IMPROVING RISK COMMUNICATION: EXPLORING THE ROLE OF VALUES, ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS ON DECISION MAKING IN ENVIRONMENTAL, AGRICULTURAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH CONTEXTS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1001261
• Project Start Date: Jan 28, 2014
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2018
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
1680 MADISON AVENUE
WOOSTER,OH 44691

Performing Department
School of Natural Resources

Non Technical Summary
My research focuses on the individual decision making process under risk and uncertainty. Specifically, I study the interplay between experiential and analytic information processing and the influence this has on risk perception and ultimately judgment or choice behavior. Experiential and analytic processing are the two modes by which all humans process information and make decisions. The experiential system is largely intuitive and automatic and often dominates decision-making when risk and uncertainty are involved. It is a very efficient system, but one that often leads to very predictable errors and biases in decision making in risk-based contexts. The analytic system is more deliberate and conscious, but necessary for complex decisions involving uncertainty and competing values. Ideally, a balance of the two systems is needed for environmental decision making as values must drive "why" something is important while science, or a more deliberative assessment of risk, must drive "what" should be done to protect those values. In addition to better understanding information processing and decision making under risk, I am also interested in the development of communication efforts and decision support tools that assist individuals in making more informed choices. These efforts and tools should strive to encourage a balance between experiential and analytic processing, and should assist individuals and society on identifying what is truly important (their fundamental values and objectives), and making decisions that are consistent with these values and objectives.Although much of this research is process-based, meaning that the implications are similar for many contexts, there are specific contexts in which I am interested. My previous work focused largely on wildlife, forests and agricultural systems. Namely issues associated with forest restoration and wildfire management, large carnivore conservation, and agricultural risk management issues with implications for environmental and public health (e.g., antimicrobial resistance in livestock, pathogens on fresh produce, and nutrient loss and water quality). Decision making in these contexts has additional relevant implications for preserving biodiversity, increasing agricultural sustainability, and protecting natural resources. These are all important objectives in society because of the intrinsic and extrinsic value placed on natural resources and ecosystem services, as well as the implications of poor resource management for environmental and public health. Ultimately the goal of research in these contexts is to create a better balance between competing objectives to ensure increased sustainability over time.

Animal Health Component

70%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

30%

Applied

70%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
903	7310	3070	100%

Knowledge Area
903 - Communication, Education, and Information Delivery;

Subject Of Investigation
7310 - Experimental design and statistical methods;

Field Of Science
3070 - Psychology;

Keywords

decision making

risk communication

human behavior

climate change

public health

wildfire

risk and uncertainty

wildlife conservation

water quality

agriculture

Goals / Objectives
To further understand what motivates individual choices in complex, risk management contexts through survey research. To identify ways to enhance the communication and synthesis of risk information in individual decision making through experimental research. To encourage more informed risk management decisions both individually and collectively through more strategic outreach and extension efforts.

Project Methods
I use a mixed-methods approach, namely qualitative research (e.g., interviews and focus groups) to ground-truth our theoretical approach within the specific context, followed by mail or online survey research to develop and text predictive behavioral models focused on information processing and decision making. Finally, I conduct experimental research to 1) assess the effectiveness of communication efforts targeting the key drivers of behavior identified through the survey research, as well as 2) assess the effectiveness of decision support tools developed to improve the linkages between science and values in decision making.

