Progress 05/01/14 to 04/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:In order to effectively disseminate our research findings, the PI has targeted the audiences in agriculture and nanotechnology-based international conferences/workshops and in nanoparticle-related special issues in peer reviewed journals. Changes/Problems:Because of changes in the interest of the environmental nanoparticle field, we added additional scope to study the effects of ligands on the physicochemical properties of metal nanoparticles to understand the fate of ENM in the terrestrial environment. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The PI had opportunities to train master and doctoral level graduate students and a postdoctoral scholar through this project. Including PI's presentation at the recent meeting, his graduate students had opportunities to present their research atnational conferences. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have publications in international peer reviewed journals. The research outcome has been presented at international meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We are currently finishing preparing the last manuscripts from the previous experiments.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The PI completed: 1. The investigation of the fate of cerium oxide nanoparticles in agricultural soils; 2.The toxicological assessment of reactivity of copper nanoparticle to nitrification bacteria; 3. Effects of phosphate and nitrate on the production of reactive oxygen species on TiO2 nanoparticles; and 4. Role of iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles on the mobility of phytic acid. In the last few decades, there has been rapid growth in the number of nanotechnology applications for industrial uses and consumer products. Along with TiO2, metal NPs like iron oxide- and Cu-nanoparticles and nanoceria are commonly used manufactured NPs in the global market. Ceria has received much attention in the global nanotechnology market due to its useful industrial applications. Because of its release to the environment, the chemical fate of ceria becomes important in protecting agricultural and food systems. Using experimental biogeochemistry and synchrotron-based X-ray techniques, the fate of ceria NPs (30 and 78 nm) in an agricultural soil was investigated as a function of exchangeable Ce(III) concentration (0.3 and 1.56 mM/kg in small and large NPs, respectively) under anoxic and oxic conditions. Both ceria NPs strongly adsorbed (>98%) in soils. Under the anoxic condition, the reduction of Ce(IV) was more pronounced in small NPs, whereas the greater concentration of exchangeable Ce(III) in large NPs facilitated the formation of Ce(III) phosphate/oxalate surface precipitates that suppressed the electron transfer reaction. The study shows the importance of redox-ligand complexation controlled chemical fate of ceria NPs in agricultural soil. In recent years, the development of nano-fertilizers has been considered to improve agricultural production. The potential agricultural use of metal NPs for slow-release micronutrient fertilizers is beginning to be investigated by both industry and regulatory agencies. However, the impact of such NPs on soil biogeochemical cycles is not clearly understood. In this study, the impact of commercially-available copper NPs on soil nitrification kinetics was investigated via batch experiments. The X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy analysis showed that the NPs readily oxidized to Cu(II) and were strongly retained in soils with minimum dissolution (<1% of total mass). The Cu2+ (aq) at 1 mg/L showed a beneficial effect on the nitrification similar to the control: an approximately 9% increase in the average rate of nitrification kinetics (Vmax). However, Vmax was negatively impacted by ionic Cu at 10 to 100 mg/L and CuNP at 1 to 100 mg/L. The copper toxicity of soil nitrifiers seems to be critical in the soil nitrification processes. In the CuNP treatment, the suppressed nitrification kinetics was observed at 1 to 100 mg/kg and the effect was concentration dependent at ≥10 mg/L. The reaction products as the results of surface oxidation such as the release of ionic Cu seem to play an important role in suppressing the nitrification process. Considering the potential use of copper NPs as a slow-release micronutrient fertilizer, further studies are needed in heterogeneous soil systems. The growing use of nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) in consumer and agricultural products has accelerated its introduction into terrestrial environments, where its impact has not been extensively documented. TiO2 toxicity arises primarily from its ability to photochemically generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). While common ligands in soil porewaters can either hinder or enhance the degradation of organic contaminants by TiO2, their effects on ROS production by TiO2 have not been clearly understood. The objective was to assess the effect of phosphate (P) and nitrate on UV-irradiated anatase, nano-TiO2. Accordingly, H2O2 generation kinetic experiments were conducted in UV-irradiated TiO2 under environmentally relevant concentrations of the ligands (0, 50, 100, 250 μM) and pH values (four and eight) were conducted from 0-100 minutes, Under all conditions, H2O2 grew logarithmically after 100 minutes. At pH four, H2O2 production was suppressed by P but not nitrate. Conversely, at pH eight, nitrate did not affect H2O2 concentration while P increased it. Non-specific, minimal adsorption of nitrate prevented interference with the photoreactivity of TiO2. Due to the pH-dependent behavior