, and D.B. Arnall. 2017 Top-Dress N Application Timing in Wheat. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI


Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Data and results of the project was shared in several venues to a wide array of audiences. Argicultural producers of Oklahoma saw the results in form of field day demos, meeting presentations, and blogs. Focus was on the winter wheat producers of Oklahoma however the information was shared with all commodity groups including corn, sorghum, soybean, and forage production. Results were also shared with researchers across the US at national society meetings and invited lectures. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Multiple graduate students have been a part of the project gaining skills in laboratoy and field reseach. Students also presented at the Societies international meetings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Journal publications, presentations, and blog post. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?New demonstation and trials have already been established for the 2017 calendar year. The demonstrations will highlight inovative techniques identified in the 2016 calendar year. External funding will be applied for while it is expected at minimum three manuscripts will be submitted. It is also expected that multiple iOS nd Andriod apps will be released during the 2017 calendar year.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Trials focusing on 4R N management in wheat where established at four research stations across the state. Demonstrations were held at Lahoma, Perkins, and Chickasha research stations. A large audience of producers, agri-business, and Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service professionals were in the audience. Several papers have been published and three papers are waiting submission pending final review. Two multi-state proposals were submitted to federal granting agencies. While neither proposal was funded both recieved high marks and revised proposals will be submitted in 2017. All manuscripts published came from previously collected data. This data was analyzed and written up during the reporting period. Significant data was collected in the summer of 2016 to support the increased efforts in docuementing variatal differences in nitrogen use effeiciency. This project inclued 1 location for the 2015-2016 winter wheat crop cycle and was increased to 3 locations for the 2016-17 winter wheat crop cycle.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Arnall, D.B., M.J.M. Abit, R.K. Taylor, and W.R. Raun. 2016 Development of a NDVI based nitrogen rate calculator for cotton. Crop Sci. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2016.01.0049
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ou�draogo, F.B., W. Brorsen, D.B. Arnall. 2016 Changing Optimal Nitrogen Levels in Cotton. J. Cotton Sci. 20:18-25
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: 40. Pittman,J.J., D.B. Arnall, S.M. Interrante, N. Wang, W.R. Raun, and T.J. Butler. 2016 Bermudagrass, Wheat, and Tall Fescue Crude Protein Forage Estimation using Mobile-Platform, Active-Spectral and Canopy-Height Data. Crop Sci. 56:112 (2016). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2015.05.0274
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Dick, C.D., N.M. Thompson, F.M. Epplin, and D.B. Arnall. 2016 Managing Late-Season Foliar Nitrogen Fertilization to Increase Grain Protein for Winter Wheat. Agron J.


Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience is Agricultural Producers, Consultants, and Agri-Business Suppliers. Changes/Problems:The greatest challenge was the environment. The weather prevented all the large scale trials from being successfully implemented and harvested. Additionally, much of this year was spent developing the tools and equipment that will be utilized in the demonstrations. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The work has been disseminated via television, extension meetings and field days. We also have two websites, one blog, twitter, Facebook and YouTube. Many of these formats are discussed in the Products section. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue education and implementation of sensor based N rate technologies, along with the continuation and expansion of both large scale and small scale trials. The results of this will be disseminated via peer review publications, traditional extension formats and social media.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? What has been done? Oklahoma State University has developed hand-held sensors and corresponding web-based decision aids that can be used to generate in-season nitrogen recommendations based on yield potential. This method is much more accurate than yield-goal-based systems in predicting high or low-yielding years where nitrogen fertilizer application rates should be adjusted accordingly. Sensor based nitrogen management presentations and demonstrations were given at 40 grower meetings with approximately 2,600 individuals in attendance annually. Two websites devoted nutrient management (nue.okstate.edu and npk.okstate.edu) were viewed approximately 17,500 times annually. Results In the fall of 2014 it is estimated that the N-Rich Strip and SBNRC was established on nearly 600,000 acres of Winter Wheat and Winter Canola. Recent research concluded that this technology increases profit in winter crops by $10/ac., resulting in a state wide impact of approximately 6 million dollars. Additional to the success of the N-Rich strips is the commercialization of the smaller Hand Held GreenSeeker sensor. This sensor is sold at 10% of the cost (495$) of the larger unit historically used. The new Hand Held has been selling well in Oklahoma and across the United States. The Hand Held has also meet great support internationally. The adoption of this low cost sensor will greatly impact the state of Oklahoma as the implementation of the N-Rich Strip and Sensor Based Nitrogen Calculator. This will ultimately increase the economic and environmental sustainability of winter wheat production in Oklahoma.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Penn, C.J., P.R. Bell, B.D. Carver, D.B. Arnall, and A. Klatt. 2015 Comparison of phosphorus use efficiency among various winter wheat accessions grown in acidic and calcareous soils. J. Plant Nut. DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2015.1009103
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Gutteri, M.J., P. S. Baenziger, K. Frels, B. Carver, B. Arnall, and B.M. Waters. 2015. Variation for grain mineral concentration in a diversity panel of current and historical hard winter wheat germplasm. Crop Science Full Access2015 55: 3: 1035-1052 doi:10.2135/cropsci2014.07.0506
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Pittman, J.J., D.B. Arnall, S.M. Interrante, C.A. Moffet, and T.J. Butler. 2015. Estimation of biomass and canopy height in bermudagrass, alfalfa, and wheat using ultrasonic, laser, and spectral sensors. Sensors 15 2: 2920-2943
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wilson, T.M., B. McGowen, J. Mullock, D. B. Arnall and J. Warren. 2015. Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Continuous Winter Wheat in the Southern Great Plains. Agron. J. 107:18781884 (2015) doi:10.2134/agronj15.0096
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Gutteri, M.J., P. S. Baenziger, K. Frels, B. Carver, B. Arnall, S. Wang, E. Akhunov, and B.M. Waters. 2015 Prospects for Selecting Wheat with Increased Zinc and Decreased Cadmium Concentration in Grain. Crop Sci. 55:17121728 (2015). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2014.08.0559
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Bushong, J.T., E. Miller, J, Mullock D.B. Arnall, and W.R. Raun. Effect of Irrigation and Preplant Nitrogen Fertilizer Source on Maize in the Southern Great Plains. Int. J. Agron. Volume 2014, Article ID 247835
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Ervin, S., D.B. Arnall, J. Warren, and W.R. Raun. Development of a yield prediction model and sensor based nitrogen rate calculator for winter canola grown in Oklahoma. Accepted August 2015.
  • Type: Websites Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: The website www.npk.okstate.edu was created in 2008 to disseminate the results of my extension program, this included research results. This site averages 1,500 views per year.
  • Type: Websites Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: The Blog www.osunpk.com was initiated in 2013 to reach a broader audience in a more informal manner. In 2015, the site was viewed 4700 times by 2685 unique users.
  • Type: Websites Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: The website www.AgLandLease.info was created at a joint project between Plant and Soil Science and Ag Econ to help producers, who lease ground, better communicate sustainable farming practices to their landlords. This site averages 4,500 views per year.