DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF TERMITES

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: NEW
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1003894
• Project No.: FLA-FTL-005333
• Project Start Date: Aug 14, 2014
• Project End Date: Jul 31, 2019

Project Director
Scheffrahn, R.

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
G022 MCCARTY HALL
GAINESVILLE,FL 32611

Performing Department
Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center

Non Technical Summary
Termites are among the most abundant insects in tropical (Vasconcellos 2010) to subtemperate (Bodine 1975) ecosystems. Even arid habitats yield an unexpected abundance of termites (Schaefer & Whitford 1981). The great majority of termite species are non-pestiferous endemics that benefit ecosystem stability by contributing to cellulose decomposition, soil enrichment, and diet for other animals (Jouquet et al. 2011). However some taxa cause serious economic damage. Subterranean termites (Rhinotermitidae) in the genera Coptotermes, Reticulitermes, and Heterotermes; drywood termites (Kalotermtidae) in the genera Cryptotermes and Incisitermes; and arboreal termites (Termitidae) in the genus Nasutitermes contain most of the species which cause damage to wood in service worldwide (Constantino 2002). Numerous grassland termites within the Family Termitidae are also pests of agriculture and pasturelands (Pearce 1997). It is the intent of this project to identify and catalog the spatial distribution of termites and understand how exotic species are introduced, spread, and limited in range.

Animal Health Component

0%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

50%

Applied

50%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
721	3110	1130	100%

Knowledge Area
721 - Insects and Other Pests Affecting Humans;

Subject Of Investigation
3110 - Insects;

Field Of Science
1130 - Entomology and acarology;

Keywords

isoptera

termites

biogeography

anthropogenic movement

dispersal

Goals / Objectives
The mainstay of understanding and discovering termite diversity is field research. The growth of the UF collection is planned following historical protocols.Evaluate the dynamic spread of invasive species using termite locality data and methodologies in Geomatics.

Project Methods
The first two datasets to undergo spatial analysis include Co. gestroi on Grand Cayman Island, and Key West, Florida. These data will be used in a hierarchical cluster analysis to estimate separate introduction points on the islands. An individual-based model will be used to simulate the spread of Co. gestroi over both islands. Data on other invasive species, including Co. formosanus, Cr. havilandi, Cr. dudleyi, and N. corniger will also be subjected to future analysis in various relevant geographical regions.To determine the likelihood of boat versus overland introduction modes for Co. gestroi, the procedure of Hochmair and Scheffrahn (2010) will be used to assess the spatial association of marine dockage with land-borne infestations on Grand Cayman and Key West. Hierarchical cluster analysis will be applied to identify homogeneous clusters of Island sites based on their Easting and Northing coordinates, and then assess whether these clusters are located near marine docks. If so, these clusters could indicate separate points of boat introduction. The method applies measures of dissimilarities between cases when forming the clusters. In this approach, dissimilarity is expressed as the squared Euclidean distance between observed points to give greater weight on points that are further apart compared to the simple Euclidean distance. Five cluster analysis methods will be tested, i.e. Ward's method, Average Linkage between groups, Average Linkage within groups, Centroid Linkage, and Single Linkage. In order to identify the potential association of each cluster with boat dockage, locations of boat dockage on the islands must be identified that allow inter-island boat traffic. To do so, the island outline polygons will be overlaid with 100 m grid cells. Using the background satellite imagery provided in ArcGIS, cells which contain dockage suitable for boats of 10 m length or more (large enough for out-island destinations) must be visually identified and marked. Furthermore, a set of random points will be placed in areas of suitable termite habitat. Next, distances will be measured between termite localities in all clusters and the nearest marine docks (using the Spatial Join function in ESRI's ArcGIS 10), and compared to distances obtained between random points and nearest dockages. Before this, dockage grid cells will be substituted by their cell center points, which distances were measured to. Statistical comparison of distances to dockages between the different termite location clusters and the random point set will be used to assess which cluster originates from infestation by boat, and which from infestation by land transport.In order to develop a spread model for Co. gestroi, local landscapes that are unsuitable for this termite (e.g. flooded areas, areas with no wood) must be identified. To do this, a combination of vector-type spatial layers will be created using ESRI's ArcMap 10 from landcover classification maps. Data from 2013 OpenStreet Mapstreet data (http://www.openstreetmap.org/) will be used for the street network layer, integrated with some manual additions to include missing segments, and then create a 10-m buffer around each line segment to model the approximate coverage of roads. The individual-based model by Tonini et al. (2013) will be used to simulate the spread of Co. gestroi over Grand Cayman and Key West from 2013 to 2050 and 1999 to 2030, respectively. Because of the stochastic nature of the model used, 100 replications will be run in order to account for the uncertainty associated with the outcome of a stochastic simulation. A spatial grid with resolution of 100 x 100 m will be created and overlaid at the end of the simulation with all other replications for a given year. The set of infested locations will be grouped in each grid cell according to the chosen value for the density parameter, and the centers of the cells infested by at least one colony will be used as a starting point for the simulations.