of suspended TiO2 and H2O2 degradation rates, specific adsorption of P on TiO2 impeded its ability to photochemically produce H2O2 at pH four but amplified it at pH eight. The study showed evidence that P positively or negatively influences TiO2 photoreactivity at concentrations that are environmentally relevant in soil porewaters, depending on pH, while these same low concentrations of NO3 do not change the photoreactivity of TiO2. The recent discovery of the role of nano-iron oxides in transporting the phosphorus from midwestern agricultural land leads to the investigation of phytic acid adsorption on nano iron oxyhydroxides. With increasing [phytic acid] from 0 to 50μM, isoelectric point decreased from ~8.5 to <5. The phytic acid adsorption envelope showed thatadsorption decreased with increasing pH from 5-9 and that adsorption was enhanced with increasing ionic strength. The competitive nature of phytic acid against phosphate is due to its multifunctional group. The results of solution 31P NMR showed the preferential affinities of P1,3 and P2 phosphate functional groups towards the adsorbent at pH 5 and 8.5 as evidenced by the changes in chemical shifts of the four major reactive phosphate groups. Furthermore, deconvoluted peaks of these functional groups showed that P1, P2, and P3 were the most active functional groups, and the contribution of P5 appeared to be at more alkaline pH. The works showed the reactivity of nano-iron oxide to act as a carrier of organic P species like phytic acid in soils. In summary, the research project showed the effects of common ligands on the fate of ENPs in agricultural systems and the finding should help us refine the impact of ENMs in agricultural system.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Arai, Y. and Dahle, J.T. 2018. Redox-ligand complexation controlled chemical fate of ceria nanoparticles in an agricultural soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 66: 66466653.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
VandeVoort, A.R. and Arai, Y. 2019. Macroscopic observation of soil nitrification kinetics impacted by copper nanoparticles: Implications for micronutrient nanofertilizer. In a special issue entitled "Engineered Nanomaterials and Agriculture: Moving Towards Their Contribution into Food Security" in Nanomaterials. 2018 Nov 8;8(11).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Chen Ai and Arai, Y. 2019. Functional group specific phytic acid adsorption at ferrihydrite-water interface. Environ. Sci. Technol. (In Press).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Chen Ai and Arai, Y. 2019. Current uncertainties in assessing the colloidal phosphorus loss from soil.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Arai, Y. 2016. Ligand controlled chemical fate of CeO2 nanoparticles in heterogeneous geochemical systems. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences. Newark, DE. The University of Delaware.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Arai, Y. 2015. Phase transformation of Cerium oxide nanoparticles in agricultural soils. 2015 Gordon Research Conference. Weltham, MA.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Arai, Y. 2016. Molecular environmental soil chemistry: From radionuclides to nutrients. China Agricultural University. Oct 22, 2016.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Yuji Arai et al. 2019. Colloidal iron oxide controlled subsurface phosphorus transport in intensively managed agricultural soils. ICOBTE, Nanjing, China.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Mary R. Arenberg and Yuji Arai. 2019. Effects of oxyanions on photochemically induced formation of reactive oxygen species in nano titanium dioxide. 2019 ACS Great Lakes Regional Meeting, Lisle, IL.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Chen Ai and Yuji Arai. 2019. Functional group specific phytic acid adsorption at ferrihydrite-water interface. 2019 ACS Great Lakes Regional Meeting, Lisle, IL.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Mary Arenberg and Yuji Arai. 2019. Ligand specific suppression of hydrogen peroxide generation in ultraviolet irradiated titanium dioxide. Euro Clay, Paris, France.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Chen Ai. 2019. Effects of phytic acid sorption on iron polymerization and at the ferrihydrite-water interface. Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:In order to effectively disseminate our research findings, PI has targeted the audiences in agriculture and nanotechnology-based international conferences/workshops and in nanoparticle related special issues in peer reviewed journals. Changes/Problems:We have added an additonal scope in the proposal to investigate the effects of ligands on the physicochemical properties of metal nanoparticles to better understand the fate of ENM in terrestrial environment. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?PI had opportunities to train Master and Doctoral level graduate students through this project. Including PI's presentation at the recent meeting, his graduate students had opportunities to present their research at the national meetings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have publications in international peer review journals. The research outcome will be presented in international meetings in 2019. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?PI will complete the TiO2 and iron oxyhydroixide nanoparticle experiments.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
