Source: WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
MANAGING PLANT MICROBE INTERACTIONS IN SOIL TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1001162
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
W-3147
Project Start Date
Nov 14, 2013
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2018
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
240 FRENCH ADMINISTRATION BLDG
PULLMAN,WA 99164-0001
Performing Department
Mt. Vernon Res & Ext Unit
Non Technical Summary
Soilborne pathogens of dryland wheat result in 10-30% losses yearly. These fungi and nematodes (tiny worms) attack the root system, so plants cannot take up adequate amounts of water and nutrients, which reduces yields. Growers do not have resistant varieties or fungicides/nematicides that can be used on these crops with a relatively low value per acre. However, there are natural populations of bacteria in the soil that can build up and suppress or limit these root pathogens. Natural suppression has been observed in eastern Washington, where the pathogen is still present, the host is still susceptible, but disease has declined or no longer occurs. How has this happened? We want to identify these microbes and their communities that limit these detrimental pathogens, understand how they work, and how growers can manipulate their growing systems (i.e., tillage, rotation, irrigation) to favor the buildup of these friendly microbes. The result is a natural control of these diseases without any costly grower inputs. In addition, soilborne pathogens continue to cause significant quantitative and qualitative losses in vegetable and vegetable seed crops in the Columbia Basin and northwestern Washington. Soil amendments such as limestone and compost show promise for inducing suppressiveness to some of these pathogens, and will continue to be evaluated in grower-cooperator trials and at research centers to assess mechanisms of suppressiveness, optimized use of induced suppression of soilborne pathogens, and cultural practices to reduce losses to these pathogens.
Animal Health Component
30%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
60%
Applied
30%
Developmental
10%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
21215491160100%
Knowledge Area
212 - Pathogens and Nematodes Affecting Plants;

Subject Of Investigation
1549 - Wheat, general/other;

Field Of Science
1160 - Pathology;
Goals / Objectives
To identify and characterize new biological agents, microbial community structure and function, naturally suppressive soils, cultural practices, and organic amendments that provide management of diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens. To understand how microbial populations and microbial gene expression are regulated by the biological (plants and microbes) and physical environment and how they influence disease. Implement sustainable management strategies for soilborne pathogens that are biologically based and are compatible with soil health management practices. Provide outreach, education, extension and technology transfer to our clients and stakeholders- growers, biocontrol industry, graduate and undergraduate students, K-12 students and other scientists.
Project Methods
We will continue research at a number of field locations - Lind, WA (Washington State UniversityDryland Research Center), the Ron Jirava Farm, the Cook Agronomy Farm in Pullman, and the Kambitch Farm in Genesee, ID. Samples will be taken from soil and rhizospheres, DNA extracted, and communities of fungi and bacteria analyzed with high-throughput sequencing. Several treatments are imposed - irrigation vs. dryland, conventional tillage vs. no-till, and various rotation crops. We will also be looking at levels of the antifungal compound phenazine in the rhizosphere of wheat in the Lind experiment. We are continuing to use real-time PCR to assess the distribution of Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, lesion nematode and cereal cyst nematode across eastern Washington. Research will continue in the irrigated production region of the Columbia Basin and in the rainfed agricultural area of northwestern Washington on soilborne diseases of vegetable crops such as onion, pea, carrot, and spinach. Trials will continue to be set up in grower-cooperator fields, at the Oregon State UniversityHermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, and at WSU Research and Extension Centers such as the Northwest REC. Soil amendments such as limestone, compost, and mycorrhizae, as well as seed treatments, cultural practices, and cultivar evaluations will be continued. Soil nutrient and microbial analyses will be done using high-throughput methods such as pyrosequencing, real-time PCR assays, and some proprietary lab methods to quantify plant pathogens and mycorrhizae, monitor soil microbial communities, and assess soil health/quality. Disease development and yield losses caused by various soilborne vegetable pathogens will be monitored in relation to the treatments evaluated. Extensive collaborations will continue with growers and other stakeholders for improved capacity to manage soilborne diseases of vegetables.

Progress 11/14/13 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Farmers, researchers, extension specialists, consultants, seed and other agricultureal industry personnel, graduate and undergraduate students, postdoctorates, and technical staff. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Refer to Objective 4 above. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Refer to the numerous conference presentations, workshops, field days, stakeholder/grower meetings, and publications/reports. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Obj. 1: Glyphosate (Roundup) has subtle and minor effects on soil microbes. Glyphosate use in direct-seed no-till systems reduces soil erosion and fossil fuel inputs. Growers are concerned about non-target effects on beneficial soil microbes. Using pyro sequencing, soil microbial communities were compared in fields with a long history vs. no history of glyphosate use. Location and cropping system had much larger effects on fungal and bacterial communities than glyphosate effects. Biosolids can shift soil bacterial communities. Biosolids (processed sewage sludge) are applied to dryland wheat as a source of N. Next-generation sequencing showed field-applied biosolids shifted bacterial communities in soil and dust. Some are gut inhabitants but most are soil bacteria that colonize biosolids. This assessed biosolids safety, especially in dust that blows 100s of miles. Correlation of changes in soil metabolome and microbiome predict mechanisms of ASD-induced disease control. Metabolic and microbial community profiling generated dimensional datasets and network analysis to identify sequential transformations in aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, and anaerobic soil phases of anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD). Links in groups of metabolites and microorganisms, and modes of disease control were identified, revealing important C amendment and "community metabolism" for supplying labile compounds for the three phases of ASD, and potentially antagonistic compounds. Knowledge of temporal accumulation of anti-microbial metabolites and the producing microorganisms might facilitate optimizing ASD. Fungal communities change with soil depth. Fungi affect residue breakdown, nutrient cycling and can attack roots of cereal crops. In the Palouse, loess soils are very deep (>10 feet) and wheat roots can grow to these layers to extract water. Scientists sampled soils to 5 feet and used next-generation sequencing to examine fungal communities. Fungi in top layers are involved in residue breakdown, and in lower layers are root colonizers, pathogens, or symbionts with less diverse communities. Efficacy of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculants in onion crops is limited by fertility practices. Grower trials and growth chamber trials on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculants in onion production in central Washington demonstrated that medium to high soil P limits AMF root colonization, negating potential benefits of inoculants. Biopesticide protection of wheat roots. With Boyce Thompson Institute collaborators, a field trial indicated protective effects to wheat roots of a novel biopesticide against Rhizoctonia solani. Obj. 2: Phenazine producers enhance biofilm production on roots. Dryland wheat selects phenazine antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas spp. that suppress soilborne plant pathogens. Pullman and Pacific Northwest National Lab scientists demonstrated phenazine producers promote biofilm production on roots, enhance water retention, and influence crop nutrition and soil health. Molecular communication in wheat rhizospheres. Plant roots secrete exudates that sustain and mediate communication with the rhizosphere microbiome. With collaborators at Southern Mississippi University, scientists identified amino acids and compatible solutes in wheat exudates which support populations of a suppressive bacterium Pseudomonas brassicacearum. The compounds and technology to recover and analyze exudates explains persistence of populations of disease-suppressive rhizobacteria on wheat roots in soil suppressive of take-all. Genotype-specific resistance gene expression of apple rootstocks grown in Brassicaceae seed meal amended soil. Seed meal (SM)-induced soilborne disease control is partly reliant on transformations in the rhizosphere microbiome. Apple rootstocks recruit and support rhizosphere microbiomes that differ by genotype. SM soil amendment induced changes in root transcriptome and rhizosphere microbial communities. Susceptible vs. tolerant rootstock genotypes differed in initiation of plant defense responses in SM-treated soil corresponding with genotype-specific rhizosphere microbiomes. Tolerant rootstocks may have greater constitutive expression of genes in resistant vs. susceptible rootstocks. Complex results of N fertilization on belowground carbon deposits by plants. Understanding the relationship between rhizodeposition and fertilization is important for predicting how soil microbial communities are affected by fertilization. Using meta-analysis, effects of N on rhizodeposition were dependent on specific C pools considered and units for reporting C pools. N additions increased nearly all rhizodeposit C pools on a per plant basis, and decreased rhizodeposition per unit fixed C for several C pools, but no rhizodeposition C pools were altered per unit root mass. N effects were mixed due to variation in methods and species-specific responses, pointing to a need for system-specific studies. Obj. 3: Resistance to cereal cyst nematode found in adapted wheat lines. Plant-parasitic nematodes in PNW dryland wheat cause ~$51 million in annual losses. There are no chemical controls or resistant varieties to cereal cyst nematode. A greenhouse method to screen >700 lines identified cyst nematode resistant club, soft white winter and soft durum wheats, e.g., Crescent, Selbu, Cara, and Pritchett. Integration of rootstock genotype and reduced rate Brassica seed meal amendment yields replant disease control. A Brassica SM pre-plant soil amendment controls apple replant disease but costs have slowed grower adoption. SM application at 2/3 the rate did not decrease efficacy with a susceptible apple rootstock (M.26). With a tolerant rootstock (G.41), 1/3 rate of SM application controlled replant disease with yields at least equivalent to that with pre-plant soil fumigation (1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin). How plant-soil feedbacks interact with plant-plant competition in wild communities. Using diverse CA clovers as a model in collaboration with scientists at UC Davis, the complexity of microbial community influenced competition between closely related plants. Complex microbial communities weakened competitive interactions. In one case, this converted competition into facilitation. Results correlated with species coexistence. This could help design improved intercropping practices. Genetic interactions between Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae and spinach. Genomes of 7 isolates of the spinach Fusarium wilt pathogen were sequenced in collaboration with University of Amsterdam scientists, identifying putative effectors unique to the pathogen. Spinach germplasm screened for resistance to Fusarium wilt identified highly resistant lines. Obj. 4: Mazzola mentored 2 underserved undergraduates, 1 PhD and 1 MSc student at WSU, 1 PhD and 1 MSc student at Stellenbosch Univ. (South Africa); 1 MSc student at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo; and 4 Postdoctoral Research Associates (PRAs). Paulitz advised 2 PRAs and 1 MSc student, co-supervised 2 PhD students (1 African American woman) and served on 2 MS and 1 PhD committees. Friesen advised 3 PRAs and 3 undergraduates at WSU; and 3 PRAs and 1 PhD student at MI State Univ. du Toit advised 1 PRA, 3 MS students, co-advised a PhD student, and served on 4 PhD and 4 MS committees. Okubara co-supervised 2 Ph.D. students and served on 7 MS committees. Paulitz was on the planning committee for joint meeting of American Phytopathological Society Pacific Division and 63rd Annual Conference on Soilborne Pathogens in Portland, OR, June 2018. He organized a session "Unlocking the Secrets of Suppressive Soils: Insights From the Microbiome" at Internat. Congress Plant Pathology, Boston, July 28-Aug 3, 2018. Schlatter presented a workshop on best practices and methods in amplicon sequencing and data analysis (July 9-11, 2018). Okubara hosted a pre-baccalaureate researcher from Univ of WA and 1 research associate from Boyce Thompson Institute.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mazzola, M., Wang, L., Hewavitharana, S. 2018. Development and application of biologically-based methods to control soil-borne diseases. Proceedings of the 10th Australasian Soilborne Disease Symposium. p. 106.1-106.2.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J., Solemslie, R, and Waters, T. Early season diseases and pests of sweet corn in the Columbia Basin. Invited presentation, General Vegetable Session of the Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Convention & Trade Show, 14-15 Nov. 2018, Kennewick, WA. (85 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Impact of fungicides on plant health. Invited presentation, Pest Management Session of the Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Convention & Trade Show, 14-15 Nov. 2018, Kennewick, WA. (175 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mazzola, M. Mobilizing the rhizosphere microbiome to enhance orchard system resilience. Bonares Conference: Soil as a Sustainable Resource, Berlin, Germany, February 26, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mazzola, M., Wang, L. and Hewavitharana, S. S. Development and application of biologically-based methods to control soil-borne diseases. 10th Australasian Symposium on Soilborne Diseases. Adelaide, South Australia, September 4-7, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mazzola, M., Wang, L., Hewavitharana, S. 2018. Development and application of Paulitz, T. C. 2018 Washington State Report, W-3147 Multistate Meeting, Managing Plant Microbe Interactions in Soil to Promote Sustainable Agriculture. Ontario, CA Dec. 1, 2017
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mazzola, M. 2018. Mobilizing the rhizosphere microbiome to enhance orchard system resilience. Proceedings. Bonares 2018 Conference: Soil as a Sustainable Resource. https://conference.ufz.de/frontend/index.php?page_id=3249&v=List&do=15&day=1447&ses=912#.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mazzola organized concurrent session Unlocking the Secrets of Suppressive Soils: Insights From the Microbiome at International Congress of Plant Pathology, Boston, MA July 28-Aug 3, 2018. Presented invited talk at Rhizoctonia Workshop.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Okubara, P. Botrytis and Native Grape YeastsNot All Interactions Are Created Equal. Plant & Animal Genome XXVI, San Diego, CA, January 13, 2018. Workshop number W775.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Okubara, P. The Poplar Tree Microbiome: Implications of the Ecosystem Within. Plant & Animal Genome XXVI, San Diego, CA, January 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Okubara, P. Mechanisms for Conferring Tolerance to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses by the Plant Microbiome. Yosemite Symbiosis Workshop, Sierra Nevada Research Institute, Wawona, CA, May 4-6, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Okubara, P. Using Plant-Microbe Symbiosis to Increase Resilience to Environmental Challenges. 2018 International Symbiosis Society Congress, July 16-20, 2018, Corvallis, OR.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Okubara, P. Enhanced Phytoremediation with Plant-Microbe Partnerships. Rem Tech 2018, Rome, Italy, September 19, 2018. (remote presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Okubara, P. Harnessing the Power of the Plant Microbiome to Increase Crop Health, Growth, and Yield. The 3rd Partnerships in Biocontrol, Biostimulants & Microbiome: USA, Philadelphia, PA, October 1-2, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Okubara, P. Using Plant-Microbe Symbiosis to Increase Plant Resilience. Recent Advances in Microbial Control Microbiomes Matter, Clearwater Beach, FL, Nov 4-6, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Winslow, J., Mazzola, M., Holmes, G.J., Ivors, K. Integrating host resistance and organic amendments in a chemical-independent approach to managing Macrophomina crown rot in strawberries. International Congress of Plant Pathology, Boston, Massachusetts, July 29-August 3, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Okubara, P. The Plant Microbiome: Key to Sustainable Food Production, Forestry, Bioenergy, and Reduction of Environmental Pollutants. Third International Conference on Applied Microbiology and Beneficial Microbes, Osaka, Japan, June 6-7, 2017. (remote presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Batson, A.M., Peever, T.L., and du Toit, L.J. 2018. Determining the genetic basis of pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae on spinach. Abstract for International Spinach Conference, 14-16 Feb. 2018, Murcia, Spain. https://spinach.uark.edu/spain-presentations/
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Batson, A.M., Peever, T.L., and du Toit, L.J. 2018. The Secreted in Xylem gene profile of the spinach Fusarium wilt pathogen. International Congress of Plant Pathology, 29 Jul.-5 Aug. 2018, Boston, MA. Phytopathology 108 :S1.207 https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-108-10-S1.1
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hewavitharana, S.S., Leisso, R.S., Honaas, L.A., Rudell Jr, D.R., Mazzola, M. 2018. Temporal dynamics of the soil metabolome and microbiome in response to anaerobic soil disinfestation. Phytopathology 108(10):S1.101.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Simon, P., Ellison, S., Spooner, D., Senalik, D., Colley, M., McKenzie, L., Dawson, J., Tanumihardjo, S., Nunez, J., Roberts, P., van Deynze, A., Sumner, D., Matthews, W., Lee, H., Iorizzo, M., du Toit, L., Waters, T., and Diaz-Ramirez, J. 2018. Identifying phenotypes, markers, and genes in carrot germplasm to deliver improved carrots to growers and consumers. Annu. Meeting American Soc. Hortic. Sci., 30 Jul.-3 Aug. 2018, Washington, DC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Koenick, L., Knight, N., Vaghefi, N., du Toit, L., and Pethybridge, S. 2018. Genetic structure of Phoma betae populations in New York and Washington States, USA. International Congress of Plant Pathology, 29 Jul.-5 Aug. 2018, Boston, MA. Phytopathology 108:S1.87. https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-108-10-S1.1
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Shi, A., Correll, J., Feng, C., Mou, B., Avila, C., du Toit, L., Stein, L., Hogan, R., Qin, J., Zhou, W., Battharai, G., Zia, B., Waltram, R., Weng, Y., Liu, B., and Gyawali, S. 2018. Developing genetic and molecular resources to improve spinach prodcution and management. Annu. Meeting American Soc. Hortic. Sci., 30 Jul.-3 Aug. 2018, Washington, DC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Simon, P., Colley, M., McKenzie, L., Zystro, J., McCluskey, C., Hoagland, L., Silva, E., Roberts, P., Dawson, J., du Toit, L., Waters, T., and Nunez, J. 2018. CIOA 2 - Carrot Improvement for Organic Agriculture with Added Grower and Consumer Value. Annu. Meeting American Soc. Hortic. Sci., 30 Jul.-3 Aug. 2018, Washington, DC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Winslow, J., Mazzola, M., Holmes, G.J., Ivors, K. 2018. Integrating host resistance and organic amendments in a chemical-independent approach to managing Macrophomina crown rot in strawberries. Phytopathology 108(10):S1-175.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Schlatter, D. C., Kahl, K., Carlson, B., Huggins, D. and Paulitz, T. C. 2018. The mycobiome of deep soil profiles in no-till dryland wheat Phytopathology 108(10):S1.77
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Diseases in Brassica vegetable seed crops in the Pacific Northwest. Invited presentation to Bejo Zaden Brassica Team, 3 May 2018, Mount Vernon, WA. (20 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Conventional and organic disease control strategies for specialty crops. Invited presentation at 2018 Colorado Fruit & Vegetable Growers Association Annual Meeting, 19-20 Feb. 2018, Denver, CO (50 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Allium, bean, and crucifer seed quarantines in Washington: Current status and future needs. Annual Basin Producers 2018 Pesticide Recertification Day, 19 Jan. 2018, Moses Lake, WA (175 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. A review of onion diseases  identification and management. 4-hour invited presentation at the 2018 Walla Walla Onion Growers Meeting organized by CHS Primeland, 18 Jan. 2018, Walla Walla, WA (12 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Batson, A., and du Toit, L.J. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae: What makes this a pathogen of spinach? Western Washington Seed Workshop and Puget Sound Seed Growers Association Annual Meeting, 12 Jan. 2018, Mount Vernon, WA. (90 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Battles of the brassicas: Common brassica diseases in western Washington. Invited presentation for a Hot Topic session at Focus on Farming XV, Snohomish Co. Extension, 8 Nov. 2018, Monroe, WA. (50 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Whats the deal with black leg and black rot of brassicas? Invited presentation to brassica seed growers, fresh market growers, and Master Gardeners in Island Co. Extension following a false positive report of black leg on Whidbey Island and a true positive report of black rot in Skagit Co. in 2018, 10 Dec. 2018, Coupeville, WA. (22 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Allium, bean, and crucifer seed quarantines in Washington: Current status and future needs. Columbia Basin Crop Consultants Assoc. Short Course, 17 Jan. 2018, Moses Lake, WA (150 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Seedborne and seed transmitted plant pathogens. Columbia Basin Crop Consultants Assoc. Short Course, 17 Jan. 2018, Moses Lake, WA (100 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Whats the deal with black leg of brassicas? Columbia Basin Vegetable Seed Assoc. Annual Meeting, 16 Jan. 2018, Moses Lake, WA (70 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. WSU Extension Onion Field Day, 30 Aug. 2018, Hartley Farms, Benton City, WA. Presented onion mycorrhizae research to growers, seed industry, extension personnel, researchers. (125 people).
