Source: SAN MIGUEL PRODUCE, INC submitted to NRP
DETERMINING NUTRIENT DENSITY OF NICHE AND CULTURAL GREENS FOR IMPROVED NUTRITION IN THE US
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1002892
Grant No.
2014-33610-21961
Cumulative Award Amt.
$100,000.00
Proposal No.
2014-00573
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Jun 1, 2014
Project End Date
Jan 31, 2016
Grant Year
2014
Program Code
[8.5]- Food Science & Nutrition
Recipient Organization
SAN MIGUEL PRODUCE, INC
4444 NAVALAIR RD
OXNARD,CA 930338298
Performing Department
Administration
Non Technical Summary
Unlike traditional vegetables such as standard commercial varieties of broccoli or carrots, our niche cultural greens (which refers to greens that are popular with certain ethnic groups) are relatively new to most US consumers; nutritional information either has yet to be scientifically verified, or is generic to the commodity as whole without the specific variety taken into consideration. Utilizing AOAC reccomended methods for testing and analysis by a nutrition expert andsupporting consultation from theAcademy of Nutrition and Dietetics, we plan to present accurate, relevant, and scientifically-proven nutritional information for these specialty greens. Thiswill result in a better understanding of the nutritional content of niche, cultural greens and allow consumers to make informed decisions that will ultimately increase healthy living and reduce the prevalence of health-related issues like childhood obesity.
Animal Health Component
100%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
100%
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
70114301010100%
Goals / Objectives
The specific objective of this project's research is to determine the nutritional content of niche specialty greens that currently have little to no nutritional data confirmed, to determine the nutrient density of these greens at different maturation points, and concentration location of nutrients (leaves vs. stems). Presenting accurate, relevant, and scientifically-proven nutritional information for specialty greens will result in a better understanding of the nutritional content of niche, cultural greens and allow consumers to make informed decisions that will ultimately increase healthy living and reduce the prevalence of health-related issues like childhood obesity. Through the collaboration with committed partnerships from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the California Dietetic Association, and the United Fresh Produce Association, the results of this project and the information gathered will be shared with general consumers, as well as school districts and nutritional professionals in hopes of empowering consumers and academic food professionals to make healthier diet decisions that will aid in the reduction of childhood obesity. According to the CDC, in 2010 more than one-third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese, with nearly 40 percent of African American and Hispanic children are overweight or obese. With San Miguel's target consumers ethnic minorities (60% to 70% of greens purchasers are African American), a tremendous opportunity exists to increase consumption of these nutrient-dense greens to ensure safe, nutritious, balanced meals are provided both in the lunchroom and at home.
Project Methods
All methodology for testing for the following nutrients will adhere to the Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC) recommended methods. These methods are summarized in the table below for each nutritional component. Nutritional Component AOAC Method Method Type Analyte Analytical Technique Equipment Moisture AOAC 950.46, 92 Quantitative Chemistry Moisture Drying in vacuo, Air Drying Gravimetric Protein AOAC 976.26 Quantitative Chemistry Sterols/Cholesterol Gas Chromatographic Method Chromatography/Gas Chromatography Fat AOAC 996.06, 976 Quantitative Chemistry Fat/Total Fat, Fat/Unsaturated Fat, Fat/Saturated Fat Hydrolytic Extraction Chromatography/Gas Chromatography Ash AOAC 923.03 Quantitative Chemistry Ash Ashing Method Gravimetric Calories, Total __ Calculated Result __ __ __ Calories, From Fat __ Calculated Result __ __ __ Carbohydrates, Total __ Calculated Result __ __ __ Sugars AOAC 982.14 Quantitative Chemistry Sugars/Glucose, Sugars/Maltose, Sugars/Sucrose, Sugars/Fructose Liquid Chromatographic Method Chromatography/Liquid Chromatography Vitamin A, Total AOAC 974.29 Quantitative Chemistry Vitamins/Vitamin A Colorimetric Method Colorimeter Vitamin C AOAC 967.21 Quantitative Chemistry Acids/Ascorbic Acid 2,6-Dichloroindophenol Titrimetric Method Titration Iron AOAC 984.27 Modified Quantitative Chemistry Elemental Analysis/Iron Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopic Method Emission Spectrograph/Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission SpectrographNutritional Component AOAC Method Method Type Analyte Analytical Technique Equipment Sodium AOAC 984.27 Modified Quantitative Chemistry Elemental Analysis/Sodium Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopic Method Emission Spectrograph/Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrograph Fiber AOAC 32.07 This method is a modification of Methods AOAC 32-05 and 32-21. The MES-TRIS buffer substitutes for phosphate buffer in this method. Duplicate 1-g dried food samples are briefly subjected to sequential enzymatic digestion by heat-stable alpha-amylase, protease, and amyloglucosidase. This method determines soluble, insoluble, and total dietary fiber (TDF) content in processed foods and raw materials, such as cereal products, fruits, and vegetables. Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) is filtered, and the residue is washed with warm distilled water. A solution combining filtrate and water washings is precipitated with 4 volumes 95% EtOH for soluble dietary fiber (SDF) determination. The precipitate is then filtered and dried. Both SDF and IDF residues are corrected for protein, ash, and blank for final calculation of SDF and IDF values. SDF is precipitated with EtOH, and the residue is then filtered, dried, and weighed. TDF value is corrected for protein and ash. Once the basic data is received on the nutrient density of greens, greater analysis for practical and commercial application will be performed by San Miguel Produce's registered dietician. The dietician will develop relevant summaries aimed at educating consumers, in language readily understood by the average consumer, and detail the nutrient density in narrative form that will be provided to the California Dietetic Association, United Fresh Produce Association, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, for review and comment. The registered dietician will use NutriBase Professional Nutrition software program to conduct further nutritional analysis and develop product formulations that result in maximum health benefits to the consumer.

Progress 06/01/14 to 01/31/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Retail- mainstream consumers with a focus on ethnic minorities. Efforts include health focused marketing and product development. School foodservice- health education of both children and materials for school foodservice operators. Changes/Problems:The lab samples were a little delayed. While we were determining the nutrients we decided to dig a little deeper into some of the phytochemical nutrients which took some time to find a lab partner who was capable to complete these tests. We worked with two lab partners, Michelson Lab to handle the basic nutrient analysis and Tufts University to provide analysis of cartenoids, flavonoids and glucosinolates. Michelson results have already been submitted and the results are under review. We completed our work for all nutrients except glucosinolates, which Tufts University was unable to source supplies in time to perform these tests during the grant period. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?San Miguel Produce has created an educational campaign amongst Registered Dietitians named the Dark Leafy Greens Literacy Project. This includes inforgraphics highlighting some of the results of our nutritional research, healthy recipes and a strategy to promote eating more vegetables closing the gap between consumption and vegetable intake goals and helping to reduce childhood obesity in America. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Kale, chard, bok choy and snow pea shoots all offer high nutrient density by providing vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals, including several "shortfall" nutrients like folate, calcium and potassium, at very low calorie levels. All of these dark leafy green vegetables are strong candidates to combat the joint issues of over consumption of calories and under consumption of nutrients making them an excellent part of a healthy diet designed to prevent or reverse obesity. In terms of plant maturity, iron and potassium were higher in the immature kale and chard samples, while beta carotene, vitamin K, calcium and lutein/zeaxanthin were higher in the mature kale and chard samples. In terms of nutrient location, most, but not all nutrients, were higher in the mature leaves compared to the mature stems, though potassium was found in higher amounts in the stems. Plus, in terms of nutrient density specifically, three nutrients were found to be more densely present in the mature stem compared to the mature leaf. Overall, these findings suggest eating a variety of nutrient dense dark leafy greens, including plants harvested at different time points and including both the leaf and stem portions of the plant, can help overcome nutrient shortfalls in the American diet by proving a wide variety of nutritious options. Given their inherently low calorie profile and high nutrient value, dark leafy greens are an excellent daily food choice, especially for adults and children who may be overweight or obese.

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