PI completed 1) the investigation of the fate of cerium oxide nanoparticles in agricultural soils and 2) the toxicological assessment of reactivity of copper nanoparticle to nitrification bacteria in agricultural soil, and both studies were published in 2018. The new effort was focused on 1) effects of phosphate on the production of reactive oxygen species on TiO2 nanoparticles and 2) the effects of phytic acid on the physicochemical properties on iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles. Outcomes and impacts: In the last few decades, there has been rapid growth in the number of nanotechnology application for industrial uses and consumer products. Along with TiO2, metal NPs like iron oxide- and Cu-nanoparticles and nano ceria are commonly used manufactured NPs in the global market. In recent years, development of nano-fertilizers has been considered to improveagricultural production. The possibility for slow-release micronutrients resulting from the nano-sized solid state of these products is appealing for some agricultural systems. In particular, hydrological regimes impacted by climate change could alter the mobility of micronutrients (e.g., Cu, Zn), influencing the plant growth and microbially mediated biochemical cycles of nutrients. The advent of nanotechnology could increase the feasibility of the long-desired agricultural goal of slow-release fertilizers, which are both more cost-efficient and environmentally sound. Ceria has received much attention in the global nanotechnology market due to its useful industrial applications. Because of its release to the environment, the chemical fate of ceria becomes important in protecting the agricultural and food systems. Using experimental biogeochemistry and synchrotron-based X-ray techniques, the fate of ceria NPs (30 and 78 nm) in an agricultural soil (mildly acidic Taccoa entisols) was investigated as a function of exchangeable Ce(III) concentration (0.3 and 1.56 mM/kg in small and large NPs, respectively) under anoxic and oxic conditions. Both ceria NPs strongly adsorbed (>98%) in soils. Under the anoxic condition, the reduction of Ce(IV) was more pronounced in small NPs, whereas the greater concentration of exchangeable Ce(III) in large NPs facilitated the formation of Ce(III) phosphate/oxalate surface precipitates that suppressed the electron transfer reaction. The study shows the importance of redox-ligand complexation controlled chemical fate of ceria NPs in an agricultural soil. The potential agricultural use of metal NPs for slow-release micronutrient fertilizers is beginning to be investigated by both industry and regulatory agencies. However, the impact of such NPs on soil biogeochemical cycles is not clearly understood. In this study, the impact of commercially-available copper NPs on soil nitrification kinetics was investigated via batch experiments. The X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy analysis showed that the NPs readily oxidized to Cu(II) and were strongly retained in soils with minimum dissolution (<1% of total mass). The Cu2+ (aq) at 1 mg/L showed a beneficial effect on the nitrification similar to the control: an approximately 9% increase in the average rate of nitrification kinetics (Vmax). However Vmax was negatively impacted by ionic Cu at 10 to 100 mg/L and CuNP at 1 to 100 mg/L. The copper toxicity of soil nitrifiers seems to be critical in the soil nitrification processes. In the CuNP treatment, the suppressed nitrification kinetics was observed at 1 to 100 mg/kg and the effect was concentration dependent at ≥10 mg/L. The reaction products as the results of surface oxidation such as the release of ionic Cu seem to play an important role in suppressing the nitrification process. Considering the potential use of copper NPs as a slow-release micronutrient fertilizer, further studies are needed in heterogeneous soil systems. We are currently investigating the effects of phosphate and phytic acid on the physicochemical properties on TiO2 NPs and ferrihydrite NPs. As evident in the NMR analysis, phytic acid adsorb on the ferrhydrite surface via inner-sphere surface complexation. The shift in zeta potential also shows the evidence of chemisorption. The detail NMR analysis indicates that there are specific P functional group(s) of phytic acid that preferably react with iron octahedral. The information is important to understand the competitive adsorption mechanisms of phytic acid and phosphate in iron oxyhydroxides. The phosphate adsorption on TiO2 suppressed the production of hydrogen peroxide, and we are currently measuring the kinetic rate as a function of P concentration and pH. The outcome of the study should support the evidence of lack of TiO2 toxicity in P rich aquatic and terrestrial environment.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Arai, Y. and Dahle, J.T. 2018. Redox-Ligand Complexation Controlled Chemical Fate of Ceria Nanoparticles in an Agricultural Soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 66: 66466653.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
VandeVoort, A.R. and Arai, Y. 2018. Macroscopic Observation of Soil Nitrification Kinetics Impacted by Copper Nanoparticles: Implications for Micronutrient Nanofertilizer. In a special issue entitled "Engineered Nanomaterials and Agriculture: Moving Towards their Contribution into Food Security" in Nanomaterials. 2018 Nov 8;8(11). pii: E927. doi: 10.3390/nano8110927.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Chen Ai and Yuji Arai. 2019. The Effects of Phytic Acid on the Physicochemical Properties of Iron Ooxyhydroxide Nanoparticles. (In Preparation).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Mary Arenberg and Yuji Arai. 2019. Phosphate Suppressed Hydrogen Peroxide Production at the TiO2 Nanoparticle-Water Interface. (In Preparation).
