UNDERSTANDING DRIVERS AND CONSTRAINTS TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DESTINATION DEVELOPMENT

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: MCINTIRE-STENNIS
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1003857
• Project Start Date: Oct 1, 2014
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2019
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF MAINE
(N/A)
ORONO,ME 04469

Performing Department
School of Forest Resources

Non Technical Summary
Tourism generates an array of economic, conservation, health, and societal benefits to residents and non-residents of Maine. The State's outstanding tourism assets and the diversity of outdoor recreation opportunities represent important drivers for attracting diverse in-state and out-of-state visitors. These unique natural and cultural tourism assets have ample growth capacity. Challenges to capturing these opportunities for growth include: changing needs and expectations of visitors, changing environmental conditions, preparedness of tourism destinations to changing conditions, residents perceptions of tourism, among others. The proposed project seeks to improve our understanding of drivers to sustainable tourism destination development in light of global and local changes. A diversity of qualitative and quantitative social science research methods will be used, including semi-structured interviews, surveys, and participatory tools. It is expected this project will enhance destination planning and product development in Maine.

Animal Health Component

100%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

100%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
605	0599	2060	50%
608	6099	3080	50%

Knowledge Area
605 - Natural Resource and Environmental Economics; 608 - Community Resource Planning and Development;

Subject Of Investigation
0599 - Recreational resources, general/other; 6099 - People and communities, general/other;

Field Of Science
2060 - Geography; 3080 - Sociology;

Keywords

sustainable tourism destinations

climate change and tourism

barriers to outdoor recreation

Goals / Objectives
Broaden our understanding of drivers and constraints to sustainable tourism destination development in terms of climate and weather, travel behavior, and residents' perceptions on sustainable tourism.Increase our understanding of economic, social and ecological factors driving sustainable tourism and community resilience in Maine.Explore factors guiding perceptions of sustainable destination development in light of global changes.Assess the role of climate in destination selection by visitors to Maine.Expand our understanding of constraints to outdoor recreation participation in Maine.Facilitate a participatory process with Maine tourism stakeholders to enhance strategic planning to increase industry resilience, adaptive capacity, and sustainable program planning.

