Source: VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE submitted to NRP
MANAGEMENT OF THE BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1002140
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
NEERA-1306
Project Start Date
Dec 1, 2013
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2018
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
(N/A)
BLACKSBURG,VA 24061
Performing Department
Entomology
Non Technical Summary
In areas where the brown marmorated stink bug has become established in the mid-Atlantic U.S., it has become a major pest of vegetables including peppers, sweet corn, tomatoes, green beans, okra, and eggplant. Because the only viable control options include multiple applications of broad spectrum insecticides, disruption of IPM programs and outbreaks of secondary pests have become a serious concern. A return to sustainable vegetable pest management practices will require intensive research on key aspects of its biology and ecology, including its development on, use of, and seasonal patterns of movement between wild and cultivated hosts. As well, development and refinement of ecologically and economically sound practices to mitigate its effects is critical. We seek to understand the host utilization of wild trees and various vegetables in brown marmorated stink bug population ecology. Our annual evaluations of the efficacy of insecticide programs will enable on-going refinement of our recommendations to vegetable producers for control of this invasive pest.
Animal Health Component
100%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
100%
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
21114991130100%
Knowledge Area
211 - Insects, Mites, and Other Arthropods Affecting Plants;

Subject Of Investigation
1499 - Vegetables, general/other;

Field Of Science
1130 - Entomology and acarology;
Goals / Objectives
Assess the extent and nature of injury caused brown marmorated stink bug Develop and compare monitoring methods (light based/pheromone based traps, visual and knockdown assessments) for brown marmorated stink bug that can be used to assess emergence from overwintering sites, conduct population assessments and evaluate movement between different crops. Determine the potential for biological control of the brown marmorated stink bug Develop best management practices for the brown marmorated stink bug in field crops, fruit, nursery and vegetables Deliver research based IPM recommendations to growers
Project Methods
The extent of damage and impact of brown marmorated stink bug on vegetable crops will be evaluated in Virginia. Untreated sweet corn, pepper, tomato, eggplant, and green bean will be assessed for the presence of brown marmorated stink bugs and the % of harvested fruit with stink bug injury. Based on these data and those of vegetable researchers in other states, we will be able to determine the pest potential of BMSB to vegetables.The utility of using pheromone-baited pyramid traps to sample BMSB populations for IPM-decision-making will be be evaluated in multiple locations in Virginia. Trap catch numbers of BMSB will be correlated with numbers on various vegetable crops and their concomitant damage to fruiting bodies at harvest. Potential economic injury levels may be determined.The efficacy of numerous registered and experimental insecticides will be assessed using bioassays and randomized small plot field experiments. Results from these studies will be continuously incorporated into refined management recommendations for commercial vegetable producers via annual revisions to Pest Management Guides and presentations at grower meetings.Information gained from this project will be disseminated to growers and extension personnel via numerous avenues including presentations at grower meetings, conferences, and field days, and via electronic open-access publicationsas well as peer-reviewed scientific journal publications.

Progress 12/01/13 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Vegetable growers, fruit growers, farmers, and the general public. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Mika Pagani, a Virginia Tech undergraduate student supported under this project received two awards in 2018 for her research on BMSB and industrial hemp: 1) a Virginia Tech Fralin Undergraduate Research Grant, and 2) an Undergraduate Research Grant from the Virginia Academy of Science. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Extension talks: Kuhar, T. 2018. Brown Marmorated Stinkbug Management. Virginia Tech Private and Commercial Applicator Recertification Course, January 10, 2018, Blacksburg, VA. Kuhar, T. 2018. Use of insecticide-impregnated netting. BMSB SCRI Stakeholder Advisory Panel Meeting, January 9, 2018, Portland, OR. Kuhar, T. 2018. Entomology Update in Vegetables. Southeast Virginia Vegetable Production Meeting, February 20, 2018, Holland, VA. Doughty, H. & Kuhar, T. 2018. Insect Control Update. Hampton Roads Fruit and Vegetable Conference, February 21, 2018, Chesapeake, VA. Kuhar, T. 2018. Insect Management Update. Richmond Area Vegetable Growers Meeting, February 21, 2018, Richmond, VA. Kuhar, T., 2018. Vegetable Insect Pests and Strategies to Control Them. NORTHERN PIEDMONT 2018 WINTER VEGETABLE SCHOOL, February 22, 2018, Warrenton, VA. Kuhar, T. 2018. Vegetable insect pest update for Virginia. Roanoke and Botetourt Vegetable Grower's Meeting, March 22, 2018, Roanoke, VA. Kuhar, T. 2018. Stink bugs. On-Farm Twilight Vegetable Growers Meetings- 2018, August 27, 2018, Washington, VA. ? What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Related to obj. 1, in 2019 we will analyze, write up and publish our research on BMSB development on vegetables and will continue to research the relationship between BMSB and hemp. Related to obj. 2, we will continue to assist in multi-state collaborative experiments to refine traps for BMSB. Related to obj. 4, we will continue to assess various management tactics for protecting vegetable crops from BMSB. In particular, we will collaborate with North Carolina State University on a project to evaluate the use of pheromone-baited insecticide-netting as an attract and kill approach in fruiting vegetables. Related to obj. 5, we will continue to disseminate BMSB IPM information at various vegetable grower meetings and field days in the mid-Atlantic U.S.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Related to obj. 1, to further our understanding of BMSB in vegetable crops, a two-year study was concluded in 2018 to determine if vegetable host type affects the development of nymphs. We showed that when provided with only single host diets of whole plants & fruit of corn, snap bean, tomato, eggplant or sweet pepper, BMSB nymphs survived and developed best on sweet corn (36% completing development), followed by pepper and snap bean (18-20%); eggplant and tomato proved to be poor host species for BMSB with <5% of nymphs completing their development on those vegetables. Also related to obj. 1, we conducted a field study in which BMSB were caged on field hemp plots at varying densities of 0, 10, and 20 bugs per developing seed head / flowering portion of the plant. BMSB were observed feeding upon the hemp seed heads. However, there was no significant effect of BMSB on numbers of seeds, weight of seeds, or visually-detectable quality of seeds produced. Because hemp seeds are dark, it was difficult to identify stink bug feeding sites. A separate laboratory/greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess BMSB's ability to develop on hemp plants by assessing the fate of BMSB egg masses placed on hemp versus corn (a known suitable host plant). BMSB successfully developed from egg to adult on the seed heads of hemp plants. The development rate and survival of BMSB nymphs was numerically higher than on corn. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BMSB as a potential pest of hemp. Related to obj. 2, in 2018, we participated in two multistate field studies led by Dr. Tracy Leskey (USDA-ARS, Kearneysville, WV) aimed at refining traps for monitoring BMSB populations. We assessed 1) BMSB captures in traps baited with different pheromone lure substrates from Trece, and 2) different pheromone ratio loadings for attract and kill purposes. Each experiment had three replications and was conducted in Whitethorne, VA; traps were monitored weekly from May to October. Data will be used for commercial refinement of traps for BMSB. Related to obj. 3, to aid in future augmentative biological control efforts, which will likely involve mass releases of scelionid egg parasitoids such as Trissolcus japonicus, it is critical to know when and where BMSB deposit most their eggs. Ideally, parasitoids should be released in and around areas with high host density to ensure their success. In 2018, we concluded a two year investigation of BMSB oviposition on selected ornamental trees throughout the season. Five tree species were sampled: northern catalpa (Bignoniaceae catalpa), serviceberry (Amelanchier laevis), eastern redbud (Cercis Canadensis), red maple (Acer rubrum), and magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) in 2017 and one additional species, yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea), added to the study in 2018 due to high densities of BMSB observed on this species in 2017. These trees were common ornamental species in Blacksburg, VA and were reported to have BMSB populations before. Ten trees of each species were selected, spread out across five or more sites around Blacksburg, VA with no more than two trees of the same species per location. We also evaluated the effects of a commercial aggregation lure (Pherocon BMSB Dual Lure) on the number of eggs being deposited. This aggregation lure, when combined with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate (MDT), has been shown to attract both adult and nymph BMSB, but its effects on egg laying has not been fully studied. For each tree species, lures were placed in five trees one week before sampling began. Each lure-baited tree was paired with a control tree of the same species at each site. Sampling was conducted once a week from early June to mid September by examining foliage on each tree at eye level for two minutes per sample. All stink bug egg masses were recorded. Results of this study showed that BMSB egg numbers peaked in mid-July in 2017 and in mid-June in 2018. There was no significant effect from the pheromone lure on the number of BMSB eggs found. Catalpa trees had the most egg masses throughout the course of the study; however, redbud and yellowwood had similar egg numbers to catalpa in late summer. There was an overall trend toward higher oviposition on trees with fruiting structures present. This information provides insight on where and when to make augmentative releases of egg parasitoids for BMSB. Of the 180 BMSB egg masses collected from trees in Southwest VA from 2017-18, approximately 10% were parasitized. All adult parasitoids that emerged from these eggs were Anastatus spp., and none yielded adults of either native Trissolcus spp. or T. japonicus. Related to obj. 4, we completed a two-year field study in peppers to determine if trap catch of BMSB on pheromone baited sticky cards on tomato stakes could be used as an action threshold to guide insecticide spray applications on the crop. The experiment was conducted at three locations each in 2017 and 2018 in southwest Virginia. Stink bug damage to pepper fruit was highest in untreated control plots and plots using a threshold of 10 bugs per trap per week and lower in peppers sprayed weekly with the pyrethroid bifenthrin or sprayed only if trap catch reached 5 bugs per week. No differences were seen between the latter two treatments, which indicated that a threshold of 5 bugs per trap has potential to reduce the number of insecticide applications for BMSB on peppers and perhaps other vegetables. Related to obj. 5, the aforementioned research was presented at several vegetable grower meetings and field days in the mid- Atlantic U.S. as well entomology conferences and BMSB Working Group and Stakeholder Advisory Meetings. These are listed later in the report.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pagani, M.K., H.G. Bush and T.P. Kuhar. 2018. Efficacy of Apritone repellent on Halyomorpha halys. Virginia Academy of Science 96th Annual Meeting, May 23-25, 2018, Farmville, VA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Formella, A.J. and T.P. Kuhar. 2018. Survivorship of brown marmorated stink bug on select vegetables under laboratory conditions. Virginia Academy of Science 96th Annual Meeting, May 23-25, 2018, Farmville, VA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Formella, A. and T. Kuhar. 2018. Brown marmorated stink bug development on select vegetables. 89th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Branch of the Entomological Society of America, March 17-9, 2018, Annapolis, MD.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bush, H., T.C. Leskey, C. Bergh, and T. Kuhar. 2018. Developing a pheromone trap-based treatment threshold for Halyomorpha halys in bell peppers. 89th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Branch of the Entomological Society of America, March 17-19, 2018, Annapolis, MD.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Leskey, T.C., B.D. Short, R. Morrison, K.B. Rice, and T.P. Kuhar. 2017. Developing sensitive and cost-effective biosurveillance and monitoring systems for the invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, November 5-8, 2017, Denver, CO.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kuhar, T.P., D.C. Weber, A.K. Wallingford, A.S. DiMeglio, J.M. Wilson, and H.G. Bush. 2017. Current research on three major heteropteran pests attacking vegetables in the mid-Atlantic U.S. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, November 5 - 8, 2017, Denver, CO.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Formella, A. and T.P. Kuhar. 2017. Brown marmorated stink bug oviposition on trees within non-managed wooded borders and urban environments. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, November 5 - 8, 2017, Denver, CO.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Acebes-Doria, A.L., W.R. Morrison III, B.D. Short, K.B. Rice, H.G. Bush, T.P. Kuhar, C. Duthie and T.C. Leskey. 2018. Monitoring and biosurveillance tools for the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys St�l (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Insects 9. 1-24. www.mdpi.com/journal/insects


Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Vegetable and fruit growers; general public. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The training of graduate and undergraduate students. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Extensiontalks: Kuhar, T., K. Catron, J. Mason, and H. Bush. 2017. Field day presentation including BMSB discussion, On-Farm Twilight Vegetable Growers Meetings - 2017, Woodbine Farms, August 1, 2017, Winchester, VA Kuhar, T. and H. Doughty. 2017. Insect Management for Snap Beans. 2017 Eastern Shore Agricultural Conference and Trade Show, January 24-25, 2017, Melfa, VA. Kuhar, T. 2017. Insect Management Update. Richmond Area Vegetable Growers Meeting, March 8, 2017, Henrico, VA. Kuhar, T. 2017. Insect Control Update. Hampton Roads Fruit and Vegetable Conference, February 22, 2017, Henrico, VA. Kuhar, T. 2017. Stink bugs and aphids, what's new for controlling these pests. 2017 Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention, January 31 - February 2, 2017, Hershey, PA. Proceedings Kuhar, T. 2017. Stink bugs and aphids, what's new for controlling these pests, p. 201-202 in Proceedings for the Vegetable, Potato, Greenhouse, Small Fruit, and General Sessions of the 2017 Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention, January 31 - February 2, 2017, Hershey, PA. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Related to obj. 1, in 2018, wewill conduct a more thorough study of the impact of BMSB on hempwith seed heads of different developmental stages. Related to obj. 3, we will conduct the second year investigating BMSB oviposition on five tree species: northern catalpa (Bignoniaceae catalpa), serviceberry (Amelanchier laevis), eastern redbud (Cercis Canadensis), red maple (Acer rubrum), and magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) around Blacksburg, VA. Related to obj. 4, we will continue to assess various management tactics for protecting vegetable crops from BMSB. Related to obj. 5, we will continue to disseminate BMSB integrated pest managment (IPM) information at various vegetable grower meetings and field days in the mid-Atlantic U.S.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Related to obj. 1, after observing large numbers of BMSB on the seed heads of industrial hemp growing at Virginia Tech's Kentland Farm, we conducted a study in summer of 2017 caging BMSB nymphs and adults on the seed heads of hemp plants. We did not observe any differences in the numbers of harvestable seeds between seed heads with stink bugs versus seed heads without. A more thorough investigation of this will be conducted in 2018 with seed heads of different developmental stages. To our knowledge, this is will be the first report of BMSB as a pest of hemp. Related to obj. 2, we participated in several multistate field studies aimed at refining traps for monitoring BMSB populations. In one study conducted at three locations in Virginia, we compared season-long trap catch of BMSB in pheromone-baited clear sticky panels fastened on tomato stakes with trap catch in pheromone-baited 4-ft black pyramid traps. There was a highly significant correlation between trap catch in the two trap types. In another study, we assessed high-dose and low-dose lures from two different companies Trece and Ag-Bio for trap catch of BMSB on clear sticky panels. Trece lures were more efficient. Related to obj. 3, in order to better understand the landscape ecology of BMSB, knowledge on when and where these stink bugs lay their eggs is critical. This information is particularly important to future augmentative biological control efforts, which will likely involve inoculative releases of scelionid egg parasitoids such as Trissolcus japonicus. In addition, to knowing which plants naturally have the most BMSB egg masses, methods to make trees even more attractive sites for BMSB egg laying should also be explored. Aggregation pheromones of BMSB (3S,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol and (3R,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol have been synthesized and demonstrated to be effective attractants for BMSB adults particularly when combined with the synergistist kairomone methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate (MDT). However, the effect of these pheromones on BMSB egg densities in trees has not been reported. Studying when and where BMSB lay eggs, as well as the effects of the aggregation pheromone lure will provide vital information on BMSB ecology particularly as it relates to the potential augmentative releases of egg parasitoids for biological control. In 2017, we began a two-year investigation of BMSB oviposition on selected ornamental trees throughout the season. Five tree species were sampled: northern catalpa (Bignoniaceae catalpa), serviceberry (Amelanchier laevis), eastern redbud (Cercis Canadensis), red maple (Acer rubrum), and magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora). These trees were common ornamental species in Blacksburg, VA and have been reported to have BMSB populations before. Ten trees of each species were selected, spread out across five or more sites around Blacksburg, VA with no more than two trees of the same species per location. For each tree species, Trécé Pherocon BMSB Dual aggregation lures were placed in five trees one week before sampling began. Each lure tree was paired with a control, no-lure tree at each site. Sampling was conducted once a week from early June to mid Sept by examining foliage on each tree at eye level for two minutes per sample. All stink bug egg masses were recorded. BMSB was the most prevalent stink bug species comprising 70% of all species occurring on trees in Blacksburg, VA. There was no significant interaction between lure and tree species (p = 0.7512) and the main effect of lure on BMSB egg density in trees was not significant (p = 0.5270) indicating that the addition of the pheromone lure to trees did not increase egg density. The effect of tree species on BMSB egg density was significant. Catalpa trees had significantly more BMSB eggs in every month except August, when the mean number of eggs was similar on redbud and catalpa. Eastern redbud had the second most BMSB eggs overall with noticeable increases later in the summer. Serviceberry and magnolia were similar with season-long BMSB eggs, but most eggs found on serviceberry occurred in June; whereas, most eggs on magnolia occurred later in the summer. Red maple had the fewest BMSB eggs among the tree species, but had a greater diversity of stink bug species overall. Redbud and serviceberry trees showed different egg laying affinity based on the month, but more eggs were found in months where both tree species had fruiting structures. Related to obj. 4, in summer 2017, we evaluated the use of deltamethrin-incorporated netting as a hoop row cover and as a vertical fence to protect bell peppers from stink bugs. These covers significantly reduced stink bug damage to peppers, but also inhibited plant growth and reduced overall yield of pepper fruit. Deltamethrin netting as a barrier fence did not reduce stink bug damage. Related to obj. 5, we presented the aforementioned research at several vegetable grower meetings and field days in the mid-Atlantic U.S. In addition, interviews were given with three media outlets including NPR's All Things Considered and two local newspapers. These are listed later in the report.