Progress 10/01/18 to 07/31/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Pest Control Operators Termite Taxonomists Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Two websites on the identification and taxonomy of termites together containing over 1,000 images of termites and damage: https://www.rudolfscheffrahn.com/ https://www.termitediversity.org/ What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Four new termite species were described

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Adrion, A., R. Scheffrahn, S. Serre, and S. Lee. 2019. Impact of sporicidal fumigation with methyl bromide or methyl iodide on electronic equipment. Journal of Environmental Management 231: 1021-1027.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Castro, D., and R. Scheffrahn. 2019. A new species of Emerson, 1949 (Blattodea, Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae) from Colombia, with a key to Neotropical Rhinotermitinae species based on minor soldiers. Zookeys: 61-70.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Florian, O., R. Scheffrahn, and T. Carrijo. 2019. Aparatermes thornatus (Isoptera: Termitidae: Apicotermitinae), a new species of soldierless termite from northern Amazonia. Florida Entomologist 102: 141-146.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Gillenwaters, B., and R. Scheffrahn. 2019. Minimum Sulfuryl Fluoride Dosage for Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Fumigation. Journal of Economic Entomology 112: 776-785.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Onagbola, E., and R. Scheffrahn. 2019. Checklist of Nigerian termites (Blattodea, Isoptera): an update. African Entomology 27: 498-507.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Scheffrahn, R. 2019. Expanded New World distributions of genera in the termite family Kalotermitidae. Sociobiology 66: 136-153.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Scheffrahn, R. 2019. Rhynchotermes armatus, a new mandibulate nasute termite (Isoptera, Termitidae, Syntermitinae) from Colombia. Zookeys: 135-142.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Carrijo, T.F., Pontes-Nogueira, M., Santos, R.G., Morales, A.C., Cancello, E.M. and Scheffrahn, RH. 2020. New World Heterotermes (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae): molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and description of a new species. Systematic Entomology
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Castro, D., Scheffrahn, R.H., Constantini J., Cancello, E.M. and Carrijo, T.F. 2020. Rustitermes boteroi, a new genus and species of soldierless termite (Blattodea: Isoptera: Apicotermitinae) from South America. Zookeys.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Issa, S. and Scheffrahn, R.H. 2020. First record of the termite, Dentispicotermes cupiporanga Bandeira and Cancello 1992 (Isoptera, Termitidae, Termitinae) from Venezuela and new genus records from Bolivia and Paraguay. Checklist.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Scheffrahn, R.H. 2020. First records of the termite, Termes hispaniolae (Banks 1918) (Isoptera, Termitidae, Termitinae), from Bolivia and new Caribbean Basin records. Checklist.

Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:My target audience targets 1) Those interested in the taxonomy and distribution of termites worldwide, 2) those interested in structural fumigation, and 3) those interested in drywood termite control Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?See journal articles published in 2018 What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Write as many taxonomic papers on termites, and grow my termite websites.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1) Two new termite genera from the neotropics, one new genus from afrotropics, and six new species described. 2) Not completed: spacial and temporal spread of the Asian subterranean termite in the lower Florida Keys. 3) University of Florida termite collection has exceeded 44,000 colony samples

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Adrion AC, Scheffrahn RH, Serre S, Lee SD. 2018. Impact of sporicidal fumigation with methyl bromide or methyl iodide on electronic equipment. Journal of Environmental Management 231: 1021-1027.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Castro D, Scheffrahn R, Carrijo T. 2018. Echinotermes biriba, a new genus and species of soldierless termite from the Colombian and Peruvian Amazon (Termitidae, Apicotermitinae). Zookeys 748: 21-30.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Chouvenc T, Scheffrahn R, Warner J. 2018. Establishment of Alluaud's little yellow ant, Plagiolepis alluaudi Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae): first continental New World record. Florida Entomologist 101: 138-140.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Constantini JP, Carrijo TF, Palma-Onetto V, Scheffrahn R, Carnohan LP, `obotn�k J, Cancello EM. 2018. Tonsuritermes, a new soldierless termite genus and two new species from South America (Blattaria: Isoptera: Termitidae: Apicotermitinae). Zootaxa 4531: 383-394.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gile, G, James E, Tai V, Harper J, Merrell T, Boscaro V, Husnik F, Scheffrahn R, Keeling P. 2018. New Species of Spirotrichonympha from Reticulitermes and the relationships among genera in Spirotrichonymphea (Parabasalia). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 65: 159-169.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gillenwaters B, Scheffrahn RH. 2018. Minimum sulfuryl fluoride dosage for bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) fumigation. Journal of Economic Entomology doi: 10.1093/jee/toy394.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gillenwaters B, Scheffrahn RH, Warner J. 2018. Prevention of Colony Establishment by the West Indian Drywood Termite Using Reduced Rates of Borate and Silica Dust or Solution. Journal of Economic Entomology 111: 2298-2302.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Scheffrahn, RH. 2018. Neotermes costaseca: a new termite from the coastal desert of Peru and the redescription of N. chilensis (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). ZooKeys 811: 8190.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Scheffrahn RH. 2018. A new Cryptotermes (Blattodea (Isoptera): Kalotermitidae) from Honduras and known distribution of New World Cryptotermes species. Florida Entomologist 101: 657-662.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Scheffrahn R, Roisin Y. 2018. Anenteotermes cherubimi sp n., a tiny dehiscent termite from Central Africa (Termitidae: Apicotermitinae. Zookeys 793: 53-62.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Scheffrahn, R, Bourguignon T, Akama P, Sillam-Dusses D, Sobotnik J. 2018. Roisinitermes ebogoensis gen. & sp. n., an outstanding drywood termite with snapping soldiers from Cameroon (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). Zookeys 787: 91-105.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Scheffrahn, R, Chase J, Mangold J, Hochmair H. 2018. Relative occurrence of the family Kalotermitidae (Isoptera) under different termite sampling methods. Sociobiology 65: 88-100.
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: https://www.rudolfscheffrahn.com/
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: https://www.termitediversity.org/

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Biology research community Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?New World Heterotermes revision, Tiago Carrijo, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Paulo, Brazil. Venezuela termite survey, Solange Issa, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela Neotermes Redescriptions, Nigeria, Ebenezer O. Onagbola, Dept. of Biology, FUTA, Nigeria Cooperative agreement with Dr. Viktoria Oelze, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Department of Primatology to identify African termite species in chimpanzee diets. Cooperative agreement with Dr. R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES) Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo to identify termites from Tanzania. New Apicotermes genus and species from the Colombian Amazon with Daniel Castor, Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI, Avenida Vásquez Cobo Calles 15 y 16, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia. New Aparatermes specis with Dra. Olga Pinzon, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 5E 3 15-82 Bogotá, D.E. Colombia. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Stay on course