Project Methods
Archival evidence (literature review)This method will include collecting, analyzing and triangulating information published in journal articles, reports, and datasets on (1) climate change models for Maine; (2) studies on survival, distribution and abundance of selected iconic and endangered species of importance to tourism (e.g. birds, mammals such as moose, and insects); (3) visitor statistics for selected tourism destination in Maine; and (4) sustainable tourism scales for measuring resident perceptions. Literature on adaptive capacity and resilience will be reviewed. Summary of documents will be encoded into NVivo 10®.In-depth, semi-structured interviews: Semi-structured interviews with tourism stakeholders (i.e. tourism businesses, NGO staff, and government officials) will be conducted to understand their perceptions of climate change and tourism. Data will be generated on perceived impacts of climate change, mitigation strategies to reduce emissions, and adaptation strategies currently in place or planned. Interviews will be in-person and semi-structured, with mostly open-ended questions (Creswell, 2013). An interview protocol form (procedures and questions) will be used. Summary notes will be taken during each interview. In addition, if the interviewee agrees, the interview will be tape-recorded. Interviewees will be selected using chain referral and maximum variation strategies (Patton, 2002; Emmel, 2013), until saturation or redundancy is achieved (Merriam, 2009). Interview notes and interview transcriptions will later be encoded into an NVivo10® database.Online Resident Survey An online survey of Maine residents will be conducted to better understand perceptions on sustainable tourism and barriers to outdoor recreation. The survey instrument will include 1) items from the SUSTAS scale to measure perceptions on sustainable tourism development; and 2) questions on recreational preferences and travel behavior, and barriers to outdoor recreation participation. Quantitative measurements such as geographic and demographic coverage will be collected. The self-administered online questionnaire (Bernard, 2011) development will follow Dilman's Tailored Design method (Dillman et al., 2009). The majority of questions will be close-ended or Likert-scale types (Dillman et al., 2009).Mixed-mode Visitor SurveyA mixed-mode survey (Dillman et al., 2009) will be designed to collect data on visitor perceptions and potential responses to climate change in selected tourism destinations in Maine. Twelve hundred visitors (from in-state and out-of-state) will be randomly selected; sample size may be modified in order to achieve a ± 5% margin of error with 95% confidence. A two stage-cluster sampling design will be used (Scheaffer et al., 2012). The first sampling stage will include a random sample of dates/locations. Sampling locations will include visitor centers, key tourism attractions, and places with high visitor traffic at selected tourism destinations in Maine. For the second stage, systematic random sampling will be used for visitor selection on-site, with establishment of an interval and a random start number based on estimated visitors and sampling target (Scheaffer et al., 2012).Visitors will fill-out two questionnaires: 1) a front-end onsite questionnaire, and 2) a longer self-administered questionnaire online. The front-end onsite questionnaire will entail a face-to-face interview with visitors to collect demographic data, group characteristics and trip purpose from visitors on site. The information will also be used for checking non-response bias of the online survey. The interview is expected to last five-minutes. Data will be entered electronically into an IPad device by the surveyors. This will allow for immediate database creation and real time analysis of data. In addition, e-mail addresses will be collected in paper format to avoid confidentiality breach. All surveyed visitors will be requested to fill-out an online questionnaire, two weeks after the initial contact. An e-mail will be sent to previously interviewed visitors with a link to the online survey. The instrument will collect data on visitor profile, travel behavior, quality of experience, and attitudes towards environmental stewardship and climate change related practices. Five-point Likert-type scales will be used to rate perceptions on climate change and weather-dependent destination attractiveness, as well as vacation choices in light of future bio-physical conditions. Items on (1) destination attractiveness, (2) changes in destination selection based on changing weather conditions, changes in activities as a result of weather conditions, (3) irreplaceability of the destination and identification of alternate destinations if weather conditions are not appropriate for primary travel purpose will be developed.Evaluation. Indicators of progress will include the following:Key themes and measures identified through literature review.Interview protocols, coding report of interviews.Survey questionnaires completed and databases created.Protocols for participatory meetings and number of meetings facilitated.Technical reports submitted.Peer reviewed publications submitted.

Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:1. Planners, government officials, and NGO staff working on conservation and economic development projects in Maine. 2. Governmental, non-governmental, and private businesses involved in outdoor recreatin and nature-based tourism. 3. Protected area managers. 4. Tourism planners in Maine. 5. Outdoor recreation planners in Maine. 6. Park managers and planners in Maine andUS. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? One honors and one MS completed degree and submitted theses. Three undergraduate students trained in data collection and analysis. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Multiple presentations have been given at local meetings. Have participated in events to share study results. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Over 600 visitors completed online survey in 2019 to measure health risk perceptions. Over 100 Wabanaki citizens completed a health survey. Interviews with tourism stakeholders conducted in Mainecoastal tourism destinations. One nominal group faciltated and analyzed. Interviews conducted with moose managers, hunters, moose viewers, and outfitters to study perceptions that residents have regarding moose health, and its impacts on cutural maintenance, recreation, economics, and identity. Grant proposals submitted. Three research reports prepared and submitted. Presentations given at major national and international conferences. Presentation with stakeholders in Maine.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wilkins, E., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Weiskittel, A. & Gabe, T. (2018). Effects of weather conditions on tourism spending: Implications for future trends under climate change. Journal of Travel Research, 57(8), 1042-1053. doi: 10.1177/0047287517728591.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Horne, L., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Daigle, J. & Noblet, C. (2018). Using pile sorts to understand perceptions of climate change. WIT Transactions of Ecology and the Environment, 227, 175-183. doi: 10.2495/ST180171
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fefer, J., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Daigle, J. & Silka, L. (2018). Understanding the perceived effectiveness of applying the Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) framework for recreation planning: A multi-case study in U.S. National Parks. The Qualitative Report, 23(7), 1561-1582. Retrieved from https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol23/iss7/6
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wilkins, E., & De Urioste-Stone, S.M. (2018). Place attachment, recreational activities, and intended future visitation under climate change conditions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(5), 798-811. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1417416.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wilkins, E., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Weiskittel, A. & Gabe, T.(2018). Weather sensitivity and climate change perceptions of tourists: A segmentation analysis. Tourism Geographies, 20(2), 273-289. doi: 10.1080/14616688.2017.1399437.

Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:1. Planners, government officials, and NGO staff working on conservation, tourismand other rural economic development projects in Maine. 2. Governmental, non-governmental, and private businesses involved in outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism. 3. Protected area managers. 4. Tourism planners in Maine. 5. Outdoor recreation planners in Maine. 6. Forest industry stakeholders. 7. Park managers and planners in Maine, US, and internationally. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?1.Five graduate students andsix undergraduate students were trained via direct and indirect involvement in the research activities conducted under this project. 2. Trained students on group facilitation skills. 3.Facilitated internship and professional development opportunities for students. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A series of presentations have been given at state and regional events to share research results, along with technical reports. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?1. Manage databases and conduct further data analysis. 2. Finalizefivearticles currently in review/revision. 3. Finalize four articles in preparation. 4. Facilitate participatory meetings to share findings. 5. Refine research instruments. 6. Draft technical reports. 7. Continue training graduate and undergraduate students. 8. Present results from research at conferences. 9. Submit additional grant proposals.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1. Over15 visitors were interviewed to understand risk perceptions associated withcharismatic wildlife disease risk and effects on cultural practices and outdoor recreation participation. 2. Over 500visitors completed a survey on climate change risk perceptions and recreational behavior in coastal Maine. 3. Over 400 visitors completed an online survey on travel behavior, knowledge and risk perceptions associated with ticks and tick borne disease at Acadia National Park. 4. Interviewed over20 tourism stakeholders to understand climate change perceptions and development opportunities. 5. Collaborated with biophysical scientists tomap objective and perceived risks to zoonotic disease risk. 6. Presented research findings at major international and national conferences. 7. Grant proposals submitted; securedfourproposals to expand the work on climate change risk. 8. Press releases published. 9. Presentations given to stakholders in Maine. 10.Four research reports prepared and shared with stakeholders on visitation behavior,community resilience, global drivers of change, andclimate change risk perceptions.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wilkins, E., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Weiskittel, A. & Gabe, T. (2018). Effects of weather conditions on tourism spending: Implications for future trends under climate change. Journal of Travel Research, 57(8), 1042-1053. doi: 10.1177/0047287517728591.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Horne, L., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Daigle, J. & Noblet, C. (2018). Using pile sorts to understand perceptions of climate change. WIT Transactions of Ecology and the Environment, 227, 175-183. doi: 10.2495/ST180171.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fefer, J., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Daigle, J. & Silka, L. (2018). Understanding the perceived effectiveness of applying the Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) framework for recreation planning: A multi-case study in U.S. National Parks. The Qualitative Report, 23(7), 1561-1582. Retrieved from https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol23/iss7/6.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wilkins, E., & De Urioste-Stone, S.M. (2018). Place attachment, recreational activities, and intended future visitation under climate change conditions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(5), 798-811. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1417416.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wilkins, E., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Weiskittel, A. & Gabe, T. (2018). Weather sensitivity and climate change perceptions of tourists: A segmentation analysis. Tourism Geographies, 20(2), 273-289. doi: 10.1080/14616688.2017.1399437.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Horne, L., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Noblet, C., & Rickard, L. (2018). Using risk perceptions and message framing to explore climate change engagement. Tourism Naturally Conference. May 16-18, Kaprun, Austria.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Horne, L., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Daigle, J., & Noblet, C. (2018). Using pile sorts to understand perceptions of climate change. Sustainable Tourism Conference. May 2-4, Vienna, Austria.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Horne L., De Urioste-Stone, S.M. (2018). Climate change communication. National Outdoor Recreation Conference (NORC). April 23-26, Burlington, Vermont.