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chambers, B., T. Kuhar, A. Pearce, G. Reichard and T. C. Leskey. 2017. Response of the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) to thermal contrast in wall panels during winter shelter seeking. 88th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Branch of the Entomological Society of America, March 18 - 21, 2017, Newport, RI.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Bush, H. and T. Kuhar. 2017. An attract and kill approach for BMSB using pheromone lures and deltamethrin-incorporated screens. 88th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Branch of the Entomological Society of America, March 18 - 21, 2017, Newport, RI.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kuhar, T. P. and K. Kamminga. 2017. Review of the chemical control research on Halyomorpha halys in the USA. J. Pest Sci. DOI 10.1007/s10340-017-0859-7
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Morehead, J.A. and T.P. Kuhar. 2017. Efficacy of organically approved insecticides against brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, and other stink bugs. J. Pest Sci. DOI 10.1007/s10340-017-0879-3
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Morrison III, W. R., A. Acebes-Doria, E. Ogburn, T. P. Kuhar, J. F.Walgenbach, J. C. Bergh, L. Nottingham, A. Dimeglio, P. Hipkins, and T. C. Leskey. 2017. Behavioral Response of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to Semiochemicals Deployed Inside and Outside Anthropogenic Structures During theOverwintering Period. Journal of Economic Entomology, 2017, 18, doi: 10.1093/jee/tox097
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kuhar, T.P., B.D. Short, G. Krawczyk, and T.C. Leskey. 2017. Deltamethrin-incorporated nets as an integrated pest management tool for the invasive Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). J. Econ. Entomol. DOI 10.1093/jee/tow321
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Philips, C. R., T.P. Kuhar, G.P. Dively. G. Hamilton, J. Whalen, and K. Kamminga. 2017. Seasonal abundance and phenology of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (St�l) on different pepper cultivars in the mid-Atlantic U.S. J. Econ. Entomol. 110: 192-200.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Aigner, B. L., T.P. Kuhar, D.A. Herbert, C.C. Brewster, J.W. Hogue, and J.D. Aigner. 2017. Relationship of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, infestations in tree borders to subsequent patterns of movement into soybean fields. J. Econ. Entomol. 110(2):487-490. doi: 10.1093/jee/tox047.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Aigner, B. L., D.A. Herbert, G.P. Dively, J. Whalen, T.P. Kuhar, C.C. Brewster, J.W. Hogue, and E. Seymore. 2017. Comparison of two sampling methods for assessing Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) numbers in soybean fields. J. Econ. Entomol. 109 (6): 2586-2589. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tow230
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Abram, P.K., K. A. Hoelmer, A. Acebes-Doria, H. Andrews, E. H. Beers, J. C. Bergh, R. Bessin, D. Biddinger, P. Botch, M. L. Buffington, M. L. Cornelius, E. Costi, E. S. Delfosse, C. Dieckhoff, R. Dobson, Z. Donais, M. Grieshop, G. Hamilton, T. Haye, C. Hedstrom, M. V. Herlihy, M. S. Hoddle, C. R. R. Hooks, P. Jentsch, N. K. Joshi, T. P. Kuhar, J. Lara, J. C. Lee, A. Legrand, T. C. Leskey, D. Lowenstein, L. Maistrello, C. R. Mathews, J. M. Milnes, W. R. Morrison III, A. L. Nielsen, E. C. Ogburn, C. H. Pickett, K. Poley, J. Pote, J. Radl, P. M. Shrewsbury, E. Talamas, L. Tavella, J. F. Walgenbach, R. Waterworth, D. C. Weber, C. Welty, N. G. Wiman. 2017. Indigenous arthropod natural enemies of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug in North America and Europe. J Pest Sci (2017). doi:10.1007/s10340-017-0891-7


Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Extension agents, farmers, entomologists and other scientists, federal ARS Researchers, and companies developing pesticides. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate student training in data collection, and analysis reporting procedures. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Kuhar, TP (2016) Common and Invasive Insect Vegetable Pests and Strategies to Control Them, Including Biological Controls, Northern Piedmont 2016 Winter Vegetable School, Warrenton, VA, February 23, 2016 Kuhar TP (2016) Update on insect management and stink bug research, 11th Annual Appalachian Horticultural Crops Conference, February 27, 2016, Abingdon, VA Kuhar TP (2016) Update on the invasive brown marmorated stink bug, 2016 Annual Eastern Shore AREC Research Field Day, June 6, 2016, Painter, VA Kuhar TP (2016) What we have learned about managing stink bugs in tomatoes, 2016 Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention, February 2-4, 2016, Hershey, PA What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In 2017, we plan to: 1) continue research with the use of deltamethrin-incorporated netting for control tactics for BMSB. 2) continue to evaluate lures and traps for BMSB in collaboration the the USDA-ARS lab. 3) evaluate natural repellents for BMSB control. This work will be in collaboration with Bedoukian. 4) assess the pest impact of BMSB feeding on hemp. 5) determine the seasonal oviposition patterns on wild tree hosts in Virginia. 6) conduct a lifetable on BMSB in coastal versus mountains of Virginia to determine why this pest has not established well in the coastal plain regions.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Obj (1) Assess the extent and nature of injury caused by brown marmorated stink bug. This work was done in previous years, but in 2016 in a bulletinpublicationthat highlightedthe extent and nature of injury caused by BMSB to vegetables was printed and widely distributed across the U.S. and is available on the StopBMSB.Org website. Kuhar. T., R. Morrison, T. Leskey, J. Aigner, G. Dively, E. Zobel, G. Brust, J. Whalen, W. Cissel, J. Walgenbach, K. Rice, S. Fleischer, S. Rondon. 