Progress 07/14/14 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:PI retired from NMSU and has nothing further to report for the project. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
PI retired from NMSU and has nothing further to report for the project.
Publications
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Chile pepper growers, food manufacturers, and researchers. In addition, many chile pepper growers in New Mexico are Hispanic and Native American, and economically challenged. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate student training, undergraduate laboratory experience, professional and development of visiting scientists. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results are communicated to the scientific community via peer-reviewed publications. We also communicate to the chile pepper community through the New Mexico Chile Association, direct interactions with growers, and via the New Mexico State University "New Mexico Chile Conference." What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The project will perform laboratory, greenhouse, and field research. Host a chile pepper conference. Update website with relevant information. Publish research in peer-reviewed journals.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In 2017, the program focused on improving green, paprika, jalapeno, cayenne, and serrano chile cultivars for New Mexico. The program continued to make progress finding important discoveries and publishing these discoveries. Data was collected from single plant selections, observational plots, and replicated trials. Single plant selections were made in jalapeno, New Mexican, cayenne, and serrano pod types. Data from the observational plots of jalapeno, New Mexican, and serrano pod types were collected and will be used to determine plantings in 2018. In addition, data were collected from the replicated trial of cayenne pod types. The data will be statistically analyzed to determine the next step with these breeding lines. Single plant selections were made within a population to increase the yield of green chile while keeping the traditional flavor of New Mexican chiles. In the greenhouse, hybridizations were accomplished. Seeds from the hybridization have been harvested, and are planted in the greenhouse to generate the segregating progeny for 2018. The development of adapted disease resistant chile cultivars resistant to disease benefits growers, while adding little to no cost to the seed. Progress was achieved in breeding new disease resistant chiles. Within the New Mexican pod type, breeding lines were screened for Phytophthora blight resistance, and individual resistant plants were saved. Seed from these selections were planted in the research field plots, and those that had good horticultural traits were again challenged by Phytophthora capsici, and those lines with both resistance and good horticultural traits were saved. Another devastating chile wilt disease is caused by Verticillium dahliae. We used the DNA sequence of a Verticillium wilt resistant tomato and potato to identify the resistant gene in chile. From this information, we were successful in creating a molecular marker for resistance to Verticillium wilt resistance. The breeding program continues to create unique and novel chiles that aid the organic farmer and the farmer's market grower. New colors in chile fruits provide high-value products to a growing market of upscale consumers, and in turn, furnishes opportunities for small-scale farmers to make a transition from traditional production of low-value commodities towards the production of varieties with greater value. Studies have shown that growers receive a premium for novel colored produce, and that color is far more important in the purchase decision by the consumer than retail price or vitamin content. Lastly, seed increases of breeding material were completed. This included breeder seed of NuMex cultivars, generation of F2 seed, and breeding lines for next year's evaluation.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Baath, G.S. M.K. Shukla, P.W. Bosland, R.L. Steiner, and S.J. Walker. 2017. Irrigation water salinity influences at various growth stages of Capsicum annuum. Agricultural Water Management 179:246-253.
Jeeatid, N., S. Techawongstien, B. Suriharn, P.W. Bosland, and S. Techawongstien. 2017. Light intensity affects capsaicinoid accumulation in hot pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) cultivars. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 58: 103-110.
Barchenger, D.W., L. Jiang, K. Rodriguez, D.S. Hanson, and P.W. Bosland 2017. Development of a molecular marker associated with Verticillium wilt Resistance in Capsicum annuum Using Solanaceae Synteny Molecular Breeding 37:134-137.
Barchenger, D.W., K.H. Lamour, Z-M. Sheu, S. Shrestha, S. Kumar, S-W. Lin, R. Burlakoti, and P.W. Bosland. 2017. Intra- and Intergenomic Variation of Ploidy and Clonality Characterize Phytophthora capsici on Capsicum species in Taiwan. Mycological Progress Mycological Progress 16:955-963; 10.1007
Guzman, I. and P.W. Bosland. 2017. Sensory Properties of Chile Pepper Heat and its importance to food quality and cultural preference. Appetite 117:186-190.
Sun, G.S., Z.L. Dai, P.W. Bosland, Q. Wang, C.Q. Sun, C. Z.C. Zhang, and Z.H. Ma. 2017. Characterizing and marker-assisting a novel chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) yellow bud mutant with cytoplasmic male sterility. Genetics and Molecular Research 16 (1): doi: 10.4238
Jeeatid, N., S. Techawongstien, S. Techawongstien, B. Suriharn and P.W. Bosland. 2017. Light Intensity Affects Capsaicinoid Accumulation of Hot Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) Cultivars. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology. doi:10.1007/s13580-017-0165-6.