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:1. Planners, government officials, and NGO staff working on conservation and economic development projects in Maine. 2. Governmental, non-governmental, and private businesses involved in outdoor recreatin and nature-based tourism. 3. Protected area managers. 4. Tourism planners in Maine. 5. Outdoor recreation planners in Maine. 6. Park managers and planners in Maine, US, and internationally. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?1. Six graduate students, and eight undergraduate students trained via direct and indirect involvement in the reserach activities conducted under this project. 2. Service learning project conducted in Western maine, with involvement of eight undergraduate students and one gradaute student. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A series of presentations have been given at state and regional events to share results. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?1. Management of database and data analysis. 2. Finalize three articles currently in review/revision. 3. Finalize five articles in preparation. 4. Facilitate participatory meetings to share findings. 5. Refine research instruments. 6. Draft technical reports. 7. Continue training graduate and undergraduate students. 8. Present results from research at conferences. 9. Submit grant proposals.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1. Over 350 Maine recreationists in an online survey to explore visitor perceptions climate change risk perceptions, the role of weather in travel behavior, and climate communication. 2. Over 400 recreationists completed a risk percpetions survey on wildlife conservation and fishing in Maine 3. Interviewed over 28 tourism stakeholders to gage climate change perceptions and development opportunities. 4. Presented reserach findings at major international and national conferences. 5. Grant proposals submitted; secured three proposals to expand the work on climate change risk. 6. Press releases published. 7. Presentations given to stakholders in Maine. 8. Seven research reports prepared and shared with stakeholders including studies on visitation profile, visitor economic impact, community resilience, and visitor climate change risk perceptions.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wilkins, E.*, & De Urioste-Stone, S.M. (In Press). Place attachment, recreational activities, and intended future visitation under climate change conditions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wilkins, E.*, De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Weiskittel, A. & Gabe, T. (In Press). Weather sensitivity and climate change perceptions of tourists: A segmentation analysis. Tourism Geographies. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1399437
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2018 Citation: Scaccia, M.D.*, De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Daigle, J. & Anderson, M. (In Review). Forming a typology of residents attitudes toward sustainable tourism in Maine. Journal of Sustainable Tourism.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Emily J. Wilkins. (2016). Tourism in Maine: Visitation and Economic Impacts of Weather.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lydia R. Horne. (2017). Risk Perceptions of Climate Change Amongst Nature-Based Tourism Stakeholders in Western Maine
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Horne, L.*, De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Daigle, J. & Noblet, C. (2017). Risky business: Climate change risk perceptions of nature-based tourism stakeholders in Western Maine, U.S. 23rd ISSRM: Contested spaces: Bridging protection and development in a globalizing world. June 19-22, Ume�, Sweden.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Horne, L.*, De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Daigle, J. & Noblet, C. (2017). Applying the pile sort method to the context of climate change. 23rd ISSRM: Contested spaces: Bridging protection and development in a globalizing world. June 19-22, Ume�, Sweden.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wilkins, E.* & De Urioste-Stone, S.M. (2017). Willingness to take action on climate change: A cluster analysis of Maine tourists. 23rd ISSRM: Contested spaces: Bridging protection and development in a globalizing world. June 19-22, Ume�, Sweden.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wilkins, E.*, De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Weiskittel, A., & Gabe, T. (2016). Perceptions of climate change: A segmentation analysis of tourist groups to Maine, USA. Society of American Foresters National Convention. Our transcontinental land ethic: Exploring differences that unite us. Society of American Foresters. November 5, Madison, Wisconsin.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Horne, L.*, De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Daigle, J. & Noblet, C. (2016). Western Maine tourism stakeholders climate change risk perceptions. Tourism Naturally Conference. October 2-5, Alghero, Italy.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wilkins, E.*, De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Weiskittel, A. & Gabe, T. (2016). The impact of climate change on nature-based tourism: A segmentation analysis of tourist groups to Maine, USA. Tourism Naturally Conference. October 2-5, Alghero, Italy.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wilkins, E.*, & De Urioste-Stone, S.M. (2016). Recreational activities, place attachment, and intended future visitation under climate change conditions. Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas: Cooperation across Borders and Scales. September 26-30, Novi Sad, Serbia.