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Bacterial diseases in Washingtons bean seed crops. Columbia Basin Vegetable Seed Assoc. Annual Meeting, 16 Jan. 2018, Moses Lake, WA (70 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. 9th Annual Spinach Fusarium Wilt Soil Bioassay Open House, WSU Mount Vernon NWREC, 22-23 Feb. 2018. Open house for spinach seed growers and seed company personnel to observe spinach parent lines ranging from highly susceptible to partially resistant fare in a bioassay of soil from growers fields to assess relative risk of Fusarium wilt. Soil samples received from 55 fields ($200/field), as well as seed of 70 spinach parent lines to screen for resistance. Stakeholders used results to decide which fields to plant to spinach seed crops in 2018. >300 fields in western WA have been tested since 2010.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Washington Pest Control Tour or central WA, Washington State Commission on Pesticide Registration, 24-26 Jul. 2018. Presented on vegetable seed production and research needs, including pathology research, to ~50 federal/state legislators or staff, agricultural industry representatives, WA State Dept. of Agriculture, Ecology, and Labor & Industries; WSU CAHNRS administrators, National Marine Fisheries Service, US Environmental Protection Agency, etc. Othello, WA. (75 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hewavitharana, S. S., DuPont, T., and Mazzola, M. Alternative methods to control replant disease. Washington State Horticultural Association Annual Meeting, Yakima, WA. December 3-5, 2018.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Leisso, R. and Mazzola, M. News from the underground: Recent research in apple root and soil interactions. Washington State Horticultural Association Annual Meeting. Kennewick, WA, December 5, 2017.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mazzola, M. Managing rhizosphere microbiology for improved orchard productivity. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market EXPO, Grand Rapids, MI, December 6, 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mazzola, M. Managing rhizosphere/soil microbiology via apple rootstock biochemistry. Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission. Pasco, WA, January 24, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mazzola, M. Managing soil biology for improved blueberry productivity. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market EXPO, Grand Rapids, MI, December 6, 2017.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mazzola, M. Managing soil biology for improved strawberry productivity. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market EXPO, Grand Rapids, MI, December 7, 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mazzola, M. Manipulation of soil microbiomes to enhance orchard system resilience. USDA-ARS Sponsored Workshop to National Vineyard/Grape grower groups. Portland, OR, November 28, 2017
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mazzola, M. Practices for the management of apple replant disease. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market EXPO, Grand Rapids, MI, December 6, 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mazzola, M. Steering soil microbiomes to enhance orchard health. Science in Our Valley, Wenatchee, WA, April 19, 2018.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Okubara, P. Characterization of indigenous yeasts associated with wine grapes and early-stage fermentations in Washington State. 2018 Washington State Wine and Grape Research Review, Prosser, WA.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Okubara P, Pollard A, Fuest P. 2018. Expression of defense enzymes and mRNAs in wild oat and wheat seeds challenged with the pathogen Fusarium avenaceum. 2018 Dryland Field Day Abstracts, Technical Report 18-1, pp. 61-62.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Okubara, P. What yeast is in your vineyard? Native yeasts have potential to reduce fungicide use by controlling bunch rot. Article by Melissa Hansen for Good Fruit Grower, November 2018.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2018. Management of Nematode Diseases with Genetic Resistance. Washington Grain Commission Research Review, Pullman WA Feb. 21, 2018
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2008. Glyphosate and Soil Microbial Communities: Fake News vs. Facts Dept. of Crop Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Feb. 28, 2018
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2018 Current research on canola diseases Washington Oilseeds Cropping System Annual meeting, Pullman, WA Feb. 22, 2018
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2018 Fusarium crown rot on wheat: Prebreeding and development of tools for genetic disease management. Washington Grain Commission Research Review, Pullman WA Feb. 21, 2018
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2018 Glyphosate and the Soil Microbiome. Wheat Beat Podcast, Wheat and Small Grains Extension, Washington State University, Pullman, WA Feb 12, 2018
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2018. Fake News vs. Facts: Glyphosate and Soil Microbes. Lind Field Day, Lind, WA June 14, 2018
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2018. Glyphosate and Soil Microbial Communities: Fake News vs. Facts Dept. Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman Jan. 29. 2018
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2018. Glyphosate- What is it Doing to Soil Microbes? Direct Seed Meeting, Kennewick, WA Jan 9-10, 2018
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2018. Choosing the Correct Wheat Seed Treatment, Prime Land Cooperative Grower Meeting, Walla Walla, WA Jan. 11, 2018
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2018. Diseases of Brassica. WSU Oilseed Cropping Systems Workshops Colfax, WA Jan 25, 2018
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2018. Diseases of Canola, Washington Oilseeds Cropping System field tour, Paha, WA. May 22, 2018
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2018. Whats New in Research on Soilborne Plant Pathogens. Spokane Farm Forum, Ag Expo, Spokane, Washington. Feb. 7, 2017
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2018. Glyphosate and Soil Microbial Communities: Fake News vs. Facts. Palouse-Rockford Conservation District Annual Meeting, St. John, WA Jan 24, 2018
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2018. Interactions of soil pH and soilborne pathogens of wheat. Dept of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA Oct 30, 2017
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2018. The Role of Microbial Communities in Disease Suppressive Soils: A Case Study Oregon Society of Soil Science, Corvallis, OR March 1, 2018
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Somera, T., Freilich, S., and Mazzola, M. Exploring function of the rhizosphere microbiome in Brassica seed meal X apple rootstock genotype disease control systems. Washington State Horticultural Association Annual Meeting, Yakima, WA. December 3-5, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Van Horn, C., and Mazzola, M. Rootstock genotype succession influences rhizosphere and endophyte microbial community composition. Washington State Horticultural Association Annual Meeting, Yakima, WA. December 3-5, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wang, L. and Mazzola, M. Activation of apple rootstock resistance genes upon application of seed meal soil treatment. Washington State Horticultural Association Annual Meeting, Kennewick, WA, December 5, 2017.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bowsher, Alan W; Evans, Sarah; Tiemann, Lisa K; Friesen, Maren L. 2018. Effects of soil nitrogen availability on rhizodeposition in plants: a review. Plant and Soil 423(1-2):59-85
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Cho, G., Kim, J., Park, C., Nislow, C., Kwak, Y., Weller, D.M. 2018. Caryolan-1-ol, an antifungal volatile produced by Streptomyces spp., inhibits the endomembrane system of fungi. The Open Biology Journal. 7:170075.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Cheng, W., Cheng, J., Nie, Q., Huang, D., Yu, C., Zheng, L., Cai, M., Yu, Z., Zhang, J., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M. 2017. Volatile organic compounds from Paenibacillus polymyxa KM2501-1 control Meloidogyne incognita by multiple strategies. Scientific Reports 7:16213.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Coates, R., Bowen, B.P., Oberortner, E., Thomashow, L.S., Hadjithomas, M., Zhao, Z., Ke, J., Silva, L., Louie, K., Wang, G., Robinson, D., Tarver, A., Hamilton, M., Lubbe, A., Feltcher, M., Dangl, J., Pati, A., Weller, D.M., Northen, T.R., Cheng, J., Mouncey, N.J., Deutsch, S., Shennan, C., Muramoto, J., Koike, S., Baird, G., Fennimore, S., Samtani, J., Bolda, M., Dara, S., Daugovish, O., Lazarovits, G., Butler, D., Rosskopf, E., Kokalis-Burelle, N., Klonsky, K. and Mazzola, M. 2018. Anaerobic soil disinfestation is a potential alternative to soil fumigation for control of certain soil-borne pathogens in strawberry production. Plant Pathology 67:51-66.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fuerst EP, James MS, Pollard AT, Okubara PA. 2018. Defense enzyme responses in dormant wild oat and wheat caryopses challenged with a seed decay pathogen. Front. Plant Sci. 8:2259.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fukada, H., Derie, M.L., Shishido, M, and du Toit, L.J. 2018. Phomopsis black root rot of cucumber in Washington State caused by Diaporthe sclerotioides. Plant Disease 102:1657.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: James, M.S., Pollard, A.T., Okubara, P.A., Fuerst, E.P. 2018. Defense enzyme responses in dormant wild oat and wheat caryopses challenged with a seed decay pathogen. Frontiers in Plant Science 8:2259.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Knerr, A.J., Wheeler, D., Schlatter, D., Sharma-Poudyal, D., du Toit, L.J., and Paulitz, T.C. 2019. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in organic and conventional onion crops in the Columbia Basin of the Pacific Northwest USA. Phytobiomes 2: in press. http://dx.doi.org/10/.1094/PBIOMES-05-18-0022-R
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mahoney, A.K., Babiker, E.M., See, D.R., Paulitz, T.C., Okubara, P.A., Hulbert, S.H. 2017. Analysis and mapping of Rhizoctonia root rot resistance traits from the synthetic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) line SYN-172. Molecular Breeding. https://doi 10.1007/s11032-017-0730-9
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Leisso, R., Rudell, D., and Mazzola, M. 2018. Novel axenic methods for targeted apple rootstock rhizodeposit metabolic profiling indicate genotype specific differences and validate quantitative contributions from vegetative growth. Frontiers in Plant Science 9:1336.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Manici, L. M., Caputo, F., Sacca, M. L., Kelderer, M., Nicoletti, F., Topp, A. R. and Mazzola, M. 2018. Involvement of Dactylonectria and Ilyonectria spp. in tree decline affecting multi-generational apple orchards. Plant and Soil 425:217-230.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Okubara, P.A., Kumar, N., Hohenarter, L., Graham, D., Kandel, S., Doty, S.L., Micknass, U., Kogel, K.H., Imani, J. 2017. Inhibition of plant-interacting microbes by Vegelys�, an Allium-based antimicrobial formulation. Journal of Biology and Nature. 8:40-51.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mazzola, M., Muramoto, J., and Shennan, C. 2018. Anaerobic disinfestation induced changes to the soil microbiome, disease incidence and strawberry fruit yields in California field trials. Applied Soil Ecology 127:74-86.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Sharma-Poudyal, D., Schlatter, D.C., Yin, C., Hulbert, S., Paulitz, T.C. 2017. Long-term No-Till: A Major Driver of Fungal Communities in Dryland Wheat Cropping Systems. PLoS One. 12:10.1371/journal.pone.0184611.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Schlatter, D.C., Schillinger, W.F., Bary, A.I., Sharratt, B.S., Paulitz, T.C. 2017. Biosolids and conservation tillage: Impacts on soil fungal communities in dryland wheat-fallow cropping systems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 115:556-567.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Paulitz, T.C., Schlatter, D.C., Kinkel, L., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M. 2017. Disease Suppressive Soils: New Insights from the Soil Microbiome. Phytopathology 107:1284-1297
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Rowe, S.L., Norman, J.S., Friesen, M.L. 2018. Coercion in the Evolution of PlantMicrobe Communication: A Perspective. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 31(8):789-794
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Schillinger, W., Paulitz, T.C. 2018. Canola versus Wheat Rotation Effects on Subsequent Wheat Yield. Field Crops Research 223:26-32.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Schlatter, D.C., Burke, I., Paulitz, T.C. 2018. Succession of fungal and oomycete communities in glyphosate-killed wheat roots. Phytopathology 108:582-594.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Schlatter, D.C., Yin, C., Hulbert, S., Burke, I., Paulitz, T.C. 2017. Subtle impacts of repeated glyphosate use on wheat-associated bacteria are small and depend on glyphosate use history. Applied and Environmental Microbiology https://doi.10.1128/AEM.01354-17.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: Moein, S., Mazzola, M., Ntushelo, N. S., and McLeod, A. 2018. Apple nursery trees and irrigation water as external inoculum sources of apple replant disease in South Africa. European Journal of Plant Pathology (in press).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mavrodi, D., Mavrodi, O., Elbourne, L., Tetu, S., Bonsall, R., Parejko, J., Yang, M., Paulsen, I., Weller, D.M., Thomashow, L.S. 2018. Long-term irrigation affects the dynamics and activity of the wheat rhizosphere microbiome. Frontiers in Plant Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00345.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Schlatter, D.C., Yin, C., Hulbert, S., Burke, I., Paulitz, T.C. 2017. Location, Root Proximity, and Glyphosate-use History Modulate the Effects of Glyphosate on Fungal Community Networks of Wheat. Microbial Ecology.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Schlatter, D.C., Schillinger, W.F., Bary, A.I., Sharratt, B.S., Paulitz, T.C. 2018. Dust-associated Microbiomes from Dryland Wheat Fields Differ with Tillage Practice and Biosolids Application. Atmospheric Environment. 185:29-40.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Schlatter, D.C., Kahl, K., Carlson, B.R., Huggins, D.R., Paulitz, T.C. 2018. Fungal community composition and diversity vary with soil depths and landscape position in a no-till wheat cropping system. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiy098.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Siefert, A., Zillig, K.W., Friesen, M.L., Strauss, S.Y. 2018. Soil microbial communities alter conspecific and congeneric competition consistent with patterns of field coexistence in three Trifolium congeners Journal of Ecology 106(5):1876-1891
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wang, X., Glawe, D.A., Kramer, E., Weller, D.M., Okubara, P.A. 2018. Biological control of Botrytis cinerea: interactions with native vineyard yeasts from Washington State. Phytopathology 108:691-701.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mazzola, M. and Hewavitharana, S. S. 2018. Advances in understanding tree fruit-rhizosphere microbiome relationships for enhanced plant health. In, Achieving sustainable cultivation of temperate zone tree fruits and berries. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing. Cambridge, UK
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dupont, T., Hewavitharana, S. S., and Mazzola, M. 2018. Phytophthora crown, collar and root rot of apple and cherry. http://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop-protection/disease-management/phytophthora/
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Zhai, Y., Shao, Z., Cai, M., Zheng, L., Li, G., Huang, D., Cheng, W., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M., Yu, Z., Zhang, J. 2018. Multiple modes of nematode control by volatiles of Pseudomonas putida 1A00316 from Antarctic soil against Meloidogyne incognita. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00253.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wang, L., and Mazzola M. 2018. Effect of soil physical conditions on emission of allyl isothiocyanate and subsequent microbial inhibition in response to Brassicaceae seed meal amendment. Plant Disease doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-18-1389-RE