2016. Integrated Pest Management for Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Vegetables: A synopsis of what researchers have learned so far and management recommendations using an integrated approach. Northeastern IPM Center Bulletin posted on StopBMSB.Org Website. Also in 2016, we were able to observe large numbers of BMSB feeding on the wild plant staghorn sumac, which was the first report of this tree as a host plant for BMSB. We also observed a number of BMSB feeding on the seeds of hemp plants in the fall in Virginia. To ourknowledge, this is the first report of this crop as a host plant of this pest. Future studies will investigate the potential damage that this insect can cause to hemp. Obj (2) Develop and compare monitoring methods (light based/pheromone based traps, visual and knockdown assessments) for brown marmorated stink bug that can be used to assess emergence from overwintering sites, conduct population assessments and evaluate movement between different crops. In 2016, we once again participated in several multistate experiments comparing the relative effectiveness of commercial BMSB pheromone formulations as well as sticky cards versus pyramid type traps for BMSB monitoring. Experiments includinghigh dose and medium dose concentrations of two commercial lures (Trece and AgBio) evaluated on bothclear sticky cards and pyramids. The experiment had four reps at six different locations in Virginia. Data were submitted to the USDA-ARS where they have been combined with those from other locations. Results indicate that the sticky card baited with a high dose lure appears to be an effective and efficient trap for BMSB;this will likely replace the pyramid-style traps, which are big and bulky and cause some issues on farms. Also in 2016, we participated in a multistate experiment evaluating whether BMSB pheromone traps work indoors during the winter and at what time during the season do BMSB begin responding to baited traps. We conducted experiments in five indoor locations in Virginia. Experiments included baited and unbaited pyramid traps inside and outside of man-made structures (2 sheds and 3 houses)as well as weekly visual inspections. Our data were submitted to the USDAS-ARS where they have been combined with others and analyzed. Results indicate that overwintering BMSB do not respond to the pheromone lure indoors. Obj (3) Determine the potential for biological control of the brown marmorated stink bug In 2016, we collected wild BMSB adults and sent them to Cornell University, where they determined the percentage of bugs infected with a new microsporidian that is pathogenic. We will continue to work with Anne Hajek at Cornell University on this collaborative investigation. Also in 2016, we detected a large proportion of wild caught BMSB adults containing the bacteria Serratia marcescens, which causes a red coloration especially on the abdomen, but whichsupposedly doesnot have deleterious effects on BMSB. However, we noticed a much higher proportion of infected bugs dying in our lab bioassays than non-infected bugs. We plan to investigate this further in 2017. Obj (4) Develop best management practices for the brown marmorated stink bug in field crops, fruit, nursery and vegetables • In 2016, we submitted a manuscript on a a two year laboratory and field evaluation of various organic insecticides for control of BMSB in peppers and tomatoes. The work demonstrated that several organic insecticides can be efficacious in laboratory bioassays, but none of the compounds, which included pyrethrins, azadirachtins, spinosad, potassium salts of fatty acids, sabadilla seed extracts, or extracts from Burkholderia, provided effective reduction of stink bug damage to tomato or pepper in the field. • In 2016, we conducted additional lab bioassays and field trials on peppers and tomatoes evaluating the toxicity and efficacy of the novel anthranilic diamide insecticide cyclaniliprole for control of BMSB. Results indicated excellent activity of the compound against BMSB nymphs, but only moderate efficacy against BMSB adults. The compound also failed to provide a significant reduction in stink bug damage to peppers in the field afterweekly foliar applications. In 2016, we began research on an attract-and-kill approach utilizing commercial BMSB aggregation pheromone lures and deltamethrin-incorporated screens. These were used in a randomized complete block field experiment on peppers. We found that the lure-baited screens cause significantly more BMSB to be found on the peppers and more damage to occur near the attract-and-kill screens compared to >30 ft away. Plots sprayed weekly with the insecticide bifenthrin had the fewest number ofBMSB and least damage to pepper fruit. Also in 2016, we investigrated the use of deltamethrin-incorporated screens wrapped around tree trunks and baited with a pheromone lure to control BMSB. We were able to determine that the screens are toxic to BMSB, killing nymphs after only 10 seconds of exposure and killing adults after several minutes of exposure. This work was submitted for publication in Nov 2016. Obj (5) Deliver research based IPM recommendations to growers • In addition to the multistate Extension bulletin mentioned previously, we have been able to annuallyupdate the stink bug control sections for tomatoes, peppers, snap beans, okra, eggplant, and sweet corn in commercial vegetable recommendations guides for both the southeastern U.S. and the Mid-Atlantic U.S. These two guides are the primary pest management manuals used by commercial vegetable producers, Extension personnel, and ag consultants from NJ, PA, DE, MD, VA, WV, NC, SC. We were also able present our research to growers and other stakeholders at numerous Extension venues in 2016. These are reported below.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kuhar, T. P. and H. B. Doughty. 2016. Evaluation of Foliar Insecticides for the Control of Brown Marmorated Stink Bugs in Bell Peppers, 2015. Arthropod Management Tests 2016 40 (1): 2016, 11 doi: 10.1093/amt/tsw033.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Aigner, J.D., J.M. Wilson, L.B. Nottingham, J.A. Morehead, A. DiMeglio, and T.P. Kuhar. 2016. Bioassay Evaluation of IKI-3106 (Cyclaniliprole) for Control of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug and Harlequin Bug, 2014. Arthropod Management Tests 2016 40 (1): L4. doi: 10.1093/amt/tsv205.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Aigner, J.D., K. Mooneyham, and T. Kuhar. 2016. Control of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug with Insecticide-Treated Window Screens. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication No. ENTO-177NP. https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/ENTO/ENTO-177/ENTO-177-PDF.pdf.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Aigner, J.D., and T.P. Kuhar. 2016. Lethal High Temperature Extremes of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Efficacy of Commercial Heat Treatments for Control in Export Shipping Cargo. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology. 32(1):1-6. 2016 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-32.1.1.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kuhar. T., R. Morrison, T. Leskey, J. Aigner, G. Dively, E. Zobel, G. Brust, J. Whalen, W. Cissel, J. Walgenbach, K. Rice, S. Fleischer, S. Rondon. 2015. Integrated Pest Management for Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Vegetables: A synopsis of what researchers have learned so far and management recommendations using an integrated approach. Northeastern IPM Center Bulletin posted on StopBMSB.Org Website.


Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Scientists and students discussed methods, analyses, and scientific literature in preparation of written and oral communications, increasing information literacy. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The following Extension talks were presented in 2015: Kuhar, T. 2015. An IPM approach to managing the major pests of vegetables including stink bugs. Richmond Area Vegetable Growers Meeting, Henrico, VA, March 10, 2015 Kuhar, T. 2015. Update on brown marmorated stink bug and spotted wing drosophila. 2nd Annual Foothills Specialty Crop Growers Roundtable Meeting, Pilot Mountain, NC, February 13, 2015 Kuhar, T. 2015. Integrated pest management approaches for vegetable pest management. 2015 WINTER VEGETABLE SCHOOL: Northern Piedmont, February 23, 2015, Warrenton, VA Kuhar, T. 2015. Integrated pest management approaches for vegetable pest management. 2015 WINTER VEGETABLE SCHOOL: Shenandoah Valley, February 24, 2015, Dayton, VA Wilson, J., J. Aigner, H. Wantuch, T. Dimeglio, and T. Kuhar. 2015. Integrated Pest Management Strategies with Case Studies Pertinent to Virginia. Virginia Private and Commercial Applicator Recertification Course, Blacksburg, VA, January 7, 2015 Kuhar, T. 2015. Insect Management in Vegetable Crops, Tri-County Vegetable and Small Fruit Growers Meeting, Cumberland Valley Produce Auction, January 7, 2015, Shippensburg, PA Kuhar, T. 2015. New Insecticides for Vegetable Crops. Pest Management Session: 2015 New Jersey Agricultural Convention and Trade Show, February 3, 2015, Atlantic City, NJ. Kuhar, T. 2015. Update on Tomato Insect Pest Management. Tomato Session: 2015 New Jersey Agricultural Convention and Trade Show, February 4, 2015, Atlantic City, NJ. Morehead, JA and TP Kuhar. 2015. Organic control options for stink bugs on vegetables. Virginia Cooperative Extension New River Valley Agriculture Field Day at Kentland, August 13, 2015, Whitethorne, VA. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Outlined Experimentation for Upcoming Period - 2016 We will participate in pheromone-based "attract-and-kill" experiments in commercial vegetable crops. We will complete and publish our work on organic control strategies for BMSB in vegetables. We will continue leading a multi-year, multi-state project on using pheromone-baited pyramid traps for BMSB pest management decision-making in vegetables - hopefully prepare a manuscript for publication in 2016. We will summarize and prepare a manuscript on our lab toxicity bioassays and field efficacy tests with cyclaniliprole as a more IPM-friendly option for control of BMSB. We will summarize our work on the efficacy of kaolinite and essential oils as repellents/deterrents against BMSB on vegetable crops with hopes of preparing a manuscript for submission in 2016. We will continue to conduct several lab and field experiments on the behavioral and structural characteristics of BMSB entering overwintering structures. We will pursue the efficacy of the deltamethrin screening as a row cover insect control tool on various vegetables. We will continue to evaluate potential repellent compounds for BMSB. We will continue to evaluate insecticides for BMSB on vegetables. We will continue to provide Extension programming regarding BMSB management in vegetables, incorporating new information into refined recommendations as it becomes available.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 2014-15 Accomplishments: Obj (1) Assess the extent and nature of injury caused brown marmorated stink bug We photographed and documented the feeding injury of BMSB nymphs and adults on various vegetables and published a diagnostic guide for researchers, IPM Practitioners, and growers.The guide is a Virginia Cooperative Extension numbered publication, which is listed later in this report. Obj (2) Develop and compare monitoring methods (light based/pheromone based traps, visual and knockdown assessments) for brown marmorated stink bug that can be used to assess emergence from overwintering sites, conduct population assessments and evaluate movement between different crops. • In 2015, we once again participated in several multistate experiments comparing the relative effectiveness of commercial BMSB pheromone formulations and pheromone isomer ratios produced by the USDA-ARS. Stink bug pyramid traps were monitored on a vegetable farm near Salem, VA. Our data helped to optimize a more cost effective lure to be used for BMSB monitoring and mass trapping strategies. We led a multi-year, multi-state (Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania, North Carolina) project on using pheromone-baited pyramid traps for BMSB pest management decision-making in vegetables. This research began in 2014 and continued in 2015. We have over 60 fields worth of sampling data, which are currently being analyzed by a Ph.D. student at Virginia Tech. The goal of this project is: to determine if trap catch of BMSB correlates with infestation density or concomitant feeding injury on various vegetables, and/or if trap catch can alert commercial vegetable growers to the presence of BMSB on their farms for IPM decision-making? • In 2015, we conducted a series of experiments to help understand the site selection for overwintering shelters by BMSB. Experiments were conducted on the optimal and minimal crevice size for BMSB entering overwintering structures and the directional movement of BMSB after they land on buildings. Obj (3) Determine the potential for biological control of the brown marmorated stink bug Adding additional data from 2015, we have now compiled five years of data from Virginia on native egg parasitism levels of natural BMSB eggs (> 12,000) collected from non-managed wooded habitats. Results showed that natural parasitism levels of over 12 thousand collected eggs were relatively low and variable (ranging from 1 to 28%), and that Anastatus species were the dominant parasitoids developing on BMSB eggs, accounting for over 50% of all parasitoids emerging. We are combining these results with those collected from North Carolina and are preparing a manuscript for submission in 2016. Obj (4) Develop best management practices for the brown marmorated stink bug in field crops, fruit, nursery and vegetables • In 2015, we submitted a manuscript on a two-year laboratory and field study on the performance of soil-applied neonicotinoid insecticides for systemic control of BMSB in fruiting vegetables. Manuscript is in press in J. Agric. Urban Entomol. • In 2015, we completed a two year laboratory and field evaluation of various organic insecticides for control of BMSB in peppers and tomatoes. The work demonstrated that several organic insecticides can be efficacious in laboratory bioassays, but none of the compounds, which included pyrethrins, azadirachtins, spinosad, potassium salts of fatty acids, sabadilla seed extracts, or extracts from Chromobacteria provided effective reduction of stink bug damage to tomato or pepper in the field. • In 2015, we completed