Coon, D., D.W. Barchenger, and P.W. Bosland 2017. Evaluation of Dwarf Ornamental Chile Peppers for Commercial Greenhouse Production. HortTechnology 27:128-131
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Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Chile pepper growers, food manufacturers, and researchers. In addition, many chile pepper growers in New Mexico are Hispanic and Native American, and economically challenged. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate student training, undergraduate laboratory experience, professional and development of visiting scientists. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Through media interviews journal articles, newsletters, grower conferences, and a website What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The project will perform laboratory, greenhouse, and field research. Hosta a chile pepper conference. Update website with relevant information . Publish research in international journals.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In 2016, the program focused on improving green, paprika, jalapeno, cayenne, and serrano chile cultivars for New Mexico. The chile breeding and genetics program continued to make progress finding important discoveries and publishing these discoveries. Data was collected from single plant selections, observational plots, and replicated trials. Single plant selections were made in jalapeno, New Mexican, cayenne, and serrano pod types. Data from the observational plots of jalapeno, New Mexican, and serrano pod types were collected and will be used to determine plantings in 2017. In addition, data were collected from the replicated trial of cayenne pod types. The data will be statistically analyzed to determine the next step with these breeding lines. A project to improve the yield of green chile while keeping the traditional flavor of New Mexican chiles was started. In the greenhouse, hybridizations were accomplished. Seeds from the hybridization have been harvested, and are planted in the greenhouse to generate the segregating progeny for 2017. Our goal will be to plant the segregating progeny in the field in 2017 and make single plant selections combining the high yield and the outstanding traditional New Mexican chile flavor to create a new cultivar. We have successfully increased seed of an improved 'NuMex Heritage Big Jim' selection that has an "easier skinning" trait. This will make skinning the green chile fruit much more efficient, and lower labor costs. Also, within green chile we have selected for an "easy break" destemming line. This breeding line has a trait that uses less force to separate the calyx from the fruit. This trait could be more conducive to mechanical destemming of green chile. The development of adapted disease resistant chile cultivars resistant to disease benefits growers, while adding little to no cost to the seed. Progress was achieved in breeding new disease resistant chiles. Within the New Mexican pod type, breeding lines were screened for Phytophthora blightt resistance, and individual resistant plants were saved. Seed from these selections will again be challenged by Phytophthora capsici. Seed will be increased from the survivors of the second round of disease screening, and will be planted in the field where horticultural characteristics will be recorded. Another devastating chile wilt disease is caused by Verticillium dahliae. Molecular breeding is aiding and providing novel ways to increase efficiency of the 21st century plant breeder. The use of molecular genetic tools teamed with unique genetic populations, enables the breeder to extensively and rapidly "mine" natural variation and associate phenotypic variation with the underlying sequence variants We used the DNA sequence of a Verticillium wilt resistant tomato and potato to identify the resistant gene in chile. The breeding program continues to create unique and novel chiles that aid the organic farmer and the farmer's market grower. New colors in chile fruits provide high-value products to a growing market of upscale consumers, and in turn, furnishes opportunities for small-scale farmers to make a transition from traditional production of low-value commodities towards the production of varieties with greater value. Studies have shown that growers receive a premium for novel colored produce, and that color is far more important in the purchase decision by the consumer than retail price or vitamin content. Lastly, seed increases of breeding material were completed. This included breeder seed of NuMex cultivars, generation of F2 seed, and breeding lines for next year's evaluation.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Baath, G.S., M. K. Shukla, P. W. Bosland, R. L. Steiner, and S. J. Walker. 2016. Irrigation Water Salinity Influences at Various Growth Stages of Capsicum annuum. Agricultural Water Management 12 Feb 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2016.05.028 8pages
Sharma, H., M. Shukla, and P.W. Bosland. 2016. Soil Moisture Sensor Calibration, Actual Evapotranspiration, and Crop Coefficients for Drip Irrigated Greenhouse Chile Peppers. Agric. Water Manage. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.07.001
Barchenger, D.W. and P.W. Bosland. 2016. Capsaicin Inhibits Seed Germination of Capsicum annuum. Scientia Horticulturae 203:2931.