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., Holmes, B.J., and Batson, A. 2018. Evaluation of natamycin seed treatments for Stemphylium botryosum and other necrotrophic fungi on spinach seed, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports 12:V050.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wang, L., and Mazzola, M. 2018. Interaction of Brassicaceae seed meal soil amendment and apple rootstock genotype on microbiome structure and replant disease suppression. Phytopathology 108: doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-07-18-0230-R
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Yoshikuni, Y. 2018. An integrated workflow for phenazine biosynthetic gene cluster discovery and characterization. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-018-2025-5.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., and Holmes, B.J. 2018. Evaluation of natamycin seed treatments for Stemphylium, Verticillium, and other fungi on spinach seed, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports 12:ST003.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L., and Yorgey, G. 2018. Onion stunting after cereal cover crops. Page 6. Timing of glyphosate applications to wheat cover crops to reduce onion stunting caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Page 7. Efficacy of fungicide applications to manage onion stunting caused by Rhizoctonia spp. Pages 7-8. In: Strip-tillage for onions and sweet corn, Lorin Grigg. Farmer to Farmer Case Study Series on Increasing Resilience among Farmers in the Pacific Northwest. Washington State University Extension PNW702.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., Holmes, B.J., and Correll, J.C. 2018. Evaluation of seed treatments for Colletotrichum dematium, Stemphylium botryosum, and Verticillium dahliae on spinach seed, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports 12:V051.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., Holmes, B.J., Henrichs, B.A., Winkler, L.R., Waters, T.D., and Darner, J. 2018. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculants on pink root and yield in an onion crop near Paterson, WA, 2016. Plant Disease Management Reports 12:V102.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., Holmes, B.J., and Stearns, T. 2018. Steam treatments for necrotrophic fungi on spinach seed, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports 12:ST004.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Management of Fusarium basal rot of onion. Invited presentation, Onion Session of the Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Convention & Trade Show, 14-15 Nov. 2018, Kennewick, WA. (200 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Regionally appropriate fungicide programs for common onion pathogens in the Columbia Basin. Invited presentation, Onion Session of the Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Convention & Trade Show, 14-15 Nov. 2018, Kennewick, WA. (200 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fukada, H., and du Toit, L.J. 2018. Cucumber  black root rot. Page 4C-91 in: 2018 Pacific Northwest Pacific Northwest Disease Management Handbook, J.W. Pscheidt and C.M. Ocamb, editors. A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication, Oregon State University, Washington State University, University of Idaho. https://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/host-disease/cucumber-cucumis-sativa-black-root-rot
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hewavitharana, S. S., DuPont, T. and Mazzola, M. 2018. Apple Replant Disease. http://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop-protection/disease-management/apple-replant-disease/
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wohleb, C.H., Waters, T.W., and du Toit, L.J. 2018. Washington State University Extension Onion Alerts. Contributed disease information and photos for WSU Onion Alerts released online on 24 Apr., 23 May, 31 May, 3 Jul., 16 Aug., 27 Aug., 1 Oct., and 31 Oct. 2018. https://us13.campaign-archive.com/?u=2eff8714011ff4bfba18a0704&id=d75dc96e7f
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J., Solemslie, R, and Waters, T. Early season diseases and pests of sweet corn in the Columbia Basin. International Sweet Corn Development Association Annual Meeting, 26-27 Nov. 2018, Wisconsin Dells, WI. (55 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hewavitharana, S.S., Leisso, R.S., Honaas, L.A., Rudell Jr, D.R., Mazzola, M. Temporal dynamics of the soil metabolome and microbiome in response to anaerobic soil disinfestation. International Congress of Plant Pathology, Boston, Massachusetts, July 29-August 3, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Case studies of the complexity of seedborne and seed transmitted fungi affecting regional and global seed trade. Guest speaker, joint symposium of American Phytopathological Society (APS) and Societ� Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (SIPaV), 24th National Congress of SIPaV, 5-7 Sep. 2018, Ancona, Italy. (~250 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Complexities and synergies in large-scale conventional and organic agriculture in Washington. Organic Fresh Food Panel. Invited presentation at Spring 2018 University Industry Consortium Meeting, 24-27 Apr. 2018, Walter Clore Wine & Culinary Center, Prosser, WA. (75 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: du Toit, L.J. 2018. Spinach seed production in the Pacific Northwest USA. Invited presentation, International Spinach Conference, 14-16 Feb. 2018, Murcia, Spain. https://spinach.uark.edu/spain-presentations/ (see Abstracts above)


Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Farmers, researchers, extension specialists, consultants Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The USDA ARS wheat group supervised two graduate students, co-supervised two graduate students, and on the committee of 15 others at WSU. Mazzola is mentoring three PhD students at WSU, one PhD and 1 MSc student at Stellenbosch University in South Africa, and one MSc student at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. du Toit is chairing the committee of 4 MS students at WSU, and is on another 4 PhD committees at WSU and 1 MS committee at the University of Guelph, with projects on soilborne plant pathogens. Paulitz was the main coordinator and organizer of Joint Meeting of the 63rd Annual Conference on Soilborne Pathogens and The 49th California Nematology Workshop, Davis, California, March 28-30, 2017. This annual meeting attracted over 150 industry, academic, government, regulatory, and student attendees. Short-term outcomes Outputs- publications and reports, both scientific and extension, see below. Activities- Technology transfer, extension talks, workshops and clinics, see below. Organization of the annual Conference on Soilborne Plant Pathogens in Davis, CA. Milestones: Year 5 is in the process of being accomplished, especially for Objective 1 in describing microbial communities associated with suppressive soils, and cultural and other management techniques. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?In 2017, researchers from WA presented over 30 extension talks, field days, workshops/clinics and special consultations in relation to soilborne diseases. IMPACTS: Greater understanding and exchange of information about the detection, identification and ecology of soilborne pathogens of wheat, barley, Brassicas, and vegetables, and the control of root diseases via host genetic resistance, management practices and beneficial microbes that provide biocontrol. This information is disseminated through the many extension activities described below. For the first time, we understand the succession of fungi in the roots of wheat killed with glyphosate, and the role these play in the green bridge and in the eventual displacement of pathogens from the roots. This herbicide is a lynchpin of the direct-seed, no-till cropping systems, which reduces soil erosion, improves soil health, and reduces fuel inputs. We now have identified wheat cultivars with resistance to cereal cyst nematode. Due to our optimizing greenhouse methods, we can now make recommendations to growers on cultivar selection. Many of the endophyte strains have been licensed or sublicensed to environmental consultants, agricultural product developers, and phytoremediation specialists. The Salicaceae endophyte research has resulted in funding by a UW CoMotion Innovation Grant and a Record of Innovation to S Doty, with USDA-ARS as contributor. Spinach seed growers in western Washington routinely use 2 tons limestone/acre to suppress Fusarium wilt, and most participate in the annual Spinach Fusarium Wilt Soil Bioassay offered by du Toit's program to identify fields of low enough risk of Fusarium wilt to plant to spinach seed crops. In addition, seed companies submit seed of parent lines to be screened each winter for relative susceptibility to Fusarium wilt, to manage risk and reduce losses to Fusarium wilt in spinach seed crops. du Toit also completed workshops in Denmark and Holland on spinach seed health testing for necrotrophic fungal pathogens of spinach, which were attended by representatives of all the major seed companies producing spinach seed in Europe. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1: Glyphosate application changes the succession of fungi in roots. Glyphosate is widely used by wheat growers but can increase root diseases through the green bridge effect by favoring pathogens in dying roots. Other fungi may displace the pathogens, resulting in less disease if planting is delayed by 2-3 weeks. Using next-generation sequencing, Pythium volutum and Myrmecridium were shown to be dominant in dying roots but displaced by Cadophora, Exophiala, and Fusarium, which may be key competitors of pathogens that proliferate soon after glyphosate application. This leads to an understanding of fungal dynamics of green bridge management, a tool for growers to reduce impacts of root pathogens. Biosolids can shift fungal communities in soil. Biosolids are processed sewage sludge applied to dryland wheat fields as a source of nitrogen. Biosolids applied to soil shifted fungal communities in soil and dust, but only favored a small number of genera of soil fungi which used the biosolids as a food source. This information helps assess the safety of biosolids. Salicaceae endophytes with biocontrol potential. With Sharon Doty, University of Washington, USDA-ARS showed that 13 bacterial or yeast endophytes of Salicaceae had in vitro activity against at least two of the following soilborne fungal pathogens: Rhizoctonia solani AG-8, Fusarium culmorum, Gaeummanomyces graminis var. tritici and Pythium ultimum. Endophytes were sensitive to Veg'lys but a commercial Allium formulation for small-scale soil fumigation, stimulated growth of 2 strains, and 8 strains grew on Veg'lys at IC100 concentrations normally inhibitory. Endophytes have potential to protect roots against biotic stress and have remediation properties. Optimizing limestone amendments to suppress Fusarium wilt in spinach seed production. Three annual applications reduced mid-season Fusarium wilt by ~20%, increased spinach biomass by 33%, and increased marketable spinach seed yield by 45% compared to plots amended once the spring of planting. Annual applications of agricultural limestone on acid soils of the maritime PNW enhance suppression of spinach Fusarium wilt, reducing the required rotation interval as much as 50%. Effect of Contans WG and burial on survival of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in the Columbia Basin of central Washington. White mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is the main disease affecting sunflower seed crops in central Washington. Trials were done to assess the effects of drenching Contans WG (Coniothyrium minitans, a mycoparasite of S. sclerotiorum) on survival of sclerotia. Contans reduced survival of surface sclerotia only. Contans WG was applied by spray boom to residues after harvest of a sunflower seed crop only reduced survival of sclerotia on the soil surface, and was never as effective as burial at reducing sclerotium survival. Objective 2: Dynamics of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) in the wheat rhizosphere. PCA produced by biocontrol bacteria has a key role in suppression of soilborne fungal root pathogens, but persistence in the rhizosphere of dryland wheat through the growing season is unexplained. We determined that PCA is synthesized mainly early in the season, when the soil is moist, but biosynthesis can continue as soils become arid. Persistence cannot be explained by failure to undergo degradation in arid soils. PCA produced in the rhizosphere can suppress Rhizoctonia solani, an important pathogen of dryland wheat. Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) influences biofilm development and turnover of rhizobacterial biomass in a soil moisture-dependent manner. Bioactive compounds produced in the rhizosphere profoundly influence plant health and development, but the impact on soil nutrient dynamics and organic matter is poorly understood due to spatial and biochemical heterogeneity. ARS and WSU scientists, with collaborators at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, imaged wheat roots in soil mesocosms inoculated with derivatives of the PCA-producing rhizobacterium. PCA exerted moisture-dependent effects on biofilm development and the turnover of nutrients and organic matter derived from rhizobacterial biomass. Key taxa within the phytobiome significantly impact rhizosphere function. Root pathogens of wheat can grow under extremely dry conditions. Climate change scientists are interested in the future distribution of wheat pathogens and pests under 2050 scenarios, but little is known about how root pathogens respond to temperature and moisture. Experiments with Fusarium spp. that cause crown rot and Rhizoctonia spp. that cause root rot showed that sensitivity to moisture varied with temperature. Fusarium species were capable of growing and germinating under very dry conditions- to -7 MPa, but Rhizoctonia spp. did not grow much below -2 MPa. This information helps growers determine future disease risk and explains why Fusarium crown rot is exacerbated under drought conditions. Objective 3: Resistance to cereal cyst nematode found in adapted wheat lines. Cyst nematodes are among several plant-parasitic nematodes that reduce yields in Pacific Northwest dryland wheat, accounting for ~$51 million in annual losses. There is no chemical control or resistant variety. ARS scientists developed a greenhouse method to screen advanced and early generation lines, and identified resistant varieties of club, soft white winter and soft durum lines (ARS Crescent, Selbu, Cara, and Pritchett). This will aid breeders develop varieties without having to breed out undesirable characters in poorly adapted germplasm. Assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculants for enhancing onion production in the Columbia Basin of central Washington. AMF inoculants were evaluated in field trials to counter potentially adverse effects of soil fumigation on soil health. No consistent effect of AMF inoculants on onion stand, nutrient content, biomass, pink root severity, or bulb yield were detected, even in plots in which AMF treatments doubled root colonization by AMF. Growth chamber trials demonstrated the potential negative effect of higher soil P levels (40 and 80 ppm) on colonization of onion roots by AMF. Objective 4: In 2017, WA researchers presented >45 extension talks, field days, workshops/clinics and consultations in relation to soilborne diseases. Paulitz consulted for the WSU Disease Diagnostic Clinic and for cereal and oilseed growers to diagnose diseases, and du Toit diagnosed >100 vegetable/seed crop samples. ARS Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit continues to provide outreach to K-12 Native Americans, including Colville Confederated Tribes, Spokane Tribe, and Kalispell Tribes, including presentations at Moses Lake in March and Lacrosse in Dec. They provided molecular biology, biochemistry and engineering training for 14 summer high school interns; and placement of underserved WSU undergraduates as laboratory assistants. du Toit accommodated an intern from Northwest Indian College for a NSF AGEP grant to recruit Native American students into STEM fields. The USDA ARS wheat group supervised two graduate students, co-supervised two graduate students, and are on committees of 15 others at WSU. Mazzola mentored three PhD students at WSU, one PhD and 1 MSc student at Stellenbosch University in South Africa, and one MSc student at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. du Toit chaired committees of 4 MS students, is on another 4 PhD committees at WSU and 1 MS committee at University of Guelph. Paulitz was the coordinator and organizer of Joint Meeting of 63rd Annual Conference on Soilborne Pathogens and 49th California Nematology Workshop, Davis, California, March 28-30, 2017, with >150 industry, academic, government, regulatory, and student attendees. du Toit spent 2 weeks in Sacapulas, Quiche, Guatemala with the USAID Farmer-2-Farmer program assisting onion farmers with diagnoses and management recommendations.