Progress 01/28/14 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences reached include university students and professors, members of the public (including underserved minorities), and managers and policy makers ranging from those in local to federal government as well as non-governmental organizations. Such audiences were reached through the collection and presentation of data related to how individuals make environment and natural resource decisions across a variety of contexts. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Thirty-six undergraduate, graduate students and post-docs received training on this project. This training ranged from research design to data analysis to public speaking and scientific writing. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of this research have been published in peer-reviewed scientific journals, as well as presented at national and international conferences and to a variety of practitioner audiences. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Dr. Sintov recruited members of the public from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds as research participants. Through their participation, these individuals learned about the research process and provided valuable research data that contributes to representation of their diverse backgrounds and perspectives in the general research enterprise. Additionally, several projects involved collaboration with community groups. For instance, two projects are partnerships with the Smart Columbus initiative in Columbus, OH. In addition to recruiting members of the public as research participants, these projects involve educating Smart Columbus staff about the research process as well as specific content area of the individual projects, resulting in a change in knowledge among program staff. Student and postdoctoral trainees also experienced changes in knowledge and changes in action as a result of their participation in this research. For instance, trainees improved their skills in survey and research design, as well as manuscript preparation. Research participants experienced changes in actions. For instance, in one study, utility customer participants reduced their peak electricity use by 3-4% in response to a price signal; in another study, participants reported increased recurring pro-environmental behaviors (e.g., recycling, consuming less animal protein) following receipt of carbon footprint feedback. Dr. Berardo published published four articles related to the project, and submitted four other papers for review (two accepted for publication, one with review and resubmit status, and one currently undergoing first review).The published papers have produced change in knowledge in regards to the operation of advocacy coalitions in conflict-ridden policy subsystems. Two of the articles (Heikkila et al. 2018; Costie et al. 2018) show that environmental and institutional crises spark political activity among policy stakeholders in ways that make it more likely for different coalitions to form and spar in public arenas. A third article (Berardo and Holm 2018) shows that coalitions differ in the way they self-organize to favor or oppose specific policies, and that coalitions with higher organizational resources are more likely to be effective in adopting monolithic policy positions. Finally, the fourth article (Mewhirter et al 2018) examines how policy processes are affected by the multiple "games" policy actors play. This article is one of the first to show that policy systems are composed of multiple interdependent decision-making forums, and that there are "institutional externalities" (i.e. changes on decisions in certain forums that are triggered by discussions that take place in different forums) that affect what policy decisions are made, and how they are implemented.Dr. Berardo has also presented work at two national conferences, and continues to work on an NSF-funded project to examine the drivers of conflict in the management of natural resources (SES-1734294). This project currently involves multiple undergraduate and graduate students contributing to data collection and management, and in the case of the graduate students, writing of conference papers.Dr. Berardo is also continuing collaborations with scholars in Europe (University of Utrecht,Stockholm Resilience Center, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), and the Americas (UCLA, UC-Davis, University of Cincinnati, CENPAT-Argentina) to examine the architecture of complex governance systems for the management of shared common-pool resources. Dr. Ard gave several presentations on the role of air toxics have on health outcomes, and health disparities were given to multiple international, national, regional and local audiences. These presentationschanged the knowledgeof regional and local decision-makers on the structural causes of the environmental inequalities that lead to health inequalities by race and class and how these relate to health outcomes. My presentation on political donations and environmental voting to a group of seven U.S. senators in Washington, DC gave them information that was later used on the Senate floor in their "Climate Talks" creating achange in action. The article "Asset or Liability? Ecological and Sociological Tradeoffs of Urban Spontaneous Vegetation on Vacant Land in Shrinking Cities" I co-published in the journalSustainabilitychanged the knowledgeon how vacant urban land is thought about and used by urban planners. Another article I co-published, "Measuring the relationship between state environmental justice action and air pollution inequality, 1990-2009" in the journalReview of Policy Researchhelped to change the knowledge the current environmental justice policy action being undertaking by states of the last two decades has not decreased the gap in exposure between African American and Whites, and in some cases made this gap worse. Dr. WIlson published 9 peer-reviewed publications, gave 4 scholarly presentations (while students and mentees gave another 5 presentations), and one honors student completed her dissertation. Two additional projects were funded and initiated in August 2018, both funded by NIFA: "Developing public-private partnerships to target legacy phosphorus fields to increase water quality and availability" ($5,143,268), and "Building a sustainable and resilient agroecosystem through an understanding of climate and farmer behavioral variability" ($1,199,396). Secondary survey data was collected and analyzed to compare conservation adoption across four Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) priority watersheds, and a report was finalized summarizing these results for an EPA funded project. Several papers were developed and submitted for review based on data analyzed from a panel study of farmer conservation adoption in the western Lake Erie basin (funded by the 4R Research Fund) Finally, a survey was designed that will be launched in January 2019 to assess how farmers might adjust their land use decisions in response to shifting environmental and trade policies (funded by tne National Science Foundation). This work led to a change in knowledge, specifically increased understanding of the unique motivations and constraints of farmers when it comes to adoption of conservation practices across priority watersheds in the Great Lakes. This work is intended to inform a change in action among the US EPA who is looking to improve the way that they distribute and allocate GLRI funds in the future as a result of the lessons learned in this ongoing research. Finally, a change in action occurred among policy and decision makers in Ohio as the result of one of the papers published that summarized the state of the knowledge on how best to engage farmers in conservation to improve the quality of Lake Erie. We received direct feedback that our summary of what practices are most effective, and how best to engage farmers was used to inform the domestic action plan for Ohio's efforts to meet the 40% reduction targets for phosphorus in Lake Erie. Dr. Rakowski visited garden sites for two refugee populations in Columbus -- the Somali Bantu and the Bhutanese Nepali - to assess ongoing activities and to get to know some of the farmers. Research was also conducted on refugee farming in the US for both groups, including in Akron and Cleveland where they are recognized for reviving the farm economy and providing fresh vegetables to local consumers. These activities led to a change in knowledge in terms of what is needed to scale up refugee "gardening" to full-scale "farming," something both groups are actively seeking.