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The UF termite collection has grown by approximately 1,200 colony samples in 2017 We describe a new genus and species of soldierless termite and give a geomatic spread model assessment on the island of Guadeloupe. Numerous new termites from Africa and the Neotropics were described. Numerous new protists from the nearctic and neotropical region were described.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Boscaro, V., James, E., Fiorito, R., Hehenberger, E., Karnkowska, A., del Campo, J., Kolisko, M., Irwin, N., Mathur, V., Scheffrahn, R., & Keeling, P. (2017). Molecular characterization and phylogeny of four new species of the genus Trichonympha (Parabasalia, Trichonymphea) from lower termite hindguts. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 67(9), 3570-3575. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.002169
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Scheffrahn, R., Bourguignon, T., Bordereau, C., Hernandez-Aguilar, R., Oelze, V., Dieguez, P., Obotnik, J., & Pascual-Garrido, A. (2017). White-gutted soldiers: simplification of the digestive tube for a non-particulate diet in higher Old World termites (Isoptera: Termitidae). Insectes Sociaux, 64(4), 525-533. doi:10.1007/s00040-017-0572-9
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Scheffrahn, R., **Carrijo, T., **Postle, A., & *Tonini, F. (2017). Disjunctitermes insularis, a new soldierless termite genus and species (Isoptera, Termitidae, Apicotermitinae) from Guadeloupe and Peru. Zookeys(665), 71-84. doi:10.3897/zookeys.665.11599
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chouvenc, T., Scheffrahn, R. H., *Mullins, A. J., & Su, N.-Y. (2017). Flight Phenology of Two Coptotermes Species (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Southeastern Florida. Journal of Economic Entomology, 110(4), 1693-1704.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: del Campo, J., James, E., Hirakawa, Y., Fiorito, R., Kolisko, M., Irwin, N., Mathur, V., Boscaro, V., Hehenberger, E., Karnkowska, A., Scheffrahn, R., & Keeling, P. (2017). Pseudotrichonympha leei, Pseudotrichonympha lifesoni, and Pseudotrichonympha pearti, new species of parabasalian flagellates and the description of a rotating subcellular structure. Scientific Reports, 7. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16259-8
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Gile, G. H., James, E. R., Tai, V., Harper, J. T., Merrell, T. L., Boscaro, V., Husn�k, F., Scheffrahn, R. H., & Keeling, P. J. (2017). New Species of Spirotrichonympha from Reticulitermes and the Relationships Among Genera in Spirotrichonymphea (Parabasalia). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 1-11. doi:10.1111/jeu.12447
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Onagbola, E., & Scheffrahn, R. (2017). African Neotermes: redescriptions of imago and soldier castes of N. aburiensis and N. agilis (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). Zookeys(683), 25-37. doi:10.3897/zookeys.683.13064
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Scheffrahn, R., & **Krecek, J. (2017). Described from images: The remarkable soldier of Procryptotermes dioscurae Harris (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) from Socotra Island. Zootaxa, 4365(5), 590-593. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4365.5.6
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jasso-Selles, D., De Martini, F., Freeman, K., Garcia, M., Merrell, T., Scheffrahn, R., & Gile, G. (2017). The parabasalid symbiont community of Heterotermes aureus: Molecular and morphological characterization of four new species and reestablishment of the genus Cononympha. European Journal of Protistology, 61, 48-63. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2017.09.001

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Quarantine and regulatory personnel Termite taxonomists Pest control industry Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Refereed publications What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue to describe new termite taxa and revise taxonomy of described species

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1) Discovery of the first soldierless termite (a new genus and species) from a deep water island (Guadeloupe). 2) The invasive drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis, is unable to invade the western U.S. because of its climatic requirements of high dew pointsduring its late-spring/early summer flight season. 3)The termite family Kalotermitidae is greatly underrepresented in diversity surveys using transect protocols. 4) The taxonomies and morphology of the Old World "white termite soldiers" is described in detail for the first time.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: RUDOLF H. SCHEFFRAHN, TIAGO F. CARRIJO, ANTHONY C. POSTLE, and FRANCESCO TONINI. 2017. Disjunctitermes insularis, a new soldierless termite genus and species (Isoptera, Termitidae, Apicotermitinae) from Guadeloupe and Peru. ZooKeys (accepted)
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2017 Citation: Rudolf H. Scheffrahn1, Thomas Bourguignon2, Christian Bordereau3, R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar4, Vicky M. Oelze5, Paula Dieguez5, Jan `obotnik6 and Alejandra Pascual-Garrido 2017. White-gutted soldiers: simplification of the digestive tube for a non-particulate diet in higher Old World termites (Isoptera: Termitidae). Insectes Sociaux (in review).

Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Quarantine and regulatory personnel Termite taxonomists Pest control industry Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?New termite diversity will be reported from Guadeloupe (Disjunctitermes insularis n.gen. n. sp.) and Africa (Neotermes n. sp.). The underrepresentation of the termite family Kalotermitidae by transect census between 1990 and 2016 will be reported.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The major growth phase of the UF termite collection is now complete following the final expedition to Peru. The colleciton is yielding numerous new taxa that were published in 2016: Uncitermes almeriae, a new termite species from Amazonia (Isoptera, Termitidae, Syntermitinae), Proneotermes macondianus, a new drywood termite from Colombia, Cryptotermes colombianus a new drywood termite in Colombia, . A new termite (Isoptera, Termitidae, Syntermitinae, Macuxitermes) from Colombia, and two new Parvitermes (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae)from Central America. The dynamic spread of two invasive species was documented as follows: Establishment of Nasutitermes corniger (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) on Abaco Island, The Bahamas, and the proliferation of the invasive termite Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) on Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Scheffrahn, R. H. 2016. Parvitermes (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae) in Central America: Two new termite species and reassignment of Nasutitermes mexicanus. ZooKeys: 47-63.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Scheffrahn, R. H., J. W. Austin, J. A. Chase, *B. Gillenwaters, J. R. Mangold, and A. L. Szalanski. 2016. Establishment of Nasutitermes corniger (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) on Abaco Island, The Bahamas. Florida Entomologist 99: 544-546.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Scheffrahn, R. H., H. H. Hochmair, F. Tonini, J. Krecek, N. Y. Su, P. Fitzgerald, K. Hendricken, J. A. Chase, J. Mangold, and J. Olynik. 2016. Proliferation of the invasive termite Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) on Grand Cayman and overall termite diversity on the Cayman Islands. Florida Entomologist 99: 496-504.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Serre, S., L. Mickelsen, M. Calfee, J. Wood, M. Gray, R. Scheffrahn, R. Perez, W. Kern, and N. Daniell. 2016. Whole?building decontamination of Bacillus anthracis Sterne spores by methyl bromide fumigation. Journal of applied microbiology 120: 80-89.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Carrijo, T. F., J. P. Constantini, and R. H. Scheffrahn. 2016. Uncitermes almeriae, a new termite species from Amazonia (Isoptera, Termitidae, Syntermitinae). ZooKeys 595: 1-6.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Bourguignon, T., R. H. Scheffrahn, Z. T. Nagy, G. Sonet, B. Host, and Y. Roisin. 2016. Towards a revision of the Neotropical soldierless termites (Isoptera: Termitidae): redescription of the genus Grigiotermes Mathews and description of five new genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176: 15-35.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Casalla, R., R. H. Scheffrahn, and J. Korb. 2016a. Proneotermes macondianus, a new drywood termite from Colombia and expanded distribution of Proneotermes in the Neotropics (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). ZooKeys: 43-60.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Casalla, R., R. Scheffrahn, and J. Korb. 2016b. Cryptotermes colombianus a new drywood termite and distribution record of Cryptotermes in Colombia. ZooKeys 596: 39-52.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Chouvenc, T., R. H. Scheffrahn, and N.-Y. Su. 2016. Establishment and spread of two invasive subterranean termite species (Coptotermes formosanus and C. gestroi; Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in metropolitan southeastern Florida (19902015). Florida Entomologist 99: 187-191.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Postle, A. C., and R. H. Scheffrahn. 2016. A new termite (Isoptera, Termitidae, Syntermitinae, Macuxitermes) from Colombia. Zookeys: 21-35.