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:1. Planners, government officials, and NGO staff working in projects and communities along the Penobscot River Watershed (PRW). 2. Governmental, non-governmental, and private businesses involved in outdoor recreatin and nature-based tourism 3. Residents along the PRW (surveyed). 4. Tourism planners in Maine. 5. Outdoor recreation planners in Maine. 6. Park managers and planners in Maine, US, and internationally. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?1. Six graduate students, andfour undergraduate studentstrained via direct and indirect involvment in the reserach activities conducted under this project. 2. Service learning project conducted in Western maine, with involvement ofeight undergraduate students and one gradaute student. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?RESEARCH REPORTS TO STAKEHOLDERS. 1. Carrillo, M., De Urioste-Stone, S.M. & L. Le. (2016). 2015 Maine visitation and tourism impact study. Center for Research on Sustainable Forests. 25pp. 2. Carrillo, M., De Urioste-Stone, S.M. & L. Le. (2016). Acadia National Park: Impacts of visitor spending on the local economy. Center for Research on Sustainable Forests. 11pp. 3. Carrillo, M., De Urioste-Stone, S.M. & L. Le. (2016). 2015 Maine visitation: Forest-based tourism economic impact study. Center for Research on Sustainable Forests. 31pp. 4. Wilkins, E., Morgan, A. & S.M. De Urioste-Stone. (2016). Katahdin visitor characteristics, travel behavior, and perceptions of tourism. Annual report. Baxter State Park. 14pp. 5. Wilkins, E., Morgan, A. & S.M. De Urioste-Stone. (2016). Acadia National Park research summary report: Visitor characteristics and perceptions of the impact of weather and climate change on tourism. Annual report. Acadia National Park. 18pp. 6. Wilkins, E., Morgan, A. & S.M. De Urioste-Stone. (2016). Bureau of Parks and Lands research summary report: Visitor characteristics, travel behavior, and perceptions on tourism. Annual report. Bureau of Parks and Lands. 7. Wilkins, E., Morgan, A. & S.M. De Urioste-Stone. (2016). Bethel Chamber of Commerce research summary report: Visitor characteristics, travel behavior, and perceptions on tourism. Annual report. Bethel Chamber of Commerce. Presentations given at state and regional events. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?1. Management of database and data analysis. 2. Finalize sixarticles currently in review/revision. 3. Finalize four articles in preparation. 4. Facilitate participatory meetings to share findings. 5. Refine research instruments. 6. Draft technical reports. 7. Continue training graduate and undergraduate students. 8. Present results from research at conferences. 9. Submit grant proposals.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1. Over 800 Maine visitors participated in an online survey to explore visitor perceptions of the tourism industry's climate change vulnerability, the role of weather in travel behavior, and place attachment. 2. Over 2,000 visitors were surveyed in Maine to understand spending, travel patterns, and views on weather. 3. Over 200 Maine residents participated in online survey about lead poisoning of loons and outdoor recreation. 4. Identified barriers ana facilitators to using visitor impact management frameworks in protected areas. 5. Grant proposals submitted. 6. Press releases publisned. 7. Presentations given to stakholders in Maine. 8.Seven research reports prepared and shared with stakholders including studies on visitation profile, visitor economic impact, communicy resilience, and visitor climate change risk perceptions. 9. Leveraged funding from this project to bring additional reserach grant funding.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: *Scaccia, M.D. & S.M. De Urioste-Stone. (2016). Resident perceptions of sustainable tourism in Maine. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 11 (3), 375-384. DOI: 10.2495/SDP-V11-N3-375-384.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Le, L., *Scaccia, M. & *E. Wilkins. (2016). Nature-based tourism and climate change risk: Visitors perceptions in Mount Desert Island, Maine. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism doi: 10.1016/j.jort.2016.01.003