Publications

• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lauren Bates, Preschoolers Attentive Behaviors after Play in Various Settings. The Ohio State University, School of Environment & Natural Resources. Graduated: 2018. Current Positions: Director of Data and Research, AMIkids, Inc.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Francesca Formica. Innovation Among Nutrient Service Providers in the Midwest. M.S. in Environmental Social Sciences. School of Environment and Natural Resources. Defended April 2018.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Federico Holm. Early Involvement and Multi-stage Coalitions in Environmental Rulemaking: A Stakeholder Analysis of the Clean Power Plan. M.S. in Environmental Social Sciences. School of Environment and Natural Resources. Defended April 2018.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Olivia Carros. Promoting cover crop adoption to improve water quality in agricultural landscapes. B.S. in Environment and Natural Resources, Honors Thesis. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Sintov, N.D., & Schuitema, G. (2018). Odd couple or perfect pair? Tensions and opportunities in academia-industry collaborations. Energy Policy, 117, 247-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.03.021
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Sintov, N.D., Seyranian, & Lyet, A. (2018). Fostering adoption of conservation technologies: A case study with wildlife law enforcement rangers. Oryx: The International Journal of Conservation. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317001533
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bullock, Clair*, Ard, Kerry and Saalman, Grace*. 2018. Measuring the relationship between state environmental justice action and air pollution inequality, 1990-2009. Review of Policy Research. 35(3):466-490. doi: 10.1111/ropr.12292
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Riley, Christopher*, Perry, Kayla, Ard, Kerry and Gardiner, Mary. (2018). Asset or Liability? Ecological and Sociological Tradeoffs of Urban Spontaneous Vegetation on Vacant Land in Shrinking Cities. Sustainability. 10(7), 2139. doi: 10.3390/su10072139
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Costie, Daniel, Federico Holm, and Ramiro Berardo. 2018. Hydraulic Fracturing, Coalition Activity and Shock: Assessing the Potential for Coalition-based Collective Action in Argentina's Vaca Muerta Formation." The Extractive Industries and Society 5(4): 499-507.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Berardo, Ramiro, and Federico Holm. 2018. The participation of Core Stakeholders in the Design of, and Challenges to, the U.S. Clean Power Plan." Climate Policy 18(9):1152-1164.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mewhirter, Jack, Mark Lubell, and Ramiro Berardo. 2018. Institutional externalities and actor performance in polycentric governance systems." Environmental Policy and Governance 28(4):295-307.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: J. Bruskotter, J. Vucetich, K. Slagle, R. Berardo, A. Singh, and R.S. Wilson. 2018. United States residents support for the U.S. Endangered Species Act over time and space. Conservation Letters. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12595
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: R.S. Wilson, A. Zwickle and H. Walpole. 2018. Developing a broadly applicable measure of risk perception. Risk Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13207
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: O.R. Young , D.G. Webster, M.E. Cox , J. Raakj�r , L.O. Blaxekj�r , N. Einarsson , R.A. Virginia , J. Acheson , D. Bromley , E. Cardwell , C. Carothers , E. Eyth�rsson , R.B. Howarth , S. Jentoft , B.J. McCay, F. McCormack , G. Osherenko , E. Pinkerton , R.van Ginkel , J.A Wilson , L. Rivers, III, R.S. Wilson. 2018. Moving beyond panaceas in fisheries governance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716545115
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: G. Karns, A. Heeren, E. Toman, R.S. Wilson, H. Szarek and J.T. Bruskotter. 2018. Should grizzly bears be hunted or protected? Social and organizational affiliations influence scientific judgments. Canadian Wildlife Biology and Management, 7(1): 18-30.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: R.S. Wilson, D. Schlea, C. Boles, and T. Redder. 2018. Using models of farmer behavior to inform eutrophication policy in the Great Lakes. Water Research, 139(1): 38-46
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: E. Burnett*, R.S. Wilson, A. Heeren and J. Martin. 2018. "Farmer adoption of cover crops in the western Lake Erie basin." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 73(2): 143-155.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Smith, D.R., R.S. Wilson, K.W. King, M. Zwonitzer, J.M. McGrath, R.D. Harmel, R.L. Haney, and L.T. Johnson. 2018. Lake Erie, phosphorus and microcystin: Is it really the farmers fault? Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 73(1): 48-57.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Sintov, N., Seyranian, V., & Tambe, M. (2018). Adoption of conservation technologies. Wildlife Crime: From Theory to Practice. Moreto, E., Ed.
• Type: Books Status: Under Review Year Published: 2018 Citation: Heikkila, Tanya, Ramiro Berardo, Christopher Weible, and Hongtao Yi. The Drivers of Conflict in Hydraulic Fracturing Policy in the U.S. Under review at Cambridge University Press for inclusion in its Series on Organizations and the natural environment.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Heikkila, Tanya, Ramiro Berardo, Christopher Weible, and Hongtao Yi. 2018. A Comparative View of Advocacy Coalitions: Exploring Shale Development Politics in the United States, Argentina, and China." Journal of Comparative Public Policy: Research and Practice. DOI: 10.1080/13876988.2017.1405551
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: L.R. Gerber, M.C. Runge, R.F. Maloney, C.A. Drew, G.D. Iacona, S. Avery-Gomm, G.D. Iacona, J. Brazil-Boast, D. Crouse, R.S. Epanchin-Niell, S. Hall, L.A. Maguire, T. Male, D. Morgan, J. Newman, H. Possingham, L. Rumpff, K.C.B. Weiss, R.S. Wilson and M. Zapblan. In press. Explicit resource allocation promotes recovery under the Endangered Species Act. Science (Policy Forum).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Adams, I., & Sintov, N.D. (2018, August). The Role of Trust in Feedbacks Translation to Pro-Environmental Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Consumption. Presented at the American Psychological Association annual meeting, San Francisco, CA.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: K. Slagle*, J.T. Bruskotter, R.S. Wilson and E. Toman. In press. The symbolic wolf: A construal level theory analysis of the perceptions of wolves in the United States. Society & Natural Resources.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: V. Campbell-Arvai, D. Bessette, R.S. Wilson and J. Arvai. 2018. Decision-making about the Environment. In The Sage Handbook of Nature, Volume 2. Edited by Terry Marsden. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Sintov, N.D., Slagle, K., & Walpole, H. (2018, August). When norms compete to influence household energy use. Presented at the American Psychological Association annual meeting, San Francisco, CA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Forbes, C., Scherer, H., Wang, H.-H., Sintov, N.D., Li, C., & Millenbah, K. (2018, July). Building a National Collaborative for Food, Energy, and Water Education (NC-FEW): Insights from a National Conference. To be presented at the 4th annual Earth Educators Rendezvous, Lawrence, KS.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Forbes, C., Scherer, H., Wang, H.-H., Sintov, N.D., Li, C., & Millenbah, K. (2018, June). National Collaborative for Research on Food, Energy, and Water Education. Presented at the 6th annual convention of the Network of STEM Education Centers, Columbus, OH.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ard, Kerry. (Panelist). How Exposure to Air Pollution Varies by Hispanic/Latino Ethnicity: Across Time and Space. The 2018 International Conference on Aging in the Americas. Tucson, Arizona, United States. (2018)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ard, Kerry. (Presenter). The Tradeoff Paradox: Racialized Poverty Segregation and Industrial Facilities in the U.S. Over Time. America Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Pennsylvania Convention Center. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. (2018)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ard, Kerry (Presenter) and Kelly, Paige*. The Effect of Public Opinion on Environmental Policy in the Face of the Environmental Countermovement. Richard Wesley Conference on Environmental Politics and Governance (EPG), Department of Political Science, Stockholm University. Stockholm, Sweden. (2018)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ard, Kerry. (Presenter). The Effect of Public Opinion on Environmental Policy in the Face of the Environmental Countermovement. XVIII ISA World Congress of Sociology. Toronto, Canada. (2018)
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ard, Kerry. (Invited Seminar Presenter). The Political Power of Environmental Justice Communities. Presented at Environmental Policy Research Seminar, the School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University. Bloomington, Indiana, United States. (2018)
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ard, Kerry. (Invited Seminar Presenter). The Tradeoff Paradox: Examining the Relationship between Racialized Poverty Segregation and Industrial Facilities in the U.S. Over Time. Presented at Center for Family and Demographic Research Speaker Series, Bowling Green State University. Bowling Green, Ohio, United States. (2018) www.bgsu.edu/arts-and-sciences/center-for-family-demographic-research/speaker-series.html
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ard, Kerry. (Invited Seminar Presenter). The Political Power of Environmental Justice Communities. Presented at the Environmental Science Graduate Program Weekly Seminar. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. (2018) https://esgp.osu.edu/events/filter/17
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Berardo, Ramiro, Kelly Turner, and Stian Rice. Coordination Fitness in High-Risk Social-Ecological Systems." American Political Science Association annual meeting. Boston. August 29-September 1.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: R.S. Wilson, M. Beetstra, and M. Doidge. 2018. Building farmer efficacy to promote conservation adoption. Presented at the Soil and Water Conservation Society Annual Conference, Albuquerque, NM, United States.

