Progress 01/01/15 to 12/31/15
Outputs
Target Audience:Research findings from this project were presented at the conference of the North Central Extension and Research Activity (NCERA)-101 Committee on Controlled Environment Technology and Use and at the Climate Change Research Center, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science of South Korea. The results of research were also disseminated to public via outreach with "WVU Insect Zoo and Museum" that the PI is operating at West Virginia University. We served more than 350 West Virginia citizens including growers, master gardeners, and K-12 students during this project period. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two graduate students and one postdoctoral reseracher have been trained with this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research findings were disseminated to various clientele through reserach presentations for reserach community and through outreach programs for public including growers, master gardeners, and K-12 students. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Modeling to develop a risk/benefit map will be performed based on the temperature effects on the floral development of blueberries, forging of bees, and infestation of hairy-footed mites on bees.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Effect of temperature on Osmia cornifrons Temperature plays an important role in the growth and development of insects, and the temperature at which an insect develops can affect behavior and reproduction in adult insects. We determined the effects of temperature on development and survival in egg and larval stages of Osmia cornifrons (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) at 5, 13, 21, 29, 37, and 45°C. Temperature-dependent development of O. cornifrons were modeled, validated, and simulated with linear and non-linear regressions. The results of this study showed that all O. cornifrons eggs were able to survive at 13, 21, and 29°C, but no eggs survived at other temperatures. Larvae survived at 21 and 29°C, with 88.5 and 45.5% survival, respectively. The thermal windows for egg and larva were 17.99 and 12.58°C, respectively. The narrow thermal window found in this study for O. cornifrons larval development indicates that O. cornifrons is sensitive to temperature change during this life history stage. Effect of temperature on blueberry The availability of the open flowers for pollinators in a timely manner is critical for survival and reproduction of both the plant and pollinator. However, the process of floral development is sensitive to environmental stress, especially temperature. Changes in climate with increasing temperatures can impactflower development and activity of pollinators. Delayed floral development, accelerated senescence or floral bud abortion could result in a spatial and/or temporal asynchrony with pollinators, potentially not only decreasing fruit yield, but also leading to decline of pollinator population. During the project period, we evaluated the effect of temperature on the floral development of blueberries. The number of flower clusters, timing and rate of each floral development stage, and flower longevity were determined at five different temperatures in a greenhouse (18, 20, 24, 28, and 31°C). Two cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) 'Blueray' and 'Jersey' were used. Blueberries were grown under natural irradiance. Throughoutthe growing season, the number of flower clusters per plant was counted and recorded. Flower clusters were tagged to document each stage of floral development and the timing for each floral development stage was determined daily. Flower longevity also was determined as the number of days from early bloom (EB) through petal fall (PF). From this study, we found that more flower clusters were aborted on plants grown at 31°C compared to 18°C by 47% and 66% for 'Blueray' and 'Jersey', respectively. For 'Blueray' grown at 31°C, 52% of the flower clusters were aborted, while 82% of 'Jersey' clusters were aborted when grown at the same temperature. Slight temperature increase from 28 to 31°C significantly affected flower cluster abortion in the 'Jersey' cultivar. The formation and abortion of flower clusters, timing of flowering, and rate of floral development were significantly affected by temperature. Our results suggest that a small increase in temperature could cause decreased flower cluster formation, increased floral bud abortion and accelerated flowering in blueberries, potentially resulting in not only reduction of blueberry yield, but also an asynchronization between blueberries and their pollinators.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Mills, S. A.. S. Park, Y.-L. Park, and N. L. Waterland. 2015. Effect of temperature on floral development of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). North Central Extension and Research Activity (NCERA)-101 Committee on Controlled Environment Technology and Use annual meeting, Columbus, OH.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Park, Y.-L. 2015. Effects of temperature on multitrophic interactions among crop, pollinators, and their parasitic mites. Climate Change Research Center, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Cheju, South Korea.