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: *Fefer, J., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Daigle, J. & L. Silka. (2016). Using the Delphi technique to identify key elements for effective and sustainable visitor use planning frameworks. 6 (2). DOI: 10.1177/2158244016643141.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wilkins, E., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Weiskittel, A. & T. Gabbe. (In Revision-1st). Economic impacts of weather on tourism in Maine, USA. Journal of Travel Research.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wilkins, E., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Weiskittel, A. & T. Gabe. (2016). The impacts of climate change on tourism: A segmentation analysis of tourist groups in Maine, USA. 1st Tourism Naturally Conference. October 1-5, Sardinia, Italy.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Horne, L., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Daigle, J., & Noblet, C. (2016). Western Maine tourism stakeholders climate change risk perceptions. 1st Tourism Naturally Conference. October 1-5, Sardinia, Italy.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wilkins, E., & De Urioste-Stone, S.M. (2016). Recreational activities, place attachment, and intended future visitation under climate change conditions. Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas: Cooperation across Borders and Scales. September 26-30, Novi Sad, Serbia.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wilkins, E., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Weiskittel, A. & T. Gabe. (2016). The effects of changing weather on Maines nature-based tourism industry. 22nd International Symposium on Society and Natural Resource Management (ISSRM): Transitioning: Toward sustainable relationship in a different world. June 22-26, Houghton, Michigan.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wilkins, E., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Weiskittel, A. & T. Gabe. (2016). The impact of weather and climate change on nature-based tourism: A segmentation analysis of tourist groups to Maine, USA. 22nd International Symposium on Society and Natural Resource Management (ISSRM): Transitioning: Toward sustainable relationship in a different world. June 22-26, Houghton, Michigan.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wilkins, E., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Weiskittel, A. & T. Gabe. (2015) The effects of past weather and a changing climate on nature-based tourism on Mount Desert Island, Maine. International Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism. November 10-13. Hawaii. (Graduate Student Award)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Le, L., *Wilkins, E. & *M. Scaccia. (2015) Climate change risk: Perceptions of visitors to Acadia National Park, Maine. International Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism. November 10-13. Hawaii.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: De Urioste-Stone, S.M., *Wilkins, E. & *M. Scaccia. (2015) Climate change vulnerability and risk perceptions: Views from visitors to Acadia National Park. SAF National Convention. November 3-7. Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: De Urioste-Stone, S.M. (2015). Acadia Science Symposium. Nature-based tourism and climate change risk: Assessing visitor perceptions at Acadia National Park, Maine. October 7, Winter Harbor, Maine. (Invited).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wilkins, E., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Weiskittel, A., *Horne, L., +Cooper, A., *Scaccia, M. & T. Gabe. (2015). The effects of changing weather: Impacts on tourism-related spending on Mount Desert Island, Maine. Acadia Science Symposium. October 7, Winter Harbor, Maine.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Scaccia, M., De Urioste-Stone, S. & *E. Wilkins. (2015). The future of destination selection in a changing climate: Implications for visitation to Acadia National Park, Maine. Acadia Science Symposium. October 7, Winter Harbor, Maine.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Schlager, E. & S.M. De Urioste-Stone. (2016). Resident perceptions of community resilience and adaptive capacity in the Lower Penobscot River Watershed in Maine: Integrating social and biophysical data in developing a resilience capacity index. 22nd International Symposium on Society and Natural Resource Management (ISSRM): Transitioning: Toward sustainable relationship in a different world. June 22-26, Houghton, Michigan.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wilkins, E. Tourism in Maine: Visitation and Economic Impacts of Weather. Thesis submitted in fulfillment of requirements for MS in Forest Resources.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Scaccia, M. Measuring Maine Residents' Attitudes Toward Sustainable Tourism and Development: A Psychometric Approach. Thesis submitted in fulfillment of requirements for MS in forest resources.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Fefer, J. Visitor-Use Management in Protected Areas: Understanding Expert Perceptions of the Effectiveness and Sustainability of Applying the Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) Framework for Recreation Planning. Thesis submitted in fulfillment of requirements for MS in forest resources.

Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience: Planners, government officials, and NGO staff working in projects and communities along the Penobscot River Watershed (PRW). Residents along the PRW (surveyed). Tourism planners in Maine. Acadia National Park and Mount Desert Island key stakeholders. Outdoor recreation planners in Maine. Park managers and planners in Maine, US, and internationally. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Undergraduate students trained in survey design, implementation, and interviewing procedures. Graduate students trained in survey desing, sampling, and data analysis strategies. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Five reports produced and sharedwith stakeholders *Scaccia, M., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., & J. Daigle. (2015). How well are we serving Maine's outdoor recreation survey. Technical report. Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation, and Forestry. 89pp. *Scaccia, M. & S.M. De Urioste-Stone. (2015). Understanding the role of climate change on guiding Maine's tourism industry to the Katahdin region. Annual report. Baxter State Park. 11pp. *Scaccia, M. & S.M. De Urioste-Stone. (2015). Understanding the role of climate change on guiding Maine's tourism industry to the MDI region. Annual report. Baxter State Park. 8pp. Holmes, N., Kulesza, C., Le, L. & S.M. De Urioste-Stone. (2014). Heritage Tourism at George Washington Carver National Monument: Perceptions of Five Demographic Groups. U.S. Technical report. National Park Service. Moscow, ID. 74pp. Snell, M., Straub, C., Leahy, L., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Daigle, J. & N Bird. (2014). Campers and Invasive Forest Pests in Northern New England. Technical report. 84pp. Invited presentations De Urioste-Stone, S.M. (2015). "Promoting sustainable tourism in Maine: A research strategy". North Woods Consortium. September 22, Bangor, Maine. (Invited). De Urioste-Stone, S.M. (2015). "Developing healthy communities: Citizen-based interventions for the control of Chagas disease in rural Guatemala." School of Economics Spring Seminar Series. March 27, Orono, Maine. (Invited). De Urioste-Stone, S.M. (2015). "Resilience of rural Maine communities to climate change: A pilot study of the nature-based tourism industry." ADVANCE Grant Awardee Luncheon, Pecha Kucha. March 26, Orono, Maine. (Invited). De Urioste-Stone, S.M. (2015). "Stakeholder perceptions on vulnerability and adaptive capacity of tourism destinations to climate change in Maine." School of Biology and Ecology Spring Seminar Series. March 20, Orono, Maine. (Invited). De Urioste-Stone, S. (2015). "B2B Resident Survey: Quality of Place, Sustainable Economic Development and Community Resilience", for the Social Science and Diadromous Fish Restoration in the Penobscot Watershed. NOAA. February 6, Orono, Maine. (Invited). De Urioste-Stone, S. (2015). "Interdisciplinary and Community-based Research in Latin America", for the IDS 500 Interdisciplinary Graduate Seminar. February 4, Orono, Maine. (Invited). De Urioste-Stone, S. (2014). "Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: A Conservation Strategy", for the 2014 Acadian Program in Regional Conservation & Stewardship. July 29, SERC, Winter Harbor, Maine. (Invited). De Urioste-Stone, S. (2014). "National Parks as Economic Contributors", for the International Course on Protected Area Design and Management in New England. May 28, 2014, SERC, Winter Harbor, Maine. (Invited). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Management of database and data analysis. Revise three articles currently in review/revision. Finalize five articles in preparation. Develop new visitor survey to measure climate changerisk percpetions and destination selection factors. Develop stakeholder interview guide to understand climate change risk perceptions, mitigation and adaptation strategies. Draft technical reports. Share results with stakeholders. Present results from researchat conferences. Submit grant proposals.