Barchenger, D.W., D.L. Coon, and P.W. Bosland 2016. Efficient Breeder Seed Production Utilizing Ethephon to Promote Floral and Fruit Abscission in Ornamental Chile Peppers. HortTechnology 26:30-35.
Bosland, P.W. 2016. Hot stuff Do people living in hot climates like their food spicy hot or not? Temperature, DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1130521.
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Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:Chile pepper growers, food processors, and researchers. In addition, many chile pepper growers in New Mexico are Hispanic and economically challenged. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate student training, professional develpment of visiting scientists, and undergraduate training. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?There media interviews, journal articles, newsletters, and awebsite. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The project will perform laboratory, greenhouse, and field research. Host a chile pepper conference. Update website with relevant information.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
During the past year, important discoveries were found and published. Progress was made in addressing the need for improved germplasm and cultivars for New Mexico's chile pepper (Capsicum) industry and economy. The development of adapted high-yielding, disease-resistant, better quality chile peppers increases New Mexico's production for competing in the USA and international markets, and provide additional income to New Mexico chile pepper growers. The research project focused on reaching this goal through genetic improvement of cultivars, and research discoveries that help productivity. The breeding program released four new, distinct, and improved cultivars this year. The first new cultivar is NuMex Trick-or-Treat, an open-pollinated, no-heat Capsicum chinense. This species contains some of the hottest pod types found in the world, and have their own unique aroma and flavor. The heat level of 'NuMex Trick-or-Treat is controlled by a unique genetic approach, i.e., the loss of the capsaicinoid containing vesicles (lov gene) instead of the more common gene, pun. In addition, three vibrantly colored jalapenos cultivars, NuMex Lemon Spice, NuMex Orange Spice, and NuMex Pumpkin Spice, provide unique mature fruit colors, yellow, orange, and pumpkin orange, respectively, which are not currently available in the marketplace were released. Colorful vegetables furnish opportunities for small-scale farmers to make a transition from traditional production of low-value commodities toward the production of produce with greater value. Studies have found that growers receive a premium for produce with novel coloration, and that color was far more important in the purchase decision by the consumer than retail price or vitamin content. Other areas of discovery success is a better understanding the disease mechanisms for resistance to Phytophthora capsici. Phytophthora capsici is responsible for multiple disease syndromes of Capsicum annuum but the resistance mechanism is still unknown. Evaluating gene expression during foliar blight helped to identify gene expression patterns associated with resistance. We reported a direct comparison of gene expression changes during foliar blight using two different races of P. capsici on C. annuum host plants with resistant and susceptible phenotypes. To quantify gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) RNA was isolated from leaves at three time points. Of the four genes tested, two had differential expression in response to P. capsici at 72 hours post-inoculation, a xyloglucan-specific endo-b-1,4-glucanase inhibitor protein in the susceptible cultivar, and a C. annuum cell wall protein in a resistant accession. Both genes had a 5-fold increase in transcription over the control. These results suggest that both genes are playing a role in disease resistance to foliar blight. In the semi-arid southwestern U.S.A., reducing water use is of paramount importance. A water saving practice for chile pepper was investigated and it was found that productivity and quality of chile peppers were not affected when 30% less water was applied. The increased irrigation water use efficiency demonstrated water saving potential of this water saving technique for chile pepper production in water-limited arid environments. The biological mechanism to explain the ''super-hot'' chile peppers, those with more than 1 million Scoville Heat Units was discovered. The reason for the super high heat levels is that the super-hots produce vesicles containing capsaicinoids on the entire pericarpal tissues in the fruit, not only on the placental tissue as is normal. This is the first report demonstrating that capsaicinoid secreting vesicles form on ectopic (nonplacental) tissue.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Bosland, P.W. and D. Coon. 2015. NuMex Lemon Spice, NuMex Orange Spice, and NuMex Pumpkin Spice Jalapeno Peppers. HortScience 50:11041105.
Bosland, P.W. and D. Coon. 2015. NuMex Trick or Treat Habanero, a no-heat Habanero Pepper. HortScience 50:17391740.
Bosland, P.W., D. Coon, and P.H. Cooke. 2015. Novel Formation of Ectopic (Non-placental) Capsaicinoid Secreting Vesicles on Capsicum Fruit Walls Explains the Morphological Mechanism for Super-hot Chile Peppers. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 140:253256.
Sharma, H., M. Shukla, P. W. Bosland, and R. Steiner. 2015. Physiological responses of greenhouse-grown drip-irrigated chile pepper under partial root zone drying. HortScience 50:1224-1229.