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences reached include members of the public (e.g., farmers), managers and policy makers through the collection and presentation of data related to how individuals make environment and natural resource decisions across a variety of contexts. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Dr. Berardo's research provided training to 2 graduate students, 1 undergraduate honors student, and 7undergraduate research assistants, who worked in data collection and management. Dr. Ard's research provided opportunities to work on publications to several graduate students (4 students). She was also involvedin the submission and publication of seven works, which were authored by graduate students. Three of these were co-authored short encyclopediaentriesrelated to green spaces and sustainability in world cities. The others were two Masters students who submitted their theses for publication and two early PhD students who each submitted a book review that was published. She also mentored a high school student from Metro High School who did a research project on air pollution and health inequalitiesby race. Dr. Rakowski's research provided training to one graduate student from ACEL. Dr. Wilson's research provided research training to 4 graduate students, 1 undergraduate honors student, 1 undergraduate research assistant and a post-doctoral researcher. Specifically, the students were mentored by the PI throughout the research process from writing a literature review, to collecting and analyzing data, to writing up and presenting that data. Dr. Sintov's research provided research training to 1 post-doctoral researcher, 2 graduate students and 5 undergraduate students. Specifically, Dr. Sintov mentored the trainees in developing study protocols and data collection tools, executing data collection, drafting a literature review, manuscript development, and applying for funding opportunities. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of this research have been published in peer-reviewed scientific journals, as well as presented at national and international conferences and to variety of practitioner audiences. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Dr. Berardo will continue analyzing available data, and in addition will collect new data on conflict and cooperation in the design and implementation of state-level legislation in 15 U.S. states to protect water quality and regulate the unconventional production of oil and gas reserves. Dr. Wilson will continue data analysis on existing data sets. A new survey will be conducted in winter 2018, completing a panel study of farmer decision making related to nutrient management and water quality. Secondary data collection and analysis will also occur on the new EPA grant to assess the impact of GLRI / US EPA funding on farmer adoption of conservation practices in the Great Lakes. Finally, participatory modeling will begin for the new NSF INFEWS project aimed at ground truthing farmer decision making models and developing a survey and a set of choice experiments to understand farmer land use decisions under various policy scenarios. Dr. Sintov will begin data analysis on the datasets collected as part of the NSF and Smart Columbus projects. Additionally, new surveys will be developed and administered for the FEWprints project and additional primary data will be collected analyzed from that effort. Additional data will be collected for the NSF project. The USDA-NIFA award is for developing and hosting a new conference; I will contribute to planning and executing this meeting.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Dr. Rakowski initiated research on agricultural production (farming and gardening) by refugee and immigrant groups in urban Columbus, Ohio. She visited three gardens established by Bhutanese, Burmese, and Somali refugee families. Contact was made with the staff person in charge of Bhutanese and Burmese refugees at CRIS in August 2017 in order to plan for future meetings and to extend the list of contacts. Interviews were conducted with 1 staff person from Local Matters and 4 staff members at Ethiopian Tewahedo Social Services. Both organizationsare assisting these refugees with their gardens. The meeting elicited information on the importance of gardensto grow traditional varieties of corn and vegetables as well as their importance for preserving cultural identity andreducingthe problem of depression. Rakowski also has been in contact with Anthropology professor Jeffrey Cohen (who has initiated research on Latino immigrants in SW Columbus) about possibly extending the focus of the refugee/immigrant gardening/farming project in the future to include Latino immigrants, although others working with Latino communities have found few families engaged in food production. Dr. Berardo published three papers and one book chapter, and submitted 6 other papers (one accepted for publication, two with review and resubmit status, and three currently under review). He also presented at multiple conferences, and wrote two new federal grant proposals, one of which was funded (NSF project SES-1734294, funded under the Decision, Risk, and Management Sciences division). This project aims at uncovering the drivers of conflict over the development of non-conventional oil and gas exploration and production in 15 U.S. states. Currently, the team of PIs (from OSU and UC-Denver) is collecting data with the assistance of 8 undergraduate students and three graduate students. Dr. Berardo also started collaborative partnerships with scholars at the University of Utrecht (to study the institutional structure affecting adaptation to climate change in 44 large deltas across the planet) the Stockholm Resilience Center (to study adaptive governance of freshwater in Peru and Brazil), Kent State University (to examine the networks of legally mandated coordination among policy actors in the Maumee River watershed), and the Patagonia National Center (CENPAT) in Argentina (to study decision making forums in the Chubut River basin that deal with water scarcity in the watershed). Dr. Ard published a paper inEnvironmental Politicswith two graduate student co-authors examining the influences on environmental voting in Congress over time. She published a paper inDiabetes Carewith two graduate students as well, and across disciplines and institutions. In it she reviewed the scientific literature examining a relationship between exposure to groups of environmental toxins shown to be related to metabolic disregulation. Finally, in a project with SENR colleague, Jeremy Bruskotter, she examined the social conditions related to wildlife conservation. She also applied for and was on the short list for four federal grants from: the National Institutes of Health, The US Environmental Protection Agency, and the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. Dr. Wilson published several papers, presented at multiple conferences, and wrote six new federal grant proposals (two of which have been funded through the EPA GLRI and NSF IN FEWS, three proposals are still pending). She also began two new projects as co-Principal Investigator on a "SESYNC Pursuits Proposal: Risk Perception in Provision of Aquatic Ecosystem Services" and "Meeting the Middle: Developing and Implementing Outreach Strategies to Engage Middle and Late Adopter Farmers on Cover Crops" with the National Wildlife Federation via the Great Lakes Protection Fund. The general impact associated with this project was an increase in knowledge of the factors that influence decision making and ultimately lead to human behaviors that increase or decrease environmental, agricultural and human health risks. For example, practitioners and policy makers are using this research to inform outreach and policy aimed at promoting best nutrient management practices in the western Lake Erie basin. Our survey research with farmers demonstrated that best management practice adoption