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Aujla, I. and Paulitz, T. C. 2017. An improved method for establishing accurate water potential levels at different temperatures in growth media. Frontiers in Microbiology. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01497.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Gatch, E.W., and du Toit, L.J. 2017. Limestone-mediated suppression of Fusarium wilt in spinach seed crops. Plant Disease 101:81-94.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jaaffar, K.M., Parejko, J.A., Paulitz, T.C., Weller, D.M.,Thomashow, L.S. 2017. Sensitivity of Rhizoctonia isolates from the Inland Pacific Northwest of the United States to phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and biological control by phenazine-producing Pseudomonas spp. Phytopathology. 107(6): 692-703.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kandel SL, Firrincieli A, Joubert PM, Okubara PA, Leston ND, McGeorge KM, Mugnozza GS, Harfouche A, Kim S-H, Doty SL (2017) An vitro study of bio-control and plant growth promotion potential of Salicaceae endophytes. Front Microbiol 8: 386. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00386.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Okubara P, Kumar N, Hohenwarter L, Graham D, Kandel S, Doty SL, Micknass U, Kogel K-H, Imani J (2017) Inhibition of fungal and. bacterial plant pathogens by VegelysTM, an Allium-based antimicrobial formulation. J Biol Nat 8(2): 40-51.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Paulitz, T. C., Knerr, A. J., Carmody, S. M., Schlatter, D., Sowers, K., Derie, M. L., du Toit, L. J. 2017. First report of Leptosphaeria maculans and Leptosphaeria biglobosa, causal agents of blackleg, on canola in Washington State. Plant Disease 101: 504-505.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Poudyal-Sharma, D., Schlatter, D., Yin, C.T., Hulbert, S. and Paulitz, T. C. 2017. Long-term no-till: A major driver of fungal communities in dryland wheat cropping systems. PloS One 12: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184611.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Thompson, A.L., Mahoney, A.K., Smiley, R.W., Paulitz, T.C., Hulbert, S., Garland Campbell, K.A. 2017. Resistance to multiple soil-borne pathogens of the Pacific Northwest is colocated in a wheat recombinant inbred line population. G3,Genes/Genomes/Genetics 7:1109-1116.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Schlatter, D. C., Yin, C., Hulbert, S. Burke, I. and Paulitz, T. 2017. Impacts of repeated glyphosate use on wheat-associated bacteria are small and depend on glyphosate use history. Applied and Environmental Microbiology: in press
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Schlatter, D., Kinkel, L., Thomashow, L., Weller, D. and Paulitz, T. C. 2017. Disease suppressive soils: New insights from the soil microbiome. Phytopathology 107: in press.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Yin, C., Schlatter, D., Schroeder, K., Mueth, N., Prescott, A. Dhingra, A., Hulbert, S. and Paulitz, T. C. 2017. Bacterial communities on wheat grown under long-term conventional tillage and no-till in the Pacific Northwest of the US. Phytobiomes: in press.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Henrichs, B., Derie, M.L., Waters, T.D., and du Toit, L.J. 2017. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculants on onion root colonization and growth in field trials near Connell, WA, 2016. Plant Disease Management Reports 11:V137.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Henrichs, B., Waters, T.D., and du Toit, L.J. 2017. The effect of soil phosphorus levels on colonization of onion roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 2016-2017. Plant Disease Management Reports 11:V125.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Weber, J.M., and du Toit, L.J. 2017. Efficacy of fungicides for control of white mold in hybrid sunflower seed crop in the Columbia Basin of central Washington, 2016. Plant Disease Management Reports 11:FC122.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Carmody, S.M., and du Toit, L.J. 2017. Light leaf spot and white leaf spot on brassicas in the Pacific Northwest. Puget Sound Seed Growers Association Annual Meeting, 13 Jan. 2017, Mount Vernon, WA. (100 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Derie, M.L., and du Toit, L.J. 2017. Phoma betae in table beet and Swiss chard seed crops in western Washington. Puget Sound Seed Growers Association Annual Meeting, 13 Jan. 2017, Mount Vernon, WA. (100 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Evaluating irrigation management and bactericides for internal dry scale and bacterial bulb rots of onion. Invited presentation, Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Convention & Trade Show, 15-16 Nov. 2017, Kennewick, WA. (125 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Whats the big deal with black leg of brassicas? Invited presentation, Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Convention & Trade Show, 15-16 Nov. 2017, Kennewick, WA. (120 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Got seed? Plant pathology research and extension contributions to the Pacific Northwest Vegetable Seed Industry. Invited presentation at the Congreso LatinoAmericano de Fitopatolog�a, 2-5 Oct. 2017, Concepcion, Chile. (200 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: du Toit, L.J. The What? Why? And How? Of Onion Disease Management in the Columbia Basin. Invited presentation at the National Onion Association Summer Meeting, 20 Jul. 2017, Richland, WA. (~150 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2017. Washington State Report. Multistate Group Managing Plant-Microbe Interactions in Soil to Promote Sustainable Agriculture, Riverside, California. Dec 2, 2017.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Spinach seed crop pathology research and extension at Washington State University: Engaging principles of the U.S. Land Grant Mission to enhance production of a minor acreage, high value crop. J.E. Vanderplank Memorial Address, 50th Anniv. Congress Southern African Soc. Plant Pathologists, 15-18 Jan. 2017, Champagne Sports Resort, Drakensburg, South Africa. (~200 attendees)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Weber, J., and du Toit, L.J. White mold in sunflower seed crops. Columbia Basin Vegetable Seed Assoc. Annual Meeting, 1 Feb. 2017, Moses Lake, WA. (85 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2017. Effect of Glyphosate on Soil Microbes. Joint Meeting of the 63rd Annual Conference on Soilborne Plant Pathogens, Davis, California. March 28-30, 2017.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Schlatter, D. and Paulitz, T. C. 2017. Minimal impacts of repeated glyphosate use on wheat-associated bacterial microbiomes. American Phytopathological Society Meeting, San Antonio, Texas. Aug. 1-8, 2017
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Schlatter, D. and Paulitz, T. C. 2017. Successional dynamics of fungal and oomycete communities in herbicide-killed wheat roots. American Phytopathological Society Meeting, San Antonio, Texas. Aug. 1-8, 2017.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Schlatter, D. 2017. Second workshop in statistical and algorithmic challenges in microbiome data analysis. The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA. Sympatric interaction networks shed light on the ecology and evolution of soil microbiomes.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Thomashow, L. 2017. Mechanisms and metabolites involved in biological control. Huazhong Agricultural University July 15 and 17, 2017
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Thomashow, L. 2017. Control of cereal root pathogens with root associated bacterial. Huazhong Agricultural University July 13, 2017.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Thomashow, L. 2017. Control of cereal root pathogens with root associated bacterial. Northwest A and F University, China, July 5, 2017.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wang, X., Schlatter, D., Edwards, C., Paulitz, T., Weller, D., Okubara, P. 2017. Biodiversity of native yeasts in vineyards and spontaneous alcoholic fermentation in Washington State. Washington Association of Wine Grape Growers Convention, Kennewick, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hansen, J. Sullivan, T., Schillinger, W. and Paulitz, T. 2017 Soil Microbial Communities of the Lind Camelina Cropping Systems Experiment WSU Field Day Abstracts.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hansen, J. Sullivan, T., Schillinger, W. and Paulitz, T. 2017. Rhizosphere soil microbial communities of winter canola and winter wheat at six paired field sites in Eastern Washington. WSU Field Day Abstracts.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hansen, J. Sullivan, T., Schillinger, W. and Paulitz, T. 2017. Rhizosphere soil microbial communities of winter canola and winter wheat at six paired field sites in Eastern Washington. WSU Field Day Abstracts.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Okubara P, Wang X, Schlatter D, Edwards C, Paulitz T, Glawe D. 2017. Native yeast diversity in two Washington Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards consists of common and unique species. American Society of Enology and Viticulture Annual Meeting, Bellevue, WA.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Tapping into growers expertise: Effective engagement in extension. One of 6 speakers in the 2-part APS webinar series (3 speakers/webinar) Fieldside Manner: Serving Plant Pathologys Stakeholders, 18 and 25 October 2017.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Okubara PA, Wang X, Schlatter D, Paulitz T, Edwards C, Glawe D. 2017. ITS1 vs. D2 for assessing yeast diversity in grape berries and fermentations in Washington state. Plant and Animal Genome XXV, San Diego, CA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wang X, Elizabeth Kramer E, Glawe D, Weller D, Murray T, Okubara P. 2017. Evaluation of native vineyard yeasts of Washington State for biological control of Botrytis bunch rot of grape. American Society of Enology and Viticulture Annual Meeting, Bellevue, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wang, X., Schlatter, D C., Paulitz, T. C. and Okubara, P. 2017. Biodiversity of native yeast in vineyards and spontaneous alcoholic fermentation in Washington state. Washington Association of Wine Grape Growers Annual Meeting.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Brassica light leaf spot, white leaf spot, and black leg; onion neck rot; and bacterial blight of carrot. Invited presentation to Bejo Seeds production team, 7 Nov. 2017, Mount Vernon, WA. (30 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Wilt diseases: Managing persistent pathogens in high value vegetable seed crops. Invited seminar to Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, 9 Oct. 2017, Raleigh, NC. (60 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Vegetable seed crop pathology research, and the role the Washington State Commission for Pesticide Registration (WSCPR) funding plays in supporting this program. Invited presentation to WSCPR board, 24 May 2017, La Conner, WA. (12 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: du Toit, L.J. 2017. WSU Extension Onion Field Day, 25 Aug. 2016, Skone & Connorr Farm, Othello, WA. Presented onion downy mildew, mycorrhizae, internal dry scale, bacterial bulb rots, and Iris yellow spot virus information and research updates to growers, seed industry, extension personnel, researchers, etc. (90 people).
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: du Toit, L.J. 2017. Trained 6 Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA) Seed Crop Inspectors on scouting for black leg, caused by Phoma lingam, in brassica seed crops in Washington State (oilseed, cover, and vegetable brassica seed crops), following the finding of this disease in >20 sites in dryland canola production in eastern Washington. 1-hour workshop on 20 Jul. 2017 in Pasco, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Weber, J.M., and du Toit, L.J. 2017. Effect of Contans WG application and burial of sclerotia on survival of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in the Columbia Basin of central Washington. Poster 51-P presented at 2017 APS Annual Meeting, 5-9 Aug. 2017, San Antonio, TX.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: du Toit, L.J. 2017. Washington Pest Control Tour of the Washington State Commission on Pesticide Registration, western WA, 17-19 Jul. 2015. Presented on vegetable seed production and research needs, including pathology research, to ~45 federal/state legislators or staff, agricultural industry representatives, WA State Depts. of Agriculture, Ecology, and Labor & Industries; WSU CAHNRS administrators, National Marine Fisheries Service, US Environmental Protection Agency, etc. on 18 Jul. in Mount Vernon, WA.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: du Toit, L.J. 2017/ Spinach Seed Health Assay Workshop in Denmark and the Netherlands: Invited to present a 4-hour lab workshop on spinach seed health testing at Aarhus University, Denmark on 7 Jun. 2017 (20 people). Workshop preceded by a tour of spinach seed crops in Denmark on 6 Jun. with spinach seed growers and personnel from all seed companies growing spinach seed in Denmark (35 people). Repeated the workshop at Pop Vriend Seeds, Andijk, the Netherlands on 9 Jun. 2017 (10 people, including 2 plant pathologists from Italy). Workshop preceded on 8 Jun. by presentations on the biology and management of necrotrophic fungal pathogens of spinach (30 people).
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: du Toit, L.J. 2017. 2-week volunteer project with the Farmer-2-Farmer program of the US Agency for International Development (USAID), assisting onion farmers in the mountainous Sacapulas region of Quiche, in northwestern Guatemala, with disease diagnoses and management recommendations, 13-25 Mar. 2017. Trained ~15 USAID Technical Field Assistants and regional farmers.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: du Toit, L.J. 2017. 8th Annual Spinach Fusarium Wilt Soil Bioassay Open House, WSU Mount Vernon NWREC. Open house for spinach seed growers and seed company personnel to observe spinach parent lines ranging from highly susceptible to partially resistant fare in a bioassay test of soil sampled from growers fields to assess the relative risk of Fusarium wilt. Soil samples (5 gal/field) were received from 33 growers fields in Dec. 2016 ($200/field) and processed, as well as seed of 18 spinach parent lines from seed companies to screen for relative resistance to Fusarium wilt. Stakeholders view their soils in Feb. 2017 to make decisions on which fields to select for planting spinach seed crops in 2017. >270 fields in western WA have been tested since 2010.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Paulitz, T C. 2017. Diseases of Brassica. WSU Oilseed Cropping Systems Workshops, Hartline Jan. 26, 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Paulitz, T C. 2017. Diseases of Brassica. WSU Oilseed Cropping Systems Workshops, Ritzville Jan. 30, 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Paulitz, T C. 2017. Diseases of Brassica. WSU Oilseed Cropping Systems Workshops Clarkston, Feb. 2 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2017. Effect of Glyphosate on Soil Microbes. Direct Seeders Breakfast, Colfax, Washington Feb. 15, 2017
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2017. Activities on Canola Diseases. Washington Oilseeds Cropping System Annual meeting
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2017. Research on Nematodes and Fusarium Crown Rot Washington Grain Commission Review, Pullman, Washington. Feb. 13, 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2017. Whats New in Research on Soilborne Plant Pathogens. Spokane Farm Forum, Ag Expo, Spokane, Washington. Feb 8, 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2017. Blackleg of Canola. Field Day presentation, Ralston, WA Oct. 1, 2017
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2017. Management of Fresh Wheat Residue for Irrigated Winter Canola Washington Department of Ecology. Nov 9, 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2017. Blackleg of canola and other canola diseases. Field Day Presentation. Almira, WA June 27, 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2017. Blackleg of canola and other canola diseases. Field Day Presentation. Colton, WA July 10, 2017.


Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Researchers, extension specialists, consultants, regulatory agencies, growers. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Graduate students: USDA ARS wheat group supervised 6, co-supervised 1, and served on committees of 10 others; Mazzola mentored 3 PhDs and 1 MS at WSU, 1 PhD at Stellenbosch Univ., South Africa and 1 MS at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo; and served on 5 other committees; du Toit mentored 4 MS at WSU, on 4 PhD committees at WSU, and 2 MS committee at Univ. of Guelph, Canada. Okubara mentored 1 female summer intern for 4 weeks in "Pumping Up the Math and Science Pipeline" program for underrepresented groups. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? >40 extension talks, field days, workshops and consultations occurred. Paulitz consulted WSU Disease Clinic and cereal/oilseed growers to diagnose diseases, and du Toit diagnosed 99 vegetable/seed crop samples. ARS Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit provided outreach to K-12 Native Americans (Colville Confederated Tribes, Spokane Tribe, Kalispell Tribes); science education for underserved rural areas; STEM training for 13 high school interns (Jun.-Jul. 2016); and placed underserved WSU undergraduates as lab assistants. du Toit participated in an NSF-AGEP grant to recruit Native American students into STEM fields. Paulitz coordinated 62nd Annu. Conf. on Soilborne Pathogens, Parlier, CA, 22-23 Mar. 2016. du Toit chaired local organization of APS Pacific Division Annu. Mtg in La Conner, WA, 28-30 Jun. 2016. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Obj. 1. PNW wheat growers are concerned about long-term use of glyphosate in no-till production. Greenhouse experiments with soils with long-term histories of glyphosate application or no application, and next-generation sequencing showed glyphosate had no significant impact on bacterial communities, but cropping system and farm location had much larger effects. In commercial orchard soils, multi-year glyphosate applications at 2X rates demonstrated no impact on composition of bacterial or fungal communities in rhizosphere or bulk soils. In 2014, brassica blackleg was found in Willamette Valley, OR; and in Camas Prairie, ID and Umatilla, OR in spring 2015. The pathogen was found in 3 sites in e. WA in 2016. WSDA expanded quarantine ruling to all counties east of the Cascades. No-till is being adopted by more wheat growers in the PNW to reduce soil erosion and fuel costs but may increase soilborne pathogens. Illumina MiSeq was used to compare fungal communities in long-term no-till and conventionally-tilled plots over 3 years. Trichocladium and Cryptococcus were more abundant in no-till, while Cladosporium, Ulocladium and Glarea were more abundant in conventional tillage. Biosolids are being applied to dryland wheat fields as a source of N. Next-generation sequencing of soil and dust samples from field-applied biosolids found a shift in fungal communities, with no evidence of human-gut associated fungi in samples. This is important for assessing safety of biosolids, especially in windblown dust. Researchers are testing new constructs of Pseudomonas that produce novel phenazine compounds using in vitro and greenhouse assays against Rhizoctonia and Gaeumannomyces. Onions are dependent on arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for P uptake, but soils are often fumigated before planting in the Columbia Basin, which may eliminate the symbiosis. A soil survey indicated AMF were similarly present in organic and conventional onion crops. AMF diversity was not different between systems, but community composition differed. The effects of AMF inoculants on onion growth were evaluated: BioTerra Plus, MycoApply Ultrafine Endo, Mykos Gold Granular, and MykePro Granular. Mykos Gold Granular resulted in taller plants colonized extensively by AMF (82%) vs. plants in control soil. No other product improved onion growth and root colonization consistently. Trials in growers' fields indicated AMF inoculants did not improve stand, yield, or pink root but high soil P probably negated potential AMF benefits. On sandy soils in the Columbia Basin, cereal winter cover crops are planted in fall to prevent soil erosion, and killed with a herbicide before onion seeding in spring. Dead cereal plants protect onion seedlings against sand-blasting but provide a bridge for Rhizoctonia spp. to colonize onion roots and cause stunting. As the interval between glyphosate application to the cover crop and onion planting increased from 3 to 27 days, the number of patches of stunted plants decreased ≥55%, area of stunting decreased 54-63%, and patch severity decreased 59-65%. Increasing the interval between herbicide application to cover crops and onion planting can reduce losses to stunting. Endophytes from poplar are being developed for biocontrol of soilborne fungal pathogens of wheat. Several possible mechanisms of control of Rhizoctonia were found, including plant growth promoting hormones, antifungal metabolites and iron-sequestering compounds. The first mappable genetic resistance against Rhizoctonia in wheat was demonstrated, with 2 to 3 QTLs governing resistance in two wheat genotypes derived from synthetic wheats from CIMMYT. Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) employing orchard grass as carbon input provided soil-borne disease control and improved growth of apple rootstocks in a replant nursery to a level equivalent or superior to pre-plant soil fumigation, with the degree of growth promotion and disease suppression influenced by rootstock genotype. Mustard seed meal soil amendment plus reduced rate chloropicrin fumigation (1/2 rate) was as effective as full rate chloropicrin soil fumigation in promoting growth and yield of strawberry where Fusarium wilt was the main yield limiting factor. A reduced pre-plant mustard seed meal (SM) formulation application rate (2/3 of standard rate) was as effective as pre-plant Telone-C35 soil fumigation for control of apple replant disease, in a rootstock genotype-dependent nature. Discrete molecular and biochemical processes exist in the two apple genotypes in response to challenge with Pythium ultimum, a component of the pathogen complex inciting apple replant disease. Differential responses correlated with sensitivity of 2 rootstock genotypes to the pathogen with differences in survival rate, root biomass, shoot biomass and root length between genotypes. The susceptible rootstock (B.9) did not limit pathogen progression, resulting in rapid root necrosis, whereas constraint of pathogen progression in roots of G.935 was indicated by limited root necrosis. Obj. 2. Temperature and water potential were investigated for effects on growth and reproduction of Rhizoctonia and Fusarium, pathogens causing root and crown rot of wheat. Fusarium culmorum and F. pseudograminearum grew at -7 mPa, while Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 was restricted beyond -1 mPa. At 20-25oC, macroconidia of both Fusarium species were capable of germination even at -9 MPa. Temperature and moisture were fit to models on pathogen distribution under climate change scenarios. Obj. 3. Resistance to cereal cyst nematode found in adapted wheat lines. Cyst nematodes reduce yields in PNW dryland wheat, accounting for about $51 million in annual losses. Screening of advanced lines identified resistant varieties, i.e., SY Steelhead, Svevo, ARS Crescent, and ARS Selbu. Developed greenhouse screening methods for cereal cyst nematode. Greenhouse pot cultures were established to allow screening year-round, with soil from infested fields collected in fall, vernalized at 4oC for 3 months, and used for 9 months without decreased nematode hatching. Resistance sources were found in winter wheat. Markers will be used to identify Cre genes as well as differentials to identify nematode pathotyes. 7th Spinach Fusarium Wilt Soil Bioassay: Soil samples from >30 fields in NW WA were assayed for risk of Fusarium wilt for spinach seed crops planted in 2016. To date, >240 fields have been tested. The highly conducive acid soils mean entire spinach seed crops with susceptible parent lines can be lost, even after 15+-year rotations. Obj. 4. >40 extension talks, field days, workshops and consultations occurred. Paulitz consulted WSU Disease Clinic and cereal/oilseed growers to diagnose diseases, and du Toit diagnosed 99 vegetable/seed crop samples. ARS Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit provided outreach to K-12 Native Americans (Colville Confederated Tribes, Spokane Tribe, Kalispell Tribes); science education for underserved rural areas; STEM training for 13 high school interns (Jun.-Jul. 2016); and placed underserved WSU undergraduates as lab assistants. Graduate students: USDA ARS wheat group supervised 6, co-supervised 1, and served on committees of 10 others; Mazzola mentored 3 PhDs and 1 MS at WSU, 1 PhD at Stellenbosch Univ., South Africa and 1 MS at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo; and served on 5 other committees; du Toit mentored 4 MS at WSU, on 4 PhD committees at WSU, and 2 MS committee at Univ. of Guelph, Canada. Okubara mentored 1 female summer intern for 4 weeks in "Pumping Up the Math and Science Pipeline" program for underrepresented groups. du Toit participated in an NSF-AGEP grant to recruit Native American students into STEM fields. Paulitz coordinated 62nd Annu. Conf. on Soilborne Pathogens, Parlier, CA, 22-23 Mar. 2016. du Toit chaired local organization of APS Pacific Division Annu. Mtg in La Conner, WA, 28-30 Jun. 2016.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mazzola, M. 2016. Harnessing orchard soil microbiology for replant disease control and system resilience. Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Convention, 7-9 Feb. 2016, Niagara Falls, Ontario (250 people) Mazzola, M. 2016. Causes and control of apple replant disease. Ontario Replant Working Group, 9 Feb. 2016, Vineland, Ontario.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mazzola, M. 2016. Manipulation of the soil microbiome for enhanced system resistance to pathogen proliferation. Conference on Soilborne Plant Pathogens, Parlier, CA March 22-24, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mazzola, M. 2016. Challenges to reduce reliance on soil fumigation for soil-borne disease control in strawberry. Western Cape Strawberry Growers Association, 20 Sept. 2016, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mazzola, M. 2016. Multiplicity of mechanisms govern efficacy of anaerobic soil disinfestation for soil-borne disease control. 26th Annual Meeting of the Soilborne Plant Diseases Interest Group of South Africa, 21-22 Sept. 2016, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mazzola, M. 2016. Farming without fumigants: Evaluation of alternative methods for control of orchard replant disease. Apple Replant Disease Mini-Symposium, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 23 Sept., 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Schlatter, D. 2016. Management history, glyphosate, and soil microbial communities in the PNW. Western Wheat Workers meeting, Pullman, WA. July 7, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Thomashow, L. 2016. Suppressive soils: back on the radar screen. IOBC-WPRS Working Group, Biocontrol and Microbial Ecology, Berlin, Germany, 14 September 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Schlatter, D. and Paulitz, T. C. 2016. Effect of glyphosate on soil bacterial communities in long-term no-till and CRP. Direct Seed Conference, Kennewick, WA. Jan. 13-14.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Simon, P., Colley, M., McKenzie, L., Zystro, J., McCluskey, C., Hoagland, L., Roberts, P., Colquhoun, J., du Toit, L., Nunez, J., Silva, E., and Waters, T. CIOA: The Carrot Improvement for Organic Agriculture Project. Better carrots for organic growers and U.S. consumers. 8th Organic Seed Growers Conf., 4-6 Feb. 2016, Corvallis, OR. (50 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Thomashow, L. 2016. Control of Cereal Root Pathogens with Root-Associated Bacteria. Korean Society for Plant Pathology meeting, Pyeongchang Campus, Seoul National University, 20 October 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wang, L. and Mazzola, M. Developing an integrated management option to control apple replant disease. Annual Meeting of the Washington State Tree Fruit Association, 5 Dec. 2016, Wenatchee, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Weber, J., and du Toit, L.J. Research efforts to enhance management of white mold in sunflower seed crops. Columbia Basin Vegetable Seed Assoc. Annual Meeting, 22 Jan. 2015, Moses Lake, WA. (60 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Weller, D. 2016. Biologicals: Past, Present and Future. Symposium talk, meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Tampa, FL, August 1, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mazzola, M. 2016. Tolerance of apple rootstock genotypes to apple replant disease. Apple Replant Disease Mini-Symposium, 23 Sept. 2016, Stellenbosch, South Africa,.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mazzola, M. 2016. Understanding soil microbiology to build system resilience and enhance plant productivity. 2016 Tilth Producers Conference, 11 Nov. 2016, Wenatchee, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ocamb, C.M. and du Toit, L. J. 2016. Managing seedborne pathogens: Black leg in brassica crops in the Pacific Northwest and implications for the organic seed industry. Pp. 90-95 in: Proceedings of the 8th Organic Seed Growers Conferemce, 4-6 Feb. 2016, Corvallis, OR. http://seedalliance.org/events/organic_seed_growers_conference
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Okubara, P. A., Mahoney, A., Hulbert, S. and Sanguinet, K. 2016. Root phenotyping for Rhizoctonia resistance. American Phytopathological Society, Pacific Division Annual Meeting, La Conner, WA, Jun 28-30.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. and Schlatter, D. 2016. Does glyphosate (Roundup) have an impact on soil microbial communities in wheat? Conference on Soilborne Plant Pathogens, Parlier, CA March 22-24, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Pollard, A., Okubara, P. A. and Fuerst, E. P. 2016. Fusarium avenaceum: a potential tool to combat wild oats in the soil weed seedbank. Resilience Emerging from Scarcity and Abundance, Annual Meeting of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Phoenix, AZ. November 6-9, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Weller, D. 2016. Contributions of Biocontrol Agents to Sustainable Agriculture: Do Insights from Microbiome Research and BCA Omics Payoff? XIV Meeting of the IOBC-WPRS Working Group Biological Control of Fungal and Bacterial Plant Pathogens Biocontrol & Microbial Ecology, Berlin, Germany, Sept. 12, 2016
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Weller, D. 2016. Control of Soilborne Diseases of Wheat: A Tale of Two Antibiotics. The 2016 KSPP Fall Meeting and International Conference, Pyeongchang, Gangwon, Korea: October 19-21, 2016
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Aujla, I. and Paulitz, T. C. 2016. Standardizing water potential of salt-amended growth media at different temperatures for microbial studies. Phytopathology 106:S4:30.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Chen, W., McGee, R., Paulitz, T. C., Porter, L., Vandermark, G. J., Guy, S. and Schroeder, K. 2016. Chickpea damping-off caused by metalaxyl resistant Pythium in the Pacific Northwest. International Conference on Legume Genomics and Genetics.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Chen, W., Guy, S., McGee, R., Paulitz, T. C., Porter, L., Schroeder, K. and Vandermark, G. J. 2016. Prevalence of metalaxyl resistance in Pythium populations in dryland agriculture in the US Pacific Northwest. Phytopathology 106:S4.34.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Derie, M. L., Holmes, B. J., Safni, I, Bull, C. T., and du Toit, L. J. 2016. Seedborne inoculum thresholds of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata, causal agent of bacterial leaf spot, in baby leaf Swiss chard crops. Poster presented at 2016 APS Annual Meeting, 30 Jul.3 Aug. 2016, Tampa, FL. Phytopathology 106:S4.142
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Okubara, P. A., Mahoney, A., Hulbert, S. and Sanguinet, K. 2016. Phenotyping for root rot resistance 2016 Dryland Field Day Abstracts, Technical Report 16-1, p. 53-54.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L. J. Tapping into growers expertise: Effective engagement in extension. 2016 APS Annual Meeting, 30 Jul.3 Aug. 2016, Tampa, FL. Invited paper presented in APS Graduate Student Committees Fieldside Manners special session. Phytopathology 106:S4.177-178.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Knerr, A., Wheeler, D. Schlatter, D., Paulitz, T., and du Toit, L. 2016. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with organic and conventional onion crops in the Columbia Basin of Washington. Phytopathology 106:S4.35.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mahoney, A., Okubara, P., Paulitz, T., See, D. and Hulbert, S. 2016. Genetic analysis and root phenotyping of root rot resistance to Rhizoctonia species. 2016 Field Day Abstracts, Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 16-1. Pg. 47-48.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mahoney, A., Yin, C., Okubara, P., Paulitz, T., and Hulbert, S. 2016. Variation in root-associated microbial communities of different wheat varieties. . 2016 Field Day Abstracts, Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 16-1. Pg. 49-50.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Paulitz, T. C., Knerr, A. J., Schlatter, D., Sowers, K., Derie, M. and du Toit, L. 2016. A survey of eastern Washington State for blackleg disease of canola caused by Leptosphaeria maculans and Leptosphaeria biglobosa. 2016 Field Day Abstracts, Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 16-1. Pg. 27-28.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Poudel, R., Jumpponen, A., Schlatter, D., Paulitz, T., McSpadden, G. Kinkel, L. and Garrett, K. 2016. Microbiome networks: A systems framework for identifying candidate microbial assemblages for disease management. Phytopathology 106:S4.56
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Safni, I., Sepulveda, L. R., Goldman, P. H., Derie, M. L., du Toit, L. J., Koike, S. T., Stockwell, V. O., and Bull, C. T. 2016. Genetic diversity of Pseudomonas syringae causing bacterial leaf spot on table beet (Beta vulgaris) and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla). Poster presented at 2016 APS Annual Meeting, 30 Jul.3 Aug. 2016, Tampa, FL. Phytopathology 106:S4.143.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Schlatter, D., Yin, C., Hulbert, S., Burke, I. Paulitz, T. C. 2016. Effect of Glyphosate on Soil Bacteria Communities in Long-Term No-Till and CRP. 2016 Field Day Abstracts, Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 16-1. Pg. 74.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Schlatter, D., Paulitz, T. C., Schillinger, W., Bary, A. and Sharratt, B. 2016 Impacts of Biosolids and Tillage on Microbes in Soil and Dust. 2016 Field Day Abstracts, Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 16-1. Pg. 74.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Weber, J. M., Chen, T., Chen, W., and du Toit, L. J. 2016. Clonality within disease foci and field populations of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing basal stalk rot in sunflower seed crops in central Washington. Poster presented at APS Pacific Division Meeting, 28-30 Jun. 2016, La Conner, WA. Phytopathology 106:S4.207.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L. J. Club root of brassicas. Cloud Mountain Farm Center 2016 Farmer Speaker Series, 20 Oct. 2016. A 2-hour workshop for farmers, including hands-on microscope experience, on club root of brassica crops. Taught with Chris Benedict, WSU Whatcom Co. Extension Specialist. Everson, WA. (12 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L. J. WSU Extension Onion Field Day, 25 Aug. 2016, Skone & Connorr Farm, Othello, WA. Presented onion downy mildew, mycorrhizae, internal dry scale, bacterial bulb rots, and Iris yellow spot virus information and research updates to growers, seed industry, extension personnel, researchers, etc. (90 people).