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:In order to effectively disseminate our research findings, the PI has targeted audiences in agriculture and nanotechnology-based international conferences/workshops and in nanoparticle-related special issues in peer reviewed journals. Changes/Problems:We discovered phosphorusenriched nano iron oxide particles that are important in predicting the fate of phosphorusfrom agricultural soils. It will be part of 2018 research. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Students had opportunities to present their research at national meetings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have made presentations at international meetings and published in international peer reviewed journals. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?PI plans to follow up on the hypothesis that how the production of reactive oxygen species is from metal NPs can be suppressed in soils/soil solutions.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
PI's effort in this period was focused on the investigation of the fate of cerium oxide nanoparticles in agricultural soils and onthe toxicological assessment of reactivity of copper nanoparticles to nitrification bacteria in agricultural soils. Both werecomplimented bythe use of molecular scale techniques andsynchrotron based X-ray techniquesat Stanford Synchrotron Radiation laboratory, Menlo Park, Californiaand Advance Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Arai, Y. and J.T. Dahle. 2017. Redox- Ligand Complexation Controlled Chemical Fate of Ceria in Agricultural Soils. Journal of Food and Agricultural Chemistry. 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01277.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Meena, A.H. and Y. Arai. 2017. Environmental Geochemistry of Technetium. Environmental Chemistry Letter.15(2), 241-263. DOI 10.1007/s10311-017-0605-7.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Vandevoort A.R. and Y. Arai, 2017. Impacts of Copper Nanoparticles on Soil Nitrification Kinetics. (In Review).
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Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:In order to effectively disseminate our research findings, PI has targeted the audiences in agriculture and nanotechnology-based international conferences/workshops and in nanoparticle related special issues in peer reviewed journals. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?PI had opportunities to train Master level graduate students through this project. Including PI's presentation at the recent meeting, his graduate students had opportunities to present their research at international meetings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Presentation atinternational meetings and a publication in an international peer review journal. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?PI plans to follow up on the hypothesis that how the production of reactive oxygen species is from metal NPs can be suppressed in soils/soil solutions.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In the last few decades, there has been rapid growth in the number of nanotechnology applications for industrial uses and consumer products. Along with nanosilver and TiO2, metal NPs like Cu(0) nanoparticles and nano iron(oxides) (magnetite, zero valent iron, ZVI) are commonly used manufactured NPs in the global market. In recent years, development of nano-fertilizers has been considered to improve agricultural production. The possibility for slow-release micronutrients resulting from the nano-sized solid state of these products is appealing for some agricultural systems. In particular, hydrological regimes impacted by climate change could alter the mobility of micronutrients, influencing the plant growth and microbially mediated biochemical cycles of nutrients. The advent of nanotechnology could increase the feasibility of the long-desired agricultural goal of slow-release fertilizers, which are both more cost-efficient and more environmentally sound. Granular iron oxides including ZVI have attracted the attention of environmental soil remediation industries. As demonstrated in granular ZVI based permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology, the benefit of this technology to alter the chemical state of contaminants (i.e., reduction) has been proven in many field-to-laboratory case studies. In recent years, high surface area of nano iron oxides allows us to improve the efficiency of remedial process of contaminants' toxicity and mobility in soil-water environments. The high surface area provides more reactive sites allowing for more rapid degradation of contaminants when compared to the previous gradual products. The study conducted in this period consists of two parts,assessing the impact of Cu(0) NPs to soil nitrifiers andnano magnetite/ZVI for the remediation of Tc-99 using a chemical analogue, rhenium(Re). Previous investigations suggest both beneficial and toxicological effects of Cu NPs, but it remains difficult to extrapolate such results to evaluate the potential use of metal NPs as nano-fertilizers since agricultural soils are often ignored in the most of experimental systems. The physical state of NPs as nano-sized solid metal rather than dissolved ions may have potential to allow for a controlled release over time in soil solutions. The first part of this studyinvestigates the effects of metallic CuNPs as a nano-fertilizer component on the complex nitrogen