goals can be reached by simply targeting the 30-40% of the farming population who is willing to adopt new practices. Such targeting can be done by increasing the perceived efficacy of the recommended practices as that seems to be a significant barrier to adoption among the most motivated individuals. In addition to this increase in knowledge, several specific data collection efforts were completed. These efforts include: several field experiments aimed at measuring the effect of outreach on perceived efficacy (e.g., through the Blanchard River Demonstration Farm Network), and completion of interviews with farmers about cover crop adoption. Dr. Sintov published several papers, presented at several national and international conferences, wrote two new federal grant proposals (one of which was successful: USDA-NIFA: Innovating Teaching and Learning in the Nexus: Capacity-Building for Undergraduate Food, Energy, & Water Education; PI: Forbes, University of Nebraska), and several industry grant proposals. In addition, she published 4 papers, with an additional 2 papers and 1 book chapter accepted, and an additional 2 papers submitted and under review. She also secured a sub-award for a National Science Foundation project (#1522054: Expanding the Horizons of Computational Sustainability). She secured an internal grant from the OSU Sustainable and Resilient Economies program (Investigating and quantifying household-level food (F)- energy (E) - water (W) footprints (FEWprints). She also launched a collaboration with the Smart Columbus initiative to investigate consumer perceptions of electric vehicles and build a model of electric vehicle adoption in central Ohio.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: A. Heeren*, G. Karns, J.T. Bruskotter, E. Toman, R.S. Wilson and H. Szarek*. 2017. Expert judgment and uncertainty regarding the protection of imperiled species. Conservation Biology, 31(3): 657-665.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: C P Weaver, R H Moss, K L Ebi, P H Gleick, P C Stern, C Tebaldi, R S Wilson and J L Arvai. 2017. "Reframing climate change assessments around risk: recommendations for the US National Climate Assessment". Environmental Research Letters, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7494
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: R.S. Wilson, S.M. McCaffrey, and E. Toman. 2017. "Wildfire Communication and Climate Risk Mitigation". Oxford Climate Encyclopedia. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.570
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Berardo, Ramiro, Isabella Alcaniz, and Lorien Jasny. 2017. Networks and the Politics of the Environment." In Nicoll Victor, Jennifer, Mark Lubell, and Alexander H. Montgomery (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Political Networks. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.26.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Sintov, N.D., Seyranian, & Lyet, A. (in press). Fostering adoption of conservation technologies: A case study with wildlife law enforcement rangers. Oryx: The International Journal of Conservation.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Sintov, N., *Kar, D., Nguyen, T., Fang, F., Hoffman, K., Lyet, A., & Tambe, M. (2017). Keeping it real: Using real-world problems to teach AI to Diverse Audiences. Artificial Intelligence Magazine.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Sintov, N.D., Geislar, S., & *White, L. (in press). The role of cognitive accessibility in pro-environmental behavioral spillover: Results from a community field experiment of household food waste management. Environment and Behavior.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: *White, L., & Sintov, N. (2017). You are what you drive: Environmentalist and social innovator symbolism drive electric vehicle adoption intentions. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 99, 94-113. doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.03.008
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Sintov, N.D., & Schultz, P.W. (2017). Making smart homes more sustainable with adjustable green defaults. Sustainability special issue on the Advent of Smart Homes, 9, doi: doi:10.3390/su9040622 Schuitema, G., & Sintov, N. (2017). Should we quit our jobs? Challenges, barriers, and recommendations for interdisciplinary energy research. Energy Policy, 101, 246-250.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Sintov, N., Seyranian, V., & Tambe, M. (in press). Adoption of conservation technologies. Wildlife Crime: From Theory to Practice. Moreto, E., Ed.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Heikkila, Tanya, Ramiro Berardo, Christopher Weible, and Hongtao Yi. Comparing Advocacy Coalitions: A Study of Shale Development in the United States, Argentina, and China." Journal of Comparative Public Policy (forthcoming).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mewhirter, Jack, Eric Coleman, and Ramiro Berardo. 2017. Power Dynamics in Complex Governance Systems." Policy Studies Journal. DOI: 10.1111/psj.12227.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lubell, Mark, Jack Mewhirter, Ramiro Berardo, and John T. Scholz. 2017. Transaction Costs and the Perceived Effectiveness of Complex Institutional Systems." Public Administration Review 77(5): 668-680. DOI: 10.1111/puar.12622.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Berardo, Ramiro, Francesca Formica*, Jeffrey Reutter, and Ajay Singh. 2017. Impact of Land Use Activities in the Maumee River Watershed on Harmful Algal Blooms in Lake Erie." Case Studies in the Environment. June: 1-8. DOI: 10.1525/cse.2017.sc.450561
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kerry Ard, Nick Garcia*, and Paige Kelly*. (2017). Another avenue of action: an examination of climate change countermovement industries use of PAC donations and their relationship to Congressional voting over time. Environmental Politics. Forthcoming.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ruiz, Daniel*, Marisol Becerra*, Jyotsna Jagai, Kerry Ard, and Robert M. Sargis. 2017. Disparities in Environmental Exposures to Endocrine- Disrupting Chemicals and Diabetes Risk in Various Ethnic Groups. Diabetes Care. 41(January):114.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jeremy T. Bruskotter, John A. Vucetich, Michael J. Manfredo, Gabriel R. Karns, Christopher Wolf, Kerry Ard, Neil H. Carter, Jos� Vicente L�pez-Bao, Guillaume Chapron, Stanley D. Gehrt, William J. Ripple. (2017). Modernization, Risk, and Conservation of the World's Largest Carnivores. BioScience. 67(7):646655.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: E. Burnett*, R.S. Wilson and A. Heeren*. In press. "Farmer adoption of cover crops in the Maumee watershed." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2017 Citation: D.L. Bessette*, R.S. Wilson, and J.L. Arvai. In press. Do people disagree with themselves? On the internal consistency of everyday and complex decisions. Risk Analysis.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: E. Walpole*, E. Toman, and R.S. Wilson. In press. Shared visions, future challenges: a case study of three Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program locations. Ecology & Society.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Smith, D.R., R.S. Wilson, K.W. King, M. Zwonitzer, J. McGrath, R. Daren Harmel, R. Haney, and L. Johnson. In press. Lake Erie, phosphorus and microcystin: Is it really the farmers fault?. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: A. Singh*, A. Zwickle*, J.T. Bruskotter, and R.S. Wilson. 2017. The perceived psychological distance of climate change impacts and its influence on support for adaptation policy. Environmental Science and Policy, 73: 93-99.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: J.F. Obrycki*, N.T. Basta, and R.S. Wilson. 2017. Evaluating public and regulatory acceptance for urban soil management approaches. Journal of Environmental Quality, 48(1): 20-26.