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L. J. Washington Pest Control Tour of the Washington State Commission on Pesticide Registration, western WA, 27-29 Jul. 2016. Presented on vegetable seed production and research needs, including pathology research, to federal/state legislators or staff, agricultural industry representatives, WA State Depts. of Agriculture, Ecology, and Labor & Industries; WSU CAHNRS administrators, National Marine Fisheries Service, US Environmental Protection Agency, etc. (~50 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L. J. Oregon/Idaho Simplot Onion Growers Meeting, 15 Mar. 2016, Ontario, OR. One of four invited onion specialists, to discuss management of onion internal dry scale, bulb rots, thrips, and Iris yellow spot virus because of major losses to these problems in Treasure Valley onion bulb crops in the past several years. 4 hour discussion and presentations. (25 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L. J. Management of damping-off in organic vegetable crops. Invited by ConAgra/Lamb Weston to discuss management of damping-off in organic processing vegetable crops, particularly organic pea crops. Co-led 2.5 hour discussion with L. Porter, USDA ARS plant pathologist, 10 Feb. 2016, Kennewick, WA. (20 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L. J. Invited to give a 4-hour workshop to onion growers for J.C. Watson Packing Co. Presentation and discussion internal dry scale, Fusarium proliferatum, other bulb rots, and general onion disease management. 14 Jan. 2015, Parma, ID. (25 people)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2016. Blackleg of canola. Grower field day- Pomeroy, WA. May 19, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L. J. American Seed Trade Association Vegetable Technical Subcommittee Meetings. Gave updates on WSDA Crucifer Quarantine and black leg, white leaf spot, and light leaf spot situation in the Pacific Northwest; WSDA Allium White Rot Quarantine; and spinach Phomopsis project. 6 Jan., 12 Apr., & 8 Jun. 2016 (via conference call, 25 people); prepared presentation on these topics for ASTA Vegetable & Flower Conference, Monterey, CA given in my absence by Philip Brown, Sakata America, 2 Feb. 2016. (75 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mazzola, M. 2016. Efficacy of low fumigation rate integrated treatments for Fusarium wilt control. 8 July 2016. California Strawberry Commission Grower Field Day, Watsonville, CA.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2016. Suppression of Rhizoctonia in no-till wheat by soil microbes: It takes a community. March 3, 2016. Seminar, University of Idaho, Moscow.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2016. Taught for two weeks at the 5th CIMMYT International Master Course in Soilborne Pathogens of Cereals in Eskisehir, Turkey, July, 2016.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2016. Root Diseases at ARS- Pullman, Whats New? Spokane Farm Forum, Feb. 3, 2016.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. Diseases in Brassica Oilseed Crops. Biofuels Workshop- Colfax, WA. Jan. 19, 2016.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. Diseases in Brassica Oilseed Crops. Biofuels Workshop- Dayton, WA. Jan. 26, 2016.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. Diseases in Brassica Oilseed Crops. Biofuels Workshop- Odessa, WA. Jan. 21, 2016.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2016. Soilborne Diseases of Wheat and Barley- Targets of Seed Treatments. Syngenta Workshop, Walla Walla, WA Jan. 29, 2016.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Weller, D. 2016. Take-All Decline: A Model for Disease-Suppressive Soils. Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China May 19, 2016
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Weller, D. 2016. Research in the Wheat, Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit. Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China May 20, 2016.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Weller, D. 2016. Soilborne Pathogens and Biological Control. Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China May 23, 2016.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Alcala, A.C., Paulitz, T.C., Schroeder, K., Porter, L., du Toit, L.J. 2016. Pythium species associated with damping-off of pea in certified organic fields in the Columbia Basin of Central Washington. Plant Disease 100:916-925.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Chen, W., Guy, S., McGee, R., Paulitz, T. C., Porter, L., Schroeder, K. and Vandermark, G. J. 2016. Field evaluation of seed treatment fungicides for control of damping-off of chickpea caused by metalaxyl-resistant Pythium spp., 2015. Plant Disease Management Reports 10:ST017.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Erginbas-Orakci, G., Poole, G., Nicol, J., Paulitz, T.C., Dababat, A.A., Garland Campbell, K.A. 2016. Assessment of inoculation methods to identify resistance to Fusarium crown rot in wheat. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 123:19-27.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Gatch, E.W., Derie, M.L., Holmes, B.J., and du Toit, L.J. 2016. Effect of Proline on Fusarium wilt in a spinach seed crop in western Washington, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports 10:V103.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Gatch, E.W., and du Toit, L.J. 2017. Limestone-mediated suppression of Fusarium wilt in spinach seed crops. Plant Disease 101:81-94.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Gebremariam, E.S., Karakaya, A., Erginbas-Orakci, G., Dababat, A.A., Sharma-Poudyal, D., Paulitz, T.C. 2016. First report of Fusarium hostae causing crown rot of wheat (Triticum spp.) in Turkey. Plant Disease 100:216.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Grant, M.R., Tymon, L.S., Helms, G.L., Thomashow, L.S., Keller, C., Harsh, J.B. 2016. Biofilm adaptation to iron availability in the presence of biotite and consequences for chemical weathering. Geobiology. DOI:10.1111/gbi.12187.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mazzola, M., Hewavitharana, S. S., Strauss, S. L., Shennan, C., and Muramoto, J. 2016. Anaerobic soil disinfestation and Brassica seed meal amendment alter soil biology and system resistance. International Journal of Fruit Science. DOI:10.1080/15538362.2016.1195310.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Manning-Thompson, Y., Paulitz, T. C., Smiley, R. and Campbell, K. 2016. Cereal cyst nematode screening in locally adapted spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm of the Pacific Northwest, 2015. Plant Disease Management Reports 10:N003.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Moloto, V.M., Goszczynska, T., du Toit, L.J., and Coutinho, T.A. 2016. A new pathovar of Pseudomonas syringae, pathovar allii, isolated from onion plants exhibiting symptoms of blight. European Journal of Plant Pathology 146: doi:10.1007/s10658-016-1028-1.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Raaijmakers, J. M. and Mazzola, M. 2016. Soil immune responses: Soil microbiomes may be harnessed for plant health. Science 352:1392-1393.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Muramoto, J., Shennan, C., Zavatta, M., Baird, G., Toyama, L., and Mazzola, M. 2016. Effect of anaerobic soil disinfestation for control of charcoal rot in California strawberries. International Journal of Fruit Science http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2016.1199993.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Poojari, S., Olfemi, A., Okubara, P.A., Naidu, R.A. 2016. Development of duplex SYBR Green I-based real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR for detection and discrimination of grapevine viruses. Journal of Virological Methods. 235(5):112:118.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Poudel, A., Jumpponen, A., Schlatter, D., Paulitz, T. C., McSpadden-Gardener, B., Kinkel, L. L. and Garrett, K. A. 2016. Microbiome networks: A systems framework for identifying candidate microbial assemblages for disease management. Phytopathology 106:1083-1096.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Sharma-Poudyal, D., Paulitz, T. C. and du Toit, L. J. 2016. Timing of glyphosate applications to wheat cover crops to reduce onion stunting caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Plant Disease 100:1474-1481.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Sharma-Poudyal, D., Paulitz, T. C., Porter, L. and du Toit, L. J. 2016. Screening of pea genotypes for resistance to root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-8, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports 10:FC184.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Shin, S., Zheng, P., Fazio, G., Mazzola, M., Main, D., and Zhu, Y. 2016. Transcriptome changes specifically associated with apple (Malus domestica) root defense response during Pythium ultimum infection. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 94:16-26.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hewavitharana, S. S., and Mazzola, M. 2016. Carbon source-dependent effects of anaerobic soil disinfestation on soil microbiome and suppression of Rhizoctonia solani AG-5 and Pratylenchus penetrans. Phytopathology 106:1015-1028.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Jaaffar, A.M., Paulitz, T.C., Schroeder, K.L., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M. 2016. Molecular characterization, morphological characteristics, virulence and geographic distribution of Rhizoctonia spp. in the Inland Pacific Northwest. Phytopathology 106:459-473.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kandel, S. L., Firrincieli, A., Leston, N. D., McGeorge, K. M., Okubara, P., Scarascia-Mugnozza, G., Harfouche, A., Kim, S-H. and Doty, S. L. 2016. In vitro bio-control and plant growth promotion potential of Salicaceae endophytes. Frontiers in Microbiology: accepted.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Knerr, J. A., Paulitz, T. C. and du Toit, L. J. 2016. Effects of commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) products on onion in a growth chamber study, 2015. Plant Disease Management Reports 10:V098.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mahoney, A., Babiker, E., Paulitz, T., See, D., Okubara, P.A. and Hulbert S. 2016. Characterizing and mapping resistance in synthetic-derived wheat to Rhizoctonia root rot in a green bridge environment. Phytopathology 106:1170-1176.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Thompson, A.L., Smiley, R.W., Paulitz, T.C., Garland Campbell, K.A. 2016. Identification of dual-resistance to Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei in Iranian landrace accessions of wheat. Crop Science 56(2):654-672.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Zhu, Y., Shin, S., and Mazzola, M. 2016. Genotype-specific responses of apple roots to pathogenic infection by Pythium ultimum. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 38:483-491.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kirby, EM, Paulitz, TC, Murray, TD., Schroeder, KL and XM Chen. 2017. Disease Management for Wheat and Barley. In Yorgey, G. and C. Kruger, eds. Advances in Sustainable Dryland Farming in the Inland Pacific Northwest, Washington State University Extension Publication EM108, Pullman, WA.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Okubara, P. A., Kang, J-H., Howe, G.A. 2016. Belowground signaling and defense in host-Pythium interactions (2016). In Belowground Defence Strategies in Plants, K. Kazan and C. Vos, eds. Springer, Switzerland, pp. 171-194.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Carmody, S., and du Toit, L.J. 2016. Light leaf spot and white leaf spot  two new fungal diseases of brassicas in the PNW. Tilth Producers Quarterly 26 (4):5,18,20.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L. J., Waters, T., and Reitz, S. 2016. Internal dry scale and associated bulb rots of onion. Extension Bulletin PNW686. 8 pp.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Garton, W., Dugan, F., Mazzola, M., and Miles, C. 2016. Apple Anthracnose. Washington State University Tree Fruit Extension. http://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop-protection/disease-management/apple-anthracnose/
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. and Schroeder, K. L. 2016. Acid soils - How do they interact with root diseases? WSU Extension Bulletin. FS195E.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Mycorrhizal inoculants in onion production: Possibilities and pitfalls? 65th Muck Vegetable Growers Conference, 12-13 Apr. 2016, Bradford, Ontario, Canada. (75 growers)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Carmody, S., and du Toit, L.J. Seedborne inoculum for light leaf spot and white leaf spot of brassicas in the Pacific Northwest: Potential significance and management. Puget Sound Seed Growers Assoc. Annual Meeting, 29 Jan. 2016, Mount Vernon, WA. (50 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L. J. 2016. Black leg in the Pacific Northwest: Status of the WSDA Crucifer Quarantine. Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest Direct Seed Association Cropping Systems Conference, 12-13 Jan. 2016, Kennewick, WA. 2 pp. http://www.directseed.org/events/annual-conference/
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Brassica black leg  The hidden dangers of a seedborne pathogen. Invited by American Seed Trade Association because of increasing prevalence of black leg in canola crops in Midwestern states, and concern about infected brassica seed in cover crop seed lots. 6 Nov. 2016, Kansas City, MO. (75 cover crop stakeholders)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Tapping into growers expertise: Effective engagement in extension. Invited presentation by APS Graduate Student Committee, Fieldside Manner special session, APS Annual Meeting, 30 Jul.  3 Aug. 2016, Tampa, FL.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Spinach seed health and production practices. Invited presentation to Spinach Committee, California Seed Association Annual Meeting, 21-23 Mar. 2016, Nampa, CA. (45 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Onion internal dry scale and internal bulb rots  The new bane of PNW onions. Invited presentation, 56th Annual Meeting of the Idaho & Malheur County, OR Onion Growers Associations, 2 Feb. 2012, Ontario, OR. (150 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J., Thornton, T., Simerly, R., and Reitz, S. Pink root panel discussion. 56th Annual Meeting of the Idaho & Malheur County, OR Onion Growers Associations, 2 Feb. 2012, Ontario, OR. (150 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Onion white rot quarantine update. Columbia Basin Vegetable Seed Assoc. Annual Meeting, 22 Jan. 2015, Moses Lake, WA. (60 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Update on brassica black leg in the PNW. Columbia Basin Vegetable Seed Assoc. Annual Meeting, 22 Jan. 2015, Moses Lake, WA. (60 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Diagnosing plant problems  Not so elementary, dear Watson! Columbia Basin Crop Consultants Assoc. Short Course, 13-14 Jan. 2016, Moses Lake, WA. (85 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Onion internal dry scale and management of culled bulbs. Columbia Basin Crop Consultants Assoc. Short Course, 13-14 Jan. 2016, Moses Lake, WA. (85 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Brassica black leg update. Pacific Northwest Direct Seed Association Cropping Systems Conference, 12-13 Jan. 2016, Kennewick, WA. 2 pp. http://www.directseed.org/events/annual-conference/ (40 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J. 2016. Spinach Fusarium wilt: Management of a tenacious, soilborne pathogen based on Achilles heel. 2016 International Spinach Conference, 29 Nov.1 Dec. 2016, San Antonio, TX. (100 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J., Waters, T.W., Derie, M.L., Henrichs, B.A., and Holmes, B.J. 2016. Assessing the potential value of mycorrhizal inoculants in onion production in the Columbia Basin of Washington, USA. National Onion Association Convention and National Allium Research Conference, 30 Nov.  3 Dec. 2016, Savannah, GA. (100 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Carrot diseases in the Pacific Northwest. Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Convention & Trade Show, 16-17 Nov. 2016, Kennewick, WA. (100 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Evaluation of arbuscular mycorrhizae in commercial onion fields. Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Convention & Trade Show, 16-17 Nov. 2016, Kennewick, WA. (150 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Market opportunities for organic production in the PNW. Represented WSU in a 90 minute panel discussion with representatives from Charlies Produce, Costco, Oregon Dept. of Agriculture, Oregon Tilth, Walmart, Whole Foods, Washington State Dept. of Agriculture. Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Convention & Trade Show, 16-17 Nov. 2016, Kennewick, WA. (150 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Bacterial blight of table beet and Swiss chard: Efforts to quantify seedborne inoculum thresholds. Puget Sound Seed Growers Association Annual Meeting, 29 Jan. 2016, Mount Vernon, WA. (50 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hewavitharana, S., Leisso, R., Rudell, D., and Mazzola, M. Temporal changes in soil metabolome and microbiome during anaerobic soil disinfestation. . Annual Meeting of the Washington State Tree Fruit Association, 5 Dec. 2016, Wenatchee, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Leisso, R., Rudell, D., and Mazzola, M. New insights into apple rootstock and soil interactions: chemistry and microbes. Annual Meeting of the Washington State Tree Fruit Association, 5 Dec. 2016, Wenatchee, WA.


Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Farmers, researchers, extension specialists, consultants Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The USDA ARS wheat group presently is supervising 6 graduate students at WSU. Mazzola is mentoring three PhD students at WSU, one PhD and 1 MSc student at Stellenbosch University in South Africa, and one MSc student at CalPoly San Luis Obispo. du Toit is chairing the committee of 4 MS students at WSU, and is on another 4 PhD committees at WSU and 1 MS committee at the University of Guelph, with projects on soilborne plant pathogens. In addition, see the next entry. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? In 2015, researchers from WA presented over 30 extension talks, field days, workshops/clinics and special consultations in relation to soilborne diseases. Paulitz provided consultation on a regular basis for the WSU Disease Diagnostic Clinic and for cereal and oilseed growers to diagnose diseases, and du Toit diagnosed 98 vegetable and seed crop samples. ARS Root Disease and Biological Control Research Unit continues to provide outreach to K-12 Native Americans, including the Colville Confederated Tribes, the Spokane Tribe, and the Kalispell Tribes. Examples of these activities include: 1) monthly visits to Nespelem Elementary School and Pascal Sherman Indian School on the Colville Reservation to present STEM modules, October 2014 - May 2015; 2) molecular biology, biochemistry and engineering training for 13 summer high school interns (June- July 2015) in ARS and WSU labs; and placement of underserved WSU undergraduates as laboratory assistants in ARS and WSU labs. In addition, ARS scientists taught a special workshop on diseases to Native American high school students from Idaho for the REACCH HOIST program, June, 2015, at the WSU Spillman Farm. du Toit toured Northwest Indian College in Dec. 2015 and gave a guest lecture on careers in plant sciences, and is participating in the PNW COSMOS grant with the NSF AGEP to recruit Native American students into STEM graduate studies. du Toit mentored a graduate student, Carmody, for a 4-hour workshop on diagnosing plant diseases given to 'Growing Veterans' (military veterans program) and Latino farmers on 7 Nov. 2015 in Skagit Valley. The USDA ARS wheat group presently is supervising 6 graduate students at WSU. Mazzola is mentoring three PhD students at WSU, one PhD and 1 MSc student at Stellenbosch University in South Africa, and one MSc student at CalPoly San Luis Obispo. du Toit is chairing the committee of 4 MS students at WSU, and is on another 4 PhD committees at WSU and 1 MS committee at the University of Guelph, with projects on soilborne plant pathogens. Paulitz was the main coordinator and organize of Joint Meeting of the 61st Annual Conference on Soilborne Pathogens, Riverside, California, March 23-26, 2015. This annual meeting attracts almost 100 industry, academic, government, regulatory, and student attendees. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1: Using pyrosequencing, we compared fungal communities (family level) between long-term no-till and conventionally tilled soils, in side-by side plots, over two years in two locations in WA and ID. Fungi such as Trichocladium and Exophiala were more dominant in no-till systems, while Cladosporium, Ulocladium and Cryptococcus were dominant in conventionally tilled systems. In the latter, fresh wheat residues incorporated may favor fast-growing pioneer colonists like Cladosporium. With no-till systems, the only carbon source is wheat roots which may be colonized by Trichocladium, initially as an endophyte. Draft genome sequences of 11 strains of biocontrol bacteria of Pseudomonas that inhibit plant-parasitic nematodes and fungal soilborne pathogens were obtained. Comparative genomics and bioinformatics is ongoing to discover bacterial loci encoding anti-pathogen metabolites and deduced chemical structures of metabolites. This information will be used by agri-products companies (e.g., AGPW LLC) for formulating candidate control compounds. We are investigating the effect of glyphosate on microbial communities in a dryland wheat cropping system. We collected soil from 4 growers, including no-till fields with a long history of glyphosate use vs. adjacent fields with native grassland and no history of herbicide use. The soils were planted in a greenhouse with wheat, and half treated with glyphosate over 6 planting cycles. DNA was extracted from rhizosphere and bulk soil, and pyrosequenced using bacterial primers. We did not find any major shift in bacterial populations caused by glyphosate use, but farm location, cropping system, and proximity to roots had significant effects. Two families, Sphingomonadaceae and Sphingobacteriaceae, had OTUs reduced by glyphosate. The experiment will be repeated. VegelysTM, a commercially-available Allium-based biocontrol formulation marketed by Phyto Auxillium, Grez Neuville, France, controls bacteria and fungi on plant surfaces, such as seed, without negative effects on germination or growth. We found it also inhibits growth of the soilborne plant pathogens Rhizoctonia solani AG 8, Fusarium culmorum, F. pseudograminearum, Pythum ultimum and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici on agar plates. We are determining if the formulation can be applied to soil or seed for seedling protection (greenhouse and field). This information will be useful to growers if disease suppression can be obtained at economically feasible rates. Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas provide a wealth of biocontrol potential but are less stable on the shelf and less persistent in the field than Bacillus or Trichoderma. Cellulose-based media are being explored to aid in storage, delivery and application of biocontrol strains of Pseudomonas in the greenhouse and field. Researchers at USDA-ARS, in collaboration with Joint Genomics Institute, are testing new constructs of Pseudomonas that produce novel phenazine compounds using in vitro and greenhouse assays against Rhizoctonia and Gaeumannomyces. Onions are dependent on arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for uptake of P. However, soils are often fumigated before planting onion crops in the Columbia Basin, which may eliminate this beneficial symbiosis. However, a survey indicated that AMF are similarly present in organic and conventional onion bulb crops. Next-generation sequencing was used to identify AMF genera in both systems, with greater abundance of Glomerales in the organic vs. conventional fields, and greater abundance of Glomus spp. Similar assessments are being done with 4 pairs of onion fields, with one field in each pair fumigated and the other not fumigated with methyl bromide in fall 2014, prior to planting onion seed in spring 2015. With colleagues at Univ. California-Santa Cruz and the California Strawberry Commission, Mazzola demonstrated efficacy of anaerobic soil disinfestation for soilborne disease control in strawberry production systems. Objective 2: We are investigating how temperature and water potential affect the growth and reproduction of Rhizoctonia and Fusarium, two pathogens causing root and crown rot of wheat. Fusarium culmorum and F. pseudograminearum are capable of growth at -7 mPa, while Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 was restricted beyond -1 mPa. F. culmorum, F. pseudograminearum, and R. solani AG-8 grew optimally at 20-25oC, while R. oryzae had optimal growth at 30oC. This information is needed to model distribution of these pathogens under future climate change scenarios. Objective 3: In spring 2014, a new species, H. filipjevi, was discovered in eastern WA. Adapted wheat material and regional nurseries are being screened in infested fields, and we have identified a cultivar with resistance to H. filipjevi, SY Steelhead, along with 9 other adapted varieties/lines. Greenhouse screening methods have been developed, and we started screening winter wheat varieties. We found soft white and hard red varieties with resistance to H. filipjevi. As part of an effort to identify the extent of infestation of H. filipjevi, we developed methods to identify species from DNA isolated from a single cyst. We extended the survey throughout Whitman Co., and so far have found that H. filipjevi is restricted to southern Whiteman Co., with H. avenae in other sites. About 15-30% of the fields surveyed in the Palouse are infected by cereal cyst nematode. Synthetic wheat lines with partial resistance to Rhizoctonia root rot have been developed. ARS scientists in Pullman, WA, in collaboration with scientists at Washington State University, used field and greenhouse screens to identify five synthetic wheats with consistent partial resistance to Rhizoctonia root rot. The wheats represent new, non-genetically modified resources for breeders and growers to manage Rhizoctonia root rot. Growth chamber trials with AMF fungi were used to assess 4 commercial AMF products for enhancing onion growth. MYKOS Gold showed the most significant and most consistent benefit of the products, followed by MYKE Pro (now AGTIV) and BioTerra Plus. No effects were observed with MycoApply. However, the benefits of AMF were negated in soil with higher levels of P. Field trials are being planned with onion and carrot growers in the Columbia Basin to evaluate some of these products in 2016. Objective 4: (See next two entries for details) Select impacts from the project: A new tool for the management of cereal cyst nematode, which cannot be managed by chemicals. Identification of wheat varieties resistant to cereal cyst nematode, including the spring wheat SY Steelhead. This year we identified winter wheat varieties with resistance. Winter wheat is planted on 75% of the acreage in the Pacific Northwest. These varieties can be used immediately to reduce the spread and impact of this new pathogen. Greater understanding and exchange of information about the detection, identification and ecology of soilborne pathogens of wheat, barley, Brassicas, and vegetables, and the control of root diseases via host genetic resistance, management practices and beneficial microbes that provide biocontrol. This information is disseminated through the many extension activities described below. For the first time, we have definitive information on bacterial communities that show a lack of impact of the herbicide glyphosate. This herbicide is a lynchpin of the direct-seed, no-till cropping systems, which reduces soil erosion, improves soil health, and reduces fuel inputs. Development of wheat varieties with tolerance/resistance to Rhizoctonia. We have made crosses with synthetic wheats and have adapted lines that have been evaluated under field conditions. AMF products with potential for enhancing vegetable production. We identified commercial AMF products with potential value in enhancing onion and carrot growth, including reducing the need for P fertilizers and managing some soilborne pathogens.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 1. Dyer, A.T., Al-Khafaji, R. T., Tyler, L., Paulitz, T. C., Handoo, Z. A., Skantar, A. and Chitwood, D. 2015. First report of the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi on winter wheat in Montana. Plant Disease 99:1188.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 3. Gebremariam, E. S., Karakaya, A., Erginbass-Orakci, G., Dababat, A. A., Sharma-Poudyal, S. and Paulitz, T. C. 2015. First report of Fusarium redolens causing crown rot of wheat (Triticum spp.) in Turkey. Plant Disease 99:1280.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 4. Manici, L. M., Kelderer, M., Caputo, F., and Mazzola, M. 2015. Auxin-mediated relationships between apple plants and root inhabiting fungi: impact on root pathogens and potentialities of growth-promoting populations. Plant Pathology 64:843-851.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 5. Mazzola, M., Hewavitharana, S., and Strauss, S. L. 2015. Brassica seed meal soil amendments transform the rhizosphere microbiome and improve apple production though resistance to pathogen re-infestation. Phytopathology 105:460-469.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 6. Nesemann, K., Braus-Stromeyer, S.A., Thuermer, A., Daniel, R., Mavrodi, D.V., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M., Braus, G.H. 2015. Draft genome sequence of the phenazine-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 2-79. Genome Announcements.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 7. Poudyal, D., Paulitz, T.C., du Toit, L.J. 2015. Evaluation of onion genotypes for resistance to stunting caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 8. HortScience.50:551-554.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 8. Poudyal, D., Paulitz, T.C., du Toit, L.J. 2015. Stunted patches in onion bulb crops in Oregon and Washington: Etiology and yield loss. Plant Disease.99:648-658.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 2. Gatch, E.W., and du Toit, L.J. 2015. A soil bioassay for predicting the risk of spinach Fusarium wilt. Plant Disease 99:512-526.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 9. Poudyal, D., Paulitz, T.C., Porter, L., du Toit, L.J. 2015. Characterization and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia and Rhizoctonia-like spp. from pea crops in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington. Plant Disease. 99:604-613.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 10. Song, C., Mazzola, M., Cheng, X., Alexandrov, T., Dorrestein, P., Watrous, J., van der Voort, M., and Raaijmakers, J. 2015. Molecular and chemical dialogues in bacteria-protozoa interactions. Scientific Reports 5:12837.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 11. Tewoldemedhin, Y. T., Lamprecht, S. C., and Mazzola, M. 2015. Rhizoctonia anastomosis groups associated with diseased rooibos seedlings and the potential of compost as soil amendment for disease suppression. Plant Disease 99:1020-1025.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 12. du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., and Holmes, B.J. 2015. 2014 Carrot cavity spot Serenade Soil trial. Research report submitted to Dean Christie, Bayer CropScience, Feb. 2015. 7 pp.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 13. du Toit, L.J. and Derie, M.L. 2015. 2014 Onion pink root Serenade Soil efficacy trial in Connell, Washington. Research report submitted to Dean Christie, Bayer CropScience, Feb. 2015. 4 pp.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 14. du Toit, L.J., Waters, T., and Reitz, S. 2015. Internal dry scale and associated bulb rots: Bane of the 2014 Pacific Northwest onion season. Onion World May/June 2015:4-7.
  • Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: 15. Paulitz, T. C., Schroeder, K. L., and Beard, T. 2015. Sclerotinia stem rot or white mold of canola. WSU Extension Bulletin. Submitted March 2, 2015. Accepted Nov. 2015.
  • Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: 16. Paulitz, T. C. and Schroeder, K. L. 2015. Acid soils- How do they interact with root diseases? WSU Extension Bulletin. Submitted May 14, 2015. Accepted Aug. 26, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 17. Aujla, I. S. and Paulitz, T. 2015. How temperature and water potential affect the growth of Fusarium and Rhizoctonia pathogens of wheat. Transitioning Cereal Systems to Adapt to Climate Change, Minneapolis, MN, Nov. 13-14, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 18. Aujla, I. S. and Paulitz, T. 2015. How temperature and water potential affect the growth of Fusarium and Rhizoctonia pathogens of wheat. 6th Annual Northwest Climate Change Conference. Coeur dAlene, ID, Nov. 3-5, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 19. Daugovish, O., Shennan, C., Muramoto, J., and Mazzola, M. 2015. Carbon source and irrigation affect anaerobic soil disinfestation in strawberry. Pages 12.1-12.3, In, International Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives. MBAO, Fresno, CA. November 8-11, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 20. du Toit, L.J. Ignorance is bliss? History repeated for crucifer black leg in the Pacific Northwest. General Vegetable Session of the Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Convention & Trade Show, 18-19 Nov. 2015, Kennewick, WA. (~100 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 21. du Toit, L.J. Onion internal dry scale and bulb rots. Onion Session of the Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Convention & Trade Show, 18-19 Nov. 2015, Kennewick, WA. (~250 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 22. du Toit, L.J. Ignorance is bliss? History repeated for crucifer black leg in the Pacific Northwest. Washington Tilth Producers Association Annual Meeting, 13-15 Nov. 2015, Spokane, WA. (~50 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 23. du Toit, L.J. Onion diseases in Washington State. Invited presentation at 38th Argentine Horticultural Congress, 16th National Floricultural Conf., 8th Scientific Meeting on Onion from MERCOSUR, and 3rd Regional Plant Protection and Toxicology Conf., 5-8 Oct. 2015, Bah�a Blanca, Argentina. (150 attendees). Also participated in meetings with onion stakeholders in Lower Rio Colorado River, Argentina, with a presentation at each on bulb rots.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 27. du Toit, L.J. Black leg of crucifers in the Pacific Northwest: Lessons learned from the 2014 Willamette Valley epidemic. Skagit Farmers Supply Growers Recertification Day, 18 Feb. 2015, Mount Vernon, WA. (~150 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 24. du Toit, L.J. Ignorance is bliss? History repeated for brassica black leg in the Pacific Northwest. Presentatoin to Skagit Co. Commissioners, 25 Aug. 2015, Mount Vernon, WA. (5 people + recording of presentation televised publicly: http://skagit.granicus.com/MediaPlayer.php?view_id=8&clip_id=2036)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 25. du Toit, L.J. Black leg, light leaf spot, and white leaf spot of crucifers in the Pacific Northwest: Lessons learned from the 2014 Willamette Valley epidemic. Douglas Co. and Okanogan Co. Growers Meeting. Invited to help growers avoid introducing seedborne pathogens on crucifer cover crop and canola seed. 3 Mar. 2015, Waterville, WA. (25 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 26. du Toit, L.J., and Derie, M.L. Suppression of Fusarium wilt in spinach seed production using compost. 2015 International Spinach Conference, 24-25 Feb. 2015, Yuma, AZ (also listed in abstracts). (~200 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 28. du Toit, L.J. Black leg in brassica crops and foliar nutrient analyses for table beet seed crops. Wilbur-Ellis Co. and Sakata America Annual Seed Growers Meeting, 3 Feb. 2015, Burlington, WA. (75 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 29. du Toit, L.J. 2014 Black leg, light leaf spot, and white leaf spot epidemic in the Willamette Valley of Oregon: Protecting Washingtons Brassica seed industry. Puget Sound Seed Growers Association Annual Meeting, 30 Jan. 2015, Mount Vernon, WA. (75 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 30. du Toit, L.J. Table beet seed production in Washington: 2014 Disease and fertility assessments. Puget Sound Seed Growers Association Annual Meeting, 30 Jan. 2015, Mount Vernon, WA. (75 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 31. du Toit, L.J. Emerging Brassica diseases in the Pacific Northwest: Black leg, light leaf spot, and white leaf spot. Presentation to the Emerging Disease Issues Committee, 54th American Seed Trade Association Vegetable & Flower Conference, 24-27 January 2015, Tampa, FL (80 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 32. du Toit, L.J. Allium, bean, and crucifer seed quarantines in Washington: Do the rules suffice? Columbia Basin Crop Consultants Association 2015 Short Course, 21-22 Jan. 2015, Moses Lake, WA. (~150 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 33. du Toit, L.J. Allium, bean, and crucifer seed quarantines in Washington: Do the rules suffice? Columbia Basin Vegetable Seed Association Annual Meeting, 20 Jan. 2014, Moses Lake, WA. (~100 people)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 38. Muramoto, J., Shennan, C., Zavatta, M., Toyama, L., Hewavitharana, S. S.., and Mazzola, M. 2015. Conrolling Fusarium wilt of strawberries by anaerobic soil disinfestation. Pages 16.1-16.4, In, International Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives. MBAO, Fresno, CA. November 8-11, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 39. Myers, R., and du Toit, L.J. Keynote panel  An overview of cover cropping in the PNW  Opportunities and challenges. Presentation on the 2014 black leg epidemic in the Willamette Valley, and potential modifications to the WSDA crucifer quarantine to protect brassica oilseed crops in the irrigated and dryland areas of central and eastern Washington. 2015 PNW Oilseed & Direct Seed Conference, 20-22 Jan. 2014, Kennewick, WA. (~250 people) http://css.wsu.edu/biofuels/presentations/2015pnw-oilseed-direct-seed-conference/powerpoint-presentations/