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Progress 01/01/14 to 12/31/15
Outputs
Target Audience:Findings from research were presented at five annual conferences of the Entomological Society of America, North Central Extension and Research Activity (NCERA)-101 Committee on Controlled Environment Technology and Use, Association of American Geographers, and the Climate Change Research Center, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science of South Korea. In addition our research was presented at an Organic Farm Field Day at West Virginia University (WVU) where a total of 75 growers, extension agents, and public were attended the field day. In addition, the project team held a project meeting in February and May at West Virginia University by inviting the PI, Co-PIs, growers, farm workers, students, and research staff to introduce and discuss about the project. The results of research were also disseminated to public via outreach with "WVU Insect Zoo and Museum" that the PI is operating at West Virginia University. More than 650 West Virginia citizens including K-12 students received the outreach service in 2014 and 2015. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A total of three graduate students (one Ph.D. and two M.S.) from entomology, climatology, and horticulture were involved in experimental design, data collection and analysis. A total of three undergraduate students participated in this project and one postdoctoral researcherwas trained with this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of this project have been disseminated to public and science community through presentations in conferences (in entomology, horticulture, and climate change), WVU farm field day, outreach with WVU Insect Zoo and Museum, and one scientific publication. In addition, the progress and results of the project were shared viaoutreach programs with public including growers, master gardeners, and K-12 students. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?This project ended on 12/31/2015. However, this project is funded as a seed grant, so we plan to collect further data and develop a full research proposal. The data we intended to collect include, but not limited to, higher-resolution climate model outputs and refined temperature-dependent development of bees and mites using growth chambers and incubators.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1. Effects of temperature on development and voltinism of Chaetodactylus mites (Acari: Chaetodactylidae) The effects of temperature on the stage-specific development of C. krombeini were determined at seven constant temperatures (16.1, 20.2, 24.1, 27.5, 30.0, 32.4 and 37.8°C). Parameters for stage-specific development, such as threshold temperatures and thermal constant, were determined by using empirical models. Results of this study showed that C. krombeini eggs developed successfully to adult at all temperatures tested except 37.8°C. The nonlinear and linear empirical models were applied to describe quantitatively the relationship between temperature and development of each C. krombeini stage. The nonlinear Lactin model estimated optimal temperatures as 31.4, 32.9, 32.6 and 32.5°C for egg, larva, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. In the linear model, the lower threshold temperatures were estimated to be 9.9, 14.7, 13.0 and 12.4°C for egg, larva, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. The thermal constant for each stage completion were 61.5, 28.1, 64.8 and 171.1 degree days for egg, larva, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. 2. Thermal biology of Osmia bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) We determined the effects of temperature on development and survival in egg and larval stages of Osmia cornifrons (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) at six different temperatures. Osmia cornifons individuals were placed in environmental chambers at 5, 13, 21, 29, 37, and 45°C and their development was tracked daily. Developmental data was modelled using the Briére function and simulated by incorporating the developed model and Weibull function. Models were validated with developmental data from randomly selected bees at sites in Morgantown (n = 28) and Kearneysville (n = 78), West Virginia. Osmia cornifrons eggs survived at 13, 21, and 29°C, but were unable to survive at other temperatures. Larvae survived at 21 and 29°C, with 88.5 and 45.5% survival, respectively. The thermal window for egg development was 17.99°C, and for larva was 12.58°C. Nearly all validation data fell within the 95% prediction interval, indicating the models accurately represented the thermal biology of Osmia cornifrons. The narrow thermal window found in this study for O. cornifrons larval development indicates that O. cornifrons is sensitive to temperature change during this life history stage. 3. Effect of temperature on floral development of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) We evaluated the effect of temperature on the floral development of blueberries. The number of flower clusters, timing and rate of each floral development stage, and flower longevity were determined at five different temperatures in a greenhouse (18, 20, 24, 28, and 31°C). Two cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) 'Blueray' and 'Jersey' were used. Blueberries were grown under natural irradiance. Throughout the growing season, the number of flower clusters per plant was counted and recorded. Flower clusters were tagged to document each stage of floral development and the timing for each floral development stage was determined daily. Flower longevity also was determined as the number of days from early bloom (EB) through petal fall (PF). From this study, we found that more flower clusters were aborted on plants grown at 31°C compared to 18°C by 47% and 66% for 'Blueray' and 'Jersey', respectively. For 'Blueray' grown at 31°C, 52% of the flower clusters were aborted, while 82% of 'Jersey' clusters were aborted when grown at the same temperature. Slight temperature increase from 28 to 31°C significantly affected flower cluster abortion in the 'Jersey' cultivar. The formation and abortion of flower clusters, timing of flowering, and rate of floral development were significantly affected by temperature. 