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences reached include members of the public (e.g., farmers), managers and policy makers through the collection and presentation of data related to how individuals make environment and natural resource decisions across a variety of contexts. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project provided research training to 1 graduate student, 1 undergraduate honors student, 2 undergraduate research assistants and a post-doctoral researcher. Specifically, the students were mentored by the PI throughout the research process from writing a literature review, to collecting and analyzing data, to writing up and presenting that data. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of this research are being written up in scientific manuscripts and presented at a combination of both scientific conferences and practitioner focused meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Data analysis on existing data sets will continue, as well as a new set of experiments aimed at testing how to increase the perceived efficacy of practices to increase farmer adoption of recommended practices to reduce nutrient loss and improve water quality.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The general impact associated with this project was an increase in knowledge of the factors that influence decision making and ultimately lead to human behaviors that increase or decrease environmental, agricultural and human health risks. For example, practitioners and policy makers are using this reaserch to inform outreach and policy aimed at promoting best nutrient management practices in the western Lake Erie basin. Our survey research with farmers demonstrated that best management practice adoption goals can be reached by simply targeting the 30-40% of the farming population who is willing to adopt new practices. Such targeting can be done by increasing the perceived efficacy of the recommended practices as that seems to be a significant barrier to adoption among the most motivated individuals. In addition to this increase in knowledge, several specific data collection efforts were completed. These efforts include: a survey of farmers in the western lake Erie basin focusing on the effectiveness of the 4R outreach effort in the Great Lakes Basin, a set of interviews to pilot test a draft decision support tool aimed at improving weed managmeent decisions in organic agriculture, a set of experiments testing the effectiveness of information about the benefits of evacuation during a wildfire event, and a mail survey of 4,000 Ohio residents about their environmental concern and perceptions of exposure to environmental harms and benefits and objective measures of environmental hazards and assets.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Irwin, E., J. Campbell, R.S. Wilson, A. Faggian, R. Moore and N. Irwin. 2016. Human adaptations in food, energy and water systems. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 6(1):127-139.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: W. Zhang, R.S. Wilson, E. Burnett, E. Irwin, J. Martin. In press. "What Motivates Farmers to Apply Phosphorus at the "Right" Time? Survey evidence from the Western Lake Erie Basin." Journal of Great Lakes Research.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: E. Burnett, R.S. Wilson and A. Heeren. "Farmer adoption of cover crops in the Maumee watershed." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: S. Zwickle, R.S. Wilson, D. Bessette, C. Herms and D. Doohan. "Facilitating ecological weed management decisions by assessing risk-benefit tradeoffs." Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 40(7):635-659.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: A. Heeren, J. Bruskotter, G. Karns, E. Toman and R. Wilson. "Expert Judgment and Uncertainty Regarding the Protection of Imperiled Species." Conservation Biology.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: K.A. George, K.M. Slagle, R.S. Wilson, S.J. Moeller, and J.T. Bruskotter. 2016. "Changes in attitudes toward animals in the United States from 1978 to 2014." Biological Conservation, 201: 237-242
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: H. Walpole. 2016. Why stay? Why go? An examination of attitudes towards risk in wildfire evacuation decision making. Masters Thesis. Columbus, Ohio.

Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences reached include members of the public (e.g., farmers), managers and policy makers through the collection and presentation of data related to how individuals make environment and natural resource decisions across a variety of contexts. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project provided research training to 2 graduate students and 2 undergraduate honors students. Specifically, the students were mentored by the PI throughout the research process from writing a literature review, to collecting and analyzing data, to writing up and presenting that data. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of this research are being written up in scientific manuscripts and presented at a combination of both scientific conferences and practitioner focused meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?A survey of farmers in the western Lake Erie basin focused on the effectiveness of 4R outreach and policy aimed at mitigating nutrient loss.A new project funded by NIFA focused on developing a decision support tool to assist organic farmers (and transitioning conventional farmers) in identifying suites of weed management practices for their farmer, paired with experiments testing the quality of the decision support tool at informing tradeoffs and changes in practices.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The general impact associated with this project was an increase in knowledge of the factors that influence decision making and ultimately lead to human behaviors that increase or decrease environmental, agricultural and human health risks. For example, practitioners and policy makers are using this reaserch to inform outreach and policy aimed at promoting best nutrient management practices in the western Lake Erie basin. Our survey research with farmers demonstrated that farmers with higher perceived efficacy (or ability to implement practices that they believe will work at a site-specific level) were more likely to be engaged in BMPs. Decision makers in the state of Ohio are now talking about ways to provide site-specific, tailored decision support to farmers to increase efficacy and promote BMPs. Similarly, our project with the USFS focused on household evacuation decisions during wildfire events is informing how the USFS and other public safety officials might engage homeowners to ensure that more homeowners develop a response plan for wildfire events. Our survey research identified differences in individual risk tolerance that may make a particular homeowner more or less likely to evacuate early, versus wait for more information to assess the threat, versus stay and defend their home. Individuals at greatest risk, those who "wait and see" tend to be tolerant of safety and property risks, but have a tendency toward evacuation, they just have higher thresholds of what they consider dangerous. Policy makers could increase the likelihood of such indivdiuals evacuating earlier if they more clearly identify the risks to one's safety that come with waiting too long during a wildfire event, and the tendnecy for decision cues (such as seeing fire) to be unreliable indicators of wildfire risk.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wilson, R.S., D.J. Hardisty, R.S. Epanchin-Niell, M.C. Runge, K.L. Cottingham, D.L. Urban, L.A. Maguire, A. Hastings, P.J. Mumby, and D.P. Peters. 2015. A typology of time-scale mismatches and behavioral interventions to diagnose and solve conservation problems. Conservation Biology. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12632
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Slagle, K., R.S. Wilson and A. Heeren. 2015. "Seeking, Thinking, Acting: Understanding suburban resident perceptions and behaviors related to stream quality." Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 51(3), 821-832.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Yocco, V.S., Bruskotter, J.T., Wilson, R.S., & Heimlich, J.E. 2015. Why Should I Care? Exploring the Use of Environmental Concern as a Frame of Communication in Zoos. The Journal of Environmental Education, 46(1), 56-71.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Connolly, Katherine. 2015. Exploring the relative influence of knowledge, values and risk perception on engagement in climate change mitigation behaviors. Honors Thesis. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: McClendon, Miranda. 2015. Assessing the effectiveness of a climate change communication intervention: an experimental study. Honors Thesis. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University.