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Over 100 visitors participated in an online survey to explore visitor perceptions of the tourism industry's climate change vulnerability in Maine. Over 1,500 visitors were surveyed in Maine to understand spending and travel patterns. Over 600 visitors participated in an online surveyto measure perceptions on climate change impacts, the role of weather in visitation, andplace attachment. Over 6,000 Maine residents participated in an online survey to explore perceptions on sustainble tourism and development. Over 16,000 outdoor recreationists to Maine (in-state and out-of-state residents) participated in an online survey to exaine recreational preferences in Maine, and perceptions of services provided in state parks. Identified barriers ana facilitators to using visitor impact management frameworks in protected areas.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: De Urioste-Stone, S.M., *Scaccia, M. & +D. Howe-Poteet. (2015). Exploring visitor perceptions of the influence of climate change on tourism at Acadia National Park, Maine. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 11, 34-43. doi: dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2015.07.001
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: *Scaccia, M., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., & J. Daigle. (2015). How well are we serving Maines outdoor recreation survey. Technical report. Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation, and Forestry. 89pp.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: *Wilkins, E., De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Weiskittel, A. & T. Gabe. (2015) The effects of past weather and a changing climate on nature-based tourism on Mount Desert Island, Maine. International Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism. November. Hawaii. (Abstract and poster).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: De Urioste-Stone, S.M., Le, L., *Wilkins, E. & *M. Scaccia. (2015) Climate change risk: Perceptions of visitors to Acadia National Park, Maine. International Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism. November. Hawaii. (Abstract and presentation).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: *Fefer, J., De Urioste-Stone, S., Daigle, J. & L. Silka. (2015). Using the Delphi technique to understand expert perceptions of visitor management approaches in protected areas: A global analysis. 21st International Symposium on Society and Natural Resource Management (ISSRM): Understanding and adapting to change. June 13-18. Charleston, South Carolina. (Abstract and poster).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: De Urioste-Stone, S.M., *Wilkins, E. & *M. Scaccia. (2015) Climate change vulnerability and risk perceptions: Views from visitors to Acadia National Park. SAF National Convention. November. Baton Rouge, LA. (Abstract and presentation).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: *Fefer, J., De Urioste-Stone, S., Daigle, J. & L. Silka. (2015). Understanding manager, planner & academics perceptions on VERPs effectiveness in U.S. National Parks. 21st International Symposium on Society and Natural Resource Management (ISSRM): Understanding and adapting to change. June 13-18. Charleston, South Carolina. (Abstract and presentation).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: *Wilkins, E., De Urioste-Stone, S., Gabe, T. & A. Weiskittel. (2015). The effects of changing weather on nature-based tourism: visitation and economic impacts on Mount Desert Island, Maine. 21st International Symposium on Society and Natural Resource Management (ISSRM): Understanding and adapting to change. June 13-18. Charleston, South Carolina. (Abstract and poster).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: De Urioste-Stone, S. & M. Scaccia.* (2014). Stakeholder perceptions of nature-based tourism and climate change in Maine. International Union of Forest Research Organizations Annual Conference, October 5-11, 2014. Salt Lake City, Utah. (Abstract and presentation).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: *Scaccia, M., De Urioste-Stone, S. & *E. Wilkins. (2015). The future of destination selection in a changing seasonal climate: implications for visitation to Acadia National Park and Mount Desert Island, Maine. 2015 National Outdoor Recreation Conference: Land, water and conservation: Celebrating the past and crafting the future of outdoor recreation. Northeastern Resource Recreation Symposium and Society of Outdoor Recreation Professionals. April 12-16. Annapolis, Maryland. (Abstract and poster).