a two-year study assessing the seasonal abundance of BMSB in wooded borders and subsequent movement into soybean fields in Virginia. The manuscript is in preparation and should be submitted in 2016. • We completed a two-year lab and field evaluation of two different natural repellents/antifeedants, kaolin and essential oils, for control of BMSB on vegetables. Kaolin demonstrated significant repellency to BMSB in laboratory choice tests and significant control of BMSB damage to peppers in the field. The manuscript is in preparation. • In 2015, we conducted lab bioassays and field trials on peppers on the toxicity and efficacy of the novel anthranilic diamide insecticide cyclaniliprole. Results indicated excellent activity of the compound against BMSB nymphs, but only moderate efficacy against BMSB adults. The compound also failed to provide a significant reduction in stink bug damage to peppers in the field after four weekly foliar applications. Obj (5) Deliver research based IPM recommendations to growers In 2015, we compiled and summarized information obtained over the past few years and led the production of a multi-institutional extension bulletin on BMSB management in vegetable crops. The document is entitled, "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Vegetables: A synopsis of what researchers have learned so far and management recommendations using an integrated approach" and is published on the USDA Northeast IPM Center Website: StopBMSB.Org. Based on insecticide efficacy research conducted as part of this project, updates were made to the stink bug control sections for tomatoes, peppers, snap beans, okra, eggplant, and sweet corn in commercial vegetable recommendations guides for both the southeastern U.S. and the Mid-Atlantic U.S. These two guides are the primary pest management manuals used by commercial vegetable producers, Extension personnel, and ag consultants from NJ, PA, DE, MD, VA, WV, NC, SC, TN, GA, MS, and AL.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Bakken, A.J., S.C. Schoof, M. Bickerton, K.L. Kamminga, J.C. Jenrette, S. Malone, M.A. Abney, D. A. Herbert, D. Reisig, T.P. Kuhar, and J.F. Walgenbach. 2015. Occurrence of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Wild Hosts in Non-Managed Woodlands and Soybean Fields in North Carolina and Virginia. Environmental Entomology. 44(4): 10111021 (2015); DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv092
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Kuhar, T., A. Morehead, and T. Dimeglio. 2015. Diagnosing stink bug injury to vegetables. Virginia Coop. Ext. Pub. No. ENTO-173NP. Online publication. https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/ENTO/ENTO-173/ENTO-173.html
  • Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Kuhar, T., R. Morrison, T. Leskey, J. Aigner, G. Dively, E. Zobel, G. Brust, J. Whalen, W. Cissel, J. Walgenbach, K. Rice, S. Fleischer, and S. Rondon. 2015. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Vegetables: A synopsis of what researchers have learned so far and management recommendations using an integrated approach. Northeast IPM Center extension bulletin. http://stopbmsb.org
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Basnet, S., T. P. Kuhar, C. A. Laub, and D. G. Pfeiffer. 2015. Seasonality and Distribution Pattern of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Virginia Vineyards. J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (2015); DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov124
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Herbert D., K. Kamminga, S. Malone, T. Kuhar, E. Day, J. Greene, S. Bundy, L. Brown, P. Ellsworth. 2nd Edition Field Guide to Stink Bugs of Agricultural Importance in the United States. 2015. Northeastern Integrated Pest Management Center. Virginia Cooperative Extension Pub. No. VT/0914/444356/ENTO-68.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Kuhar, T. P., H. Doughty, C. Philips, J. Aigner, L. Nottingham, and J. Wilson. 2014. Evaluation of foliar insecticides for the control of foliar insects in bell peppers in Virginia, 2013. Arthropod Management Tests 2014 39 (1): E19 doi: 10.4182/amt.2014.E19. http://amt.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/1/E19
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Leskey, T.C., A. Agnello, J. C. Bergh, G. P. Dively, G. C. Hamilton, P. Jentsch, A. Khrimian, G. Krawczyk, T. P. Kuhar; D. Lee, W. R. Morrison III, D. F. Polk, C. Rodriguez-Saona, P. W. Shearer, B. D. Short, P. M. Shrewsbury, J. F. Walgenbach; D. C. Weber, C. Welty, J. Whalen, N. Wiman and F. Zaman. 2015. Attraction of the Invasive Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to Traps Baited with Semiochemicals Stimuli across the United States. Environ. Ent. 2015; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvv049 746-756
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Aigner, JD and TP Kuhar. 2015. Lethal High Temperature Extremes of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Efficacy of Commercial Heat Treatments for Control in Export Shipping Cargo. J. Agric. Urban Entomol.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Aigner, J.D., T.P. Kuhar, and J. Walgenbach. Relative toxicity and field efficacy of soil-applied neonicotinoids for control of Halyomorpha halys (St�l) in fruiting vegetables. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. (in press 2015)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Cira, T. M., R. C. Venette, J. Aigner, T. Kuhar, D. M. Mullins, S. E. Gabbert, W. D. Hutchison. Cold tolerance across geographic and temporal scales of brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys (St�l)). Environ. Entomol. (in press 2015)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Aigner, JD, J Wilson, L Nottingham, J Morehead, T Dimeglio, and T Kuhar. 2015. Bioassay evaluation of IKI-3106 (cyclaniliprole) for control of brown marmorated stink bug and harlequin bug, 2014. Arthropod Management Tests 2015 40: (L) (in press)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Morehead, J, J Aigner, J Wilson, L Nottingham, T Dimeglio, and T Kuhar. 2015. Efficacy of organic inseticides for control of brown marmorated stink bug on peppers in Virginia, 2014. Arthropod Management Tests 2015 40: (E) (in press)