Progress 01/28/14 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Target audiences include members of the public, managers and policy makers. The data collection efforts focus largely on the general population (i.e., homeowners, consumers, etc) and resource managers (farmers, forest managers, etc). The results of the research will be geared both toward these two general audiences as well as policy makers charged with designing policy to inform decisoin making among the general population and managers. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? This project provided reserach training to 3 graduate students and 3 undergraduate researchers. Specifically, the students were mentored by the principal investigator throughout the research process from writing a literature review, to collecting and analyzing data, to writing up and presenting that data. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results of this research were presented at several academic conferences and meetings with practitioners, as well as published in scientific manuscripts. The results are also highlighted on several project websites. In addition, one component of the project that focused on climate change and public health involved presentations to over 20 community groups in the greater Columbus area, educating them about climate change and the relevant local impacts in Columbus and actions we can take to minimize the impacts. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? GENERAL IMPACT: Often policy and communication efforts are designed without an appropriate understanding of how a particular audience will respond, or what information needs are actually most relevant to promote a change in action. The common impact associated with this project was an increase in knowledge of the factors that influence decision making and ultimately lead to human behaviors that increase or decrease environmental, agricultural, and human health risks. The most significant change in action has occurred at the level of policy-making and outreach, where findings from this project have led to an increased focus on the behavioral factors influencing decision making across multiple contexts. For example, the city of Columbus is using the results of our research on local residents perceptions of climate change and support for climate action to inform the devlepoment of a citywide climate action plan. In addition, practitioners and policy makers engaged in the issues surrounding Lake Erie and Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) are using the results of our research on farmer decision making to inform outreach and policy aimed at improving nutrient management practices on the farm. Objective 1: Basic Studies. A dissertation was published focusing on construal level theory and the ability to frame messages to increase the weight that individuals put on future outcomes when making decisions. The resutls indicate that the way that individuals consture an event (either concretely or abstractly) does influence their perception of risk and their willingness to take action. Specifically, individuals who are presented information in a concrete manner (i.e., events happening today) have higher perceptions of risk only when the issue is not relevant to them. Inidividuals for whom an issue is highly relevant (e.g., climate change for an environmentalist) are more motivated by information presented in an abstract manner (i.e., events happening in the future). Wildfire Risk Perception and Forest Management. Data anlaysis is ongoing on survey data being used to develop a behavioral model of evacuation decisions. Results indicate that individuals who are more risk tolerant (i.e., willing to accept risk) are more likely to stay behind during a wildfire event and defend their home and property. These individuals also believe they have more control over wildfire, and believe that they are sufficiently prepared to defend their home. Wildlife Tolerance and Message Framing. A national survey was conducted to assess tolerance for wolves and develop a model to explain tolerance. This survey is also being used to collect data on the symbolism associated with wolves, and how such symbolism is used in the public debate. Data anlysis is ongoing. Agricultural Risk Communication and Farmer Behavior. A survey was conducted in the Maumee watershed to assess farmer nutrient management behavior, and associated values and beliefs. The results indicate that farmers are more likely to adopt recommended conservation practices on their field when they believe that nutirnet loss is likely to result in personal negative impacts, and when they believe that the tools being recommended are efficacious. Climate Change and Water Quality. A survey and a series of presentations were conducted with residents of Columbus to assess their beliefs about climate change and their support for City action. The analysis is ongoing. All of these studies led to a change in knowledge as described above. No changes in action or conditions are reported. Objective 2: Climate Change and Water Quality. A pre-post experiment was conducted with residents of Columbus, OH, to assess how information about climate change might change four critical beliefs (i.e., that climate change is real, caused by people, bad for people and solvable). Residents attended a 30 minute presentation developed to support these beliefs and they answered a series of questions pre-post exposure to the presentation. Analysis is ongoing. This study led to a change in knowledge as described above. Changes in action include changes in household behaviors aimed at addressing climaate change. For example, at least one participant in the presentations indicated that she will now go home and start washing her clothes in cold water. The post-test and longitudinal experimental data being collected will let us assess to what extent such changes in action are widespread. No changes in conditions are reported. Objective 3: Agricultural Risk Communication and Farmer Behavior. Resutls from our ongoing farmer surveys focused on harmful algal blooms and nutrient management are being shared with policy makers and practitioners throughout the Midwest. Although we can report a change in knowledge, there is only anecdotal evidence that our research is contributing ot a change in action among those communicating with farmers and designing policy. No changes in condition are reported as a direct result of this research. Climate Change and Water Quality. SImilar to above, results from our ongoing work with Columbus resdients on climate change are being shared with local policy makers and practitioners in Columbus. Although we can report a change in knowledge among these individuals, there is only anecdotal evidence that our research is contributing ot a change in action among those working on climate change at the CIty level. No changes in condition are reported as a direct result of this research.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hersha DK, Wilson RS, Baird AM. "What individuals know, do not know, and need to know about watershed health in an urbanizing USA Midwestern city: A mental model approach." Urban Water Journal. Vol. 11, no. 6: 482-496
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2014 Citation: Slagle, K., R.S. Wilson and A. Heeren. Seeking, Thinking, Acting: Understanding suburban resident perceptions and behaviors related to stream quality. Journal of the American Water Resources Association
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wilson,Robyn,S; Howard,Gregory; Burnett,Elizabeth,A. "Improving nutrient management practices in agriculture: The role of risk-based beliefs in understanding farmers' attitudes toward taking additional action." WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH. Vol. 50, no. 8: 6735-6746
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Zwickle, S., R.S. Wilson and D. Doohan. "Identifying the challenges of promoting Ecological Weed Management (EWM) in organic agroecosystems through the lens of behavioral decision making." Agriculture and Human Values. Vol. 31: 355-370.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Yocco V, Bruskotter J, Wilson RS, Heimlich JE. "Why Should I Care? Exploring the Use of Environmental Concern as a Frame of Communication in Zoos." The Journal of Environmental Education. Vol. 46, no. 1: 56-71.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Burnett, E. 2014. The Influence of Farmer Stress and Hardiness on Adoption of Best Management Practices in the Maumee Watershed. Masters Thesis: Columbus, OH.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Zwickle, A. 2014. Communicating Environmental Risks. Doctoral Dissertation: Columbus, OH.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wilson, R.S. 2014. Carnviores as a hazard: The role of risk perception in predicting public acceptance. American Psychological Association Annual Conference: Washington, D.C.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wilson, R.S. 2014. Accurate vs. heightened perceptions of risk: The role of the transparent communicator. State of the Art Transparency: Lessons from Europe and North America: Tamaris, France.