Jones, R.F., P.W. Bosland, R.L. Steiner, R.W. Jones, and M.A. OConnell. 2015. Detection of gene expression changes in Capsicum annuum L. foliar blight caused by Phytophthora capsici Leon. using qRT-PCR and leaf discs. HortScience 50:1342-1348.
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Progress 07/14/14 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Target audience is chile pepper growers, food processors, and researchers. In addition, many chile pepper growers in New Mexico are Hispanic and economically challenged. Efforts: Our efforts include an annual Chile Pepper Conference that delivers the latest science-based knowledge to the chile pepper industry. In addition, field days are presented to allow on-farm demostrations. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? I am training and major advisor to two Ph.D. students, have visiting scientists in the laboratory from China and Thailand, have 5 undergraduate students assisting in research projects. Four of the undergraduate students are from under-represented groups, i.e. female and Hispanic. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results from this project have been have been disseminated to communities of interest by presenting talks to community groups, i.e. general public, rotary club, and Unitarian Church. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? During the next reporting period hybridizations will accomplished, field plots planted and data collected, and at least one new and novel chile pepper cultivar will be released.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Collaborating with colleagues in Korea and China, the producing whole-genome sequences of chile pepper (Capsicum). Both manuscripts provide excellent resources to the plant science community, and are aiding in plant breeding projects. My program has used the information to find candidate resistance genes for Verticillium wilt resistance.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Qin, C., C. Yu, Y. Shen, X. Fang, L. Chen, J. Min, J. Cheng, S. Zhao, M. Xu, Y. Luo, Y. Yang, Z. Wu, L. Mao, H. Wu, C. Ling-Hu, H. Zhou, H. Lin, S. Gonz�lez-Morales, D. L. Trejo-Saavedra, H. Tian, X. Tang, M. Zhao, Z. Huang, A. Zhou, X. Yao, J. Cui, W. Li, Z. Chen, Y. Feng, Y. Niu, S. Bi, X. Yang, W. Li, H. Cai, X. Luo, S. Montes-Hern�ndez, M. A. Leyva-Gonzalez, Z. Xiong, X. He, L. Bai, S. Tan, X. Tang, D. Liu, J. Liu, S. Zhang, M. Chen, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, W. Liao, Y. Zhang, M. Wang, X. Lv, B. Wen, H. Liu, H. Luan, Y. Zhang, S. Yang, X. Wang, J. Xu, X. Li, S. Li, J. Wang, A. Palloix, P.W. Bosland, Y. Li, A. Krogh, R.F. Rivera-Bustamante, L. Herrera-Estrella, Y. Yin, J. Yu, K. Hu, and Z. Zhang. 2014. Whole-genome sequencing of cultivated and wild peppers provides insights into Capsicum domestication and specialization. PNAS 111:5135-5140.
Kim, S., M. Park, S.-I. Yeom, Y.-M. Kim, J.M. Lee, H.-A. Lee, E. Seo, J. Choi, K. Cheong, K.-T. Kim, K. Jung, G.-W. Lee, S.-K. Oh, C. Bae, S.-B. Kim, H.-Y. Lee, S.-Y. Kim, M.-S. Kim, B.-C. Kang, Y.D. Jo, H-B. Yang, H.-J. Jeong, W.-H. Kang, J.-K. Kwon, C. Shin, J.Y. Lim, J.H. Park, J.H. Huh, J.-S. Kim, B.-D. Kim, O. Cohen, I. Paran, M.C. Suh, S.B. Lee, Y.-K. Kim, Y. Shin, S.-J. Noh, J. Park, Y.S. Seo, S-Y, Kwon, H.A. Kim, J.M. Park, H.-J. Kim, S.-B. Choi, P.W. Bosland, G. Reeves, S.-H. Jo, B.-W. Lee, H.-T. Cho, H.-S. Choi, M.-S. Lee, Y. Yu, Y.D. Choi, B.-S. Park, A. van Deynze, H. Ashrafi, T. Hill, W.T. Kim, H.-S. Pai, H.K. Ahn, I. Yeam, J.J. Giovannoni, J.K.C. Rose, I. S�rensen, S.-J. Lee, R.W. Kim, I.-Y. Choi, B.-S. Choi, J.-S. Lim, Y.-H. Lee and D. Choi 2014. Genome sequence of the hot pepper provides insights into the evolution of pungency in Capsicum species. Nature Genetics 46:270278.
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