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 40. Okubara, P., Paulitz, T., Yin, C., Mahoney, A., Mueth, N., and Hulbert, S. 2015. Bacterial community profiling in Rhizoctonia soils. Plant and Animal Genome XXIII, January 10-14, 2015, San Diego, CA, P0461, p. 240. (Poster)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 41. Okubara, P. 2015. Cultivar-Specific Rhizosphere Traits in Wheat Root. 9th International Symposium of the International Society of Root Research entitled Roots down under - Belowground solutions to global challenges, Canberra, Australia, October 5-9, 2015. (Invited talk)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 42. Paulitz, T. 2015. Managing Plant-Microbe Interactions in Soil to Promote Sustainable Agriculture- Washington Update, W-3147 Multistate Group, 4 Dec. 2015. Riverside, CA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 43. Paulitz, T. C. 2015. Canola Diseases - Rhizoctonia and Blackleg. Pacific Northwest Direct Seed Meeting, Kennewick, Washington, January 19-22, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 44. Paulitz, T. 2015. Natural suppression of Rhizoctonia bare patch of wheat in no-till: The role of microbial communities. Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University. Feb 2, 2015. Seminar.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 45. Paulitz, T. Whats new in root disease research? Spokane Farm Forum, Ag Expo, Spokane, Washington, February 4, 2015.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 49. Paulitz, T. 2015. Soil health and plant health: the pathogen connection. Keynote talk at Soil Health and Management for Ag Professionals Worland Community Center, Worland, WY May 26-27, 2015. 50. Paulitz, T. 2015. Nematode Diseases. Lecture and Lab for Introductory Plant Pathology. Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University. Nov. 4, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 46. Paulitz, T. 2015. Canola Diseases. Washington State Biofuels Cropping Systems Meeting, Pullman, Washington February 26, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 47. Paulitz, T. 2015 Long-term agricultural research: A means to achieve resilient agricultural production for the 21st Century and beyond. A symposium at the 70th Annual Soil and Water Conservation Society, Greensboro, NC July 26-29, 2015. Presented invited talk- Long Term Agriculture Research: Disease Management.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 48. Paulitz, T. 2015. Long-term agricultural research: A means to achieve resilient agricultural production for the 21st Century and beyond. Presented invited talk symposium Long Term Agriculture Research: Disease Management at the Tri-Society Meeting, Minneapolis, MN November 15-18, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 34. Mazzola, M. and Hewavitharana, S. S. 2015. ASD efficacy is associated with altered soil microbiome and metabolome. Pages 13.1-13.4, In, International Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives. MBAO, Fresno, CA. November 8-11, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 35. Mazzola, M., Hewavitharana, S. S., Strauss, S. L., Shennan, C., and Muramoto, J. 2015. Effect of anaerobic soil disinfestation and Brassica seed meal amendment on soil biology and system resistance. 8th North American Strawberry Symposium, Feb. 3-6, 2015, Ventura, CA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 36. Mazzola, M., and Wang, L. 2015. Reduced rate seed meal amendment efficacy is plant genotype-dependent. Pages 14.1-14.4, In, International Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives. MBAO, Fresno, CA. November 8-11, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 37. Muramoto, J., Shennan, C., Zavatta, M., Baird, G., Toyama, L., and Mazzola, M. 2015. Effect of anaerobic soil disinfestation and mustard seed meal for control of charcoal rot in California strawberries. 8th North American Strawberry Symposium, Feb. 3-6, 2015, Ventura, CA.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 51. Paulitz, T. C. 2015. From Cal Poly to Pullman- Recollections of a Plant Pathologist. A talk given to students and faculty of the School of Agriculture, California Polytechnic University, Pomona, Dec. 8, 2015.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 52. Paulitz, T. 2015. Crop rotation and soilborne pathogens. Lecture in Advanced Cropping Systems. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University. 20 Oct. 2015.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 53. Paulitz, T. 2015. Interactions of Soil pH and Soilborne Pathogens of Wheat. Lecture in Soil Plant Microbial Interactions. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University. 10 Dec. 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 54. Aujla, I. S. and Paulitz, T. C. 2015. Effect of temperature and water potential on the hyphal growth rate of Fusarium and Rhizoctonia pathogens of wheat. Phytopathology 105 (Suppl. 4):S4.9.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 55. Chen, W., McGee, R., Paulitz, T., Porter, L., Vandemark, G., Guy, S., and Schroeder, K. 2015. Metalaxyl resistance and Pythium damping-off of chickpea. 2015 Field Day Abstracts, Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 15-1. Pg. 41.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 56. Collins, B.D., McDonald, M.R., du Toit, L.J., and Westerveld, S. 2015. Evaluation of management practices for Fusarium wilt in bunching spinach production in Ontario, Canada. 2015 International Spinach Conference, 24-25 Feb. 2015, Yuma, AZ.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 57. du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., Youngquist, C.P., and Holmes, B.J. Suppression of Fusarium wilt in spinach seed production using compost. 2015 International Spinach Conference, 24-25 Feb. 2015, Yuma, AZ.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 58. Hewavitharana, S. S., Shennan, C., Muramoto, J., and Mazzola, M. 2015. Anaerobic soil disinfestation disease control performance in strawberry influenced by environmental variables. Phytopathology 105:S4.59. 2015 Annual Meeting of American Phytopathological Society, Pasadena, CA.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 59. Manning-Thompson, Y., Smiley, R., Paulitz, T., and Garland-Campbell, K. 2015. Screening for resistance to cereal cyst nematode in locally adapted spring wheat cultivars of the Pacific Northwest. 2015 Field Day Abstracts, Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 15-1. Pg. 54.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 60. McFarland, C., Kahl, K., Huggins, D., Carpenter-Boggs, L., Koenig, R., Blackburn, J., Schroeder, K. and Paulitz, T. 2015. How much lime to apply? 2015 Field Day Abstracts, Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 15-1. Pg. 23.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 61. McFarland, C., Kahl, K., Huggins, D., Carpenter-Boggs, L., Koenig, R., Blackburn, J., Schroeder, K. and Paulitz, T. 2015. How surface-applied lime products affect soil fertility. 2015 Field Day Abstracts, Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 15-1. Pg. 24.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 63. Nyoni, M., Mazzola, M., and McLeod, A. 2015. Evaluating systemic semi-selective chemicals for the management of apple replant disease in fumigated and non-fumigated orchard systems. International Plant Protection Congress. August 24-27, 2015, Berlin, Germany.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 64. Paulitz, T., Sharma-Poudyal, D., Yin, C., and Hulbert, S. 2015. Effect of long-term no-till on soil fungal communities in dryland wheat cropping systems. 2015 Field Day Abstracts, Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 15-1. Pg. 51.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 65. Reed, A. J., and Mazzola, M. 2015. Characterization of apple replant disease-associated microbial communities over multiple growth periods using next-generation sequencing. Phytopathology 105:S4.117. 2015 Annual Meeting of American Phytopathological Society, Pasadena, CA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 66. Shennan, C., Muramoto, J., and Mazzola, M. 2015. Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation (ASD): a strategy for control of soil borne diseases in strawberry production. ISHS International Symposium Innohort 2015, June 8-12, 2015, Vignon, France. Page 25 in book of abstracts.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 67. Simon, P., Colley, M., McKenzie, L., Zystro, J., Hoagland, L., Roberts, P., Colquhoun, J., du Toit, L., Nunez, J., Silva, E., and Waters, T. 2015. Cultivar development with the CIOA (Carrot Improvement for Organic Agriculture) project targets flavor, novel colors, top height, and disease and pest resistance. 37th Internat. Carrot Conf., 15-17 Sep. 2015, Nottawasaga Inn Resort & Conf. Centre, Alliston, Ontario, Canada.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 68. Sowers, K., Paulitz, T., Davis, J., du Toit, L., Schroeder, K., and Wysocki, D. 2015. Blackleg in canola  Reason for alarm in Washington State? 2015 Field Day Abstracts, Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 15-1. Pg. 31.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 69. Wang, L., and Mazzola, M. 2015. Integration of apple rootstock genotype with reduced Brassica seed meal application rates for replant disease control. Phytopathology 105:S4.145. 2015 Annual Meeting of American Phytopathological Society, Pasadena, CA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 70. Yin, C., Schroeder, K., Mueth, N., and Hulbert, S. 2015. Bacterial communities on wheat grown under long-term conventional tillage and no-till in the Pacific Northwest of the US. Phytopathology 105 (Suppl. 4):S4.154.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 71. Zhu, Y., Mazzola, M., and Fazio, G. 2015. Differential transcriptional regulation of defense-associated genes among apple rootstock genotypes in response to Pythium ultimum. Phytopathology 105:S4.159. 2015 Annual Meeting of American Phytopathological Society, Pasadena, CA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 62. McLeod, A., and Mazzola, M. 2015. Towards integrated management of apple replant disease using knowledge of disease etiology. Pages 73-75, In, Proceedings Integrated Plant Protection in Fruit Crops, Stellenbosch, South Africa, November 24-28, 2014.


Progress 11/14/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Vegetable growers, scientific colleagues, K-12 education. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Six graduate students and eight High School interns have participated in the research. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? See the list of presentations and publications, field days, etc. in 2014 under 'Other Products - Activities'. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? This project is in its first year. Additional research on the stated goals will continue.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1 To identify and characterize new biological agents, naturally suppressive soils, cultural practices, and organic amendments that provide management of diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens. WA-Using pyrosequencing, we compared bacterial communities at the family level between long-term no-till and conventionally tilled soils, in side-by side plots, over two years in two locations in Washington and Idaho. Many bacterial families were more predominant in either rhizosphere or bulk soil, but tillage practice had no significant effect on most families. The only exception was Chitinophagaceae, which was more frequent in bulk, conventionally tilled soil and Solirubrobacteraceae and Rhodospirillaceae, which were more frequent in bulk, no-till soil. No rhizosphere families were influenced by tillage, suggesting that the plant is a much stronger driver of communities, at least for bacteria. WA-Over the last 4 years, we have defined the composition of Rhizoctonia and Rhizoctonia-like groups that cause bare patch disease in onion and pea in the irrigated Columbia Basin of Washington and Idaho. Over 11 groups were detected, with AG-8, AG-4 and AG 2-1 being the most pathogenic on pea, and AG-8 and AG-4 on onions. WA-Onions are dependent on arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi for uptake of P. However, soils are often fumigated in onion production in the irrigated Columbia Basin, which may eliminate this beneficial symbiosis. However, a survey has indicated that AM fungi are equally present in both organic and conventional tillage. We will use next-gen sequencing to identify the species. We are presently investigating the possibility that AM fungi may help protect onions against pathogens such as Rhizoctonia and Phoma. WA-ARS researchers in Wenatchee characterized the microbial communities in apple replant, as affected by biofumigation with Brassica seed meal and telone-C17. After two growing seasons, the bacterial and fungal community were identical between the non-fumigated treatment and the treatment fumigated with telone-C17, indicating that the communities reoccupied the niche. However, the communities in the biofumigated treatments were distinct after two years, indicating that a long-term shift had occurred. Objective 2 To understand how microbial populations and their gene expression are regulated by the biological (plants and microbes) and physical environment and how microbes influence disease. WA-As part of a climate change CAP grant, we have been documented the distribution of soilborne pathogens across a wide variety of cropping system zones in eastern Washington. Using real-time PCR technology developed by ARS, we quantified Rhizoctonia groups over 2 years, and correlated the populations with climatic factors from models developed at a 4-km scale, using principal component analysis and correlation analysis. R. solani AG-8 was more associated with sandy soils and low precipitation, but R. oryzae was more influenced by temperature. This information will be used for modelling under future climate change scenarios. Objective 3. Implement sustainable management strategies for soilborne pathogens that are compatible and integrated with good soil health practices. WA-Apple replant diseases has been controlled in the past by methyl bromide. Researchers with USDA-ARS in Wenatchee have been investigating alternatives such as Brassica seed meals from Brassica juncea and Sinapsis albus. In the field, these treatments have resulted in plant performance equal to or better than telone-C17, a currently used fumigant. WA-Researchers at WA continue to survey for cereal cyst nematode in eastern Washington. In Spring, 2014, an new species, H. filipjevi, was discovered in WA. Adapted material and regional nurseries are being screened in infested fields, and we have identified a cultivar, SY Steelhead, with resistance to H. filipjevi. Greenhouse screening methods are being developed. Objective 4. Provide outreach, education, extension and technology transfer to our clients and stakeholders- growers, biocontrol industry, graduate and undergraduate students, K-12 students and other scientists. In 2014, researchers from WA have presented over 20 extension talks, 7 field days and workshops/clinics and 6 special consultations (du Toit). Paulitz provided consultation on a regular basis for the WSU Disease Diagnostic Clinic. ARS Root Disease and Biological Control Research Unit continues to provide outreach to K-12 to Native Americans, including the Colville Confederated Tribes, the Spokane Tribe, and the Kalispell Tribes. ARS and WSU sponsored 8 senior high interns in Summer, 2014. We are presently supervising 6 graduate students at WSU. Short-term outcomes- demonstration that biofumigation is as effective as chemical fumigation, identification of wheat varieties resistant to cereal cyst nematode, and demonstration that AM fungi may be adapted to conventional systems in irrigated onion. Outputs- publications and reports, both scientific and extension, see below. Activities- Technology transfer, extension talks, workshops and clinics, see below. Organization of the annual Conference on Soilborne Plant Pathogens in San Rafael, CA. Milestones: Yr 1 and Yr 2 are being accomplished, especially Objective 1 describing microbial communities associated with suppressive soils, cultural and other management techniques. IMPACTS: WA-Reduction in the use of telone for apple replant disease. Demonstration that biofumigation is as effective as chemical fumigation in long-term field experiments with apple replant disease and results in a long-term microbial shift. WA-A new tool for the management of cereal cyst nematode, which cannot be managed by chemicals. Identification of wheat varieties resistant to cereal cyst nematode, including SY Steelhead. These varieties can be used immediately to reduce the spread and impact of this new pathogen. WA-Greater understanding and exchange of information about the detection, identification and ecology of soilborne pathogens of wheat, barley and Brassicas and the control of root diseases via host genetic resistance, management practices and beneficial microbes that provide biocontrol. This information is disseminated through the many extension activities described below.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., and Alcala, A.C. 2014. First report of Pythium sulcatum causing cavity spot in processing carrot crops in the Columbia Basin of Washington State. Plant Disease 98:427.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Henkels, M.D., Kidarsa, T.A., Shaffer, B.T., Goebel, N.C., Burlinson, P., Mavrodi, D.V., Bentley, M.A., Rangel, L.I., Davis II, E.W., Thomashow, L.S., Zabriskie, T.M., Preston, G.M., Loper, J.E. 2014. Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 causes brown blotch symptoms on mushroom due to the production of antifungal metabolites. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 27(7):733-746
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Okubara, P.A., Dickman, M.B., Blechl, A.E. 2014. Molecular aspects of controlling the soilborne necrotrophic pathogens Rhizoctonia and Pythium. Plant Science. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.02.001.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Okubara, P.A., Schroeder, K.L., Abatzoglou, J.T., Paulitz, T.C. 2014. Agroecological factors correlated to soil DNA concentrations of Rhizoctonia in dryland wheat production zones of Washington State. USA. Phytopathology. 104(7):683-691.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Schillinger, W.F., Paulitz, T.C. 2014. Natural suppression of Rhizoctonia bare patch in a long-term no-till cropping systems experiment. Plant Disease. 98(3):389-394.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Shi, Z., Balogh-Brunstad, Z., Grant, M., Harsh, J., Gill, R., Thomashow, L.S., Donalkova, A., Stacks, D., Letourneau, M., Keller, C. K. 2014. Cation uptake and allocation by red pine seedlings under cation-nutrient stress in a column growth experiment. Plant and Soil. 378(1-2):83-98.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Yang, M.-M., Wen, S.-S., Mavrodi, D.V., Mavrodi, O.V., von Wettstein, D., Thomashow, L.S., Guo, J.-H., and Weller, D.M. Biological control of wheat root diseases by the CLP-producing strain Pseudomonas fluorescens HC1-07. Phytopathology. 104(3):248-256.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., Holmes, B.J., and Youngquist, C.P. 2014. Effect of Proline and a biosolids compost on Fusarium and Verticillium wilts in a spinach seed crop, 2013. Plant Disease Management Reports 8:V280.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Sharma-Poudyal, D., Paulitz, T.C., Linderman, R.G., and du Toit, L.J. 2014. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on onion growth and onion stunting caused by Rhizoctonia solani, 2013. Plant Disease Management Reports 8:V305.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Sharma-Poudyal, D., Eggers, J., Paulitz, T.C., Hamm, P., and du Toit, L.J. 2014. Effect of deep vs. shallow tillage on onion stunting and onion bulb yield, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports 8:V306.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Collins, B.D., du Toit, L.J., Westerveld, S.M., and McDonald, M.R. Suppression of Fusarium wilt of spinach with chemical and biological fumigants. VIII International Symposium on Chemical & Non-Chemical Soil & Substrate Disinfestation. 13-18 July 2014, Turin, Italy.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Paulitz, T. C. 2014. The First meeting of the Pacific Coast Research Conference on Control of Soil Fungi: Ripples in a Pond. Joint Meeting of the 60th Annual Conference on Soilborne Pathogens, San Rafael, California, March 11-14, 2014
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Thompson, A., Garland, Campbell, K. Paulitz, T. and Smiley, R. 2014. Rooting out defense mechanisms in wheat against plant parasitic nematodes. American Society of Plant Biologists Conference. July 12-16, Portland, Oregon.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Collins, B.D., McDonald, M.R., du Toit, L.J., and Westerveld, S. 2014. Identifying spinach cultivars with reduced susceptibility to Fusarium wilt. Phytopathology 104: presentation at the APS-Canadian Phytopathological Society annual meeting, 9-13 Aug. 2014, Minneapolis, MN.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Knerr, J., Sharma-Poudyal, D., Paulitz, T., and du Toit, L.J. 2014. Evaluation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in conventional and organic onion production in the Columbia Basin, and the potential use of AMF to reduce the impact of soilborne pathogens of onion. WSU Center for Sustaining Agriculture & Natural Resources (CSANR) BIOAg Symposium Saving Nature and Improving Agriculture: Where does Natures Wisdom Lie?, 28 Oct. 2014, Pullman, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: du Toit, L.J. Soil health for disease suppression. Building Soils for Better Crops 2014 Conference, 10 Dec. 2014, Moses Lake, WA.