Progress 12/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Commercial vegetable growers and crop consultants. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results have been disseminated to communities of interest via numerous avenues including: several presentations made at vegetable grower meetings thoughout the mid-Atlantic U.S. (listed previously in this report), as well as field day presentations, a biology department invited seminar at Towson -University in Towson, MD, and numerous interviews with reporters that resulted in published articles or radio spots with the following media outlets: News Watch: Weird and Wild produced by National Geographic, Washington Post, NBC Philadelphia, WSLS NBC Roanoke, VA, Virginia Tech Collegiate Times,All Things Considered. National Public Radio,NatureWorldNews.com, Reading Eagle.com, as well asBayJournal.com. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Obj. (1)Assess the extent and nature of injury caused brown marmorated stink bug. We will continue to sample and monitor the seasonal biology and extent of damage to various vegetable crops. We also hope to document this into a publication. Obj. (3)Determine the potential for biological control of the brown marmorated stink bug. We hope to document the four year survey of BMSB parasitism by native stink bug egg parasitoids in Virginia into a brief publication in collaboration with researchers at the USDA ARS Beneficial Insect Lab in Newark, DE. Obj. (4) & (5)Develop and deliver best management practices for the brown marmorated stink bug in field crops, fruit, nursery and vegetables. As research related to objective 2 continues as well as the evaluations of insecticide efficacy, best management strategies will be developed for sweet corn, peppers, tomatoes, and beans. A additional extension documents/bulletins will be prepared and published through the NE-IPM Center. These documents will be handed out in person at various grower meetings.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? (1)Assess the extent and nature of injury caused by brown marmorated stink bug. Based on stink bug feeding damage to untreated vegetables from over 140 research plots located across the mid-Atlantic U.S. from 2011 to 2014, 46% of sweet corn ears suffered damage, which was highest among vegetables. Approximately 25% of peppers, tomatoes and okra were damaged. Eggplant and snapbean suffered only about 5% damage. (2)Develop and compare monitoring methods (light based/pheromone based traps, visual and knockdown assessments) for brown marmorated stink bug that can be used to assess emergence from overwintering sites, conduct population assessments and evaluate movement between different crops. Dr. Chris Bergh (Virginia Tech) is addressing this objective in his report. (3)Determine the potential for biological control of the brown marmorated stink bug Continuing a four year survey of natural parasitism of BMSB eggs collected from wild trees and agricultural crops in western and central Virginia, a total of 94 egg masses (2588 total eggs) were collected. Parasitism was recorded for all egg masses (hatched and unhatched eggs). thus far, in 2011, a total of 2675 BMSB eggs were found with 203 (7.6%) parasitized and successful emergence of 131 parasitoids. In 2012, 3172 eggs were found with 204 (6.4%) eggs parasitized and successful emergence of 38 parasitoids. In 2013, 1210 eggs were found with 203 (16.8%) parasitized. In 2014, 2588 eggs were found with 77 (2.9%) parasitized. Based on the emergence and identification of 349 adult parasitoids, the primary species attacking BMSB in Virginia were Anastatus species including A. reduvii, A. perasalli, A. mirabilis, and A. spp. BMSB eggs were also parasitized successfully by several species of Trissolcus including T. euschisti, T. thyanta, T. edessae, T. brochymenae as well as Telenomus podisi. In addition, a couple of unidentified species were also found emerging from BMSB eggs. (4)Develop best management practices for the brown marmorated stink bug in field crops, fruit, nursery and vegetables Based on BMSB pheromone trap catch in 2014, over half (6 out of 11 organic vegetable farms/large community gardens) in VA and NC had a catch >10 BMSB/trap/week . On commercial tomato farms located in NC, PA, and VA, 4 out of 17 farms had >10 BMSB/trap/week. Peak trap catch typically occurred from mid Aug to early Sept. A regression analysis is being done to relate trap catch of BMSB with visual counts of bugs on vegetables. (5)Deliver research based IPM recommendations to growers In collaboration with researchers in DE, MD, PA, and NC, I prepared a technical bulletin on BMSB control guidelines for commercial sweet corn production. The bulletin is available on the StopBMSB.Org website. Kuhar, T., J. Whalen, G. Dively, J. Walgenbach, and S. Fleischer. 2014. Chemical Control Guidelines for Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Sweet Corn. Technical bulletin publication of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug IPM Working Group in conjunction with the Northeastern IPM Center posted Online http://www.StopBMSB.ORG , March 10, 2014. Other bulletins like this will be prepared for pepper, tomato, and snapbean in the coming years.

Publications

  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Bergmann, E., K. M. Bernhard, G. Bernon, M. Bickerton, S. Gill, C. Gonzales, G. C. Hamilton, C. Hedstrom, K. Kamminga, C. Koplinka-Loehr, G. Krawczyk, T.P. Kuhar, B. Kunkel, J. Lee, T.C. Leskey, H. Martinson, A.L. Nielsen, M. Raupp, P. Shearer, P. Shrewsbury, J. Walgenbach, J. Whalen, and N. Wiman. 2013. Host Plants of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in the U.S. Technical bulletin publication of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug IPM Working Group in conjunction with the Northeastern IPM Center posted Online http://www.StopBMSB.ORG , October, 7, 2013.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Kamminga, K., D.A. HERBERT, M.D. Toews, S. Malone, and T. Kuhar. 2014. Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) feeding injury on cotton bolls. J. Cotton Sci. 18:68-74, http://www.cotton.org/journal/2014-18/1/.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Aigner, J.D., T.P. Kuhar. 2014. Using Citizen Scientists to Evaluate Light Traps for Catching Brown Marmorated Stink Bugs in Homes in Virginia. Research In Brief. J. Extension. August 2014, Volume 52, Number 4, Article # 4RIB5. Online open-access journal publication. www.joe.org.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Kuhar, T.P., H. Doughty, K. Kamminga, A. Wallingford, C. Philips, and J. Aigner. 2013. EVALUATION OF FOLIAR INSECTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUGS IN BELL PEPPERS IN VIRGINIA  2012 TEST 3. Arthropod Management Tests 2013, Vol. 38: E41. Online publication. doi: 10.4182/amt.2013.E41.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2014 Citation: Kuhar, T.P, H. Doughty, C. Philips, J. Aigner, L. Nottingham, and J. Wilson. 2014. Evaluation of foliar insecticides for the control of brown marmorated stink bugs in bell peppers in Virginia  2013. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. AMT39, in press
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Rice, K., C. Bergh, E. Bergman, D. Biddinger, C. Dieckhoff, G. Dively, H. Fraser, T. Gariepy, G. Hamilton, T. Haye, A. Herbert, K. Hoelmer, C. Hooks, A. Jones, G. Krawczyk, T. Kuhar, W. Mitchell, A. Nielsen, D. Pfeiffer, M. Raupp, C. Rodriguez-Saona, P. Shearer, P. Shrewsbury, D. Venugopal, J. Whalen, N. Wiman, T. Leskey, and J. Tooker. 2014. Biology, ecology, and management of brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys). Journal of Integrated Pest Management, Volume 5, Number 3, 2014, pp. A1-A13(13)