Progress 08/14/14 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience:Quarantine and regulatory personnel Termite taxonomists Pest control industry Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Tiago Carrijo, post-doc from Brazil Carlolina Cuezzo, post-doc from Brazil Anthony Postle, post-doc from Australia Ben Gillenwaters and Christopher Scocco, graduate students How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Published research What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?1) Anthrax-contaminated buildings can be remediated with methyl bromide without damage to contents or atmospheric release of MB. 2) Describe new termite taxa 3) Review the Kalotermitidae of the New World

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The addition of new termite genera from South America and Africa. The enteric valve in the gut of soil-feeding termites enhances fermentation by symbiotic bacteria and is a critical morphological manifestation with important value in termite systematics and evolution. The global elevational, latitudinal, and climatic extremes of temperature and rainfall for termites has been confirmed or extended to 3600m, 54.3°N /48.9°S, 4° mean/52° max. temp., and 0-10.6 m/yr precipitation, respectively. The microbial diversity in the termite gut is among the most complex of all animals. The distribution ranges of most termite species in Amazonia are very expansive suggesting that the region is much more biologically homogenous than previously thought.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Rahman, N. A., D. H. Parks, D. L. Willner, A. L. Engelbrektson, S. K. Goffredi, F. Warnecke, R. H. Scheffrahn, and P. Hugenholtz. 2015. A molecular survey of Australian and North American termite genera indicates that vertical inheritance is the primary force shaping termite gut microbiomes. Microbiome 3: 5, DOI 10.1186/s40168-015-0067-8.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Rossmassler, K., C. Dietrich, C. Thompson, A. Mikaelyan, J. O. Nonoh, R. H. Scheffrahn, D. Sillam-Duss�s, and A. Brune. 2015. Metagenomic analysis of the microbiota in the highly compartmented hindguts of six wood-or soil-feeding higher termites. Microbiome 3: 1, DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0118-1
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Scheffrahn, R. H., A. J. Mullins, J. Krecek, J. A. Chase, J. R. Mangold, T. Myles, T. Nishimura, R. Setter, R.A. Cannings, R.J. Higgins, R. Constantino, S. Lindgren, S. Issa, and E. Kuswanto. 2015. Global elevational, latitudinal, and climatic limits for termites and the redescription of Rugitermes laticollis Snyder (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) from the Andean Highlands. Sociobiology 62: 426-438.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Scheffrahn, R. H., and J. K?e?ek. 2015. Redescription and reclassification of the African termite, Forficulitermes planifrons (Isoptera, Termitidae, Termitinae). Zootaxa 3946: 591-594.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Scheffrahn, R. H., T. F. Carrijo, J. K?e?ek, N.-Y. Su, A. L. Szalanski, J. W. Austin, J. A. Chase, and J. R. Mangold. 2015. A single endemic and three exotic species of the termite genus Coptotermes (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae) in the New World. Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny 73: 333-348.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Tai, V., E. R. James, C. A. Nalepa, R. H. Scheffrahn, S. J. Perlman, and P. J. Keeling. 2015. The role of host phylogeny varies in shaping microbial diversity in the hindguts of lower termites. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81: 1059-1070.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Tai, V., G. H. Gile, J. Pan, E. R. James, K. J. Carpenter, R. H. Scheffrahn, and P. J. Keeling. 2015. The phylogenetic position of Kofoidia loriculata (parabasalia) and its implications for the evolution of the Cristamonadea. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 62: 255-259.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chouvenc, T., H. F. Li, J. Austin, C. Bordereau, T. Bourguignon, S. L. Cameron, E. M. Cancello, R. Constantino, A. Costa?Leonardo, P. Eggleton, T. A. Evan, B. Forschler, J. Grace, A. Mullins, R. Scheffrahn, and N.-Y. Su. 2015. Revisiting Coptotermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): a global taxonomic road map for species validity and distribution of an economically important subterranean termite genus. Systematic Entomology DOI: 10.1111/syen.12157.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Cottone, C., N.-Y. Su, R. Scheffrahn, and C. Riegel. 2015. Survivorship of the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in a Hypoxic Environment. Sociobiology 62: 76-81
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Gile, G. H., E. R. James, N. Okamoto, K. J. Carpenter, R. H. Scheffrahn, and P. J. Keeling. 2015. Molecular Evidence for the Polyphyly of Macrotrichomonas (Parabasalia: Cristamonadea) and a Proposal for Macrotrichomonoides n. gen. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 62: 494-504
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Carrijo, T. F., R. H. Scheffrahn, and J. K?e?ek. 2015. Compositermes bani sp. n.(Isoptera, Termitidae, Apicotermitinae), a new species of soldierless termite from Bolivia. Zootaxa 3941: 294-298.