4. Spatial and temporal asynchrony of multitrophic interactions Using development parameters found bee, mite, and blueberry studies above including we modeled their spatial and temporal distribution over the eastern United States (32-48°N and 66-87°W) based on future temperature data for 2006-2100 under various RCP scenarios: RCP 8.5, RCP 6.0, RCP 4.5, and RCP 2.6. Daily minimum and maximum surface temperatures were obtained from the coupled simulations of the Community Earth System Model version 1 using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CESM1-CAM5) under the four RCP scenarios. Based on the simulated model outputs covering 192 (latitude) by 288 (longitude) grid cells (i.e., 0.9375° by 1.25°) for 2006-2100, daily mean temperature was calculated by averaging the daily minimum and maximum temperatures. The results of our models showed that the date for spring emergence of Osmia bees will be much earlier and the number of generations (i.e., voltinism) of the mites would increase more likely by 50-200% by the year of 2100. Our results also suggest that a small increase in temperature could cause decreased flower cluster formation, increased floral bud abortion and accelerated flowering in blueberries, resulting in not only reduction of blueberry yield, but also an asynchronization between blueberries and their pollinators
Publications
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Progress 01/01/14 to 12/31/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Findings from research were presented at two annual conferences of the Entomological Society of America and Organic Farm Field Day at West Virginia University (WVU). At the conferences which over 3,000 people attended, two presentations associated with the project were given. A total of 75 growers, extension agents, and public were attended the field day. In addition, the project team held a project meeting in February and May at West Virginia University by inviting the PI, Co-PIs, growers, farm workers, students, and research staff to introduce and discuss about the project. The results of research were also disseminated to public via outreach with "WVU Insect Zoo and Museum" that the PI is operating at West Virginia University. More than 300 West Virginia citizens including K-12 students received the outreach service in 2014. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? One M.S. student has been working on experimental design, data collection and analysis. Two undergraduate students were involved in this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results of this project have been disseminated to public and science community through two entomology conferences, WVU farm field day, outreach with WVU Insect Zoo and Museum, and one scientific publication. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? The effect of temperature changes on major biological events of blueberry, especially fruit production, will be evaluated and the data will be combined with other data sets from Osmia bee and its parasitic mite to accomplish the goals. In addition, modeling and simulation of temperature-dependent biological events of the bees, mites, and blueberry will be conducted. To investigate temperature dependency, biophysical models will be generated. Cumulative frequency distributions of temperature-dependent biological events of horn-faced bees, hairy-footed mites, and blueberry will be quantified at each constant temperature to estimate median time for each biological event by using Weibull function. Rates of biological events of horn-faced bees, hairy-footed mites, and blueberry will be modeled with the nonlinear biophysical models. For modeling flowering and survival of bees and mites, flowering and stage-specific survival (%) of the bee and the mite will be calculated by dividing the number of those that develop to the next stage by the number of initial cohort at each stage. Flowering (%) and survival (%) in relation to temperature (°C) will be described by using an extreme-value distribution function for each stage. Based on the models and simulations, we will correlate the temperature requirement (i.e. degree days) for each biological event of the bee, the mite, and blueberry to determine the anticipated effect of increasing temperature on their tritrophic relationships: (1) upper and lower temperature thresholds for each biological event, (2) sensitivity of changes in temperature or heat unit requirement for each biological event, and (3) optimum temperatures for each biological event. Based on these results, various future scenarios of temperature change can be tested to see if pollination will benefit or be at risk under temperature increase, heat unit (i.e. degree day) increase, or extension of growing season.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Under this project, the effect of temperature changes on major biological events of parastic mites and blueberry including bloom time, flower senescence, and fruit set was identified (Objective 1) and spatial and temporal patterns of the interactions between bees and mites in the eastern U.S. under various future climate scenarios were identified (Objective 2). Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors that influence crop and arthropod biology. The developmental response of arthropods and crop is important in understanding their life histories, population dynamics, and thus managing crops and associated pests. Arthropod and crop development occurs with a limited and species-specific range of temperature. The stage-specific responses on the temperature were quantitatively determined by applying a linear or various nonlinear models, in order to obtain the biological parameters such as lower development threshold, thermal constant, optimum temperature, and upper developmental threshold. These biological parameters often serve as essential components in a various application models such as phenology prediction, population growth model, geographical distribution model, and simulation of climate change impact. Effect of temperature on parasitic mite of Osmia bee Chaetodactylus krombeini mites were collected on May 2014 from Osmia cornifrons colonies maintained on the Organic Farm of West Virginia University (Morgantown, WV). Newly-laid eggs (< 1d old) of C. krombeini were randomly collected from the laboratory colony and the eggs were individually transferred into a cell of ELISA plate, provisioned with ground natural pollen at the bottom. The developmental times of each life stage (i.e., egg, larva, and nymph) were checked daily at seven constant temperatures (16.1, 20.2, 24.1, 27.5, 30.0, 32.4 and 37.8°C) in environmental chambers (Percival Scientific, Perry, IA; Fisher Scientific, Dubuque, IA). Fifty to a hundred eggs were used at each temperature. The development rates, as a reciprocal of mean development time (1/mean), were plotted against temperature at each stage. Then, relationship between the developmental rates and temperatures was modeled using linear and nonlinear regression. Chaetodactylus krombeini developed successfully from egg to the adult stage at 16.1 - 32.4°C except 37.8°C. The developmental time of each stage was significantly influenced by temperatures (p < 0.01), with the shortest mean development time (8.8 d) at 30.0°C and the longest time (38.2 d) at 16.1°C. Among those successfully developed to adults, total immature development time is composed of 31.1, 26.5 and 42.4% as egg, larva and nymph, respectively. Operative thermal range (i.e., LDT - UDT) of C. krombeini from egg to adult emergence is narrower (11.7-33.7°C) than that of a host bee, O. cornifrons, during postdiapause development (10.5 - 46.2°C) in spring. The optimum temperature of C. krombeini development (32.1°C) is also lower than that of O. cornifrons development (35.7°C). Lower UDT value of C. krombeini indicates that C. krombeini would suffer more than O. cornifrons if exposed to the high temperatures. Therefore, high-temperature treatment (e.g. 33.7-35.7°C) may be considered in spring on the C. krombeini-infested nests of O. cornifrons nest, although duration of the heat treatment must be further examined. Combining the heat treatment and other control measures may be considered to increase control success as C. krombeini development is much inhibited by the high temperature. Effect of temperature on blueberry Flower Longevity analysis. The mean number of days from flower opening to senescence was determined at five different temperatures (16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 °C). Flowers were open longer in cooler temperatures. Number of flowers evaluated, n = 35, 17, 1, 2, and 0 for temperature 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 °C, respectively. Fruit size analysis. The mean size of blueberry fruit was determined. Blueberry fruit were harvested from blueberries grown at five different temperatures. Temperature affected number of fruits but not fruit size. Number of flowers evaluated, n = 12, 7, 14, 0, and 0 for temperature 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 °C, respectively. Fruit Weight analysis. The mean weight of blueberry fruit was determined. Blueberry fruit were harvested from blueberries grown at five different temperatures. Fruit weight was not affected by temperature. Number of fruits evaluated, n = 12, 7, 14, 0, and 0 for temperature 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 °C, respectively. Plants grown at 32 °C experienced senescence of entire inflorescences resulting in no fruit set. Climate data analysis Climate data analysis was conducted with future daily temperature data for 2006-2100 under four different climate scenarios including RCP 8.5, RCP 6.0, RCP 4.5, and RCP 2.6 obtained from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). From the scenarios, phenology of Osmia bee and parasitic mites were generated by acquiring the lower temperature threshold and the thermal constant for bees and mites based on their temperature-dependent development patterns. With cumulated degree days, we obtained the date (Julian day: JD) of development from 2006 to 2100. Also, we analyzed temporal and special patterns of JDs for bees and mites developments in two ways: linear regression trends of the JDs for 2006-2100 and spatial distributions of the JDs for 2006-2100. The trends were generated and will be used for the 2nd year of this project.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Ahn, J. J., Y.-L. Park, C. Jung. 2014. Modeling spring emergence of Osmia cornifrons Radoszkowski (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) females in Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 17: 901905.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Son, Y., J. J. Ahn, and Y.-L. Park. 2014. Temperature-dependent development of Chaetodactylus krombeini (Acari: Chaetodactylidae) associated with Osmia spp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Annual Entomological Society of America Meeting, Portland, OR.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
McKinney, M. M., and Y.-L. Park. 2014. Distribution of Monodontomerus spp. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) in nests of Osmia cornifrons (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Entomological Society of America Branch Meeting, Williamsburg, VA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Lee, E., Y. He, J. J. Ahn, Y.-L. Park, Effects of future climate change on interactions between pollinator bees and bee parasites, The AAG Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 21-25.
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