cycle in agricultural soils. The nitrogen cycle in soil systems is essential to the growth of successful crop species. In particular, the nitrification process is of particular importance. The outcome of this study should be of interest to fertilizer industries that areadapting the nano-fertilizer concept. The second part was to assess the reactivity of magnetite/ZVI to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and Re(VII) to Re(IV) is the key to immobilizing such metals. The results of this study have implications for evaluating the use of nano iron oxides as potential reductants to reduce the toxicity and mobility of Cr(VI) and 99T (VII), resulting in the reductive precipitation of Cr(III)(OH)3 and Tc(IV)-oxides and -sulfides. This should provide insight regarding the use of nano iron oxide particles in soil remediation technology. PI's effort in this period was focused on the assessment of reactivity of copper nanoparticles, nano magnetite and nano zero valent iron (ZVI) and the phase transformation of these NPs using synchrotron based X-ray techniques at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation laboratory, Menlo Park, CA and Advance photon source, Argonne, IL.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Lenell, B. and Y. Arai. 2017. Perrhenate sorption kinetics in zerovalent iron in high ph and nitrate media. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 321: 335-343.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Lenell, B. and Y. Arai. 2016. Effects of high pH and nitrate concentrations on pertechnetate reduction kinetics at the zerovalen iron-water interface. Geological Society of America 2016 North-Central Meeting, Champaign, Illinois.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
A.H. Meena and Y. Arai. 2016. Effects of common groundwater ions on chromate removal by magnetite: Importance of chromate adsorption geochemical transactions. 2016 Annual Clay Mineral Society Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Arai, Y. 2016. Applications of tender energy synchrotron based x-ray techniques for speciating soft metal based engineered nanoparticles in soils. International Conference on Nanotechnology Applications and Implications of Agrochemicals Towards Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems. Beijing, China November 17-18th, 2016.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Meena, A.H. and Y. Arai. 2016. Effects of common groundwater ions on chromate removal by magnetite: Importance of chromate adsorption. Geochemical Transactions. 17:1.
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Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:In order to effectively disseminate our research findings, the PI has targeted the audiences of agriculture and nanotechnology-based international conferences/workshops and in nanoparticle related special issues in peer reviewed journals. Changes/Problems:Allocation of Hatch funds was delayed for several months at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The plumbing issue in a newly renovatedwet chemistry lab at UIUC continues to persist. This has affected the water filtration systems in the analytical labs. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The project PI plans to analyze S and Ce X-ray data formeeting presentations and publications. Depending on the outcome of the data, a new study will be designed to study the fate of CeO2 nanoparticles in agricultural soils.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Effort in this period was focused on both wet chemistry studies (CeO2 dissolution studies) and molecular scale X-ray measurements at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory inMenlo Park, CA. ThePI specifically focused S microprobe imaging of nanosilver spiked soils and Ce L3 edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis of ceria reacted agricultural soils.
Publications
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Progress 05/01/14 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: In order to effectively disseminate our research findings, thePI has targeted the audiences in agriculture and nanotechnology-based international conferences/workshops and in nanoparticle related special issues in peer reviewed journals. Changes/Problems: Because of the lab renovation process at PI’s new institution, the University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the PI has not had enough time to add students to this project. The renovation was completed in the Fall of 2014. PI is currently recruiting graduate and undergraduate students for this project. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? PI will plan to recruit new graduate student under the project in 2015, and X-ray data will be analyzed formeeting presentations and publications. Depending on the outcome of the data, a new graduate student will be working on the effect of nano-zero valent iron and -magnetite on trace metal remediation projects.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Because of the lab renovation process at PI’s new institution, the University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, PI’s effort in this period was focused on the data collection outside of campus, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Brookhaven National Laboratory Cr and Fe X-ray aborption spectroscopy data in Cr reacted nano-magnetite/zero valent iron were collected.
Publications
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